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Academic literature on the topic 'Descriptivity'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Descriptivity"

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Kudrnáčová, Naděžda. "On correlations between range in verb descriptivity and syntactic applicability." Brno studies in English, no. 1 (2016): [23]—47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/bse2016-1-2.

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Koekkoek, B. J., and Mary Snell-Hornby. "Verb-Descriptivity in German and English: A Contrastive Study in Semantic Fields." Language 61, no. 1 (March 1985): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/413450.

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Jeong, Euna, Yejin Lee, Youngju Kim, Jieun Lee, and Sukjoon Yoon. "Analysis of Cross-Association between mRNA Expression and RNAi Efficacy for Predictive Target Discovery in Colon Cancers." Cancers 12, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 3091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113091.

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The availability of large-scale, collateral mRNA expression and RNAi data from diverse cancer cell types provides useful resources for the discovery of anticancer targets for which inhibitory efficacy can be predicted from gene expression. Here, we calculated bidirectional cross-association scores (predictivity and descriptivity) for each of approximately 18,000 genes identified from mRNA and RNAi (i.e., shRNA and sgRNA) data from colon cancer cell lines. The predictivity score measures the difference in RNAi efficacy between cell lines with high vs. low expression of the target gene, while the descriptivity score measures the differential mRNA expression between groups of cell lines exhibiting high vs. low RNAi efficacy. The mRNA expression of 90 and 74 genes showed significant (p < 0.01) cross-association scores with the shRNA and sgRNA data, respectively. The genes were found to be from diverse molecular classes and have different functions. Cross-association scores for the mRNA expression of six genes (CHAF1B, HNF1B, HTATSF1, IRS2, POLR2B and SATB2) with both shRNA and sgRNA efficacy were significant. These genes were interconnected in cancer-related transcriptional networks. Additional experimental validation confirmed that siHNF1B efficacy is correlated with HNF1B mRNA expression levels in diverse colon cancer cell lines. Furthermore, KIF26A and ZIC2 gene expression, with which shRNA efficacy displayed significant scores, were found to correlate with the survival rate from colon cancer patient data. This study demonstrates that bidirectional predictivity and descriptivity calculations between mRNA and RNAi data serve as useful resources for the discovery of predictive anticancer targets.
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Hu, Yiyang, and Qingshun He. "A Corpus-Driven Study of the Style Variation in The Grapes of Wrath." Glottometrics 52 (2022): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53482/2022_52_396.

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The novel The Grapes of Wrath is distinctive in the arrangement of intercalary chapters and narrative chapters. Existing studies of the narratological distinction of this novel are primarily qualitative. This article conducted a corpus-driven study of the variation of styles in this novel from the perspectives of word cluster, type-token ratio, descriptivity and activity, keyness, and sentiment. The cluster analysis shows that the choice of words in the narrative chapters is more consistent than that in the intercalary chapters. The type-token ratio analysis testifies to the heterogeneity of the intercalary chapters in terms of lexical richness. The descriptivity and activity analysis and the keyness analysis reveal that the narrative chapters are more active than the intercalary chapters. The sentiment analysis finds that the novel is pervaded by negative sentiments and that negative sentiments are more prevalent in the narrative chapters than in the intercalary chapters. The research concludes that the corpus-driven study can provide insights into the narrative structure and the stylistic variation of the novel.
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Isekenmeier, Guido. "Descriptive Economy in the New Weird Short Story: China Miéville’s “The Condition of New Death”." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 69, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2021-2036.

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Abstract This article investigates the forms and functions of description in New Weird fiction, using texts by China Miéville as examples. It contrasts the expansive descriptive routines of his novel Perdido Street Station (2000) with the compact forms of descriptivity found in the short story “The Condition of New Death,” focussing on the role of metaphoric condensation and the blending of description with narrative and explanatory modes. Occasionally drawing on other stories contained in Miéville’s 2015 collection Three Moments of an Explosion, it formulates a model of the descriptive economy of short fiction.
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Suematsu, Hiroshi, Mayumi Sugiura, and Masako Arioka. "A Distributive Representational Framework for English Collocations in an Electronic Dictionary." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 16, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.16.2.06sue.

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A two-step framework for representing collocations in an electronic dictionary (ED) is proposed (with English examples) as an alternative to the current EDR specification, with notable advantages of descriptivity, clarity, and processibility. First, collocations are described in a syntactic sub-tree whose nodes are expressed with syntactic functions. Each node is correlated, by node path, with a bundle of constraint features on all levels of morphology, syntax, and semantics. Then, the sub-tree is distributively represented in an ED by assigning independent word entries to constituents. The relationships among constituents are assured by assigning them the same ID's, subcategorization information, and node path.
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Snell-Hornby, Mary. "Patient or Vehicle? Semantic roles in German and English descriptive verbs (revisited)." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 3, no. 1-2 (June 20, 2006): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.3.1-2.127-139.

