Journal articles: 'Descriptive note'

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P, SUMATHI, and MAHADEVAMMA K. "A DESCRIPTIVE NOTE ON VEDIC MATHEMATICS." i-manager’s Journal on Mathematics 5, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jmat.5.1.4866.

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Peel, Michael J. "UK Auditor Concentration: A Descriptive Note." Accounting and Business Research 27, no. 4 (September 1997): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00014788.1997.9729557.

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Marshall, Donald S. "The military conflict institute: A descriptive note." Defense Analysis 2, no. 3 (September 1986): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07430178608405256.

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Persson, Lotta, and Jan M. Hoem. "Immigrant fertility in Sweden, 2000-2011: A descriptive note." Demographic Research 30 (March 20, 2014): 887–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2014.30.30.

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Crescenzi, Pierluigi, and Riccardo Silvestri. "A note on the descriptive complexity of maximization problems." Information Processing Letters 47, no. 1 (August 1993): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(93)90151-x.

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Keeler, Courtney, and Alexa Colgrove Curtis. "Descriptive and Inferential Statistics in Nursing Research." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 124, no. 1 (January 2024): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0001004944.46230.42.

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Editor's note: This is the 19th article in a series on clinical research by nurses. The series is designed to be used as a resource for nurses to understand the concepts and principles essential to research. Each column will present the concepts that underpin evidence-based practice—from research design to data interpretation. To see all the articles in the series, go to https://links.lww.com/AJN/A204.

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Dadejík, Ondřej, and Štěpán Kubalík. "Some Remarks on Descriptive and Negative Aesthetic Concepts: A Critical Note." Estetika: The European Journal of Aesthetics 50, no. 2 (November 25, 2013): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33134/eeja.110.

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Che, Limei, and Tobias Svanström. "Team composition and labor allocation in audit teams: a descriptive note." Managerial Auditing Journal 34, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 518–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-08-2018-1986.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe, illustrate and provide a deeper understanding of team composition and labor allocation in audit teams by quantifying the exact value of resources at different levels of the audit production. Audit teams have been considered as a black box in audit research. Therefore, this paper reports descriptive statistics on (levels and proportions of) hours and costs allocated to auditor ranks (and the number and value, i.e. billing rates, of auditors for different ranks and the entire team) to shed new light on audit teams.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a proprietary data set containing disaggregated information on hours, costs and billing rates for each team member in each of 908 audit engagements. The data are provided by a Swedish Big 4 audit firm. The study uses a purely descriptive approach and categorizes auditors into seven ranks. As size and the publicly listed status are crucial determinants of audit production, the paper splits engagements in public and private companies and reports statistics for size quartiles of both public and private clients.FindingsThe paper provides descriptive statistics for (1) client size, (2) audit team members, (3) audit hours, (4) audit costs, (5) proportion of audit hours, (6) proportion of audit costs, (7) billing rates and (8) variation of billing rates. Results show that compared to private clients, the audit firm allocates higher effort from auditors in higher ranks and lower effort from auditors in lower ranks to public clients. Another finding is that allocation varies with client size for private clients, but less so for public clients.Originality/valueIn an area with sparse literature, this descriptive study serves as a first step to improve our understanding and guide future research. It provides concrete support for previously known theory.

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Francesconi, Marco, and Carlos Garcia-Serrano. "Unions and Flexible Employment in Britain and Spain: A Descriptive Note." Industrial Relations 43, no. 4 (October 2004): 874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0019-8676.2004.00366.x.

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Abbas, M. Fadhly Farhy, and Shelvira Elsa Dwita. "SOLVING THE STUDENTS’ PROBLEM IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT THROUGH ATTRIBUTE CHARTS STRATEGY." Lectura : Jurnal Pendidikan 10, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/lectura.v10i1.2412.

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This research was based on the students’ problems in writing descriptive text, especially in terms of organizing the generic structure, determining adjective to describe people or things, and mastering vocabulary. The purposes of this research were to improve the students’ writing skill in descriptive text and to find out the factors influencing the students’ improvement through Attribute Chart strategy at grade 7.2 of SMPIT Al Birru Pekanbaru. The design of this research was Classroom Action Research. The instruments used were the writing test, observation checklist, field note, and interview. The participants involved in this research were the students at grade 7.2 which was consisted of 16 students. The result showed that the students base score was 51.8, and the score in cycle 1 was 70.4. It means the students’ score was improved in cycle 1. Furthermore this improvement was influenced by 4 factors. These factors were obtained based on the result of field note. Moreover, the results of field note were: students’ motivation, students’ interest, students’ exciting with the new topic, and the students’ activeness in the learning process. In conclusion, the use of Attribute Chart strategy in writing descriptive text can improve students’ writing skill at 7.2 grade of SMPIT Al Birru Pekanbaru.

