Relevant bibliographies by topics / Design cooling load

Academic literature on the topic 'Design cooling load'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Design cooling load"

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Ding, Yan, Zhaoxia Wang, Wei Feng, Chris Marnay, and Nan Zhou. "Influence of occupancy-oriented interior cooling load on building cooling load design." Applied Thermal Engineering 96 (March 2016): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.096.

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Shelke, Miss Shraddha, and Prof Vishal Sapate. "Review on Analysis and Design of RCC Cooling Tower Using STAAD-Pro." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42946.

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Abstract: Cooling tower is a device which converts hot water into cold water due to direct air contact. It works on the temperature difference between the air inside the tower and outside the tower. Natural draft cooling tower is one of most widely used cooling tower. Hyperbolic shape of cooling tower is usually preferred because of its strength and stability and large available area at the base due to shape. As it is very important structure in nuclear and chemical plants, it should be continuously assessed for its stability under selfweight, and lateral loads like wind load and earthquake load. Therefore, cooling towers have been analyses for wind load by assuming fixity at the shell base. The wind loads on these cooling towers have been calculated in the form of pressures by using the circumferentially distributed design wind pressure coefficients as given in IS: 11504 -1985 code along with the design wind pressures at different levels as per IS:875 (Part 3) - 1987 code. These towers with very small shell thickness are exceptional structures by their sheer size and sensitivity to horizontal loads. The present study deals with the analysis of cooling tower maximum displacement, support reactions, support moments, stresses and bending moments in plates due to seismic loading, wind loading and dead load i.e., its self-weight on a hyperbolic cooling tower is continuous function of geometry. Keywords: Cooling Tower, Wind Load, Stresses and Moments
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Zakiah, Aisyah. "ANALYSIS OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT HOUSE LAYOUT DESIGN IN TROPICAL CLIMATE." DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 47, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.47.1.11-18.

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Energy-efficient residential provision is an essential concern for the present and future city development. Currently, the residential buildings contribute approximately 37.5% to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, which mainly used for cooling. This research aims to study the house layout arrangement to minimise cooling loads and further reduce energy consumption. Energy efficiency analysis is performed by comparing the cooling load and total energy consumption from variations of the hypothetical design of detached or semi-detached housing layouts commonly built in Indonesia. The calculation of cooling loads and energy consumption is performed by simulation in Energy Plus 8.4 with Jakarta weather data. The results show that the arrangement of the house layout may reduce the cooling load up to 24%. The total conditioned wall area that varies due to the variations of house layouts are found to affect the cooling loads.
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Трушляков, Євген Іванович, Андрій Миколайович Радченко, Микола Іванович Радченко, Сергій Анатолійович Кантор, and Веніамін Сергійович Ткаченко. "ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ КОНДИЦІЮВАННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОГО ПОВІТРЯ СИСТЕМИ КОМБІНОВАНОГО ТИПУ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 4 (August 31, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.4.02.

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One of the most attractive reserves of enhancing the energetic efficiency of air conditioning systems is to provide the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close to nominal modes by choosing rational design cooling loads (cooling capacities) and their distribution according to a cooling load behaviour within the overall design (installed) cooling load band to match current changeable climatic conditions and provide close to maximum annual cooling capacity generation according to cooling duties. The direction of increasing the efficiency of outdoor air conditioning in combined central-local type systems by rationally distributing the heat load - cooling capacity of the central air conditioner into zones of variable heat load in accordance with current climatic conditions and its relatively stable value, i.e. cooling capacity required for further air cooling at the entrance to the indoor recirculation air conditioning system is justified. By comparing the values of the excessive production of cold and its deficit within every 3 days for a rational design heat load of the air conditioning system (cooling capacity of the installed refrigeration machine), which provides close to maximum annual production of cold, and the corresponding values of the excess and deficit of cooling capacity in accordance with current climatic conditions during July substantiated the feasibility of accumulating the excess of cooling capacity of a central air conditioner at low current loads and its use for covering cooling deficit at elevated heat loads through pre-cooling the outdoor air. It is developed a scheme of a combined central-local air conditioning system, which includes the subsystems for the outdoor air conditioning in a central air conditioner and the local indoor recirculated air conditioning.
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Wardika, Wardika, Aa Setiawan, and Sandi Rifqi Ridwansyah. "Freeze Dryer Machine Design for Mango Fruit Storage." Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 22, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v22i1.62-69.

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The purpose of the research on the design of this tool is to determine the cooling load on the freeze dryer and to determine the time it takes to reach a temperature of -20°C. This tool uses a vapor compression cooling system and a vacuum process means that this tool cools the storage space with air in the dry cabin. The research method is to determine the volume of the cabin to determine the capacity of the freeze dryer and determine the cooling load by calculating the product load and then calculating the heat load through the walls and other loads that generate heat. for a freeze dryer machine with a capacity of 1.8 PK. From testing the tool for 10 minutes once for 6 hours, the results of the system performance at the evaporator temperature -24.64°C and product temperature -16.2°C, COPCarnot performance of 3.77, and COPAktual of 2.87 with an efficiency of 76%, This is in line with the performance values ​​in the COPCarnot design of 3.8 and COPActual of 3.30 with an efficiency of 87%.
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Трушляков, Євген Іванович, Андрій Миколайович Радченко, Микола Іванович Радченко, Сергій Георгійович Фордуй, Сергій Анатолійович Кантор, and Богдан Сергійович Портной. "МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ХОЛОДОПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ СИСТЕМ КОНДИЦІЮВАННЯ ПОВІТРЯ ЗА ЗМІННИХ КЛІМАТИЧНИХ УМОВ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 7 (August 31, 2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.7.09.