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The paper investigates the problem of semantic roles within the concept of verb-descriptivity (Snell-Hornby 1983). Descriptive verbs are semantically complex lexical items, where the modifying components are more focal than the verbal action itself (as in bustle or strut), and where the participants, the background situation and the attitude of the speaker emerge as distinctive elements (as in grovel and waft). As against orthodox views in early case grammar, a distinction is made here between the Patient as “sufferer” of the verbal action and the Vehicle as its “conveyer”. It is argued that this differentiation is essential for the understanding, the analysis and the translation of descriptive verbs, as the semantic roles are by no means identical when compared in various languages (here English and German). This is illustrated by the comparison of lexemes in the semantic field of verbs expressing anger. The aim of the paper is to sharpen awareness of such fine distinctions, particularly in their relevance for translation.
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Glensk, Urszula, and Milan Lesiak. "Mozaikowanie prawdy. Narracje quasi-faktyczne w reportażu literackim." Polska szkoła reportażu w świecie 18, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23531991kk.21.025.14312.

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W artykule omówione zostały relacje między faktografią a fikcją w reportażu literackim. W tekście zaproponowany został termin narracja quasi-faktyczna, opisujący typową dla gatunków dokumentalnych figurę retoryczną, amplifikującą obrazowanie. Druga kategoria: narracja faktoidalna jest intencjonalnym i nieuprawnionym w pisarstwie reportażowym przekłamaniem. Propozycja teoretyczna, odnosząca się do tradycji literaturoznawczej sięgającej międzywojnia, została omówiona na przykładzie twórczości autorów dawnych i współczesnych, między innymi Wandy Melcer, Melchiora Wańkowicza, Hanny Krall, Anny Kaszuby-Dębskiej, Wojciecha Jagielskiego i Anny Fryczkowskiej, autorki narracji faktoidalnej. Mosaic of Truth: Quasi-factual Narratives in Literary Reportage The article discusses the relation between the factography and the fiction in literary reportage. The text proposes the term of quasi-factual narrative, which describes a rhetorical figure typical for the documentary genres amplifying their descriptivity. Second category: factual narrative is an intentional distortion that is unauthorised in the reportage genre. The theoretical proposal referring back to the tradition of literary studies that dates back to the interwar period was discussed using the example of oeuvre of old and contemporary authors such as Wanda Melder, Melchior Wańkowicz, Hanna Krall, Anna Kaszuba-Dębska, Wojciech Jagielski and Anna Fryczkowska – the author of factual narrative.
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Nelson, Michael. "Descriptivism Defended." Noûs 36, no. 3 (September 2002): 408–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0068.00378.

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Kroon, Frederick. "Millian Descriptivism." Australasian Journal of Philosophy 82, no. 4 (December 2004): 553–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713659900.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Descriptivity"

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Wong, Pak-hang. "Names and assertions Soames's millian descriptivism /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35337096.

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Wong, Pak-hang, and 黃柏恒. "Names and assertions: Soames's millian descriptivism." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35337096.

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Mitchell, Steven Cole. "Against Metaethical Descriptivism: The Semantic Problem." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202935.

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In my dissertation I argue that prominent descriptivist metaethical views face a serious semantic problem. According to standard descriptivism, moral thought and discourse purports to describe some ontology of moral properties and/or relations: e.g., the term `good' purports to refer to some property or cluster of properties. Central to any such theory, then, is the recognition of certain items of ontology which, should they actually exist, would count as the referents of moral terms and concepts. And since one commonly accepted feature of moral thought and discourse is a supervenience constraint, descriptivists hold that any ontology suitable for morality would have to supervene upon non-moral ontology. But this lands descriptivists with the task of providing a semantic account capable of relating this ontology to moral terms and concepts. That is, they must explain why it is that certain items of ontology and not others would count as the referents of moral terms and concepts, in a way that is consistent with the supervenience constraint. I argue that this important explanatory task cannot be carried out. And because the problem generalizes from metaethics to all normativity, we are left with good reason to pursue alternatives to descriptivist accounts of normative semantics.
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Thomas, Emyr Vaughan. "Wittgensteinian descriptivism and concepts of self-renunciation." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57717/.

