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1
Elfasakhany, Ashraf. "Biofuel Blends for Desalination Units: Comparison and Assessments." Processes 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2023): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041139.
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Although desalinations with renewables were introduced some time ago, conventional desalination units are still applied. Conventional desalinations account for 90% of desalinations worldwide. Yet, they have two significant issues: a high demand for energy and a high level of environmental contaminants. Such issues are studied and remedies are suggested in the current study. Varieties of biofuel blends in dual and ternary bases are investigated experimentally for indirect desalination. Results showed that ternary blends can introduce lower desalination potentials than fossil fuels by about 4–7%. The best ternary blends for the indirect desalination process are iBE, followed by niB, and finally EM. The EGT of iBE is greater than niB and EM by about 1.1 and 1.2%, respectively. Both n-butanol/iso-butanol–gasoline dual blends introduced an almost similar desalination potential as the ternary blends (e.g., lower desalination by about 4.4 and 4.7%). Nevertheless, bio-ethanol/bio-methanol–gasoline dual blends introduced greater desalination potentials than the fossil fuel by 3.2 and 3%, respectively. Regarding environmental issues, both ternary and dual blends introduced lower CO and UHC emissions than fossil fuels in varying degrees. M presented the lowest CO by about 30%, followed by EM by about 21%, and lastly E by about 20%, compared to G. However, the lowest UHC is presented by EM followed by nB and niB with rates of 18, 16.2, and 13.5%. Results also showed that the engine speed has a considerable effect on the desalination process and environment; low engine speed is recommended in the case of applying ternary blends, as well as dual n-butanol/iso-butanol–gasoline blends. Alternatively, in the case of applying bio-ethanol/bio-methanol–gasoline dual blends, moderate engine speed is preferable.
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Gadzhiev, H. M., D. S. Gadzhiev, and I. M. Kurbanov. "DECOMPRESSION SEMICONDUCTOR THERMOELECTRIC DESALINATOR WITH UV RADIATION." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-4-8-18.
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Objectives. The development of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation.Methods. The design of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation makes it possible to decrease the boiling points of seawater and the obtained fresh water and brine by changing the pressure in the desalinatior thus increasing the device’s energy efficiency.Results. The use of the designed decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation practically reduces the boiling point of seawater, completely eliminating Joule's parasitic heat release. The Peltier thermoelectric effect of heating and cooling is completely preserved, bringing the desalinator efficiency coefficient up to almost 100% and improving its energy-saving characteristics as a whole.Conclusion. A decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation can be used to produce fresh water and concentrated solutions from any aqueous solutions, as well as to treat wastewater from industrial enterprises with simultaneous bacterial and virus disinfection. The construction materials of the desalination device are environmentally friendly.
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Antia, David Dorab Jamshed. "Purification of Saline Water Using Desalination Pellets." Water 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172639.
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This study establishes that processed zero valent iron can be pelletised and used to desalinate water. The pellets desalinate water using a zero-order reaction, where: product water salinity = −[a][Reaction Time] + Feed Water Salinity. Desalination using the pellets requires no onsite energy, no onsite infrastructure, and produces no reject brine. Potential applications for the pellets, include desalination of saline impoundments, desalination of agricultural water, desalination of irrigation water, desalination of irrigated salinized soils, and aquifer desalination. The examples demonstrate 30% to 60% desalination for saline feed water within the salinity range of 4 to 10 g L−1. The product water has a low outcome variability for a specific pellet charge. The achievable desalination increases as the pellet weight: water volume ratio increases. The pellets can also be used for water purification, wastewater desalination, treatment of domestic wastewater, treatment of industrial wastewater, treatment of livestock feed water, treatment of oil field and mining wastewater, water purification to allow reuse, and the treatment of polluted soils. This study addresses the manufacture of the pellets, their effectiveness in desalinating water, and the outcome variability associated with desalination.
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Hindiyeh, Muna, Aiman Albatayneh, Rashed Altarawneh, Mustafa Jaradat, Murad Al-Omary, Qasem Abdelal, Tarek Tayara, et al. "Sea Level Rise Mitigation by Global Sea Water Desalination Using Renewable-Energy-Powered Plants." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 9552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179552.
