Journal articles: 'Design cooling load'

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Ding, Yan, Zhaoxia Wang, Wei Feng, Chris Marnay, and Nan Zhou. "Influence of occupancy-oriented interior cooling load on building cooling load design." Applied Thermal Engineering 96 (March 2016): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.096.

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Shelke, Miss Shraddha, and Prof Vishal Sapate. "Review on Analysis and Design of RCC Cooling Tower Using STAAD-Pro." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42946.

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Abstract: Cooling tower is a device which converts hot water into cold water due to direct air contact. It works on the temperature difference between the air inside the tower and outside the tower. Natural draft cooling tower is one of most widely used cooling tower. Hyperbolic shape of cooling tower is usually preferred because of its strength and stability and large available area at the base due to shape. As it is very important structure in nuclear and chemical plants, it should be continuously assessed for its stability under selfweight, and lateral loads like wind load and earthquake load. Therefore, cooling towers have been analyses for wind load by assuming fixity at the shell base. The wind loads on these cooling towers have been calculated in the form of pressures by using the circumferentially distributed design wind pressure coefficients as given in IS: 11504 -1985 code along with the design wind pressures at different levels as per IS:875 (Part 3) - 1987 code. These towers with very small shell thickness are exceptional structures by their sheer size and sensitivity to horizontal loads. The present study deals with the analysis of cooling tower maximum displacement, support reactions, support moments, stresses and bending moments in plates due to seismic loading, wind loading and dead load i.e., its self-weight on a hyperbolic cooling tower is continuous function of geometry. Keywords: Cooling Tower, Wind Load, Stresses and Moments

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Zakiah, Aisyah. "ANALYSIS OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT HOUSE LAYOUT DESIGN IN TROPICAL CLIMATE." DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 47, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.47.1.11-18.

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Energy-efficient residential provision is an essential concern for the present and future city development. Currently, the residential buildings contribute approximately 37.5% to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, which mainly used for cooling. This research aims to study the house layout arrangement to minimise cooling loads and further reduce energy consumption. Energy efficiency analysis is performed by comparing the cooling load and total energy consumption from variations of the hypothetical design of detached or semi-detached housing layouts commonly built in Indonesia. The calculation of cooling loads and energy consumption is performed by simulation in Energy Plus 8.4 with Jakarta weather data. The results show that the arrangement of the house layout may reduce the cooling load up to 24%. The total conditioned wall area that varies due to the variations of house layouts are found to affect the cooling loads.

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Трушляков, Євген Іванович, Андрій Миколайович Радченко, Микола Іванович Радченко, Сергій Анатолійович Кантор, and Веніамін Сергійович Ткаченко. "ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ КОНДИЦІЮВАННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОГО ПОВІТРЯ СИСТЕМИ КОМБІНОВАНОГО ТИПУ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 4 (August 31, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.4.02.

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One of the most attractive reserves of enhancing the energetic efficiency of air conditioning systems is to provide the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close to nominal modes by choosing rational design cooling loads (cooling capacities) and their distribution according to a cooling load behaviour within the overall design (installed) cooling load band to match current changeable climatic conditions and provide close to maximum annual cooling capacity generation according to cooling duties. The direction of increasing the efficiency of outdoor air conditioning in combined central-local type systems by rationally distributing the heat load - cooling capacity of the central air conditioner into zones of variable heat load in accordance with current climatic conditions and its relatively stable value, i.e. cooling capacity required for further air cooling at the entrance to the indoor recirculation air conditioning system is justified. By comparing the values of the excessive production of cold and its deficit within every 3 days for a rational design heat load of the air conditioning system (cooling capacity of the installed refrigeration machine), which provides close to maximum annual production of cold, and the corresponding values of the excess and deficit of cooling capacity in accordance with current climatic conditions during July substantiated the feasibility of accumulating the excess of cooling capacity of a central air conditioner at low current loads and its use for covering cooling deficit at elevated heat loads through pre-cooling the outdoor air. It is developed a scheme of a combined central-local air conditioning system, which includes the subsystems for the outdoor air conditioning in a central air conditioner and the local indoor recirculated air conditioning.

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Wardika, Wardika, Aa Setiawan, and Sandi Rifqi Ridwansyah. "Freeze Dryer Machine Design for Mango Fruit Storage." Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 22, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v22i1.62-69.

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The purpose of the research on the design of this tool is to determine the cooling load on the freeze dryer and to determine the time it takes to reach a temperature of -20°C. This tool uses a vapor compression cooling system and a vacuum process means that this tool cools the storage space with air in the dry cabin. The research method is to determine the volume of the cabin to determine the capacity of the freeze dryer and determine the cooling load by calculating the product load and then calculating the heat load through the walls and other loads that generate heat. for a freeze dryer machine with a capacity of 1.8 PK. From testing the tool for 10 minutes once for 6 hours, the results of the system performance at the evaporator temperature -24.64°C and product temperature -16.2°C, COPCarnot performance of 3.77, and COPAktual of 2.87 with an efficiency of 76%, This is in line with the performance values in the COPCarnot design of 3.8 and COPActual of 3.30 with an efficiency of 87%.

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Трушляков, Євген Іванович, Андрій Миколайович Радченко, Микола Іванович Радченко, Сергій Георгійович Фордуй, Сергій Анатолійович Кантор, and Богдан Сергійович Портной. "МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ХОЛОДОПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ СИСТЕМ КОНДИЦІЮВАННЯ ПОВІТРЯ ЗА ЗМІННИХ КЛІМАТИЧНИХ УМОВ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 7 (August 31, 2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.7.09.

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One of the most attractive reserves for improving the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems is to ensure the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close to nominal modes by selecting a rational design heat load and distributing it within its design value according to the behavior of the current heat load under variable current climatic conditions to provide the maximum or close to maximum annual cooling capacity generation according to cooling duties of air conditioning. In the general case, the overall range of current thermal loads of any air conditioning system includes a range of unstable loads associated with the precooling of ambient air with significant fluctuations in cooling capacity according with current climatic conditions, and a relatively stable range of cooling capacity consumed to further reduce air temperature from a certain threshold temperature to the final outlet temperature. It is quite obvious that a stable range of heat load can be ensured within operating a conventional compressor in a mode close to the nominal mode while precooling the ambient air with significant fluctuations in heat load requires regulation of the cooling capacity through the use of a variable speed compressor. Thus, in response of the behavior of the change in current heat loads, any air conditioning system, whether the central air-conditioning system with its heat procession in a central air conditioner, or a combination thereof with a local recirculation system of indoor air, essentially consists of two subsystems: pre-cooling the ambient air and then cooling it to the set point temperature. The proposed method of distribution of design heat load depending on the behavior of the current heat load is useful for the rational design of central air conditioning systems and their combined versions with the local air conditioning system.