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Part I presents a systematic presentation of what is termed 'the Wittgensteinian position', broken down into eight theses, each of which is thought of as intrinsic to self-renouncing faith. Part II consists of three case-studies examining the conception of self-renouncing faith found in the works of Francois Mauriac, Georges Bernanos, and Patrick White. Distinct divergencies from many of the Wittgensteinian theses are unearthed. Part III traces the roots of each of the Wittgensteinian theses to their sitz im leben in a strain of neo-Romanticism centred on securing independence of the world. Connections are made to Tolstoy, Emerson, Rilke, Trakl and Von Hofmannsthal. Part IV argues that each case study in Part II runs counter to the Wittgensteinian position in one of three ways: (1) not having some theses which are proposed by the Wittgensteinian position to be intrinsic to self-renouncing faith; (2) deeming some theses which are proposed by the Wittgensteinian position to be intrinsic to self-renouncing faith as either (2.1) not inherently selfrenouncing or (2.2) actually incompatible with the understanding of selfrenunciation exemplified in the case-study; (3) having a different logical structure to its model of self-renouncing belief from that of the Wittgensteinian position. Points (1), (2) and (3), and particularly points (2.1) and (2.2), suggest that self-renouncing faith is not the unitary phenomenon assumed by the Wittgensteinian position. The casestudies represent three distinct models of self-renouncing faith. These models have no place for the self-concern that characterises the Weltbild of self-concern with which the Wittgensteinian position is impregnated. There follows a broad discussion of the implications of the above findings for the Wittgensteinian position, including Wittgenstein's status as a religious thinker, the way a descriptivist methodology should be understood, the blanket exclusion of the metaphysical from religious belief and the over-simple portrayal of religious belief as a conceptual orientation to the world.
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Morris, Brendan Scott. "A Defense of Frank Jackson's Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Necessary A Posteriori from Scott Soames' Anti-Two-Dimensionalist Attacks." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1213048040.

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Valtonen, Pasi Markus. "Slurring epithets and generic descriptivism : the meaning and the epistemology of ethnically derogatory terms." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/slurring-epithets-and-generic-descriptivism(8f415d27-b9e4-41d5-85cb-d8bb484afc91).html.

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Slurring epithets or slurs like 'Frog' and 'Boche' are derogative terms but it is unclear why they are derogatory. This work discusses several proposals to answer this question. One commonality with the discussed views is that they all hold that derogation has something to do with semantics, broadly with the meaning of slurs. I disagree with this. I go on to introduce generic descriptivism. It is a novel view to handle slurs and it has two distinctive features. First, generic descriptivism holds that the nature of derogation is epistemic. derogation is due to the information which slurs contain. This is specied with the notion of stereotype. I claim that negative and unwarranted stereotypes are responsible for derogation. This information is not semantic. That is, it is to be distinguished from the meaning of slurs. Secondly, the eponymous feature of generic descriptivism is that it holds that the information which slurs contain is generic. I argue that generic beliefs are produced with a psychological mechanism of generalisation. In relation to social kinds, the mechanism can produce xenophobic generalisations and the use of slurs display these negative beliefs. Derogation is due to this negative information which the slurs contain.
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Trapp, Michael Vann. "Thomas Aquinas on the Nature of Singular Thought." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52901.

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In his account of the intellectual cognition of singulars, Aquinas claims that the intellect cognizes singulars by way of mental images. Some recent commentators have claimed that Aquinas' appeal to mental images is inadequate to account for the intellectual cognition of singulars because mental images considered in terms of their qualitative character alone have content that is general and are, therefore, insufficient to determine reference to a singular. That is, if Aquinas takes mental images to refer to singulars because those singulars perfectly resemble the mental images, then his account is deficient. In my paper, I argue that the critical interpretation above is predicated on a misunderstanding of Aquinas regarding the intentionality of images. I investigate Aquinas' account of the intentionality of images in order to show that Aquinas understands the reference of mental images to be determined not by their qualitative character alone but also by the causal relation that obtains between the cognizer and a singular.
Master of Arts
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Smith, Sara D. "Botheration and Recognition of Prescriptive Rules." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5582.

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Passions flare up around the use and “misuse” of prescriptive rules. Where there is variation in language use, language judgment usually follows—attaching value judgment to linguistic variants forms the foundation of prescriptive ideology in English. Prescriptive attitudes prevail among speakers and writers of English, who feel some pressure to use these forms to avoid a negative judgment. This study surveyed American English speakers using Mechanical Turk to determine which types of rules—spelling, syntactic, morphological, and lexical—bother people the most and inspire the harshest judgments when violated. The surveys asked participants to identify a violated prescriptive rule in a sentence, found using the magazine and newspaper registers of the Corpus of Contemporary American English, and then to indicate how much they were bothered by the violation. Results indicated that lexical rules separating subtle semantic differences—i.e. farther vs. further, comprise vs. compose—tend to be less bothersome and less recognizable than other types of rules. However, the type of category that a prescriptive rules falls under does not seem to explain why some rules are more bothersome or recognizable than others. It may be possible to generalize by assuming that lexical prescriptive rules will be less important to a general educated American audience than spelling or grammar rules, and that nonstandard dialectal forms will be even more bothersome. However, the ability to generalize these results is limited: there is some evidence for a “pet-peeve” effect. Individuals seem to simply be bothered by different rules, without strong patterns showing some types of rules sharply more important than others. Additionally other prescriptive rules, including those regarding nauseous and dove as the past tense of dive, were more recognizable and bothersome in their prescribed form than their proscribed, providing evidence for semantic shifts.
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Brambilla, Emanuele. "THE QUEST FOR ARGUMENTATIVE EQUIVALENCE.An Interpreting-oriented Argument Analysis of Political Source Texts on the Economic Crisis." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/10985.