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Amelia, Mike. "USING PLAN (PREDICT,LOCATE, ADD, NOTE) STRATEGY IN TEACHING READING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT." Komposisi: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa, Sastra, dan Seni 19, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/komposisi.v19i1.8993.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PLAN (Predict, Locate, Add, and Note) Strategy in Teaching Reading Descriptive text to Junior High School at SMP N 1 Bukit Sundi. This research used experiment research design that consist of two groups as the sample groups. They were: an experimental class that used PLAN Strategy and the other was control class, used discovery learning strategy. The population of this research were eight grade students of SMP N 1 Bukit Sundi that have learn descriptive text. The samples of this research were class VIII.E as experimental class (20 Students) and class VIII.D as control class (20 students. Instruments that used in collecting the data was reading test. The result of the research showed that PLAN trategy gave possitive effect on students’ reading comprehension of descriptive text. It could be seen from mean scores of students’ test at experimental class was higher than mean scores of students’ reading test at controll class. This strategy gave more challenging activites and develop students’ autonomy and made students’ easier in comprehending desriptive text. Keyword: PLAN, Reading, Descriptive Text PENGGUNAAN STRATEGI PLAN (PREDICT, LOCATE, ADD , NOTE) DALAM PENGAJARAN TEKS DESCRIPTIFAbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh dari penggunaan strategi PLAN (Predict, Locate, Add, Note) dalam pengajaran reading teks deskriptiv di SMP N 1 Bukit Sundi. Penelitian ini merupkan penelitian experimen yang terdiri dari dua kelas sampel. Kelas eperiment menggunakan strategi PLAN dan kelas kontrol menggunakan strategi pembelajaran discovering. Populasi dari penelitin ini adalah kelas delapan SMP N 1 Bukit Sundi yang telah mempelajari teks deskriptiv. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah kelas VIII.E (20 orang) dan kelas VIII.D sebagai kelas kontrol (20 orang). Instrumen yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data adalah tes reading. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi PLAN memberikan efek positif terhadap kemampuan siswa dalam memahami teks descriptif. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari mean score hasil tes reading kelas experimen lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelas control. Strategi ini memberikan aktivitas yang dapat meningkatkan dan membuat siswa dapat memahami teks descriptif lebih mudah.Kata Kunci: PLAN, Reading, Descriptive Text

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Ramadhany, Damara Ilham, and Agus Amroni. "THE TEACHING WRITING OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT IN SPECIFIC CLASS OF THE SEVEN GRADE OF MTSN 2 KEDIRI." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Proficiency 1, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32503/proficiency.v1i2.714.

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This research was carried out to answer the 3 objectives of study. Those are: (1) the teaching process in 7C class (in the terms of curriculum, syllabus, lesson plan, method, and media), (2) the response student (in term dificulties, perception) and (3) the teacher solution (in the terms of Problem indication and problem solving). The design was descriptive qualitative. The reason of this study used descriptive qualitative because the teaching writing of descriptive text in specific class of MTsN 2 Kediri was so unique because teacher use blog as media to support learning activities. The research instruments were observation sheet, interview note/sheet, document, and field note. The data collecting method were observation, interview, documentation, and field note. The data analysis descriptively using data reduction, data display, verification, and the validity of triangulation. The findings were 1) The teaching process was had Syllabus, Lesson plan, method, and media, 2) The response of student towards the teaching and learning process writing class is good. 3) The problem solution done by teacher is always reminding and evaluating the mistakes made by student. Based on the findings above the teaching writing of descriptive text was good because teacher maximaly media and the other were also maximal and appropriate.

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Perdana, Fithriyah Putri, and Sulistyaningsih. "Teaching Speaking Descriptive Text Using Facebook for Senior High School Students." JournEEL (Journal of English Education and Literature) 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51836/journeel.v2i1.76.

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The purposes of this research are to describe the implementation of the teacher in teaching speaking descriptive text using facebook for Senior High School Students, and to describe the achievement of the students in speaking using facebook. This study was descriptive qualitative research. The data were taken from the tenth grade students of senior high school in Sidoarjo. The data collecting technique used instruments of observation field note, interview and test. From the observation field note was described that the implementation of teaching learning process given were: First, the way of speaking descriptive text was explained to the students. Second, the examples of generic structure of descrptive text were displayed. Third, the way to describe picture profile from the Facebook was explained to the students. The last, the pleasant atmosphere was created while the students tried to operate Facebook for describing the profile of someone. Further, the results of test had shown that the students’ scores were good; with the average scores > 75. They show that the technique of Teaching Speaking Descriptive Text Using Facebook For Senior High School students is good for teaching speaking.

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Evertse, Leigh. "Degree nursing at the University of Fort Hare- A descriptive case study." Health SA Gesondheid 3, no. 1 (December 1, 1998): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v3i1.342.

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This case study traces and records the background to the introduction of graduate nursing education and training within the Ciskei.OpsommingIn hierdie studie word die inleiding van graad verpleegkunde opieiding binne Ciskei nagevors en opgeteken. *Please note: This is a reduced version of the abstract. Please refer to PDF for full text.

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Laurier, Daniel. "Note sur le puzzle de Kripke." L’énigme de Kripke 15, no. 1 (July 26, 2007): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027032ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Je soutiens que Kripke n'a pas réussi à montrer que certains principes plausibles gouvernant l'attribution de croyances, tels que les principes de décitation et de traduction, pouvaient nous conduire à attribuer des croyances de dicto contradictoires à un sujet réfléchi et linguistiquement compétent sans présupposer une théorie descriptive des noms propres ou des termes désignant des espèces naturelles. Les cas décrits par Kripke se réduisent à des variantes du problème de Quine concernant les croyances de re ou à des variantes du puzzle de Mates concernant l'intersubstiruabilité des synonymes dans les contextes de croyance.

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Cristy, Samuel Nugraha, Fadda Helmi Attarmy Lubis, and Liao Chunliu. "The Comparison of Verb Affixations Contrastive between Batak Toba and Indonesia Language." Tradition and Modernity of Humanity 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tmh.v3i1.11448.

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This study aims to contrast the verbs affixation between Batak Toba and Indonesia language to find more clearly the similarities and differences between the two languages. The problem studied is the verb affixation between Batak Toba and Indonesia language. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, using observation and note-taking techniques. The method in this study uses advanced techniques in the form of note-taking techniques. The note-taking technique is used as a data collection technique. The note-taking technique involves using written language to note several forms relevant to research. This research used written data from books and various sources discussing Batak Toba's grammar.

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Blass, Andreas. "THE DESCRIPTIVE SET THEORY OF POLISH GROUP ACTIONS (LMS Lecture Note Series 232)." Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 30, no. 4 (July 1998): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0024609397233801.