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Sholahudin, Azimil Gani Alam, Chang In Baek, and Hwataik Han. "Prediction and Analysis of Building Energy Efficiency Using Artificial Neural Network and Design of Experiments." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.541.

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Energy consumption of buildings is increasing steadily and occupying approximately 30-40% of total energy use. It is important to predict heating and cooling loads of a building in the initial stage of design to find out optimal solutions among various design options, as well as in the operating stage after the building has been completed for energy efficient operation. In this paper, an artificial neural network model has been developed to predict heating and cooling loads of a building based on simulation data for building energy performance. The input variables include relative compactness, surface area, wall area, roof area, overall height, orientation, glazing area, and glazing area distribution of a building, and the output variables include heating load (HL) and cooling load (CL) of the building. The simulation data used for training are the data published in the literature for various 768 residential buildings. ANNs have a merit in estimating output values for given input values satisfactorily, but it has a limitation in acquiring the effects of input variables individually. In order to analyze the effects of the variables, we used a method for design of experiment and conducted ANOVA analysis. The sensitivities of individual variables have been investigated and the most energy efficient solution has been estimated under given conditions. Discussions are included in the paper regarding the variables affecting heating load and cooling load significantly and the effects on heating and cooling loads of residential buildings.

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Yan, Chengchu, Qi Cheng, and Hao Cai. "Life-Cycle Optimization of a Chiller Plant with Quantified Analysis of Uncertainty and Reliability in Commercial Buildings." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 14, 2019): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081548.

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Conventional and most optimal design methods for chiller plants often address the annual cooling load distribution of buildings and their peak cooling loads based on typical meteorological year (TMY) data, while the peak cooling load only appears a few times during the life-cycle and the sized chiller plant usually operates within its low efficient region. In this paper, a robust optimal design method based on life-cycle total cost was employed to optimize the design of a chiller plant with quantified analysis of uncertainty and reliability. By using the proposed design method, the optimized chiller plant can operate at its highly efficient region under various cooling load conditions, and provide sufficient cooling capacity even alongside some equipment/systems with failures. The minimum life-cycle total cost, which consists of the capital cost, operation, and availability-risk cost, can be achieved through optimizing the total cooling capacity and the numbers/sizes of chillers. A case study was conducted to illustrate the detailed implementation process of the proposed method. The performance of this design method was evaluated by comparing with that of other design methods.

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Albatayneh, Aiman. "Optimising the Parameters of a Building Envelope in the East Mediterranean Saharan, Cool Climate Zone." Buildings 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020043.

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Enhancing the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of buildings is a significant global aim. New construction regulations are, therefore, geared specifically towards low-emission and energy-efficient projects. However, there are numerous and typically competitive priorities, such as making the most of energy usage in residential buildings. This leads to the complex topic of multi-objective optimisation. The primary aim of this research was to reduce the energy consumed for heating and cooling loads in residential buildings in Ma’an City, which is located in the Jordanian Saharan Mediterranean, a cool climate zone. This was achieved by optimising various design variables (window to wall percent, ground floor construction, local shading type, infiltration rate (ac/h), glazing type, flat roof construction, natural ventilation rate, window blind type, window shading control schedule, partition construction, site orientation and external wall construction) of the building envelope. DesignBuilder software (version 6.1) was utilised to run a sensitivity analysis (SA) for 12 design variables to evaluate their influence on both heating and cooling loads simultaneously using a regression method. The variables were divided into two groups according to their importance and a genetic algorithm (GA) was then applied to both groups. The optimum solution selected for the high-importance variables was based on minimising the heating and cooling loads. The optimum solution selected for the low-importance variables was based on the lowest summation of the heating and cooling loads. Finally, a scenario was devised (using the combined design variables of the two solutions) and simulated. The results indicate that the total energy consumption was 1186.21 kWh/year, divided into 353.03 kWh/year for the cooling load and 833.18 kWh/year for the heating load. This was compared with 9969.38 kWh/year of energy, divided into 3878.37 kWh/year for the heating load and 6091.01 kWh/year for the cooling load for the baseline building. Thus, the amount of energy saved was 88.1%, 94.2% and 78.5% for total energy consumption, cooling load and heating load, respectively. However, implementing the modifications suggested by the optimisation of the low-importance variables was not cost-effective, especially the external wall construction and partition construction, and therefore these design variables can be neglected in future studies.

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Solomon, Gedlu, and Yeshurun Alemayehu Adde. "ANALYTICAL METHOD TO CALCULATE ROOM COOLING LOAD." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 7, no. 8 (September 5, 2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i8.2020.761.

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This paper focus on cooling load calculation of the meeting hall [4m*15m*7m] in the location of 8.55 north latitude, East longitude 39.27 and Altitude 1726 m elevation above sea level. The total building cooling load consists of inside design condition of building, outside design condition of building, consider building mater and wall facing to sun and etc.by categorized in to sensible and latent heat gain from ventilation, infiltration and occupants. From different Room heat gain component, the total heat load 21,301.66 w.

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Shahed M Farajat and M Abu-Zaid. "Design a solar power air conditioning system for the engineering building at Mutah University." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 5, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 007–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2020.5.1.0073.

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Jordan like the other non-oil countries, spend significant amount of its budget on importing foreign energy. Also, the power demand increases due to, the population growth, in addition to hosting high number of refugees, from neighboring countries, and the enhancement of the citizen life style. The objective of this study, is to define the cooling load requirement, for the engineering building, at Mutah University, in order to analyze suitable cooling system, to cater the required cooling load. Energy analysis carried out, using the climate variables tabulated data, and Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD), and Cooling Load Factor (CLF). The required power, to drive the cooling system was defined. Climate data shows that the average temperature was 33.2 °C, 32 °C and 33.3 °C in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The maximum temperatures was 38 °C registered in 2015. In this study the implementation of renewable energy, was considered by analyzing the viability of using, photovoltaic system, to provide power for the cooling system. Two options, to provide power for the system analyzed, the first option is supply the power from the grid, and the second option is, to supply the required power using photovoltaic power plant. The results show that, the cooling load of the building is 560 kW, and the required electrical power, to operate the cooling system is 224 kW electrical power. In addition, the results show that, the cost of power from PV system is, 40 % less than the cost of power from grid for the first 10 years. In addition, the payback period for the designed system is 5 years.