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2013/2014
L’interpretazione ha spesso luogo in situazioni argomentative, vale a dire eventi comunicativi miranti alla “soluzione” di una divergenza di opinioni in merito a una specifica questione. Nel tentativo di difendere o delegittimare determinate posizioni, gli oratori fanno solitamente ricorso a tecniche argomentative che determinano la forza pragmatica del discorso. In questo senso, l’argomentazione è essenzialmente relativa, poiché dipende da convenzioni culturali, vincoli contestuali e fattori soggettivi. La relatività delle tecniche argomentative complica il compito interpretativo, soprattutto considerando che, nelle situazioni argomentative, la qualità dell’interpretazione è determinata dall’abilità dell’interprete di trasmettere lo scopo argomentativo del testo di partenza. L’equivalenza passa, cioè, per il rispetto delle convinzioni dell’oratore, senza il quale l’interpretazione è destinata a produrre un testo non equivalente all’originale a livello pragmatico. Guidato anche dall’intenzione di sopperire, seppur in misura minima, alla scarsa considerazione che le teorie dell’argomentazione godono nella ricerca in interpretazione, il presente progetto di ricerca circoscrive lo studio delle situazioni argomentative all’analisi dell’argomentazione in ambito politico, perseguendo due obiettivi principali: la definizione di una metodologia appropriata per l’analisi descrittiva dell’argomentazione nei testi di partenza e la valutazione empirica della relatività delle tecniche argomentative, mirante alla formulazione di indicazioni per l’interpretazione di discorsi politici. Lo studio si basa su un corpus comparabile multilingue denominato ARGO. Il corpus contiene trecentotredici discorsi politici sull’attuale crisi economico-finanziaria, pronunciati da Barack Obama, David Cameron, Nicolas Sarkozy e François Hollande. L’analisi di ARGO è mirata all’individuazione e alla descrizione di schemi argomentativi, “ragionamenti” stereotipati che vengono spesso usati in ambito politico per legittimare o screditare determinate posizioni. Alla luce della natura relativa dell’argomentazione, la presenza di schemi argomentativi estremamente eterogenei è stata ipotizzata sin dall’inizio del progetto. I risultati dell’analisi contrastiva confermano l’ipotesi iniziale, poiché Obama, Cameron, Sarkozy e Hollande fanno ricorso a diversi schemi argomentativi che richiedono l’utilizzo di diverse strategie interpretative a seconda dell’oratore in questione, del destinatario del discorso e del contesto in cui il discorso viene pronunciato. I risultati trovano pertanto utile applicazione in ambito didattico, poiché, insieme ad ARGO, forniscono materiale e indicazioni teoriche per sensibilizzare gli studenti a concetti argomentativi pertinenti all’interpretazione nella prospettiva di un graduale sviluppo della competenza argomentativa, intesa come l’abilità di anticipare le argomentazioni degli oratori. In maniera più generale, i risultati confermano la natura relativamente prevedibile dei discorsi politici; di conseguenza, avvalorano le implicazioni positive dell’analisi argomentativa dei testi di partenza in ambito interpretativo, il cui utilizzo sistematico è destinato a fornire risultati sempre più consistenti, affidabili e utili per promuovere la ricerca dell’equivalenza argomentativa nei testi interpretati.
Interpreting activity is frequently performed in argumentative situations, i.e. communicative events whose purpose is the discursive “solution” of a conflict between different standpoints regarding one specific question. In their attempts at defending and attacking standpoints, speakers generally resort to argumentative techniques which determine the pragmatic force of speeches. In this respect, argumentation is essentially relative, as it depends on cultural conventions, contextual constraints and subjective factors. The relativity of argumentation compounds the interpreting task, as the quality of the interpreter’s performance within argumentative situations is determined by his/her ability to convey the argumentative purpose of the source text by reproducing the speaker’s convictions. Failure to do so is bound to lead to the production of pragmatically inequivalent interpreted texts. Guided also by the intention partially to cater for the marked neglect of argumentation theories in interpreting research, the present research project focuses on political argumentation and pursues two main objectives: streamlining a suitable analytical methodology for the descriptive study of source-text argumentation in interpreting research and empirically assessing the relative nature of argumentation techniques with a view to providing suggestions for the interpretation of political speeches. The study is based on a multilingual comparable corpus named ARGO. It is composed of three hundred and thirteen political speeches on the current financial and economic crisis, delivered by Barack Obama, David Cameron, Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande. The analysis focuses on the identification and description of content-related argumentation schemes, i.e. stereotypical patterns of reasoning recurrently exploited by politicians to legitimise or delegitimise given courses of action. In the light of the relative nature of argumentation, the presence in the corpus of significantly different argumentation schemes was hypothesised at the outset. The findings of the contrastive analysis corroborate the initial hypothesis, as Obama, Cameron, Sarkozy and Hollande generally resort to extremely different argument schemes, which call for the adoption of specific interpreting strategies according to the speaker in question, the communicative context of speech delivery and the relevant audience. The results, thus, find useful application in interpreter training, in that, together with ARGO, they provide material and theoretical indications to sensitise students to relevant argumentation concepts with a view gradually to enhance their argumentative competence, understood as the ability to anticipate speakers’ arguments. More broadly, the results shed light on the predictability of political speeches and, consequently, foster the systematic adoption of argumentation analysis as a source-text research methodology, which could yield increasingly substantial findings paving the way for argumentative equivalence in interpreted argumentative situations.
XXVII Ciclo
1985
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Silva, Daniel Soares da [UNIFESP]. "Referência, necessidade e ciência: um estudo do essencialismo científico de Saul Kripke." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2012. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/10018.