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One of the most attractive reserves for improving the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems is to ensure the operation of refrigeration compressors in nominal or close to nominal modes by selecting a rational design heat load and distributing it within its design value according to the behavior of the current heat load under variable current climatic conditions to provide the maximum or close to maximum annual cooling capacity generation according to cooling duties of air conditioning. In the general case, the overall range of current thermal loads of any air conditioning system includes a range of unstable loads associated with the precooling of ambient air with significant fluctuations in cooling capacity according with current climatic conditions, and a relatively stable range of cooling capacity consumed to further reduce air temperature from a certain threshold temperature to the final outlet temperature. It is quite obvious that a stable range of heat load can be ensured within operating a conventional compressor in a mode close to the nominal mode while precooling the ambient air with significant fluctuations in heat load requires regulation of the cooling capacity through the use of a variable speed compressor. Thus, in response of the behavior of the change in current heat loads, any air conditioning system, whether the central air-conditioning system with its heat procession in a central air conditioner, or a combination thereof with a local recirculation system of indoor air, essentially consists of two subsystems: pre-cooling the ambient air and then cooling it to the set point temperature. The proposed method of distribution of design heat load depending on the behavior of the current heat load is useful for the rational design of central air conditioning systems and their combined versions with the local air conditioning system.
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Sholahudin, Azimil Gani Alam, Chang In Baek, and Hwataik Han. "Prediction and Analysis of Building Energy Efficiency Using Artificial Neural Network and Design of Experiments." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.541.

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Energy consumption of buildings is increasing steadily and occupying approximately 30-40% of total energy use. It is important to predict heating and cooling loads of a building in the initial stage of design to find out optimal solutions among various design options, as well as in the operating stage after the building has been completed for energy efficient operation. In this paper, an artificial neural network model has been developed to predict heating and cooling loads of a building based on simulation data for building energy performance. The input variables include relative compactness, surface area, wall area, roof area, overall height, orientation, glazing area, and glazing area distribution of a building, and the output variables include heating load (HL) and cooling load (CL) of the building. The simulation data used for training are the data published in the literature for various 768 residential buildings. ANNs have a merit in estimating output values for given input values satisfactorily, but it has a limitation in acquiring the effects of input variables individually. In order to analyze the effects of the variables, we used a method for design of experiment and conducted ANOVA analysis. The sensitivities of individual variables have been investigated and the most energy efficient solution has been estimated under given conditions. Discussions are included in the paper regarding the variables affecting heating load and cooling load significantly and the effects on heating and cooling loads of residential buildings.
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Yan, Chengchu, Qi Cheng, and Hao Cai. "Life-Cycle Optimization of a Chiller Plant with Quantified Analysis of Uncertainty and Reliability in Commercial Buildings." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 14, 2019): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081548.

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Conventional and most optimal design methods for chiller plants often address the annual cooling load distribution of buildings and their peak cooling loads based on typical meteorological year (TMY) data, while the peak cooling load only appears a few times during the life-cycle and the sized chiller plant usually operates within its low efficient region. In this paper, a robust optimal design method based on life-cycle total cost was employed to optimize the design of a chiller plant with quantified analysis of uncertainty and reliability. By using the proposed design method, the optimized chiller plant can operate at its highly efficient region under various cooling load conditions, and provide sufficient cooling capacity even alongside some equipment/systems with failures. The minimum life-cycle total cost, which consists of the capital cost, operation, and availability-risk cost, can be achieved through optimizing the total cooling capacity and the numbers/sizes of chillers. A case study was conducted to illustrate the detailed implementation process of the proposed method. The performance of this design method was evaluated by comparing with that of other design methods.
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Albatayneh, Aiman. "Optimising the Parameters of a Building Envelope in the East Mediterranean Saharan, Cool Climate Zone." Buildings 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020043.