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Lee, So-Young, and Myoung-Won Oh. "Sustainable Design Alternatives and Energy Efficiency for Public Rental Housing in Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 8456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208456.

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The orientation and shape of a building can influence energy efficiency in both heating and cooling mechanisms. Given the climatic conditions of Korea, many people are concerned about housing orientation and prefer south-oriented locations. As such, many housing complexes consist of a series of long narrow units that are south-facing. The purpose of this study is to investigate design alternatives for the layout of a building complex, size of households, width to depth ratios of floorplans, and design and type of façade; to examine energy efficiency using energy simulation programs; and to suggest diverse design alternatives for public rental housing, as well as energy-efficient options. The alternative housing units, which are more square-shaped than the typical long and rectangular type, resulted in higher energy costs. Simulation results show that as the solar radiation load increases or the window area increases due to plan alteration, there is simultaneously a significant increase and decrease in the cooling and heating loads, respectively. The performance of the suggested layout alteration greatly increased the heating load and slightly decreased the cooling load with similar total energy costs.

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Hajabdollahi, Hassan, and Zahra Hajabdollahi. "Economic feasibility of trigeneration plants for various prime movers and triple load demands." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 3 (July 31, 2015): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408915597832.

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In this paper, after thermal and economic modeling of cogeneration plant, this system is optimized to find the optimal prime mover and their benefit for various cooling, heating, and electrical demand loads. To find the optimal prime mover and their benefit for each triple load, two new nondimensional design parameters including electric cooling ratio and nominal power ratio are defined. It is observed that, for example, for higher electrical and lower heating load demands, the gas engine is more profitable while for higher electrical and heating load demands, diesel engine is more profitable. In addition, some ranges of demand loads at which using CCHP plant is not profitable (in comparison with traditional system) are also obtained and presented. The optimum results obtained in NO SELL mode show that the highest values of actual annual benefit (AAB) are obtained for highest values of electrical load demand. This region corresponds with values of Hdmn/ Qdmn (heating to cooling load demand ratio) in the range of 1.5–3.5. The highest values of AAB for SELL mode are obtained to be in the range of 0.5–3.5 for Hdmn/ Qdmn (heating to cooling load demand ratio).

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Gang, Wenjie, Shengwei Wang, Kui Shan, and Diance Gao. "Impacts of cooling load calculation uncertainties on the design optimization of building cooling systems." Energy and Buildings 94 (May 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.032.

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Gang, Wenjie, Shengwei Wang, Fu Xiao, and Dian-ce Gao. "Robust optimal design of building cooling systems considering cooling load uncertainty and equipment reliability." Applied Energy 159 (December 2015): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.070.

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Zeferina, Vasco, Christina Birch, Rodger Edwards, and Ruth Wood. "Sensitivity analysis of peak and annual space cooling load at simplified office dynamic building model." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104038.

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The focused investigation of building design is necessary to understand and quantify the implication of different design parameters on their energy performance. The design of future buildings is a major challenge, as current designs may be inappropriate in a future with global warming due to climate change impacts. In addition this understanding is necessary to be able to predict timing and profile of future energy demand, which is crucial for the long-term planning of energy infrastructures – particularly electricity. In this paper, the Morris Elementary Effects method is used as a screening method, to identify the key parameters of the design and operation of office buildings that affect the estimation of space cooling peak load and annual energy demand. Internal heat gains, cooling set-point and ventilation rates are identified as the parameters with larger implications for both annual and peak space cooling demand. In future climate scenarios, the magnitude of change of annual space cooling demand is significantly (around five times) larger than the change in the peak demand. Asides from the potential increase of space cooling demand in future scenarios, the sensitivity of the space cooling demand relative to the change in design parameters is potentially much larger.

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Wang, Mei, Lang Liu, Liu Chen, Xiaoyan Zhang, Bo Zhang, and Changfa Ji. "Cold Load and Storage Functional Backfill for Cooling Deep Mine." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (July 5, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5435214.

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Considering the deep mining heat-hazard problem, the concept and academic idea of cold load and storage (CLS) functional backfill applied on deep mine cooling was put forward. Firstly, according to characteristics of filling mining, a method of cooling stopes with CLS phase changing backfill which is made from the backfill material with CLS phase change material (PCM) was proposed. The working process, cooling physics, and the economic and safety benefits of CLS phase changing backfill were produced. Secondly, the theory system of cooling with CLS phase changing backfill was built. The theoretical basis of the key problems involved was investigated and analyzed which concluded heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and backfill mechanics. Lastly, the technology system of cooling with CLS phase changing backfill was established on the basis of the required technical assistance. It includes four parts: the backfill material design, the backfill material conveying way design, the stope temperature control scheme design, and the strength of cemented tailings backfill analysis. The idea of applying CLS phase changing backfill on cooling deep mine stopes and its theory and technology systems provide a scientific research and suitable development direction for deep mine cooling.

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Cao, Mei Li, and Xing Jun Qiu. "Stress and Stability Analysis of a Cooling Tower by ANSYS." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.222.

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In this paper the stress and stability of the domestic highest natural draft cooling tower under wind load, weight and temperature load are simulated by ANSYS. The wind load is proved to be the key load that must be considered in the stage of the design of a cooling tower. The maximum internal force is compressive stress and appears at the bottom, and the maximum buckling appears at the throat of the tower. The simulation result can be used to check the cooling tower during the design phase to avoid the accident.

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Трушляков, Євген Іванович, Микола Іванович Радченко, Андрій Миколайович Радченко, Сергій Георгійович Фордуй, Сергій Анатолійович Кантор, Веніамін Сергійович Ткаченко, and Богдан Сергійович Портной. "ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ СИСТЕМ КОНДИЦІЮВАННЯ ПОВІТРЯ ШЛЯХОМ РОЗПОДІЛУ ТЕПЛОВОГО НАВАНТАЖЕННЯ ЗА СТУПЕНЕВИМ ПРИНЦИПОМ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.8.07.