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WOLK, CAREL M., STUART E. MICHELSON, and CHARLES W. WOOTTON. "AUDITOR CONCENTRATION AND MARKET SHARES IN THE US: 1988–1999 A DESCRIPTIVE NOTE." British Accounting Review 33, no. 2 (June 2001): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bare.2001.0159.

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Murtafi'ah, Muhimatul, Siti Asmiyah, and Fitriah Fitriah. "Is Technology Based Note-Taking More Preferable For Millenial Students? Exploration Of English Students' Note-Taking Habit." IJET (Indonesian Journal of English Teaching) 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/ijet2.2020.9.2.207-216.

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Note-taking is one of important skills students need to practice in order to understand the content of both printed and unprinted texts effectively. To do note-taking, readers can do either manually or digitally. However, with the advancement of technology nowadays especially in this pandemic era, readers can practice note-taking more easily with the use of technological tools, such as laptop and mobile. This descriptive qualitative research aims to discover how university students practice note-taking particularly to explore their note-taking strategy and preference for refining literature review in English academic writing. This included identifying the strategy they apply in note-taking practices to understand the content of the articles they read and identifying their note-taking. To explore the issue, the researcher collected data through questionnaires and interview with 62 English students taking academic writing who have intense note-taking practices as part of the course activities. The results of this study showed the majority of millennial students prefer using digital note-taking with 66.12% responses. They decided to use it as it is faster and easier in doing note-taking. The digital technology that the students used commonly was mobile phone with 54.84% responses. They chose this tool to practice note-taking as it is handy.

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Efriyenty, Efriyenty, Hermawati Syarif, and Yenni Rozimela. "Applying Cooperative Learning to Improvestudents’ Activeness in Writing Descriptive Text." International Journal of Educational Dynamics 2, no. 2 (August 3, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ijeds.v2i2.268.

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The aim of the research were to explain how cooperative learning improved student’s activeness and the factors influence students’ activeness in writing descriptive text at the grade VII students of SMPN 8 Padang. The research was Classroom Action Research. The data were collected through observation , field note, writing task and test score. The students were asked to decribe people by giving outline and describe animals based on the pictures given. The finding showed that (1) Cooperative Learning improved students’ activeness in writing Descriptive Text. It was really effective in motivating and encouraging students to be actively involved in teaching and learning process.(2) This research also revealed that there were two factors inluence students’ activenes.The factors involve teacher personal aproach and teacher motivation.

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Nongbri, Brent. "Dislodging "Embedded" Religion: A Brief Note on a Scholarly Trope." Numen 55, no. 4 (2008): 440–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852708x310527.

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AbstractScholars of ancient cultures are increasingly speaking of the "embeddedness" of ancient religion — arguing that the practices modern investigators group under the heading of "religion" did not compose a well-defined category in antiquity; instead, they claim that "religion was embedded" in other aspects of ancient culture. These writers use this notion of "embeddedness" to help us see that categories post-Enlightenment thinkers often regard as distinct (such as politics, economics, and religion) largely overlapped in antiquity. The trope of "embedded religion" can, however, also produce the false impression that religion is a descriptive concept rather than a redescriptive concept for ancient cultures (i.e., that there really is something "out there" in antiquity called "Roman religion" or "Mesopotamian religion," which scholars are simply describing rather than creating). By allowing this slippage between descriptive and redescriptive uses of "religion," the rhetoric of "embedded religion" exacerbates the very problem it is meant to solve.

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Gunn, Michael. "Descriptive note on an outrigger canoe from the Wakde Islands, north coast Irian Jaya." Beagle : Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 4, no. 1 (December 1987): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.260904.

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Jones, Adam. "Ghana National Archives: A Supplementary Note." History in Africa 15 (1988): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171870.

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Two synopses of the holdings of the National Archives of Ghana were published fifteen years ago, one by David Henige, the other by R. E. Dumett. Henige's article offers a more detailed breakdown of some series (notably ADM 1–21 and SCT 1–44), while Dumett provides a more descriptive account and gives more details on ADM 22–262. In the meantime several of the inventories on which Henige and Dumett based their reports have disappeared or disintegrated, and others are rapidly heading in the same direction. The need for a full printed catalog is urgent; unless work on this is begun soon, the whole archive will have to be re-inventoried. In February/March 1987 I was able to check a few of the references given by Henige and Dumett or in the surviving inventories, and perhaps my notes may be of some use to future researchers.

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Nopriyanto, Dwi, Ruminem Ruminem, Mayusef Sukmana, and Timmy Emelia. "The Role of Head Nurse, Critical Thinking Nurse And Documentation of Integrated Patient Progress Note: Cross Sectional." STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i2.293.

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The study aimed to identify the relationship between the role of head nurse and critical thinking of nurse to the documentation of integrated patient progress note. The study used a descriptive correlation design, a cross sectional approach, with a sample of 69 nurses who documented integrated patient pogress note, using cluster sampling techniques, through Pearson, Spearman, Mann Whitney and Linear Regression analyzes. There was a significant relationship between the role of head nurse (p=0.038; α=0.05) and the nurse's critical thinking (p=0.003; α=0.05) to the documentation of integrated patient progress note. Critical thinking of nurses is the most influential factor in documenting integrated patient progress note. Here needs to be a policy, evaluation and monitoring of the nursing manager through self-development in the application the role of head nurse, critical thinking of nurse and the implementation of documentation of integrated patient progress note

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Ishak, Nurul Isma, Muhammad Zuhri Dj., and Hasriati Nur. "Descriptive analysis of the english teacher’s code switching." International Journal of Research on English Teaching and Applied Linguistics 1, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30863/ijretal.v1i1.1196.