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Enhancing the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of buildings is a significant global aim. New construction regulations are, therefore, geared specifically towards low-emission and energy-efficient projects. However, there are numerous and typically competitive priorities, such as making the most of energy usage in residential buildings. This leads to the complex topic of multi-objective optimisation. The primary aim of this research was to reduce the energy consumed for heating and cooling loads in residential buildings in Ma’an City, which is located in the Jordanian Saharan Mediterranean, a cool climate zone. This was achieved by optimising various design variables (window to wall percent, ground floor construction, local shading type, infiltration rate (ac/h), glazing type, flat roof construction, natural ventilation rate, window blind type, window shading control schedule, partition construction, site orientation and external wall construction) of the building envelope. DesignBuilder software (version 6.1) was utilised to run a sensitivity analysis (SA) for 12 design variables to evaluate their influence on both heating and cooling loads simultaneously using a regression method. The variables were divided into two groups according to their importance and a genetic algorithm (GA) was then applied to both groups. The optimum solution selected for the high-importance variables was based on minimising the heating and cooling loads. The optimum solution selected for the low-importance variables was based on the lowest summation of the heating and cooling loads. Finally, a scenario was devised (using the combined design variables of the two solutions) and simulated. The results indicate that the total energy consumption was 1186.21 kWh/year, divided into 353.03 kWh/year for the cooling load and 833.18 kWh/year for the heating load. This was compared with 9969.38 kWh/year of energy, divided into 3878.37 kWh/year for the heating load and 6091.01 kWh/year for the cooling load for the baseline building. Thus, the amount of energy saved was 88.1%, 94.2% and 78.5% for total energy consumption, cooling load and heating load, respectively. However, implementing the modifications suggested by the optimisation of the low-importance variables was not cost-effective, especially the external wall construction and partition construction, and therefore these design variables can be neglected in future studies.
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Solomon, Gedlu, and Yeshurun Alemayehu Adde. "ANALYTICAL METHOD TO CALCULATE ROOM COOLING LOAD." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 7, no. 8 (September 5, 2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i8.2020.761.

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This paper focus on cooling load calculation of the meeting hall [4m*15m*7m] in the location of 8.55 north latitude, East longitude 39.27 and Altitude 1726 m elevation above sea level. The total building cooling load consists of inside design condition of building, outside design condition of building, consider building mater and wall facing to sun and etc.by categorized in to sensible and latent heat gain from ventilation, infiltration and occupants. From different Room heat gain component, the total heat load 21,301.66 w.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Design cooling load"

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Jerome, David. "Building load analysis and graphical display as a design tool." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16410.

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Landis, Mark J. "Development of a Parametric Data-Driven Fixed Shading Device Design Workflow." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1553250987067742.

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Golden, Daniel Lee. "Simulation and comparison of vapor-compression driven, liquid- and air-coupled cooling systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37297.

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Industrial and military vehicles, including trucks, tanks and others, employ cooling systems that address passenger cooling and auxiliary cooling loads ranging from a few Watts to 50 kW or more. Such systems are typically powered using vapor-compression cooling systems that either directly supply cold air to the various locations, or cool an intermediate single-phase coolant closed loop, which in turn serves as the coolant for the passenger cabins and auxiliary loads such as electronics modules. Efforts are underway to enhance the performance of such systems, and also to develop more light weight and compact systems that would remove high heat fluxes. The distributed cooling configuration offers the advantage of a smaller refrigerant system package. The heat transfer between the intermediate fluid and air or with the auxiliary heat loads can be fine tuned through the control of flow rates and component sizes and controls to maintain tight tolerances on the cooling performance. Because of the additional loop involved in such a configuration, there is a temperature penalty between the refrigerant and the ultimate heat sink or source, but in some configurations, this may be counteracted through judicious design of the phase change-to-liquid coupled heat exchangers. Such heat exchangers are inherently smaller due to the high heat transfer coefficients in phase change and single-phase liquid flow compared to air flow. The additional loop also requires a pump to circulate the fluid, which adds pumping power requirements. However, a direct refrigerant-to-heat load coupling system might in fact be suboptimal if the heat loads are distributed across large distances. This is because of the significantly higher pressure drops (and saturation temperature drops) incurred in transporting vapor or two-phase fluids through refrigerant lines across long plumbing elements. An optimal system can be developed for any candidate application by assessing the tradeoffs in cooling capacity, heat exchanger sizes and configurations, and compression, pumping and fan power. In this study, a versatile simulation platform for a wide variety of direct and indirectly coupled cooling systems was developed to enable comparison of different component geometries and system configurations based on operating requirements and applicable design constraints. Components are modeled at increasing levels of complexity ranging from specified closest approach temperatures for key components to models based on detailed heat transfer and pressure drop models. These components of varying complexity can be incorporated into the system model as desired and trade-off analyses on system configurations performed. Employing this platform as a screening, comparison, and optimization tool, a number of conventional vapor-compression and distributed cooling systems were analyzed to determine the efficacy of the distributed cooling scheme in mobile cooling applications. Four systems serving approximately a 6 kW cooling duty, two with air-coupled evaporators and two with liquid-coupled evaporators, were analyzed for ambient conditions of 37.78°C and 40% relative humidity. Though the condensers and evaporators are smaller in liquid-coupled systems, the total mass of the heat exchangers in the liquid-coupled systems is larger due to the additional air-to-liquid heat exchangers that the configuration requires. Additionally, for the cooling applications considered, the additional compressor power necessitated by the liquid-coupled configuration and the additional power consumed by the liquid-loop pumps result in the coefficient of performance being lower for liquid-coupled systems than for air-coupled systems. However, the use of liquid-coupling in a system does meet the primary goal of decreasing the system refrigerant inventory by enabling the use of smaller condensers and evaporators and by eliminating long refrigerant carrying hoses.
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Yaser, Hussnain A. "Novel System Design For Residential Heating And Cooling Load Shift Using PCM Filled Plate Heat Exchanger And Auxiliaries For Economic Benefit And Demand Side Management." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1397234246.