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This work suggests a solution for preventing/eliminating the predicted Sea Level Rise (SLR) by seawater desalination and storage through a large number of desalination plants distributed worldwide; it also comprises that the desalinated seawater can resolve the global water scarcity by complete coverage for global water demand. Sea level rise can be prevented by desalinating the additional water accumulated into oceans annually for human consumption, while the excess amount of water can be stored in dams and lakes. It is predicted that SLR can be prevented by desalination plants. The chosen desalination plants for the study were Multi-Effect Desalination (MED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants that are powered by renewable energy using wind and solar technologies. It is observed that the two main goals of the study are fulfilled when preventing an SLR between 1.0 m and 1.3 m by 2100 through seawater desalination, as the amount of desalinated water within that range can cover the global water demand while being economically viable.
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Greco, Francesca, Sebastiaan G. J. Heijman, and Antonio Jarquin-Laguna. "Integration of Wind Energy and Desalination Systems: A Review Study." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122181.
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Desalination is a well-established technology used all over the world to mitigate freshwater scarcity. Wind-powered reverse osmosis plants are one of the most promising alternatives for renewable energy desalination, particularly for coastal areas and islands. Wind energy can satisfy the high energy consumption of desalination while reducing costs and CO2 emissions. However, the mismatch between the intermittent availability of the wind resource and the desalination’s power demand makes the integration between the two technologies critical. This paper presents a review of wind-powered desalination systems, focusing on the existing topologies and technological advances. An overview of the advantages and disadvantages are analysed based on the theoretical and experimental cases available in the scientific literature. The goal of this work is to show the current status of wind-powered desalination and to present the technical challenges that need to be overcome in order to ensure a sustainable freshwater source.
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Liu, Tianyu, Joel Serrano, John Elliott, Xiaozhou Yang, William Cathcart, Zixuan Wang, Zhen He, and Guoliang Liu. "Exceptional capacitive deionization rate and capacity by block copolymer–based porous carbon fibers." Science Advances 6, no. 16 (April 2020): eaaz0906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0906.
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Capacitive deionization (CDI) is energetically favorable for desalinating low-salinity water. The bottlenecks of current carbon-based CDI materials are their limited desalination capacities and time-consuming cycles, caused by insufficient ion-accessible surfaces and retarded electron/ion transport. Here, we demonstrate porous carbon fibers (PCFs) derived from microphase-separated poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polyacrylonitrile (PMMA-b-PAN) as an effective CDI material. PCF has abundant and uniform mesopores that are interconnected with micropores. This hierarchical porous structure renders PCF a large ion-accessible surface area and a high desalination capacity. In addition, the continuous carbon fibers and interconnected porous network enable fast electron/ion transport, and hence a high desalination rate. PCF shows desalination capacity of 30 mgNaCl g−1PCF and maximal time-average desalination rate of 38.0 mgNaCl g−1PCF min−1, which are about 3 and 40 times, respectively, those of typical porous carbons. Our work underlines the promise of block copolymer–based PCF for mutually high-capacity and high-rate CDI.
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Abdalla, Salman, Shada Abu Khalla, and Matthew E. Suss. "Desalination Fuel Cell Stacks: Scaling up the Co-Production of Electricity and Clean Water." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 25 (December 22, 2023): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02251347mtgabs.
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The world faces a rising demand for potable water and electricity, while a lack of clean water and use of polluting electricity sources are major hazards1. Nowadays reverse osmosis (RO) is widely used for sea and brackish water desalination2, where RO consumes ~3-4 kWh/m3 for seawater desalination3. A new class of water treatment technologies is emerging that is distinguished from the classical methods by utilizing chemical energy to power both water treatment and electricity generation simultaneously from a single electrochemical cell. When using the hydrogen/oxygen redox couple, such a cell is termed a desalination fuel cell (DFC) which was introduced by our group in 20204. A DFC utilizes a fuel cell anode and cathode to catalyze the chemical-to-electrical energy conversion, as well as a cation and anion exchange membrane to desalinate the feedwater flowing through the cell. A device with a single feed channel (figure a) was able to produce up to 10 kWh/m3 while desalinating water with sea-water level salinity4. In order to for this nascent technology to become practical, scale-up strategies need to be proposed and demonstrated. In this work we show results from the first scaled DFC, where we utilize scaling rules associated with electrodialysis by increasing the number of membrane pairs to allow either two or three feed channels (Figure b). We find the three feed channel device was associated with high voltage loss in the ohmic region and lower limiting current (figure c), but the salt concentration behaved linearly as a function of the current density as