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This study aims to determine the code-switching used by English teachers in teaching English at SMA Pesantren Putri Al-Manawwarah. There is one problem in this study, namely the types of code-switching used by the research subject in teaching and learning of English at SMA Pesantren Putri Al-Manawwarah. The researchers conduct descriptive-qualitative research. This study uses a qualitative approach because the data are spoken. Therefore, it is interesting to observe this phenomenon to find out the types. The data collection are; observation, recording, and note. The result of this study shows that the details of code-switching used by the teacher. In the English teaching and learning process within 2x45 minutes, there are 114 utterances in English teaching and learning process which are pronounced by the teacher. There are three types of code-switching (inter sentential code-switching, Intra sentential code-switching, and tag switching). According to the type, there are 59 utterances of code-switching. The number of inter sentential code-switching is 31 utterances (53%), Intra sentential code-switching is 14 utterances (24%), and tag switching is 14 utterances (24%).

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Jayanti, Lely, and Andi Wete Polili. "FRÉQUENCE DE LEXÈME MAÎTRISÉE CHEZ LES ÉTUDIANTS DE NIVEAU A2." HEXAGONE Jurnal Pendidikan, Linguistik, Budaya dan Sastra Perancis 5, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/hxg.v5i1.3920.

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RESUMÉ Lely Jayanti. 2112131006. Fréquence de Lexème Maîtrisée Chez Les Étudiants de Niveau A2. Section Française, Département des Langues Étrangères, Faculté de Lettres et d’Arts, Université de Medan. 2016. Cette recherche a pour but de connaître ou bien savoir la fréquence de lexème maîtrisée chez les étudiants de niveau A2 et savoir le lexème moins maîtrisé. Cette recherche s’est déroulée à l’Unimed à la section française. L’échantillon est les étudiants de niveau A2 dans troisième semestre qui se composent de 20 étudiants. Cette recherche utilise la méthode descriptive quantitative-qualitative. Pour compter la note chaque étudiant utilisée la formule d’Arikunto suivant : p =Nk/N x 100 % Par rapport au résultat et l’analyse de la recherche, la note élevée du nom est 67,02 , la note élevée de l’adjectif est 67,57 , et la note élevée du verbe est 56,25. Le lexème plus maîtrisé est l’adjectif avec la note 67,57 avec la catégorie incompétent (E) et le lexème moins maîtrisé est le verbe avec la note 56,25 avec la catégorie incompétent (E) Mots clés : Fréquence, maîtriser, lexème.

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Viger, Chantal, Réjean Belzile, and Asokan A. Anandarajan. "Disclosure versus Recognition of Stock Option Compensation: Effect on the Credit Decisions of Loan Officers." Behavioral Research in Accounting 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria.2008.20.1.93.

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We examine if different stock option reporting formats affect bank loan officers' judgments and decisions. Three formats were used: (1) descriptive note of stock options plan only, (2) descriptive note that included a pro forma disclosure showing the impact of expensing the cost of stock options on net income, and (3) recognition of the stock options cost in the income statement. Our results show that loan officers estimated a higher risk rating and a more pessimistic trend rating, were less inclined to grant the loan, and charged a higher risk premium when the stock option expense was recognized in the income statement. Judgments and decisions did not significantly differ for the two methods of footnote disclosure, suggesting that loan officers are functionally fixated on reported earnings. Overall, our results support the FASB's claim that “disclosure is not an adequate substitute for recording.”

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Weed, Clarence M. "A Descriptive Catalogue of the Phalangiinae of Illinois." Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 3, no. 1-15 (May 27, 2019): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v3.112.

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The great majority of the American species of those familiar creatures commonly known as ''harvest-men " or "daddy-long-legs" (not to be confounded with the crane-flies— Tipulida'—which go by by the latter name in Europe) belong to the subfamily PJialangiind' of the family Phalangi(Ja> of the suborder Opilonea and order Arthrogastra. Though abundant and widely distributed, these arachnids have as yet received comparatively little attention in this country. The first American descriptions were published by Thomas Say in 1821 (Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. IT., pp. 65-68), when four species were characterized under the genus Phalangium. Besides the above the only descriptive paper that has appeared is that by Dr. Horatio C. Wood, Jr., entitled "On the Phalangese of the United States of America," which was published in 1868 in the Communications of the Essex Institute (Vol. VI., pp. 10-40). In 1885, Prof. L. M. Underwood published a list of the described species (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XVI., pp. 167-160), but added nothing to our knowledge of the group. Finally, in the "American Naturalist" for October, 1887 (Vol. XXL, p. 935), the present writer published a brief note calling attention to the proper generic position of several species hitherto retained in the old genus Phalangium.

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Latifah, Soifah. "The Comparison of Using Think Pair Share (TPS) and Note Taking Pairs Techniques Toward Students’ Writing Ability In Term of Descriptive Text." Jurnal VARIDIKA 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/varidika.v1i1.16936.

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The objective of this research is to identify whether there is a significant difference between using Think Pair Share and Note-Taking Pairs techniques toward students' writing ability in terms of descriptive text at tenth grade of SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Metro academic year 2013/2014. There are four hypotheses in this research, those are; (1) The student's score of using the Think Pair Share technique is high seen by the result of the post-test, (2) The student's score of using the Note-Taking Pairs technique is high seen by the result of the post-test, (3) The student's score of students' writing ability in term of descriptive text high far seen by the result of the post-test, (4) The student's result of the comparison of using Think Pair Share and Note-Taking Pairs techniques toward student's writing ability in term of descriptive text is high seen by the result of the post-test. The subjects of the research were the tenth grade. The population of this research was the students in the tenth grade of SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Metro. The researcher took two classes. The first class is X3 as the experimental class. The second class is X4 as the control class. The samples of subjects were 40 students. The method of investigation is held through quantitative research. The design in this research is True Experimental design. In this experiment, the researcher applies Pre-Test Post-Test Control Group Design. The researcher uses cluster stratified random sampling as a technique sampling.

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Prayudha.S, Joko. "The Analysis of Students’ Difficulties in Speaking English through Voice Note." Foremost Journal 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/foremost.v4i1.3295.