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Maintaining the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close modes by selecting a rational design thermal load and distributing it in response to the behavior of the current thermal load according to the current climatic conditions is one of the promising reserves for improving the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems, which implementation ensures maximum or close to it in the annual cooling production according to air conditioning duties. In general case, the total range of current thermal loads of any air-conditioning system includes a range of unstable loads caused by precooling of ambient air with significant fluctuations in the cooling capacity according to current climatic conditions, and a range of relatively stable cooling capacity expended for further lowering the air temperature from a certain threshold temperature to the final outlet temperature. If a range of stable thermal load can be provided within operating a conventional compressor in a mode close to nominal, then precooling the ambient air with significant fluctuations in thermal load requires adjusting the cooling capacity by using a variable speed compressor or using the excess of heat accumulated at reduced load. Such a stage principle of cooling ensures the operation of refrigerating machines matching the behavior of current thermal loads of any air-conditioning system, whether the central air conditioning system with ambient air procession in the central air conditioner or its combination with the local indoors recirculation air conditioning systems in the air-conditioning system. in essence, as combinations of subsystems – precooling of ambient air with the regulation of cooling capacity and subsequent cooling air to the mouth of the set point temperature under relatively stable thermal load.

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Qiao, Chunzhen, Tingrui Yang, and Chunxia Jia. "Study on Predication of Air-conditioning Energy Consumption in University Teaching Buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701032.

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In this paper, the summer air conditioning cooling load of a university teaching building in Beijing is analyzed by orthogonal experiment and DeST energy consumption simulation method, and the primary and secondary relationship and significance level of the factors affecting cooling load are obtained, which can provide energy-saving design Focus. At the same time, through regression analysis of the test results, the summer cooling load prediction equation of the teaching building is obtained, and the error analysis of the equation is performed to verify the linear correlation of the equation. The prediction equation can be used to quickly and simply evaluate and analyze the effects of different design strategies on teaching the influence of building summer cooling load.

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Kim, T. S., and S. T. Ro. "The effect of gas turbine coolant modulation on the part load performance of combined cycle plants. Part 1: Gas turbines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 211, no. 6 (September 1, 1997): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650981537339.

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This paper demonstrates a favourable influence of turbine coolant modulation on the part load performance of gas turbines. A general simulation programme is developed, which is capable of accurately estimating the design and part load performance of modern heavy-duty gas turbines characterized by intensive turbine blade cooling Investigations are made for a typical gas turbine and two distinct load control schemes are considered: the fuel-only control and the variable compressor geometry control. Maintaining blade temperatures as high as possible whose purpose is to minimize coolant consumption is simulated. It is found that the coolant modulation makes the part load characteristics deviate from usual behaviours and creates a considerable enhancement of part load thermal efficiency. For the fuel-only control with coolant modulation, it is predicted that efficiency can be higher than design efficiency over a wide range of part load operation.

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Helmy, Muhammad. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THERMAL SHOWCASE MINI AS A BEVERAGE COOLER USING A THERMOELECTRIC MODULE." Journal of Renewable Energy and Mechanics 4, no. 01 (February 28, 2021): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/rem.2021.vol4.no01.5577.

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In Indonesia, which has a tropical climate, a beverage cooler is needed. Almost every home, office, company, supermarket, and mall has installed beverage coolers. This has become a major necessity for people living in tropical countries. Especially those who live in eastern Indonesia, such as Ambon, NTT, and Papua, which have very hot temperatures. There are various types of use of the thermoelectric or peltier module, including food coolers, medicinal coolers, drinking water coolers in dispensers, and computer processor coolers. Besides being easy to apply, this tool is expected to be able to open up ideas in the use of thermoelectric modules that are more environmentally friendly than refrigerants. This research was conducted to obtain the size of the showcase mini design, the assembly process of the showcase mini tool, and to obtain the thermal analysis results contained in the showcase mini tool as a cooling medium. Showcase is a refrigerator that is used to display food or drinks that you want to display using glass media as a standout for the product being displayed. Thermoelectric technology is a technology that works by converting heat energy into electrical energy directly or vice versa, from electrical energy to produce cold energy. Thermoelectric is made of solid state material (solid material) which can convert energy from temperature difference to potential difference or vice versa. In this study, 2 variations of cooling load were used, namely without cooling load and with cooling load. Thermal analysis was carried out and got the results. The highest result from the calculation of conduction heat transfer load without cooling load is 0.013 Watt. The highest result from the calculation of the conduction heat transfer load with the cooling load is 0.010 Watt. The highest result from calculating the product heat load is 1.555 Watts. The highest result from the calculation of COP (Coefficient Of Performance) is 4,823. The expenses incurred each month are 16,000 rupiah.

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Dehra, Himanshu. "Cooling load and noise characterization modeling for photovoltaic driven building integrated thermoelectric cooling devices." E3S Web of Conferences 128 (2019): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912801019.

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Photovoltaic driven thermoelectric cooling devices are investigated for installation in a modular outdoor test-room. Because of Peltier effect in a thermoelectric cooling (TEC), heating and cooling is achieved by applying a voltage difference across the thermoelectric module. Theoretical design modeling of cooling load and noise characterization of building integrated Thermoelectric (TEC) Devices is analyzed. System design of photovoltaic driven TEC devices is investigated with varying fresh outdoor ventilation rates. Building integrated design of TEC devices inside ceiling suspended duct along with TEC devices mounted on wall driven by rooftop and active façade photovoltaic devices is considered in the analysis. In this way, two-stage dehumidification is achieved by two different sets of TEC devices. The investigation is conducted for effect of voltage, air flow rate and height of fin heat transfer surface. Expressions along with results for noise characterization in photovoltaic driven building integrated TEC devices are also provided.

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Bida, M., and J. F. Kreider. "Monthly-Averaged Cooling Load Calculations—Residential and Small Commercial Buildings." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 109, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268223.

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A simplifed design method for estimating the sensible component of the cooling load of skin dominated buildings suitable for use on programmable calculators or microcomputers is developed. The method uses monthly averaged meteorological data to predict long term energy requirements for cooling using a semi-analytical model. Existing concepts such as variable base degree days and the monthly averaged solar utilizability are applied to the cooling problem. New solar utilizability correlations for multiple aperture solar collectors are used in conjunction with the variable base degree-day method to predict the sensible component of the cooling load for low mass structures. The effect of thermal mass present within the building is then incorporated through the use of an empirical model developed in this work. The method predicts annual cooling loads with an average error of 10 percent with respect to an hourly simulation computer program.