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Zralý, Tomáš. "Železobetonová konstrukce chladící věže." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227268.

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There was solved reinforced concrete cooling tower in the diploma thesis. This is a rotationally symmetrical construction. The cooling tower is concrete shell on columns. The cooling tower was solved using the finite element method, computer program Midas FEA. The work includes: calculation using the program Midas FEA, comparison of load between eurocode and foreign literature, the design of shell and columns, drawings form
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Du, Hu. "Modelling of building performance under the UK climate change projections and the prediction of future heating and cooling design loads in building spaces." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2012. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/5837/.

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New climate change projections for the UK were published by the United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme in 2009. They form the 5th and most comprehensive set of predictions of climate change developed for the UK to date. As one of main products of UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09), the Weather Generator, can generate a set of daily and hourly future weather variables at different time periods (2020s to 2080s) and carbon emission scenarios (low, medium and high) on a 5 km grid scale. In a radical departure from previous methods, the 2009 Projections are statistical-probabilistic in nature. A tool has been developed in Matlab to generate future Test Reference Year (TRY) and Design Reference Years (DRY) weather files from these Projections and the results were verified against results from alternative tools produced by Manchester University and Exeter University as well as with CIBSE’s Future Weather Years (FWYs) which are based on earlier (4th generation) climate change scenarios and are currently used by practitioners. The Northumbria tool is computationally efficient and can extract a single Test Reference Year and 2 Design Reference Years from 3000 years of raw data in less than 6 minutes on a typical modern PC. It uses an established ISO method for generating Test Reference Year data and an alternative method of constructing future Design Reference Years data is proposed. Fifteen different buildings have been identified according to alternative usage, thermal insulation, user activity and construction details. Besides these variants, the buildings were chosen specifically because they either exist, or have received planning consent and so represent ‘real’ UK building examples. Two investigations were then carried out based on the 15 case study buildings. The first involved applying TRYs generated for London, Manchester and Edinburgh for a variety of carbon emission scenarios at time horizons of 2030, 2050 and 2080. The TRYs were developed into a weather data format readable by the EnergyPlus energy simulation program to simulate summertime internal comfort (operative) temperatures, cooling demands and winter heating demands. All results were compared with a control data set of nominally current weather data, together with the same results produced using the alternative weather data generators of Manchester University, Exeter University and the CIBSE FWYs. Results revealed a good agreement between the various methods and show that significant increases in internal summer operative temperatures in non-air-conditioned buildings can be expected as time advances through this century, as well as increased air conditioning cooling energy demands and small reductions in winter heating energy demand. The second investigation involved generating time series of design internal peak summertime operative temperatures, design cooling demands and design winter heating demands for the same conditions as the first investigation. The results were then used to develop a simplified estimation method to predict future design cooling loads using multiple regressions fitting to selected data from the DRY simulation inputs and outputs. The simplified estimation method forms a useful tool for estimating how future cooling design loads in buildings are likely to evolve over time. It also provides a basis for designers and practitioners to determine how buildings constructed today will need to be adapted through life to cope with climate change.
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Benzarti, Ghedas Habiba. "Modeling and thermal optimization of residential buildings using BIM and based on RTS method : application to traditional and standard house in Sousse city." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406007.

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The thermal quality of the contemporary building tends to be deteriorated due to aesthetic and economic considerations. Cheap materials which are thermally inappropriate are still rising in new buildings. Actually, the architectural design has been changed. Hence, the orientation is poorly investigated. The interior height of the new buildings is defectively compared to those of traditional houses. In addition, the patio is replaced by a corridor and different parts have already become communicating. Accordingly, the heating and cooling space becomes more and more important. The traditional dwelling, in fact, has a bioclimatic architecture which provides naturally minimal comfort. In our work, we tend to exploit the REVIT software in the residential building simulation in Tunisia and to optimize the modern housing model. Following the REVIT validation of the obtained results and comparing them to TRNSYS and SPREADSHEET ASHRAE, we have already relied on them to assess both housing models (contemporary and traditional). Using REVIT, the evaluation results show that traditional housing are more efficient than contemporary ones particularly during summer period. Then, we optimize the modern models making use of the passive strategies of traditional bioclimatic architecture and the improvement measures in the previous investigations. Numerous tests have been generated applying REVIT software in order to determine various models of contemporary housing which are able to be integrated into the Mediterranean climate. In fact, these tests indicate that REVIT efficiency is based on RTS method in thermal simulation of residential buildings.
La qualité thermique des bâtiments modernes a une tendance à se détériorer en raison de considérations esthétiques et économiques. L'utilisation de matériaux de construction de bon marché et thermiquement inappropriées ne cesse d'augmenter dans les nouvelles constructions. À l'heure actuelle, la conception architecturale a changé. L'orientation est peu étudiée, la hauteur intérieure des nouveaux locaux est faible comparée à celle de la maison traditionnelle et le patio est remplacé par un couloir. Les différentes parties sont devenues communicantes. Ainsi, l'espace de chauffage et de refroidissement devient plus important. L'habitation traditionnelle tunisienne présente une architecture bioclimatique qui permet de fournir un confort minimal naturellement. Notre travail vise à exploiter le REVIT dans la simulation des bâtiments résidentiels en Tunisie et d'optimiser le modèle d'habitat moderne. Après validation des résultats obtenus par REVIT, comparés à ceux de TRNSYS et SPREADSHEET ASHRAE, nous l'avons, tout d'abord, exploité pour évaluer les deux modèles d'habitats (traditionnels et contemporains). Les résultats d'évaluation, en utilisant REVIT, montrent que l'habitat traditionnel sont plus efficaces que celui moderne particulièrement en période estivale. Par la suite, nous avons optimisé le modèle de maisons contemporaines, en utilisant en premier lieu, les stratégies passives de l'architecture bioclimatique traditionnelle, et en second lieu, en utilisant les mesures d'amélioration utilisées dans des études antérieures. Afin, de déterminer une variante de modèle d'habitat contemporain thermiquement optimal et qui s'intègre dans le climat méditerranéen, plusieurs tests sont générés en utilisant REVIT. Ces tests montrent l'efficacité de ce dernier qui se base sur la méthode RTS dans la simulation thermique des bâtiments résidentiels.
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Kvasnička, Karel. "Mobilní zdroje elektrické energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413211.