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The role of technology in the world of education cannot be separated because technology is actually the result of education and learning process. The use of technology becomes a support in the implementation of a success in teaching and learning activities. One of the technologies that can be used in learning English is to use a platform or voice note feature. Therefore, this study examines students' difficulties in learning English through voice note technology. The method used in this research is qualitative using a descriptive approach. Data were obtained through observation and interviews related to students' problems and obstacles in speaking skills using voice notes. The data were analyzed in a descriptive way by following the stages of data reduction, data display and conclusion. The results showed that students' difficulties in speaking skills were divided into two, namely internal and external. Internal factors include lack of self-confidence, courage, inspector, lack of understanding of English vocabulary. While external factors include technological sophistication, internet quota, learning resources or references.

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Lewis, Ariane, and Steven Galetta. "Editors' Note: Stroke Among SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Recipients in Mexico: A Nationwide Descriptive Study." Neurology 99, no. 15 (October 10, 2022): 672.1–672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000201307.

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Harjono, Santosa Budi. "Pengaruh “Nota Probowinoto” Terhadap Perubahan Strategi Pekabaran Injil di Gereja-Gereja Kristen Jawa." JURNAL TEOLOGI GRACIA DEO 1, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46929/graciadeo.v1i2.16.

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Based on historical research, the emergence of the "Probowinoto Note" was mainly caused by political and economic factors, especially political factors that occurred around the 1950s. In those days, relations between the Indonesian government and the government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands experienced severe tension. Everywhere there was a rejection from the Indonesian side of the Dutch people. "Probowinoto Note" Reverend Basoeki Probowinoto delivered a new concept of cooperation in anticipation of when the Akkoord Regionaal really stopped. By using the descriptive method of history, it can be concluded that the effect of the "Probowinoto Note" on the change in the strategy of the Gospel Message in the GKJ is the use of Christian foundations or institutions established by the church as means for inter-denominational churches to ally, testify and serve the community, develop guidelines the implementation of the preaching gospel according to the conditions of the GKJ by involving lay people. Abstrak Berdasarkan pada penelitian sejarah munculnya “Nota Probowinoto” lebih banyak disebabkan oleh faktor politis dan ekonomis, terutama faktor politik yang terjadi di sekitar tahun 1950-an. Pada masa-masa itu, hubungan antara pemerintah Indonesia dan pemerintah Kerajaan Belanda mengalami ketegangan yang hebat. Di mana-mana terjadi penolakan dari pihak Indonesia atas orang-orang Belanda. “Nota Probowinoto” Pendeta Basoeki Probowinoto menyampaikan sebuah konsep kerja sama baru guna mengantisipasi apabila Regionaal Akkoord benar-benar berhenti. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif hisotris, maka dapat disimpulkan pengaruh “Nota Probowinoto” terhadap perubahan strategi Pekabaran Injil di GKJ adalah dipakainya yayasan atau lembaga-lembaga Kristen yang didirikan oleh gereja sebagai sarana bagi gereja-gereja lintas denominasi bersekutu, bersaksi dan melayani masyarakat, menyusun pedoman pelaksanaan pekabaran Injil yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi GKJ dengan melibatkan kaum awam.

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Aladdin, A. Muhammad Nurfitrah Insan, Nursidah Nursidah, and Taqdir Taqdir. "Directive Speech Acts of "Command" on Death Note TV Series." NAWA: Journal of Japanese Studies 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.69908/nawa.v1i1.34934.

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This study aims to describe the types of speech acts of command contained in Death Note TV Series and classify the form of location in Death Note TV Series. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The data of this research are Japanese command sentences in drama movies. The data source of this research is Death Note TV Series episodes 1 to episode 5. Data collection was done by listening and note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique used is data collection, grouping data based on classification, analyzing the data that has been grouped and concluding the research results. The results of this study there are two types of command speech acts, namely direct command speech acts and indirect command speech acts. In the direct speech act of commands, there are 16 data and indirect speech act of commands as much as 8 data. Keywords: speech act; directive; commands

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Setyawati, Ni Wayan Nadia, Silvia Damayanti, and Ni Luh Putu Ari Sulatri. "Perubahan Bervariasi dalam Ekranisasi Manga Death Note Karya Tsugumi Ohba dan Takeshi Obata ke dalam Drama Death Note Karya Inomata Ryuichi." Jurnal SAKURA : Sastra, Bahasa, Kebudayaan dan Pranata Jepang 3, no. 2 (August 29, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/js.2021.v03.i02.p01.

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This research is entitled "Variety Changes in the Ecranization of the Death Note Manga by Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata into the Death Note Drama by Inomata Ryuichi". The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of ecranization with sources in the form of manga related to changes in intrinsic elements. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. The data sources used in this study are the Manga Death Note by Tsugumi Ohba & Takeshi Obata and Drama Death Note by Inomata Ryuichi. The theory used in this research is Ecranization Theory proposed by Eneste and Structural Theory by Nurgiyantoro. The results of this study indicate that there is a change in the intrinsic elements contained in the manga into drama. These changes are in the form of varied changes that occur in the plot, characters, and setting of the place. These varied changes aim to change the story, atmosphere, impression, role, and adjust production costs.

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Pratiwi, Cerianing Putri. "Penggunaan Metode Guide Note Taking Berbantu Media Video dalam Pembelajaran Muatan Bahasa Indonesia di Sekolah Dasar pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v5i2.348.

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This research aims to know the video-assisted note-taking guide method to improve the listening skills of elementary school 1st graders during the covid-19 pandemic. This study is a class action study. Teachers and elementary school 1st graders were the data sources for the study. The data collection techniques used are observations, interviews, and tests. The research procedures in each cycle are (1) action planning, (2) implementation of actions, (3) observations, (4) reflections. To analyze data using qualitative descriptive techniques and comparative descriptive. Based on the research that has been carried out, the research results can be known; namely, the improvement of listening skills of elementary school 1st-grade students after implementing the guide note-taking method assisted video. It is known that before being given the action, there are still many students who completed by 20%. After being given the action in cycle 1, students' grades increased by 75%. In this second cycle, all students have received complete grades.