expected (figure d). The main voltage losses are clearly emanated from the cathode and the anode sides as the membranes potential loss was proven to be insignificant5. We showed that implementing higher acid concentration in the catholyte and higher base concentration in the anolyte channels can significantly improve performance of the stack. Figure (e) shows results using three different anolyte and catholyte solutions, with highest open circuit voltage (OCV) and improved polarization performance for 0.5M HClO4 and 0.5M NaOH in the catholyte and the anolyte, respectively. We also investigated the feed flow rate impact on DFC polarization performance and salt removal. Overall, we show successful implementation of a scaled-up DFC. References: Mekonnen, M. M. & Hoekstra, A. Y. Sustainability: Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Sci. Adv. 2, 1–7 (2016). Greenlee, L. F., Lawler, D. F., Freeman, B. D., Marrot, B. & Moulin, P. Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges. Water Research vol. 43 2317–2348 (2009). Al-Karaghouli, A. & Kazmerski, L. L. Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol. 24 343–356 (2013). Atlas, I., Abu Khalla, S. & Suss, M. E. Thermodynamic Energy Efficiency of Electrochemical Systems Performing Simultaneous Water Desalination and Electricity Generation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 134517 (2020). Abdalla, S., Khalla, S. A. & Suss, M. E. Voltage loss breakdown in desalination fuel cells. Electrochem. commun. 132, 107136 (2021). Figure 1
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Bacha, Habib Ben, Abdelkader Saad Abdullah, Mutabe Aljaghtham, Reda S. Salama, Mohamed Abdelgaied, and Abd Elnaby Kabeel. "Thermo-Economic Assessment of Photovoltaic/Thermal Pan-Els-Powered Reverse Osmosis Desalination Unit Combined with Preheating Using Geothermal Energy." Energies 16, no. 8 (April 12, 2023): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083408.
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Recently, the reverse osmosis (RO) process is widely used in the field of desalinating brackish water and seawater to produce freshwater, but the disadvantage of using this technology is the increase in the rates of electrical energy consumption necessary to manage these units. To reduce the rates of electrical energy consumption in RO desalination plants, geothermal energy and photovoltaic/thermal panels were used as preheating units to heat the feed water before entering RO desalination plants. The proposed system in this study consists of an RO desalination plant with an energy recovery device, photovoltaic/thermal panels, and a geothermal energy extraction unit. To evaluate the system performance, three incorporated models were studied and validated by previous experimental data. The results indicated that incorporating the geothermal energy and photovoltaic/thermal panels with the RO desalination plants has positive effects in terms of increasing productivity and reducing the rates of specific power consumption in RO desalination plants. The average saving in the specific power consumption for utilizing the thermal recovery system of PV panels and geothermal energy as preheating units reached 29.1% and 40.75% for the treatment of seawater and brackish water, respectively. Additionally, the economic feasibility showed the saving in the cost of freshwater produced from the RO desalination plants for incorporating both geothermal energy and photovoltaic panels with a thermal recovery system with reverse osmosis desalination plants of up to 39.6%.
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Gholamalifard, Mehdi, Bonyad Ahmadi, Ali Saber, Sohrab Mazloomi, and Tiit Kutser. "Deploying a GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Decision Rule for Site Selection of Desalination Plants." Water 14, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14101669.
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Water supply is one of the most critical infrastructures for development, and by desalinating the water of the Persian Gulf, water demands may be satisfied. The countries of the Persian Gulf basin have applied this technology and compensated for the country’s water shortage, whereas because of Iran’s unlimited access to water, desalination has only been applied on a local scale. Due to serious hydrological stress and periodic water shortages in Iran’s southern coastal area, seawater desalination may be necessary as an optional solution for water supply. Site selection for desalination plants is difficult as it may have a direct influence on the territorial and water environment, as well as disrupt biological systems, hence, the objective of this study was to identify desalination sites across the coastline of Hormozgan. To choose a suitable site, a multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) design was applied, with three scenarios evaluated in the constraints part and two scenarios considered in the criteria weight section. Altogether, out of 21 determination criteria considered for the construction of desalination facilities, 14 were associated to the inland and coastal segment, six with the marine zone, and one with the water quality phase. The results showed that about 33,584 ha in the optimal scenario, or when minimum and maximum constraints were applied, approximately 109,553 and 7182 ha, respectively, of the region, including a total of 11 zones, were suitable for the building of desalination facilities. In conclusion, this study was the first to consider MCE with many criteria and different scenarios for developing a decision rule for the installation of desalination facilities based on environmental and marine factors.
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Jiang, Yuxin, Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan, Dun Wei, and Haiying Wang. "A Review of Battery Materials as CDI Electrodes for Desalination." Water 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113030.