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Eldridge, David S. "Design of an experimental facility for the validation of cooling load calculation procedures." 2007. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-2281.pdf.

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Radchenko, M., E. Trushliakov, A. Radchenko, S. Kantor, V. Tkachenko, М. Радченко, Є. Трушляков, А. Радченко, С. Кантор, and В. Ткаченко. "Approach to enhance the energetic efficiency of air conditioning systems by cooling load distribution in ambient air procession." Thesis, 2020. http://eir.nuos.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/4346.

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Approach to enhance the energetic efficiency of air conditioning systems by cooling load distribution in ambient air procession = Підхід до підвищення енергетичної ефективності систем кондиціювання повітря шляхом розподілу холодопродуктивності при обробці зовнішнього повітря / M. Radchenko, E. Trushliakov, A. Radchenko, S. Kantor, V. Tkachenko // Матеріали XI міжнар. наук.-техн. конф. "Інновації в суднобудуванні та океанотехніці". В 2 т. – Миколаїв : НУК, 2020. – Т. 1. – С. 490–500.
У загальному випадку весь діапазон холодопродуктивності будь-якої системи кондиціювання повітря включає нестабільний діапазон і порівняно стабільну частину холодопродуктивності для подальшого охолодження повітря. Таким чином, стабільний діапазон холодопродуктивності може бути забезпечений роботою звичайного компресора, в той час як режим із значними коливаннями холодопродуктивності вимагає її модуляції. Пропонований підхід може бути використаний для проектування систем зі змінним потоком хладагента (VRF), забезпечених системою обробки зовнішнього повітря (OAP).
Abstract. In general case, an overall cooling load band of any air conditioning system comprises the unstable cooling load range and a comparatively stable cooling load part for further air cooling. Thus, the stable cooling load range can be covered by operation of conventional compressor, meantime mode with considerable cooling load fluctuation needs load modulation. A proposed method can be adopted for designing Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems provided with Outdoor Air Processing (OAP) system.
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Books on the topic "Design cooling load"

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Zinn, S., and S. L. Semiatin. Elements of Induction Heating. ASM International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.9781627083416.

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Elements of Induction Heating: Design, Control, and Applications discusses the principles of electromagnetic induction and the setup and use of induction heating processes and equipment. The first few chapters cover the theory of induction heating and the factors that must be considered when selecting and configuring components for a given application. As the text explains, the frequency required for efficient heating is determined by the geometry of the coil, the properties, size, and shape of the workpiece, and the need to maintain adequate skin effect. It also depends on proper tuning and load matching, which is explained as well. Subsequent chapters discuss the use of external cooling, temperature sensing, and power-timing devices, the fundamentals of process control, the role of flux concentrators, shields, and susceptors, and the integration of material handling equipment. The book also covers coil design and fabrication and explains how induction heating systems can be tailored for specific applications such as billet and bar heating, surface hardening, pipe welding, tin reflow, powder metal sintering, and brazing, and for curing adhesives and coatings. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-308-8, follow this link.
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Book chapters on the topic "Design cooling load"

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Fiedler, Torben, Joachim Rösler, Martin Bäker, Felix Hötte, Christoph von Sethe, Dennis Daub, Matthias Haupt, Oskar J. Haidn, Burkard Esser, and Ali Gülhan. "Mechanical Integrity of Thermal Barrier Coatings: Coating Development and Micromechanics." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 295–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_19.

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Abstract To protect the copper liners of liquid-fuel rocket combustion chambers, a thermal barrier coating can be applied. Previously, a new metallic coating system was developed, consisting of a NiCuCrAl bond-coat and a Rene 80 top-coat, applied with high velocity oxyfuel spray (HVOF). The coatings are tested in laser cycling experiments to develop a detailed failure model, and critical loads for coating failure were defined. In this work, a coating system is designed for a generic engine to demonstrate the benefits of TBCs in rocket engines, and the mechanical loads and possible coating failure are analysed. Finally, the coatings are tested in a hypersonic wind tunnel with surface temperatures of 1350 K and above, where no coating failure was observed. Furthermore, cyclic experiments with a subscale combustion chamber were carried out. With a diffusion heat treatment, no large-scale coating delamination was observed, but the coating cracked vertically due to large cooling-induced stresses. These cracks are inevitable in rocket engines due to the very large thermal-strain differences between hot coating and cooled substrate. It is supposed that the cracks can be tolerated in rocket-engine application.
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Goliatt, Leonardo, Priscila V. Z. Capriles, and Gisele Goulart Tavares. "Gradient Boosting Ensembles for Predicting Heating and Cooling Loads in Building Design." In Progress in Artificial Intelligence, 495–506. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30241-2_42.