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Em janeiro de 1970, Saul Kripke proferiu três conferências na Universidade Princeton. A transcrição dessas conferências foi publicada em 1980 como Naming and Necessity. Nessa obra, Kripke critica o descritivismo, explicação então mais aceita para a função referencial dos nomes próprios, e apresenta a sua própria visão sobre o assunto. Em Naming and Necessity, Kripke também sustenta uma concepção que ficou conhecida como “essencialismo científico”, a qual afirma a existência de verdades necessárias a posteriori. Esta dissertação procura investigar de que maneira se relacionam as idéias sobre a referência e sobre o essencialismo científico no interior do pensamento kripkeano. Assim, no primeiro capítulo, procura-se apresentar as principais características do descritivismo. Em linhas gerais, a concepção descritivista, cujas origens remontam a certas idéias de Frege e Russell, estabelece que a explicação para a referência de um nome próprio passa pelas descrições associadas ao termo, as quais seriam satisfeitas univocamente pelo objeto designado. O segundo capítulo se ocupa dos argumentos kripkeanos contrários ao descritivismo. Esses argumentos são de três tipos: modal, epistêmico e semântico. A adequada compreensão desses argumentos, bem como do modelo explicativo alternativo proposto por Kripke, exige certos conceitos fundamentais, como o de mundos possíveis, a distinção entre modalidades epistêmicas e modalidades metafísicas, e o de designação rígida. Por isso, esse capítulo também busca expor tais noções. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo é dedicado ao essencialismo científico desenvolvido por Kripke. Grosso modo, uma posição essencialista sustenta que os objetos possuem propriedades essenciais; isto é, propriedades que são exemplificadas em todos os mundos possíveis nos quais os objetos existem. O essencialismo científico afirma que cabe à ciência revelar essas propriedades essenciais, as quais seriam verdades necessárias a posteriori. O capítulo 3 examina o essencialismo quanto à origem biológica e aquele sobre a origem e composição material dos artefatos, além de outros aspectos relacionados ao tema discutidos por Kripke.
In January 1970, Saul Kripke delivered three lectures at Princeton University. A transcript of these lectures was published in 1980 as Naming and Necessity. In this work, Kripke criticizes descriptivism, then most accepted account for referential function of proper names, and presents his own view on the matter. In Naming and Necessity, Kripke also advocates a view that became known as “scientific essentialism”, which states that there are necessary a posteriori truths. This dissertation aims at understanding the relationship between Kripke’s view about reference and the scientific essentialism. Thus, in the first chapter, we expose the main features of descriptivism. In general, the descriptivist conception, whose origins go back to certain ideais of Frege and Russell, states that the explanation for the reference of a proper name is based on the descriptions associated with the name, which should be fulfilled only by designated object. The second chapter is concerned with Kripkean arguments against descriptivism. These arguments are of three types: modal, semantic and epistemic. A proper understanding of the arguments, as well as the alternative model proposed by Kripke, requires certain fundamental concepts, such as possible worlds, the distinction between epistemic modalities and metaphysical modalities, and the rigid designation. Therefore, the second chapter also intends to examine such notions. Finally, the third chapter turns to the scientific essentialism developed by Kripke. Roughly, an essentialist viewpoint holds that objects have essential properties. That is, properties that are exemplified in all possible worlds in which the objects exist. The scientific essentialism maintains that it is up to science to reveal the essential properties, which would be necessary a posteriori truths. The chapter 3 analyses the essentialism about biological origins and essentialism about the origin and composition of material artifacts, and other aspects related to the topic discussed by Kripke.
TEDE
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Books on the topic "Descriptivity"

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Orilia, Francesco. Singular Reference: A Descriptivist Perspective. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3312-3.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Singular Reference: A Descriptivist Perspective. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.

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Wittgensteinian values: Philosophy, religious belief and descriptivist methodology. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2001.

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McClanahan, Rebecca. Word painting: A guide to writing more descriptively. Cincinnati, Ohio: Writer's Digest Books, 1999.

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Filipovic, Tommy Edward. Reinventing the wheel: Towards a more descriptively complete interpersonal circumplex. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, School of Graduate Studies, 2003.

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Prajda, Katalin. Network and Migration in Early Renaissance Florence, 1378-1433. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988682.