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Cao, SS, ST Ke, WM Zhang, L. Zhao, YJ Ge, and XX Cheng. "Load–response correlation–based equivalent static wind loads for large cooling towers." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 11 (April 22, 2019): 2464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219844336.

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The load–response correlation method has been recognized by the wind engineering community as a useful equivalent static wind load calculation method for structural design of quasi-static structures against strong winds. However, it has been found that the load–response correlation method is less effective to non-linear systems and in situations where load processes are non-Gaussian, such as large cooling towers subjected to strong winds. To validate the applicability of the load–response correlation method to large cooling towers, an aero-elastic model has been designed for a 215-m-high cooling tower in this article, which can simultaneously produce wind loads and wind-induced displacements of the structure according to wind tunnel model tests. Using data measured on the aero-elastic model, the exact results of correlation coefficients between wind loads and structural responses are obtained and validated by a non-linear finite element analysis. By comparing the correlation coefficients measured on the scaled model to the results based on the load–response correlation calculation, it is found that the correlations are much stronger for the load–response correlation calculation than those for the exact wind tunnel measurement. The explanation for this observation is that the non-linearity of the real structure and the non-Gaussian feature of the actual wind loads can weaken the correlations between the wind loads and the structural responses.

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Sangwan, Punita, Hooman Mehdizadeh-Rad, Anne Wai Man Ng, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, and Raphael Chukwuka Nnachi. "Performance Evaluation of Phase Change Materials to Reduce the Cooling Load of Buildings in a Tropical Climate." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063171.

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Tropical region such as Darwin has similar weather patterns throughout the year, thus creating higher energy demands in residential buildings. Typically, buildings consume about 40 per cent of the total energy consumption for indoor heating and cooling. Therefore, building envelopes are linked with design strategies such as the use of thermal energy storage and phase change materials (PCM) to minimize this energy consumption by storing a large amount of thermal energy. Primarily, PCMs are targeted by researchers for use in different components of buildings for thermal efficiency; thus, this study aimed to provide a suitable PCM to optimize indoor thermal comfort and minimize the cooling loads of residential buildings in tropical climates through simulation of a tropical climate building and provide optimum thickness for the selected material. Microencapsulated PCM mixed with gypsum in wallboards were used to reduce the cooling load of a building located in Darwin. The cooling load of the building was calculated using Revit software. A comparison of the cooling load of the building was carried out using PCM-incorporated wallboards of thicknesses of 0 cm, 1 cm and 2 cm in Energy Plus software. The total cooling load decreased by 1.1% when the 1-centimetre-thickness was applied to the wall, whereas a 1.5% reduction was obtained when a 2-centimetre-thick PCM layer was applied. Furthermore, the reduced cooling loads due to impregnation of the PCM-based gypsum wallboard gave reduced energy consumption. Ultimately, the 2-centimetre-thickness PCM-based gypsum wallboard gave a maximum reduction in cooling load with a 7.6% reduction in total site energy and 4.76% energy saving in USD/m2/year.

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Das, Sushmita, Aleena Swetapadma, and Chinmoy Panigrahi. "A STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING THE HEATING AND COOLING LOADS OF BUILDINGS." Journal of Green Building 14, no. 3 (June 2019): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.14.3.115.

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The prediction of the heating and cooling loads of a building is an essential aspect in studies involving the analysis of energy consumption in buildings. An accurate estimation of heating and cooling load leads to better management of energy related tasks and progressing towards an energy efficient building. With increasing global energy demands and buildings being major energy consuming entities, there is renewed interest in studying the energy performance of buildings. Alternative technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are being widely used in energy studies involving buildings. This paper presents a review of research in the area of forecasting the heating and cooling load of buildings using AI techniques. The results discussed in this paper demonstrate the use of AI techniques in the estimation of the thermal loads of buildings. An accurate prediction of the heating and cooling loads of buildings is necessary for forecasting the energy expenditure in buildings. It can also help in the design and construction of energy efficient buildings.

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Радченко, Андрій Миколайович, Ян Зонмін, Микола Іванович Радченко, Сергій Анатолійович Кантор, Богдан Сергійович Портной, and Юрій Георгійович Щербак. "ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВСТАНОВЛЕНОЇ ХОЛОДОПРОДУКТИВНІСТІ СИСТЕМИ ОХОЛОДЖЕННЯ ПОВІТРЯ НА ВХОДІ ГАЗОТУРБІННОЇ УСТАНОВКИ ЗА ПОТОЧНИМ ТЕПЛОВИМ НАВАНТАЖЕННЯМ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.2.07.

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Significant fluctuations of the current temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air lead to significant changes in the thermal load on the cooling system at the inlet of gas turbine units (GTU), which acutely raises the problem of choosing their installed (design) thermal load. Calculations of ambient air cooling processes were carried out for different climatic conditions, for example, southern Ukraine (Mykolaiv) and Central China (Beijing). It is analyzed two methods of determination of the installed (design) cooling capacity of the ambient air cooling system at the GTU inlet according to the maximum current reduction of fuel consumption and according to the maximum rate (increase) of annual reduction of fuel consumption following to increasing of the installed cooling capacity, calculated by summarizing the current values of fuel consumption reduction. It is shown that the values of the installed cooling capacity of the air cooling system at the GTU inlet, determined by both methods, are close enough but differ significantly for different climatic conditions. The advantage of the method of calculating the installed cooling capacity of the air cooling system at the GTU inlet according to the maximum rate of annual reduction in fuel consumption is the possibility of a more precise definition of it due to the absence of significant fluctuations in the annual reduction in fuel consumption, calculated by summarizing the current values of fuel consumption reduction. Since the maximum reduction in fuel consumption per year is achieved with some decrease in the rate of its increment at high values of the design cooling capacity, required in the hottest hours in the summer and excessive in somewhat cool periods (at night and in the morning even in the summer), the installed cooling capacity, determined according to the maximum rate of the reduction of fuel consumption, will be insufficient in times of increased thermal loads above their design value. In such cases, the elimination of the deficit in cooling capacity is possible by using an excess of cold accumulated during reduced thermal loads

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Renugadevi, T., D. Hari Prasanth, Appili Yaswanth, K. Muthukumar, and M. Venkatesan. "Design analysis and Work load characteristics of a Micro data Center." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 850, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/850/1/012018.