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Barfusz, Oliver, Felix Hötte, Stefanie Reese, and Matthias Haupt. "Pseudo-transient 3D Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Lifetime Prediction of a Rocket Combustion Chamber." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 265–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_17.

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Abstract Rocket engine nozzle structures typically fail after a few engine cycles due to the extreme thermomechanical loading near the nozzle throat. In order to obtain an accurate lifetime prediction and to increase the lifetime, a detailed understanding of the thermomechanical behavior and the acting loads is indispensable. The first part is devoted to a thermally coupled simulation (conjugate heat transfer) of a fatigue experiment. The simulation contains a thermal FEM model of the fatigue specimen structure, RANS simulations of nine cooling channel flows and a Flamelet-based RANS simulation of the hot gas flow. A pseudo-transient, implicit Dirichlet–Neumann scheme is utilized for the partitioned coupling. A comparison with the experiment shows a good agreement between the nodal temperatures and their corresponding thermocouple measurements. The second part consists of the lifetime prediction of the fatigue experiment utilizing a sequentially coupled thermomechanical analysis scheme. First, a transient thermal analysis is carried out to obtain the temperature field within the fatigue specimen. Afterwards, the computed temperature serves as input for a series of quasi-static mechanical analyses, in which a viscoplastic damage model is utilized. The evolution and progression of the damage variable within the regions of interest are thoroughly discussed. A comparison between simulation and experiment shows that the results are in good agreement. The crucial failure mode (doghouse effect) is captured very well.
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Stanford, Herbert W., and Adam F. Spach. "Heating/Cooling Load Calculation." In Analysis and Design of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems, 113–34. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429469473-5.

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Reddy, T. Agami, Jan F. Kreider, Peter S. Curtiss, and Ari Rabl. "Heating and Cooling Design Load Calculations." In Heating and Cooling of Buildings, 241–70. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374567-9.

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"Short-Term Load Forecasting and Post-Strategy Design for CCHP Systems." In Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems, 113–39. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119283362.ch5.

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Sivachidambaram, P., Raghuraman Srinivasan, and Venkatraman Ramamoorthy. "Pulsed TIG Welding of Al–SiC Composite: Welding Parameter Optimization." In Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000275.

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Pulse on time, pulse frequency, peak current, and base current are the important parameters to be optimized in pulsed current tungsten inert gas (PCTIG) welding of Al–SiC metal matrix composite. Experiments were designed and conducted using the L9 orthogonal array technique. The regression equation was developed using Design Expert® statistical software package to predict the weld center’s micro hardness, yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation (%), bending load, weld depth, weld width, cooling rate, and peak temperature near the weld zone of Al-8% SiC composite, welded using PCTIG welding. Correlation coefficient shows 0.9 for all the mechanical properties. This showed that the regression equation and the mathematical model developed were adequate. Analysis of contour plot, interaction effect, signal-to-noise ratio, and mean response were developed, the influence of each pulsed current parameter was evaluated at each level, and the percentage of influence was calculated by using pulsed current parameters. Ultimate tensile strength and bending load values depend on the microstructure. When the cooling rate is higher, fine microstructures are observed due to grain refinement; higher tensile strength and bending load are also observed. Due to the decreased cooling rate, coarse microstructures are observed, which result in poor tensile strength and bending load. PCTIG welding parameters are responsible for the change in the cooling rate of the weld zone. The optimization of the PCTIG welding parameters shows that the peak current and base current should be 160 and 60 A, respectively. Pulse on time is recommended to be 50%–55% and pulse frequency to be 5 Hz.
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A. Makhutov, Nikolay, Mikhail M. Gadenin, Sergey V. Maslov, Igor A. Razumovsky, and Dmitry O. Reznikov. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Structural Properties of Load-Bearing Components of Thermonuclear Tokamak Installations." In Nuclear Materials [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94531.

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The chapter presents the results of research carried out in Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences that were focused on validation and application of design diagrams, methods and systems for measuring stresses under the modes of Tokamak instillation cooling and management of electromagnetic fields during startups. The examples of tensometric systems and results of measurements of stresses under cryogenic temperatures and strong magnetic fields as well as results of analysis of the states of stresses and strains of structurally heterogeneous components of load-bearing and conductive structures are presented. Operation conditions and limit states of Tokamak components are considered. Results of research summarized in the chapter demonstrate the correctness of the adopted design solutions, which result in a relatively low level of local stresses in the load-bearing components of the thermonuclear installations.
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Kosi, Franc Franc, Branislav Zivkovic, Mirko S. Komatina, Dragi Antonijevic, Mohamed Abdul Galil, and Uros Milorad Milovancevic. "Cold Thermal Energy Storage." In Handbook of Research on Advances and Applications in Refrigeration Systems and Technologies, 752–83. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8398-3.ch020.