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Piat, Myra, Alain Lesage, Henri Dorvil, Richard Boyer, Audrey Couture, and David Bloom. "Les préférences résidentielles des personnes souffrant de troubles mentaux graves : une étude descriptive." Santé mentale au Québec 33, no. 2 (January 15, 2009): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019677ar.

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Résumé Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude exploratoire portant sur les préférences résidentielles de 315 personnes souffrant de troubles mentaux graves hébergées dans sept types d’hébergement à Montréal. Le portrait d’ensemble qui se dégage de cette étude met en évidence que 22,0 % des usagers préféreraient habiter dans leur propre appartement, 16,0 % dans les HLM ou OSBL, 14,1 % dans les appartements supervisés et 11,5 % dans les ressources de type familial. On note aussi que 31,7 % d’entre eux préfèrent le type de logement dans lequel ils habitaient au moment de l’étude. Notre réflexion sur les résultats de cette étude nous amène à conclure qu’une variété de types de ressources résidentielles demeure nécessaire pour rencontrer la diversité de besoins des usagers.

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Plotto, A., M. R. McDaniel, and J. P. Mattheis. "Development of a Sensory Descriptive Profile for `Gala' Apple." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 644a—644. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.644a.

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`Gala' is an early maturing apple variety that has a distinctive aroma and flavor. Its storage season is short and flavor volatile production is reduced following controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. The aroma and flavor characters of `Gala' apples were identified by 10 trained panelists. A vocabulary of 13 descriptors for the aroma of whole and cut fruit and 16 descriptors for flavor were used to characterize the changes of apples stored in CA and/or regular atmosphere (RA) during five months. When compared to RA storage, intensity of fruity (pear, banana and strawberry) and floral characters decreased after 2.5 months in CA for whole and cut fruit aroma and flavor. During the entire storage period under CA, aroma of cut apples retained high vegetative and citrus characters but had a less intense anise aroma. Sourness, starchiness and astringency were significantly higher, however, sweetness was significantly lower. A musty note was perceived in whole apples stored in CA for 5 months. Differences in fruitiness of whole fruit and sourness only were found between fruit stored for 4 months in CA followed by 1 month in RA and fruit stored 5 months in CA. Relationships between panel ratings of specific characters and corresponding quantitative analysis will be discussed.

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Rumhin, Durin Alfia, Istina Atul Makrifah, and Ahmad Saifudin. "Developing picture media to teach descriptive text at MAN 1 Blitar." Patria Eduacational Journal (PEJ) 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28926/pej.v3i3.1148.

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The purpose of this study is to know if students’ writing ability will increase after using picture media. In the English teaching and learning skill, the student still had a difficulty. The subject of the research was students on class X IPS 1 of MAN 1 Blitar. The participant of the research was 34 students of class X IPS 1. This research was categorized as Research and Development (R&D) by Borg and Gall. The steps of the research were research and information collecting, planning, develops preliminary of the product, preliminary field testing, main product revision, main field testing, and final product revision. The instruments used for collecting data were field note and questionnaire. The validity in this research were obtained through two judgment of expert, they were material expert and media expert. The result of this study categorized as valid with percentage of 90.27% material validation, 82.5% media validation, and 91.1% students’ response.

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Głuchowski, Artur, Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina, Eliza Kostyra, Grażyna Wasiak-Zys, and Kacper Bylinka. "Sensory Features, Liking and Emotions of Consumers towards Classical, Molecular and Note by Note Foods." Foods 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010133.

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Modern cuisine served at top-end restaurants attempts to attract customers, who increasingly demand new flavor, pleasure and fun. The materials were six dishes prepared using lemon or tomatoes and made in the traditional (classical), molecular and Note by Note (NbN) versions. The study explores sensory characteristics, consumer liking of key attributes, their declared sensations and emotions, as well as consumers’ facial expressions responding to the dishes. These objectives were investigated by descriptive quantitative analysis and consumer tests. Tests included a 9-point hedonic scale for degree of liking a dish, Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) for declared sensations and FaceReader for facial expressions. The influence of factors associated with consumer attitudes toward new food and willingness to try the dishes in the future were also determined. It was stated that the product profiles represent different sensory characteristics due to the technology of food production and the ingredients used. The food neophobia and consumer innovativeness had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on liking. The odor-, flavor-, texture- and overall-liking of the NbN dishes were lower than that of traditional versions but did not vary from scores for molecular samples. The expected liking of NbN dishes was higher than experienced-liking. Traditional and modern products differed in CATA terms. Classical dishes were perceived by consumers as more tasty, traditional and typical while modern cuisine dishes were perceived as more surprising, intriguing, innovative and trendy. Mimic expressions assessment by FaceReader showed similar trends in some emotions in both classical dishes and separate temporal patterns in modern products.

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Głuchowski, Artur, Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina, Eliza Kostyra, Grażyna Wasiak-Zys, and Kacper Bylinka. "Sensory Features, Liking and Emotions of Consumers towards Classical, Molecular and Note by Note Foods." Foods 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010133.