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Abstract Data centers are large-scale data storage and processing systems. It is made up of a number of servers that must be capable of handling large amount of data. As a result, data centers generate a significant quantity of heat, which must be cooled and kept at an optimal temperature to avoid overheating. To address this problem, thermal analysis of the data center is carried out using numerical methods. The CFD model consists of a micro data center, where conjugate heat transfer effects are studied. A micro data center consists of servers aligned with air gaps alternatively and cooling air is passed between the air gaps to remove heat. In the present work, the design of data center rack is made in such a way that the cold air is in close proximity to servers. The temperature and airflow in the data center are estimated using the model. The air gap is optimally designed for the cooling unit. Temperature distribution of various load configurations is studied. The objective of the study is to find a favorable loading configuration of the micro data center for various loads and effectiveness of distribution of load among the servers.

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Alam, M. Kevin Rambang, Helmi Fitriawan, F. X. Arinto Setyawan, and Umi Murdika. "Design of Cooling and Heating Tool Using Thermoelectric Peltier Based On Arduino Uno." ELKHA 13, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v13i1.44421.

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Cooler is an electronic device used to cool food and drinks. The current cooling system still uses refrigerants that can damage the ozone layer. The thermoelectric based cooling system can be used as an alternative since it produces sufficient temperature difference on both sides by considering its advantages that is more environmentally friendly. This research is aimed to design and built a cooling and heating system using a thermoelectric Peltier TEC 12715 based on microcontroller Arduino uno. This system uses the Peltier thermoelectric effects as coolant and warmer because it produces temperature difference on both sides. Based on this research, in the no load condition the system can produce a cold temperature of 21,3 ℃ and a hot temperature of 80,2 ℃ in the 40th minute of use. When given a load of 300 ml and 220 ml drink bottles, the system can produce a cold temperature of 22,2 ℃ and a hot temperature of 70,7 ℃ in the 40th minute of use. The TEC 12715 Peltier component used in this research produces the optimal temperature if a voltage of 12 volts and a current of 15 amperes are applied to each Peltier component. The designed system is able to operate repeatedly, properly, and continuously since it is directly connected to alternative current power which is common in households.

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Wang, Zhaoxia, Yan Ding, Huiyan Deng, Fan Yang, and Neng Zhu. "An Occupant-Oriented Calculation Method of Building Interior Cooling Load Design." Sustainability 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2018): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10061821.

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Kim, Dong-Lak, Seungyeon Cho, Seung-Hyun Kim, Myun Kwon, Gyung-Su Lee, Kwang-Sun Kim, and Young-Mi Noh. "Study of thermal and cooling load for KSTAR thermal shield design." Cryogenics 42, no. 6-7 (June 2002): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(02)00060-7.

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Wu, Xia, Zhe Tian, Chengzhi Tian, Yuanyuan Wang, and Jiaqing Li. "New design-day method for building cooling load calculation in China." Building Research & Information 47, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2019.1648202.

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Shan, Rudai. "Optimization for Heating, Cooling and Lighting Load in Building Façade Design." Energy Procedia 57 (2014): 1716–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.142.

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Cheng, Qi, Chengchu Yan, and Shengwei Wang. "Robust Optimal Design of Chiller Plants Based on Cooling Load Distribution." Energy Procedia 75 (August 2015): 1354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.212.

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Zhao, Guang Wei. "Research on Raising Load Potentials Using MPCM Slurry Storage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1770.

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Evaporative cooling is able to generate the cooling medium at a temperature approaching to the ambient wet bulb temperature. In this paper, a low-energy air-conditioning strategy is proposed, which is a combination of cooled ceiling (CC),microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) slurry storage and evaporative cooling technologies. The assessment of evaporative cooling availability and utilization is done for five representative climatic cities, including Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Lanzhou and Urumqi in China, and the energy saving potential of the proposed air-conditioning system is analyzed by using a well validated building simulation code. The results indicate that the new system offers energy saving potential up to 80% under northwestern Chinese climate and up to 10% under southeastern Chinese climate. The optimal design method of the slurry storage tank is also proposed based on the slurry cooling storage behaviors and cooling demand variations of the ceiling panels.

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Laxmi, Kornu, and Vaddivenkatasundara Rao. "Estimation of Cooling Load of a Residential House using TRNSYS." Applied Research Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47721/arjst202001016.

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Development of a country will lead to increased utilization and demand for energy. In this research study, transient simulation technique is implemented and eventually, the cooling load of the house is determined. The study focused to provide cooling load characteristics for a residential house. The factors namely: size and shape, thermophysical properties, window systems, orientation, internal gains, ventilation and infiltration aspects that influence the cooling load are considered in the study. A dynamic simulation software-TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation Program) is used for the modelling and simulation of the energy flows of the house to determine the cooling thermal load. The study is useful in providing a better solution for a sustainable future by simulating with different design modifications of the house. This study may be extended to focus on the choice of constructional materials, so that good temperature and lower cooling load are attained. A case study of a residential building is situated in the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh, India and located at Latitude (17.68o N) and longitude (83.21oE) is considered to find cooling load through TRNSYS 16. Keywords: Cooling load, Tropical region, Simulation, ventilation

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Радченко, Андрій Миколайович. "МЕТОД ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ХОЛОДОПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ ТЕРМОТРАНСФОРМАТОРА ЗА МАКСИМАЛЬНИМ ТЕМПОМ ПРИРОЩЕННЯ ТЕРМОЧАСОВОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ОХОЛОДЖЕННЯ ПОВІТРЯ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 4 (October 14, 2018): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.4.07.

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It is proved a possibility of using the thermohour cooling potential method, developed by the author, for defining the installed (design) refrigeration capacity of term transformer (refrigeration machine), providing a maximum rate of thermo-hour cooling potential increasing according to the current climatic conditions for a definite period of operation.It is proposed to define the effect, gained due to cooling air, in particular at the inlet of GTU, depends on duration and depth of cooling, by thermohour potential ÕS,°С·h, as air temperature decrease Δta multiplied by duration τ of GTU operation at decreased temperature: ÕS = ∑(Δta ∙°τ), which to some extent characterizes heat load on the cooling system.It is shown that taking into consideration a different rate of annual thermohour cooling potential arising with increasing the installed refrigeration capacity of term transformer, caused by changing the heat load according to current climatic conditions during a year, it is necessary to choose such design heat load on the air cooling system (refrigeration capacity of term transformer) that provides a maximum value of annual thermohour cooling potential or close it with relatively high rates of its increasing. To define the installed refrigeration capacity, providing a maximum rate of annual thermohour cooling potential increasing, it is analyzed the dependence of annual thermohour cooling potential related to the installed refrigeration capacity of term transformer, from the installed refrigeration capacity of term transformer. As a result of the investigation, it is proposed the method of defining the design heat load (installed refrigeration capacity) of term transformer with maximum rates of increasing thermohour cooling potential, as a further development of methodology of rational designing of them transformers for combustion engine inlet air cooling on the base of thermohour potential, developed by author

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Wei, Z., F. W. Zok, and A. G. Evans. "Design of Sandwich Panels With Prismatic Cores." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 128, no. 2 (November 2, 2005): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2172279.