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This book explores the co-development of political, social, economic, and artistic networks of Florentines in the Kingdom of Hungary during the reign of Sigismund of Luxembourg. Analyzing the social network of these politicians, merchants, artisans, royal officers, dignitaries of the Church, and noblemen is the primary objective of this book. The study addresses both descriptively the patterns of connectivity and causally the impacts of this complex network on cultural exchanges of various types, among these migration, commerce, diplomacy, and artistic exchange. In the setting of a case study, this monograph should best be thought of as an attempt to cross the boundaries that divide political, economic, social, and art history so that they simultaneously figure into a single integrated story of Florentine history and development.
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Bedke, Matthew S. Non-Descriptive Relativism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823841.003.0003.

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This chapter identifies a novel family of metaethical theories that are non-descriptive and that aim to explain the action-guiding qualities of normative thought and language. The general strategy is to consider different relations language might bear to a given content, where we locate descriptivity (or lack of it) in these relations, rather than locating it in a theory that begins with the expression of states of mind, or locating it in a special kind of content that is not way-things-might-be content. One such view is sketched, which posits two different content-fixing cognitive roles for bits of language. One role fixes a descriptive relation to content and another role fixes a non-descriptive relation to content. In addition to non-descriptivity and action guidance, the chapter briefly considers the appearance of mind-independent authoritative force, disagreement, and Frege–Geach concerns.
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Blevins, James P. American Descriptivism (‘Structuralism’). Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585847.013.0019.

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Nuyts, Jan. Analyses of the Modal Meanings. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.1.

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This article deals with the semantic analysis of the notion of modality, surveying the most important traditional views in linguistics. After pointing out the problems encountered in the literature in trying to define the category, it first discusses the in the literature most common basic types of modality, namely, dynamic modality, deontic modality, and epistemic modality, as well as the less common basic category of boulomaic modality. It then goes on to survey a variety of alternative views on how the semantic domain of modality may be organized. The article also considers the types of criteria that have been proposed to motivate the “cover category” of modality. Finally, it outlines a few features and properties frequently referenced in the literature on modality as characteristic of (some of) the modal categories, including subjectivity vs objectivity or intersubjectivity, performativity vs descriptivity, informational status, and the semantic scope of qualificational dimensions.
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Orilia, Francesco. Singular Reference: A Descriptivist Perspective. Springer, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Descriptivity"

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Shih, Craig, Caleb Yang, and Munehiro Fukuda. "Benchmarking the Agent Descriptivity of Parallel Multi-agent Simulators." In Highlights of Practical Applications of Agents, Multi-Agent Systems, and Complexity: The PAAMS Collection, 480–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94779-2_41.

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Bouchard, Denis. "Beyond Descriptivism." In New Perspectives on Romance Linguistics, 27. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.275.05bou.

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Kroon, Frederick. "Realism and Descriptivism." In Relativism and Realism in Science, 141–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2877-0_7.

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Pei, Mario. "Descriptivism vs. Historicism." In Voices of Man, 80–87. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003253020-9.

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McCaffree, Kevin. "“Cultural Evolution,” Descriptively." In Cultural Evolution, 25–92. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003221289-3.

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Orilia, Francesco. "Introduction: Referentialism vs. Descriptivism." In Singular Reference: A Descriptivist Perspective, 1–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3312-3_1.

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McKinsey, Michael. "Direct Reference and Descriptivism." In Consequences of Reference Failure, 1–26. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in contemporary philosophy ; 130: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429345579-1.

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Martí, Genoveva. "Experimental Semantics, Descriptivism and Anti-descriptivism. Should We Endorse Referential Pluralism?" In Philosophical Studies Series, 329–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47641-0_16.

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Orilia, Francesco. "Background Notions." In Singular Reference: A Descriptivist Perspective, 39–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3312-3_2.

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Orilia, Francesco. "Why Descriptivism Was So Successful." In Singular Reference: A Descriptivist Perspective, 79–106. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3312-3_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Descriptivity"

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Manninen, Petri, Heikki Hyyti, Ville Kyrki, Jyri Maanpaa, Josef Taher, and Juha Hyyppa. "Towards High-Definition Maps: a Framework Leveraging Semantic Segmentation to Improve NDT Map Compression and Descriptivity." In 2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros47612.2022.9982050.

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Barteld, Fabian, Sarah Ihden, Ingrid Schröder, and Heike Zinsmeister. "Annotating descriptively incomplete language phenomena." In Proceedings of LAW VIII - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4915.

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Basu, Prithwish, Rajesh Krishnan, and Daniel W. Brown. "Persistent delivery with deferred binding to descriptively named destinations." In MILCOM 2008 - 2008 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2008.4753335.

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Charnsamorn, Chapkit, Parawata Thanakitivirul, and Suphongsa Khetkeeree. "Developing the Descriptively Verbal Skills of Undergraduate Engineering Student by Playing a LEGO Block Building." In 2020 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iset49818.2020.00034.

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Oltean, Ștefan. "Facets of proper names. A syntactic and semantic-referential perspective." In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/77.