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The chapter gives an overview of cold thermal energy storage (CTES) technologies. Benefits as well as classification and operating strategies of CTES are discussed. Design consideration and sizing strategies based on calculated load profile for design day is presented. Some recommendation concernig designing of CTES equipment are given. Special attention was paid to the analysis of specific features of heat transfer phenomena in ice storage tank including the assessment of the duration and the rate of ice formation and melting. The methodology of sizing components of the ice thermal storage system included in an air conditioning system for a office building situated in hot wet and dry climate are presented. Based on hourly cooling load calculation that was carried out using Carrier's Hourly Analysis Program, sizing of ice thermal storage system for different operating strategies included full, chiller priority and ice priority storage operation for the design day are presented. Finally, an analysis of some operational characteristics of the system are analyzed.
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Kosi, Franc Franc, Branislav Zivkovic, Mirko S. Komatina, Dragi Antonijevic, Mohamed Abdul Galil, and Uros Milorad Milovancevic. "Cold Thermal Energy Storage." In Renewable and Alternative Energy, 93–123. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch004.

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The chapter gives an overview of cold thermal energy storage (CTES) technologies. Benefits as well as classification and operating strategies of CTES are discussed. Design consideration and sizing strategies based on calculated load profile for design day is presented. Some recommendation concerning designing of CTES equipment are given. Special attention was paid to the analysis of specific features of heat transfer phenomena in ice storage tank including the assessment of the duration and the rate of ice formation and melting. The methodology of sizing components of the ice thermal storage system included in an air conditioning system for an office building situated in hot wet and dry climate are presented. Based on hourly cooling load calculation that was carried out using Carrier's Hourly Analysis Program, sizing of ice thermal storage system for different operating strategies included full, chiller priority and ice priority storage operation for the design day are presented. Finally, an analysis of some operational characteristics of the system are analyzed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Design cooling load"

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Gong, Siyue, Guangcai Gong, Tianhe Han, and Rong Wu. "A Simplified Method for Building Cooling Load Calculation." In International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering, and Construction 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412688.006.

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Yoo, Seong-Yeon, Kyu-Hyun Han, and Jin-Hyuck Kim. "Simplified Method for Prediction of Cooling Load." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22726.

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A simplified method is developed to predict the hourly cooling load of the next day. Only four building specifications and the estimated temperature and humidity of the next day are used to predict the cooling load. The sensible heat loads are calculated using the sensible heat coefficient, outdoor air coefficient, and sensible heat constant. Similarly, the latent heat loads are calculated using the outdoor air coefficient, latent heat constant. Four building specifications, that is, sensible heat coefficient, outdoor air coefficient, sensible heat constant and latent heat constant are determined from the building design data for cooling load. In order to validate the prediction model, two benchmarking buildings are selected, and cooling loads are measured in the actual operation conditions. The predicted results show fairly good agreement with the measured data for both buildings.
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Jiang, Jin, Ziming Zhang, Haichen Bai, Ruoling Zhang, and Guozhu Zhao. "Multi-parameter design method for active cooling panel with high thermal load." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE METHODS OF AEROPHYSICAL RESEARCH (ICMAR 2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5065267.

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Gao, Lixin, Hua Bai, and Yajun Lu. "Development of an Expert System for the Calculation of Building's Design Cooling Load." In Architectural Engineering Conference (AEI) 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40699(2003)15.

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Mazumdar, S., S. Bhattacharyya, and M. Ram Gopal. "Compressor Driven Metal Hydride Cooling Systems: Simulation and System Dynamics." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58418.

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A comprehensive mathematical model to study the performance parameters of compressor driven metal hydride systems is presented. The dynamics of the compressor and the conditioned space has been taken into account. The model also accommodates the transient nature of the external fins. The effect of size and geometry of the heat exchanger has been given due importance while calculating the external heat transfer coefficient of the metal hydride reactors. A 1 TR system is designed using MmNi4.5Al0.5 as the metal hydride and its operating characteristics are studied. The average COP and SP power obtained are around 3.1 and 125 W/kg respectively. It is seen that compressor remains idle for 30% of the time during stable cycling. The problem of large initial compressor loads during cut-in as is encountered in vapour compression systems are not faced in such systems. Moreover the compressor is not overloaded during sudden load changes.
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Asadi, Somayeh, and Marwa Hassan. "Evaluation of the Thermal Performance of Radiant Barrier in Heating and Cooling Load Reduction of Residential Buildings." In International Conference on Sustainable Design and Construction (ICSDC) 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41204(426)29.

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Forster, Fred K., and Travis Walter. "Design Optimization of Fixed-Valve Micropumps for Miniature Cooling Systems." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33829.