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The paper focuses on optimization of lightweight sandwich panels with prismatic cores subject to bending loads in the two principal in-plane directions. Comparisons are made with optimal designs of panels with corrugated cores: a limiting case. When optimized for loading transverse to the prism axis, prismatic panels outperform those with corrugated cores, especially at lower loads. In contrast, when optimized for longitudinal loading, the corrugated core panel is always superior. Both panels exhibit significant anisotropy: a deficiency mediated by optimizing jointly for both orientations. The designs emerging from joint optimizations have only slightly lower load capacity than those optimized singly, but with the benefit of equal strengths in the two principal directions. Moreover, jointly optimized corrugated and prismatic panels perform equally well. Both are competitive with honeycomb core panels, especially at high load capacities. With the additional potential for multifunctionality (notably active cooling), the corrugated panels appear to be particularly promising thermostructural elements.

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Kim, Hyemi, Kyung-soon Park, Hwan-yong Kim, and Young-hak Song. "A Study on the Changes in the Heat Source Capacity and Air-Conditioning Load due to Retrofit; Focusing on a Large Office Building in Korea." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050835.

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In an office building, the internal heat and the skin load are both expected to change. Thus, this study is an initial step that searches for optimum replacement measures when a heat source system is replaced on an office building in Korea. The operation status of office buildings in Korea was investigated, and the heat source capacities at the retrofit and the design times were quantitatively studied to determine the optimum capacity during of a heat source during retrofit. For the four retrofit scenarios, the maximum cooling and heating loads were calculated to show that, when retrofit is performed, the maximum cooling and heating loads are decreased by 40%, while the heat source capacity is reduced by around 43%. This is believed to be because of the replacement of the window chassis, which are better sealed with higher heat insulation performance, due to the enhanced design criteria for exterior load designing, and an improved installation process. Concerning the air-conditioning load, the influence of the internal heat load turned out to be significant, indicating that such a factor should be considered when retrofit. Thus, if the heat source capacity at the initial design time is applied equivalently during the office building retrofit, it would lead to degradation in energy efficiency due to the excessive design. Thus, it is necessary to calculate a heat source capacity by reflecting the operational and current status of the load in an actual building at the time of a retrofit.

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Fan, Qingwu, Li Shuo, and Xudong Liu. "Prediction of Building Energy Consumption Based on IPSO-CLSTM Neural Network." Journal of Autonomous Intelligence 3, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jai.v3i2.285.

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Accurate prediction of building load is essential for energy saving and environmental protection. Exploring the impact of building characteristics on heating and cooling load can improve energy efficiency from the design stage of the building. In this paper, a prediction model of building heating and cooling loads is proposed, which based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm and Convolution Long Short-Term Memory (CLSTM) neural network model. Firstly, the characteristic variables are extracted and evaluated by Spearman’s correlation coefficient method; Then the prediction model based on the CLSTM neural network is constructed to predict building heating and cooling load. The IPSO algorithm is adopted to solve the problem that manual work cannot precisely adjust parameters. In this method, the optimization ability of the PSO algorithm is improved by changing the updating rule of inertia weight and learning factors. Finally, the parameters of the neural network are taken as IPSO optimization object to improve the prediction accuracy. In the experimental stage of this paper, a variety of algorithm models are compared, and the results show that IPSO-CLSTM can get the best results in the prediction of heating and cooling load.

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Xiao, Jing, Zejing Qiu, Cheng Jiang, Wenbo Hu, and Jingzhou Xu. "Optimal Design of Energy Supply System Based on River Water Source Heat Pump in Load Intensive Area." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2186, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2186/1/012016.

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Abstract Aiming at the contradiction between supply and demand of cooling, heating and electric load in load intensive area, an energy supply system suitable for load intensive area is proposed, and the mathematical model of the system is constructed. Secondly, considering the economic, energy consumption and environmental performance of the system, the evaluation index of system is established, and thus, a multi-objective optimization model is constructed. The weight of different optimization indexes is determined by using analytic hierarchy process. Then, four types of buildings, including residential buildings, offices, hotels and shopping malls are employed and hourly cooling, heating and electric load are simulated using DeST software. Finally, the design optimization of the system is carried out.

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Zhou, Shengbing, Lingen Chen, Fengrui Sun, and Chih Wu. "Cooling Load Density Optimization of an Irreversible Simple Brayton Refrigerator." Open Systems & Information Dynamics 09, no. 04 (December 2002): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1021854217387.

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The performance optimization of an irreversible simple Brayton refrigerator coupled to constant-temperature heat reservoirs is carried out by taking the cooling load density, i.e., the ratio of cooling load to the maximum specific volume in the cycle, as the optimization objective using finite-time thermodynamics (FTT) or entropy generation minimization (EGM) in this paper. The analytical formulae about the relations between cooling load density and pressure ratio, as well as between coefficient of performance (COP) and pressure ratio are derived with the heat resistance losses in the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers, and the irreversible compression and expansion losses in the compressor and expander. The influences of the effectiveness of the heat exchangers, the temperature ratio of the reservoirs, and the efficiencies of the compressor and expander on the cooling load density versus COP are provided by numerical examples. The cooling load density optimization is performed by searching the optimum pressure ratio of the compressor, and searching the optimum distribution of heat conductance of the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers for the fixed total heat exchanger inventory. The influences of some design parameters, including the effectiveness of the heat exchangers between the working fluid and heat reservoirs, the efficiencies of compressor and expander, the temperature ratio of heat reservoirs, on the maximum cooling load density, the optimum heat conductance distribution and the optimum pressure ratio are provided by numerical examples. The refrigeration plant design with optimization leads to a smaller size including the compressor, expander, and the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers.