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The paper proposes an interpretation within a syntactic and semantic framework of the logical and grammatical status of proper names (PNs) in their conventional and unconventional uses. In doing so, it addresses the semantics of proper names first, which are seen to be unstructured linguistic expressions, with no inherent meaning or sense; their sole function is to denote an individual directly. However, proper names have multiple uses that challenge this narrow acceptation. They often refer to sets of entities and display a behavior characteristic of common names, expressing properties of the bearer of the name, or denote individuals in fictions in their fictional uses. The notion of proper name thus turns out to be an umbrella term that subsumes different categories of nominals, some functioning as unstructured directly referring linguistic expressions, while others are structured and identify the referent(s) descriptively.
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Ulfah, Siti, Cicilya Candi, and Ede Surya Darmawan. "Risk Factors of Covid-19 Transmission between Hospital Employees." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.23.

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ABSTRACT Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in healthcare workers at hospital has caused concern because of the higher rates of infection from patients. The aimed of the study was to investigate the risk factors of covid-19 transmission between hospital employees. Subject and Method: This was a qualitative study conducted from August to September 2020. A total of 19 confirmed Covid-19 cases were selected for this study. The data were collected by in-depth interview analyzed descriptively. Results: From 19 confirmed Covid-19 cases, 15 of it were medical staff (78.95%) and the rest were non-medical staff (21.05%). The risk factors of transmission were direct contact with confirmed Covid-19 patient and neglected health protocol. Conclusion: The risk of Covid-19 transmission among hospital employees increases with a direct contact with patients and the neglection of health protocol. Keywords: Covid-19 transmission, hospital employees Correspondence: Siti Ulfah. Masters Program in Hospital Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia. Email: sitiulfah111@gmail.com. Mobile: (021) 7864975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.23
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Sama-Berrocal, Celia, and Beatriz Corchuelo Martínez-Azúa. "How Has SARS-COV-2 Affected the Different Branches of Agri-Food Industry? A Study Focused on the Region of Extremadura." In 6th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2022 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2022.49.

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The pandemic caused by Covid-19 has been causing a great im­pact on the world economy since 2020. This study analyses the impact of the pandemic on innovative agri-food companies from different branches of agro-industrial activity located in Extremadura (Spain) to determine which activities have been most affected and whether there are differences be­tween the actions and changes carried out depending on the nature of the product, process or services. The information was obtained using an online questionnaire in which the research questions were proposed (what conse­quences, actions or changes has the pandemic had on the development of your activities?). Data were analysed descriptively, studying statistically the existence of independence or not between the effects and the actions carried out depending on agri-food industry branches of activity. The main results have shown that in general, all the agro-industrial branches have incorpo­rated changes in their products and services, mainly by providing new and better customer benefits and improving product formats and forms of pay­ment to suppliers
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Jadrić, Mario. "EXPLORING SMART CITY RESEARCH FROM INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.s.p.2020.1.

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Research in the smart city domain is characterised by distinct multidisciplinarity. The reason for this is the broadness of the domain, classified into six key categories: smart governance, smart people, smart living, smart mobility, smart economy, and smart environment, all focal points of research in separate scientific fields. Also, many researchers argue about the best approach and steps in the development of smart cities highlighting different technological, economic, or sociological aspects of research. This paper aims to explore and clarify the differences in smart city research from two different perspectives - information systems and management. Abstracts from almost 5.000 papers from the WoS database and more than 7.000 papers from the Scopus database were downloaded and analysed. Publications categorised into two perspectives were then analysed descriptively, including data about the number of papers, year of publication, and country of publishing. Furthermore, automated text mining procedure was performed for additional interpretation of attributes and occurrences from the two observed perspectives. The use of six smart city categories as keywords within each set was also analysed and visualised. The results indicate clear differences in both research approaches and research subjects between the two perspectives.
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Oladipo, Adenike, Esther Oladele, and David Oke. "Perceived Influence of Emerging Technologies on Lifelong Learning and Resilience among Women Who Dare Open Distance Learning." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.8949.

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In this study, the authors investigated the influence of emerging technologies on lifelong learning and resilience among women who dare Open and Distance Learning in a dual mode tertiary institution in the South-West geo-political zone of Nigeria. The sample consisted of 431 female learners from the three available departments; Management Sciences, Social Sciences and Science Education. Both secondary and primary data were collected; the latter was collected using a questionnaire on Google Forms. The data were analysed descriptively and using the ordinary least squares regression with robust estimates of standard error. This latter method helps to overcome the possible econometric problems of serial correlation and heteroscedasticity in the model. Preliminary data shows that women enrolments over a period of ten years have consistently increased. Also, most learners were aware of the emerging technologies except technologies such as edublog.com, Edmodo, Weebly and Wiki spaces. The regression result shows that emerging technologies influenced lifelong learning and resilience of the women. Meanwhile, emerging technologies that influenced lifelong learning and resilience were google classroom and Facebook only, while google drive posed a negative influence. Thus, more robust technologies, special female facilities and newly emerging technology job oriented fields should be introduced.
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Ibenthal, Elisabeth, and Claus Backhaus. "Reducing Work-Related Stressors in the Care of People with Dementia through Music Intervention - What Factors Matter?" In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001661.