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The piezoelectrically driven fixed-valve micropump may be an attractive choice for miniature liquid cooling systems due to its low-cost potential and simple fabrication. The thin, stackable design can be fabricated in many materials, including silicon, metal and plastic. Previous linear system modeling has been used to predict resonant behavior in terms of valve Reynolds number and used as a guideline for design, but can not yield predictions of pressure and flow, which depend on nonlinear fluid dynamic phenomena. In this study we report an extended model that incorporates the calculation of block-load pressure and no-load flow in a manner such that thousands of designs can be analyzed quickly. The results indicate that by calculating these two pump performance parameters over a design space of valve size and actuator stiffness, pump design is better able to match pump performance to system requirements. Experimental verification was performed using prototype pumps with interchangeable plastic and metal parts to demonstrate the approach for these two low cost materials.
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Cruz, Hector L. "Common Design Deficiencies in Counterflow Cooling Towers." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52102.

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One of the best methods for insuring a power plant will produce its guaranteed base load is to have an excess of circulating cold water or at least the expected guaranteed cold water temperature throughout the year. Yet, within industry today, numerous mistakes continue to be made when purchasing a cooling tower, by both the Subcontractor, and the Contractor. Only following only normal design criteria established by cooling tower Subcontractors, or an industry association, is not sufficient. Guidelines in the cooling tower industry have been established to set forth minimum standards that have helped to eliminate obvious past deficiencies. They were not established to protect the Subcontractor. Nor were they established to guarantee the Contractor receives what is thermally and mechanically necessary for a given project. Design of a cogeneration or industrial plant does not always consider the necessary requirements on a cooling tower over the range of expected operation. This type of design for a cooling tower is more complicated than the single guarantee point operational design of a power plant that is the current norm. Just as the Contractor needs to consider how to meet the thermal energy requirements over the range of expected operation of the plant, the Subcontractor of the cooling tower must do the same. Contractors must be aware that the cooling tower designer does not consider aspects that are often applicable to cogeneration plants and therefore they must include exceptions to the Subcontractors’ optimized offering in their standard cooling tower specifications. These exceptions in no way disagree with the Codes and Standards adopted by the cooling tower industry or any governing agency. This paper will address exceptions that the power plant and cooling tower designer needs to take into consideration to ensure that a reliable supply of cold water relates to the thermal duty requirements from the plant throughout the year.
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Itoh, Jun-ichi, Kosuke Mizoguchi, Le Hoai Nam, and Keisuke Kusaka. "Design Method of Cooling Structure Considering Load Fluctuation of High-power Wireless Power Transfer System." In 2019 IEEE 4th International Future Energy Electronics Conference (IFEEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifeec47410.2019.9015161.

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Marcinichen, Jackson Braz, Guilherme Armas, Gautier Rouaze, John Richard Thome, and L. Winston Zhang. "Air cooled loop thermosyphon cooling system for high heat load CPUs: design and performance simulation." In 2021 20th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (iTherm). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itherm51669.2021.9503293.

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Reports on the topic "Design cooling load"

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Seginer, Ido, Daniel H. Willits, Michael Raviv, and Mary M. Peet. Transpirational Cooling of Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573072.bard.

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Background Transplanting vegetable seedlings to final spacing in the greenhouse is common practice. At the time of transplanting, the transpiring leaf area is a small fraction of the ground area and its cooling effect is rather limited. A preliminary modeling study suggested that if water supply from root to canopy is not limiting, a sparse crop could maintain about the same canopy temperature as a mature crop, at the expense of a considerably higher transpiration flux per leaf (and root) area. The objectives of this project were (1) to test the predictions of the model, (2) to select suitable cooling methods, and (3) to compare the drought resistance of differently prepared seedlings. Procedure Plants were grown in several configurations in high heat load environments, which were moderated by various environmental control methods. The difference between the three experimental locations was mainly in terms of scale, age of plants, and environmental control. Young potted plants were tested for a few days in small growth chambers at Technion and Newe Ya'ar. At NCSU, tomato plants of different ages and planting densities were compared over a whole growing season under conditions similar to commercial greenhouses. Results Effect of spacing: Densely spaced plants transpired less per plant and more per unit ground area than sparsely spaced plants. The canopy temperature of the densely spaced plants was lower. Air temperature was lower and humidity higher in the compartments with the densely spaced plants. The difference between species is mainly in the canopy-to-air Bowen ratio, which is positive for pepper and negative for tomato. Effect of cooling methods: Ventilation and evaporative pad cooling were found to be effective and synergitic. Air mixing turned out to be very ineffective, indicating that the canopy-to-air transfer coefficient is not the limiting factor in the ventilation process. Shading and misting, both affecting the leaf temperature directly, proved to be very effective canopy cooling methods. However, in view of their side effects, they should only be considered as emergency measures. On-line measures of stress: Chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to accurately predict photosynthesis. This is potentially useful as a rapid, non-contact way of assessing canopy heat stress. Normalized canopy temperature and transpiration rate were shown to correlate with water stress. Drought resistance of seedlings: Comparison between normal seedlings and partially defoliated ones, all subjected to prolonged drought, indicated that removing about half of the lowermost leaves prior to transplanting, may facilitate adjustment to the more stressful conditions in the greenhouse. Implications The results of this experimental study may lead to: (1) An improved model for a sparse canopy in a greenhouse. (2) A better ventilation design procedure utilizing improved estimates of the evaporation coefficient for different species and plant configurations. (3) A test for the stress resistance of transplants.
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