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Zhou, Yuhao, Yumin Liang, Yiqun Pan, Xiaolei Yuan, Yurong Xie, and Wenqi Jia. "A Deep-Learning-Based Meta-Modeling Workflow for Thermal Load Forecasting in Buildings: Method and a Case Study." Buildings 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020177.

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This paper proposes a meta-modeling workflow to forecast the cooling and heating loads of buildings at individual and district levels in the early design stage. Seven input variables, with large impacts on building loads, are selected for designing meta-models to establish the MySQL database. The load profiles of office, commercial, and hotel models are simulated with EnergyPlus in batches. A sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) model based on the deep-learning method of a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) is introduced to achieve rapid forecasting of all-year hourly building loads. The method performs well with the load effective hour rate (LEHR) of around 90% and MAPE less than 10%. Finally, this meta-modeling workflow is applied to a district as a case study in Shanghai, China. The forecasting results well match the actual loads with R2 of 0.9978 and 0.9975, respectively, for the heating and cooling load. The LEHR value of all-year hourly forecasting loads is 98.4%, as well as an MAPE of 4.4%. This meta-modeling workflow expands the applicability of building-physics-based methods and improves the time resolution of conventional data-driven methods. It shows small forecasting errors and fast computing speed while meeting the required precision and convenience of engineering in the building early design stage.

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Aktacir, Mehmet Azmi, Orhan Büyükalaca, Hüsamettin Bulut, and Tuncay Yılmaz. "Influence of different outdoor design conditions on design cooling load and design capacities of air conditioning equipments." Energy Conversion and Management 49, no. 6 (June 2008): 1766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.10.021.

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Abasnezhad, Sajad, Nima Soltani, Elin Markarian, Hamed Aghabalayi Fakhim, and Hamed Khezerloo. "Impact of building design parameters precision on heating and cooling load calculations." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 38, no. 2 (November 29, 2018): 741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.13106.

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Schiavon, Stefano, Kwang Ho Lee, Fred Bauman, and Tom Webster. "Influence of raised floor on zone design cooling load in commercial buildings." Energy and Buildings 42, no. 8 (August 2010): 1182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.02.009.

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Ezgi, Cüneyt. "Design and Thermodynamic Analysis of Waste Heat-Driven Zeolite–Water Continuous-Adsorption Refrigeration and Heat Pump System for Ships." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030699.

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Strict International Maritime Organization (IMO) rules enable ships to maximize fuel consumption and compliance with the climate. Cooling and heat-pumping technology powered by waste heat makes a substantial contribution to lowering ship gas emissions. This study explores, technically studies, and thermodynamically analyzes the efficiency of ongoing adsorption refrigeration and heating systems using a zeolite–water pair onboard a naval surface ship. An updated Dubin-in-Astakhov equation calculates the equilibrium adsorption potential of the operating pair used in the system. The coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP)/specific heating power (SHP) values were between 0.109 and 0.384 and between 69.13 and 193.58 W kg−1 for cooling mode, and between 66.16 and 185.26 W kg−1 based on exhaust gas temperature and regeneration, respectively. Up to 27.64% and 52.91% met the cooling and heating load of the case vessel at a full load by the zeolite–water-adsorbed refrigeration/heat-pumping system. The COP of the heat pump and cooling systems was compared to that of adsorption cooling/heat pumps in the literature.

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Zamhuri, Muhammad Ikhwan, Haslenda Hashim, and Ho Wai Shin. "Optimal Design of Integrated Chiller Capacity with Ice Thermal Storage for Commercial Buildings through Cooling System Cascade Analysis." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b8301.1210220.

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Chilled water air conditioning system is used to supply cooling systems in large capacity for industrial processes and commercial buildings. Air conditioners contribute more than 60 percent of electricity consumption in buildings. District Cooling System (DCS) technology comprises a central chiller plant which provides advantage compared to local air conditioning system. It has higher efficiency, uses less power in system operation, allows more usable space in buildings, and can be operated with minimum manpower while handling same amount of cooling load. The integration of a chiller with ice thermal storage (ITS) offers more operational flexibility while reducing space cooling expenses. This paper presents a systematic framework for design and operation of District Cooling Plant (DCP) comprising an integrated chiller and ice thermal storage system. The Cooling System Cascade Analysis (COSCA) based on pinch analysis is constructed to determine the chiller optimal size and ice thermal storage capacity. The District Cooling System configuration for this study comprises a cooling tower, chiller (centrifugal, variable centrifugal, glycol) and ice thermal storage system. The application of this technique to fulfil 66,284 refrigerant tonne hour (RTH) cooling load demand from commercial buildings reveals the optimal capacity of the chiller is 3068.91 refrigerant tonne (RT), ice tank rating at 989 refrigerant tonne (RT) and ice tank capacity is 9892.75 refrigerant tonne hour (RTH).

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Li, Yuan, Quan Zhang, Jiaqiang Wang, Chang Yue, Lunfei Che, Jianwei Zhao, Yanhua Wang, and Fei Duan. "Field investigation on operation parameters and performance of air conditioning system in a subway station." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598719881224.

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Ventilation and air conditioning system in subway stations accounts for about 50% of the total energy consumption of the subway stations. The energy consumption ratio of public area to equipment room is about 6.5:3.5. In order to understand the energy saving potential of public areas and equipment rooms, a field measurement for a typical subway station in central China was conducted from 19 to 29 September 2018. The field testing parameters include weather conditions, indoor air temperature and humidity, supply and return air flow rate, chilled water temperature, and flow rate. Meanwhile, some parameters recorded by the system control panel, such as pump frequency, chiller power demand, and energy consumption, were also collected. The paper studied the operating characteristics of the ventilation and air conditioning system and the cooling load pattern of the subway station, focusing on the following three aspects: cooling capacity and power demand of the chiller under different conditions, dynamic cooling capacity of the air handling units, and cooling load characteristics of the equipment rooms. Different operation conditions influence the operation of chiller. It was found that the real power demands under two operation conditions, i.e. minimum and all fresh air modes, are 121 and 77 kW, and the corresponding coefficient of performances are 4.33 and 4.77, respectively. The actual cooling capacity at night is about 80% that of the daytime, and is about 40% of the design value, which indicates that the air handling units operate under partial load. During the testing period, the actual cooling load is about 10–50% of the design load, of which 50–95% is sensible cooling load. These data can help readers understand the overall situation of a typical subway station adequately and provide numerical basis for energy saving optimization of the ventilation and air conditioning system.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Design cooling load'

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