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The disease-related behavioral changes of people with dementia, such as depression, place a high burden on caregivers. Music interventions can alleviate these neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). However, little is known about which people with dementia benefit most from it. Therefore, it is difficult to efficiently integrate music interventions into caregivers’ work processes. This study aimed to investigate whether there are factors that can be used to predict the effect of a music intervention on people with dementia. For this, a controlled pre-post-study with 28 people with dementia were conducted. Participants listened to their favorite music played during personal care. Before and after the intervention period, their NPS severity were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire. The pre-post-differences in NPS severity were descriptively analyzed as a function of age, gender, dementia severity, need for care, and disease pattern. Finally, music intervention particularly improved the NPS of women and people with severe dementia or need for care. The findings enable caregivers to preselect people with dementia who are likely to respond positively to a music intervention. Thereby, a reduction in their stress can be expected because of the targeted alleviation of the stressor NPS and the elimination of ineffective applications.
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Reports on the topic "Descriptivity"

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Sawatzky, Richard, TT Sajobi, L. Russell, OA Awosoga, A. Ademola, JR Böhnke, O. Lawal, et al. A synthesis of response shift effects in quantitative health research: A systematic review and meta-regression protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0033.

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Review question / Objective: The first aim is to descriptively synthesize evidence about response shift results including prevalence and, where possible, distributions of response shift effect sizes, for different subcategories of response shift methods, populations, study designs, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The second aim is to identify response shift methods, population characteristics, design characteristics and PROMs that explain variability in: (a) standardized mean differences (for then-test and latent variable methods) and (b) prevalence of response shifts. Condition being studied: The systematic review included all studies on response shifts in PROMs, irrespective of the condition being studied. The type of health condition that each individual study focused on (if applicable), was extracted as a study-level variable.
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Konnyu, Kristin J., Louise M. Thoma, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Wagnan Cao, Gaelen P. Adam, Shivani Mehta, Roy K. Aaron, et al. Prehabilitation and Rehabilitation for Major Joint Replacement. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer248.

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Objectives. This systematic review evaluates the rehabilitation interventions for patients who have undergone (or will undergo) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the treatment of osteoarthritis. We addressed four Key Questions (KQs): comparisons of (1) rehabilitation prior (“prehabilitation”) to TKA versus no prehabilitation, (2) comparative effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs after TKA, (3) prehabilitation prior to THA versus no prehabilitation, (4) comparative effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs after THA. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials, CINAHL®, Scopus®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from Jan 1, 2005, to May 3, 2021, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and adequately adjusted nonrandomized comparative studies (NRCSs). We evaluated clinical outcomes selected with input from a range of stakeholders. We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. Meta-analysis was not feasible, and evidence was synthesized and reported descriptively. The PROSPERO protocol registration number is CRD42020199102. Results. We found 78 RCTs and 5 adjusted NRCSs. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. • KQ 1: Compared with no prehabilitation, prehabilitation prior to TKA may increase strength and reduce length of hospital stay (low SoE) but may lead to comparable results in pain, range of motion (ROM), and activities of daily living (ADL) (low SoE). There was no evidence of an increased risk of harms due to prehabilitation (low SoE). • KQ 2: Various rehabilitation interventions after TKA may lead to comparable improvements in pain, ROM, and ADL (low SoE). Rehabilitation in the acute phase (initiated within 2 weeks of surgery) may lead to increased strength (low SoE) but result in similar strength when delivered in the post-acute phase (low SoE). No studies reported evidence of risk of harms due to rehabilitation delivered in the acute period following TKA. Compared with various controls, post-acute rehabilitation may not increase the risk of harms (low SoE). • KQ 3: For all assessed outcomes, there is insufficient (or no) evidence addressing the comparison between prehabilitation and no prehabilitation prior to THA. • KQ 4: Various rehabilitation interventions after THA may lead to comparable improvements in pain, strength, ADL, and quality of life. There is some evidence of no increased risk of harms due to the intervention (low SoE). • There is insufficient evidence regarding which patients may benefit from (p)rehabilitation for all KQs and insufficient evidence regarding comparisons of different providers and different settings of (p)rehabilitation for all KQs. There is insufficient evidence on costs of (p)rehabilitation and no evidence on cost effectiveness for all KQs. Conclusion. Despite the large number of studies found, the evidence regarding various prehabilitation programs and comparisons of rehabilitation programs for TKA and THA is ultimately sparse. This is a result of the diversity of interventions studied and outcomes reported across studies. As a result, the evidence is largely insufficient or of low SoE. New high-quality research is needed, using standardized intervention terminology and core outcome sets, especially to allow network meta-analyses to explore the impact of intervention attributes on patient-reported, performance-based, and healthcare-utilization outcomes.
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