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Modern cuisine served at top-end restaurants attempts to attract customers, who increasingly demand new flavor, pleasure and fun. The materials were six dishes prepared using lemon or tomatoes and made in the traditional (classical), molecular and Note by Note (NbN) versions. The study explores sensory characteristics, consumer liking of key attributes, their declared sensations and emotions, as well as consumers’ facial expressions responding to the dishes. These objectives were investigated by descriptive quantitative analysis and consumer tests. Tests included a 9-point hedonic scale for degree of liking a dish, Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) for declared sensations and FaceReader for facial expressions. The influence of factors associated with consumer attitudes toward new food and willingness to try the dishes in the future were also determined. It was stated that the product profiles represent different sensory characteristics due to the technology of food production and the ingredients used. The food neophobia and consumer innovativeness had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on liking. The odor-, flavor-, texture- and overall-liking of the NbN dishes were lower than that of traditional versions but did not vary from scores for molecular samples. The expected liking of NbN dishes was higher than experienced-liking. Traditional and modern products differed in CATA terms. Classical dishes were perceived by consumers as more tasty, traditional and typical while modern cuisine dishes were perceived as more surprising, intriguing, innovative and trendy. Mimic expressions assessment by FaceReader showed similar trends in some emotions in both classical dishes and separate temporal patterns in modern products.

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Smith, Jessica C. "Where Are the Women? Descriptive Representation and COVID-19 in U.K. Daily Press Briefings." Politics & Gender 16, no. 4 (July 30, 2020): 991–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x20000513.

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AbstractAs governments tackle the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, both the role of women in governments and the specific effect of the pandemic on women have come under scrutiny. This research note examines the descriptive representation of women in the U.K. government's response to the coronavirus. It finds that 43% of the government's daily press briefings featured an all-male lineup with no female politician or expert present. In particular, female politicians are missing, with only one female cabinet member ever leading the briefing. Women's (in)visibility raises concerns about the legitimacy of democratic decisions and likely has policy consequences: women's absence may exacerbate gendered inequalities resulting from the crisis.

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De Smet, Stefaan, Willem De Keyzer, Liesbeth De Donder, Denis Ryan, Dominique Verté, Eric Broekaert, and Stijn Vandevelde. "Older offenders deemed criminally irresponsible in Flanders (Belgium): Descriptive results from a retrospective case note study." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 46 (May 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.025.

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Filindra, Alexandra, and Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz. "Research Note: Stopping the Enforcement “Tide”: Descriptive Representation, Latino Institutional Empowerment, and State-Level Immigration Policy." Politics & Policy 41, no. 6 (December 2013): 814–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/polp.12048.

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Philemon,, John R., and Dev Jani. "RESEARCH NOTE: Tour Guides’ Perception for Sustainable Tourism." Tanzania Journal of Development Studies 19, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279//gkfw6661.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate tour guides’ perception of tourism sustainability using triple bottom line dimensions of economic, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects as informed by Social Exchange Theory. A structured questionnaire was self-administered to tour guides around Mikumi National Park in Tanzania. Descriptive and mean comparison tests were performed with results indicating that tour guides perceive tourism to have positive economic and environmental impacts. However, surveyed tour guides thought that tourism in the area stimulated prevalence of bad behaviours like prostitution, alcoholism, and gambling. Furthermore, the results indicate that tour guides perceive tourism to increase imbalance and inequality in economic benefits. The results complement previous studies by capturing tour guides’ views as well as testing the Social Exchange Theory. Furthermore, the results offer insights to destination managers and policy makers on possible interventions in furthering holistic and sustainable destination management. Keywords: Tourism, Culture, Tour Guides, Tanzania, Perception, Impacts

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Nur’aini, Hesti Indah Mifta. "Error Analysis Speaking on Foreign Speakers: Case Study of Brazilian Youtuber." Hortatori : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 1, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/jh.v1i2.52.

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Bahasa Indonesia both orally and in writing that have rules of order in order to be used effectively. Foreign speakers are part of the Indonesian language learners because Indonesian becomes a foreign language for the learner. In the learning process found various errors. The purpose of this research is to explain and describe Indonesian language by foreign speaker, youtuber from Brazil. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with approach. The data source used video from youtube. Technique of data completion using note note. Then, the data is compiled by mistake. The results of the study indicate the existence of language errors at the level of phonology and morphology.

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Hultman, Gretchen M., Jenna L. Marquard, Elizabeth Lindemann, Elliot Arsoniadis, Serguei Pakhomov, and Genevieve B. Melton. "Challenges and Opportunities to Improve the Clinician Experience Reviewing Electronic Progress Notes." Applied Clinical Informatics 10, no. 03 (May 2019): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692164.

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Background High-quality clinical notes are essential to effective clinical communication. However, electronic clinical notes are often long, difficult to review, and contain information that is potentially extraneous or out of date. Additionally, many clinicians write electronic clinical notes using customized templates, resulting in notes with significant variability in structure. There is a need to understand better how clinicians review electronic notes and how note structure variability may impact clinicians' note-reviewing experiences. Objective This article aims to understand how physicians review electronic clinical notes and what impact section order has on note-reviewing patterns. Materials and Methods We conducted an experiment utilizing an electronic health record (EHR) system prototype containing four anonymized patient cases, each composed of nine progress notes that were presented with note sections organized in different orders to different subjects (i.e., Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan, Assessment, Plan, Subjective, and Objective, Subjective, Assessment, Objective, and Plan, and Mixed). Participants, who were mid-level residents and fellows, reviewed the cases and provided a brief summary after reviewing each case. Time-related data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Surveys were administered and interviews regarding experiences reviewing notes were collected and analyzed qualitatively. Results Qualitatively, participants reported challenges related to reviewing electronic clinical notes. Experimentally, time spent reviewing notes varied based on the note section organization. Consistency in note section organization improved performance (e.g., less scrolling and searching) compared with Mixed section organization when reviewing progress notes. Discussion Clinicians face significant challenges reviewing electronic clinical notes. Our findings support minimizing extraneous information in notes, removing information that can be found in other parts of the EHR, and standardizing the display and order of note sections to improve clinicians' note review experience. Conclusion Our findings support the need to improve EHR note design and presentation to support optimal note review patterns for clinicians.

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Sulistyaningsih. "TEACHING SPEAKING USING VOICE NOTE TO SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS-2021A OF STKIP PGRI SIDOARJO." JournEEL (Journal of English Education and Literature) 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51836/journeel.v4i2.418.

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The aims of the study were to describe the implementation of teaching speaking by using Voice Notes; and to describe the student’s perceptions in teaching speaking using Voice Notes for second semester students at STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo. The method used descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this study were the lecturer and the 25 students second semester. The instruments were used Observation Check List, Handphone and Questionnaires. The findings of the implementation of teaching speaking by using Voice Notes for second semester students at STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo were first, Lecturer, distributed text and Voice Note to students thru Voice Note in WhatsApp, then explained to students about text of “A Tour Guide in the Everglades National Park”. Lecturer asked to translate all the text on the home work book, then asked the students to shadow and to follow the native speaker’s voice from Voice Note many times, until comprehended. Lecturer evaluated students’ speaking ability, the results were 32% students who got excellent scores, 52% students who got good scores, one student got average score 8% and students who got poor score 12%. While, the students’ perception results were 78,8% liked the implementation of teaching using Voice Note on the other hand 21,2% didn’t like the implementation of teaching using voice note.

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Cecil, Elizabeth, Samantha Wilkinson, Alex Bottle, Aneez Esmail, Charles Vincent, and Paul P. Aylin. "National hospital mortality surveillance system: a descriptive analysis." BMJ Quality & Safety 27, no. 12 (October 8, 2018): 974–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008364.

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ObjectiveTo provide a description of the Imperial College Mortality Surveillance System and subsequent investigations by the Care Quality Commission (CQC) in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals receiving mortality alerts.BackgroundThe mortality surveillance system has generated monthly mortality alerts since 2007, on 122 individual diagnosis and surgical procedure groups, using routinely collected hospital administrative data for all English acute NHS hospital trusts. The CQC, the English national regulator, is notified of each alert. This study describes the findings of CQC investigations of alerting trusts.MethodsWe carried out (1) a descriptive analysis of alerts (2007–2016) and (2) an audit of CQC investigations in a subset of alerts (2011–2013).ResultsBetween April 2007 and October 2016, 860 alerts were generated and 76% (654 alerts) were sent to trusts. Alert volumes varied over time (range: 40–101). Septicaemia (except in labour) was the most commonly alerting group (11.5% alerts sent). We reviewed CQC communications in a subset of 204 alerts from 96 trusts. The CQC investigated 75% (154/204) of alerts. In 90% of these pursued alerts, trusts returned evidence of local case note reviews (140/154). These reviews found areas of care that could be improved in 69% (106/154) of alerts. In 25% (38/154) trusts considered that identified failings in care could have impacted on patient outcomes. The CQC investigations resulted in full trust action plans in 77% (118/154) of all pursued alerts.ConclusionThe mortality surveillance system has generated a large number of alerts since 2007. Quality of care problems were found in 69% of alerts with CQC investigations, and one in four trusts reported that failings in care may have an impact on patient outcomes. Identifying whether mortality alerts are the most efficient means to highlight areas of substandard care will require further investigation.

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Harrison, S., S. Dorrington, V. Parsons, S. G. S. Shah, and I. Madan. "The quality of e-fit notes issued in secondary care." Occupational Medicine 70, no. 6 (August 1, 2020): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa126.

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Abstract Background Few data are available on the pattern of use of fit notes issued in secondary care settings. Aims To evaluate the pattern and quality of e-fit notes issued in an NHS Trust. Methods Anonymized data on patients admitted to Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust (London, UK) who had an e-fit note issued from 1 January to 31 August 2017 were analysed using descriptive statistical methods. Thematic analysis was used to group the free-text comments into distinct categories and themes. Results A total of 815 fit notes were issued during the study period. A total of 659 (81%) fit notes advised that patients were ‘not fit’ for work, whilst 156 (19%) advised that they ‘may be fit’ for work. The specialty with the highest proportion of patients assessed as may be fit was plastic surgery 46/104 (44%), whilst the lowest was ear, nose and throat surgery 0/57 (0%). The majority 151/156 (97%) of fit notes which advised that patients may be fit for work used the tick-box sections on the fit note to recommend work modifications. Of the free-text comments in section 4 of the ‘may be fit’ e-fit notes issued, 91/114 (80%) were related to the functional ability of patients. Conclusions Our study suggests that doctors in secondary care are more willing to use the ‘may be fit’ option on the fit note than primary care practitioners. Most fit notes, which advised that a patient may be fit for work, suggested workplace modifications.

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Mavhandu-Mudzusi, Azwihangwisi Helen, Idah Moyo, Andile Mthombeni, Anza Ndou, Lucas Mamabolo, Thembinkosi Ngwenya, Tlhomaro Marebane, and Tshifhiwa Netshapapame. "WhatsApp as a Qualitative Data Collection Method in Descriptive Phenomenological Studies." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21 (January 2022): 160940692211111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069221111124.

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This article presents WhatsApp as a means of data collection among vulnerable populations, reporting on a study conducted in South Africa and Zimbabwe, to determine the terminology used for and among different genders and sexually diverse individuals. 19 LGBTIQ+ individuals, recruited through a modified snowballing technique, participated in the study. Using WhatsApp text-based information, the interview questions and information regarding the study and ethics-related information were forwarded from one participant to another. The same approach was used for data-collection purposes, where responses (either voice notes or written texts) were forwarded until they reached the initial two participants and/or the principal investigator. Data were analysed using Collazi’s steps for data analysis. As the study focus was on the data collection technique, the paper highlights the ethical implications related to using WhatsApp as a data collecting tool. The study also indicates the advantages and disadvantages of using this platform and further emphasises that voice note WhatsApp messages yielded higher-quality and more in-depth responses than text messages. The limitations of using WhatsApp, and ways of enhancing its use as a means of data collection among vulnerable populations, are also addressed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Descriptive note'

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