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The world is suffering from chronic water shortage due to the increasing population, water pollution and industrialization. Desalinating saline water offers a rational choice to produce fresh water thus resolving the crisis. Among various kinds of desalination technologies, capacitive deionization (CDI) is of significant potential owing to the facile process, low energy consumption, mild working conditions, easy regeneration, low cost and the absence of secondary pollution. The electrode material is an essential component for desalination performance. The most used electrode material is carbon-based material, which suffers from low desalination capacity (under 15 mg·g−1). However, the desalination of saline water with the CDI method is usually the charging process of a battery or supercapacitor. The electrochemical capacity of battery electrode material is relatively high because of the larger scale of charge transfer due to the redox reaction, thus leading to a larger desalination capacity in the CDI system. A variety of battery materials have been developed due to the urgent demand for energy storage, which increases the choices of CDI electrode materials largely. Sodium-ion battery materials, lithium-ion battery materials, chloride-ion battery materials, conducting polymers, radical polymers, and flow battery electrode materials have appeared in the literature of CDI research, many of which enhanced the deionization performances of CDI, revealing a bright future of integrating battery materials with CDI technology.
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Elfasakhany, Ashraf. "Dual and Ternary Biofuel Blends for Desalination Process: Emissions and Heat Recovered Assessment." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010061.
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Desalination using fossil fuels is so far the most common technique for freshwater production worldwide. However, such a technique faces some challenges due to limited fossil fuels, high pollutants in our globe, and its high energy demand. In this study, solutions for such challenges were proposed and investigated. Renewable biofuel blends were introduced and examined as energy/sources for desalination plants and, in turn, reduced dependency on fossil fuels, enhanced pollutants, and recovered energy for desalinations. Eight different blended biofuels in terms of dual and ternary blend approaches were investigated. Results displayed that dual and ternary blends of gasoline/n-butanol, gasoline/isobutanol, gasoline/n-butanol/isobutanol, gasoline/bioethanol/isobutanol, and gasoline/bioethanol/biomethanol were all not highly recommended as energy sources for desalination units due to their low heat recovery (they showed much lower than the gasoline, G, fuel); however, they could provide reasonable emissions. Both gasoline/bioethanol (E) and gasoline/biomethanol (M) provided high heat recovery and sensible emissions (CO and UHC). Gasoline/bio-acetone was the best one among all blends and, accordingly, it was upper recommended for both heat recovery and emissions for desalination plants. In addition, both E and M were recommended subsequently. Concerning emissions, all blends showed lower emissions than the G fuel in different levels.
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Kempton, R., D. Maccioni, S. M. Mrayed, and G. Leslie. "Thermodynamic efficiencies and GHG emissions of alternative desalination processes." Water Supply 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.085.
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Three alternative approaches to desalinating seawater were evaluated with respect to their thermodynamic efficiencies and greenhouse-gas emissions. The technologies considered were multistage flash distillation (MSF), reverse osmosis (RO), and membrane distillation (MD). The analysis was based on published stream data from large-scale operational MSF and RO facilities and experimental-scale data for the MD process. RO was found to be the most exergy-efficient (30.1%) followed by MD (14.27%) and MSF (7.73%). RO and MD required less power consumption to produce water (3.29 kWh/m3 and 5.9 kWh/m3, respectively) compared to MSF which had a much higher energy demand (16.7 kWh/m3). Similar results were obtained when comparing equivalent carbon dioxide emissions from each process; MD and RO accounted for 5.22 and 2.91 kg CO2eq/m3, respectively, whereas MSF generated three to four times that amount. The results indicate that MD has potential as a commercially viable technique for seawater desalination provided a source of waste heat is available. This study provides an overview of the use of thermodynamic efficiency analysis to evaluate desalination processes and provides insight into where energy may be saved with developed desalination processes and areas of research for emerging desalination techniques.
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Al-Addous, Mohammad, Mustafa Jaradat, Mathhar Bdour, Zakariya Dalala, and Johannes Wellmann. "Combined concentrated solar power plant with low-temperature multi-effect distillation." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 5 (March 19, 2020): 1831–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720913070.
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This study analyzes a technological concept for simultaneously generating power and desalinating water in a Middle East and North Africa country. An innovative, low-temperature, multi-effect desalination (LT-MED) process integrated with a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant was assessed and analyzed. A combined power and seawater desalination plant was modeled for the city of Aqaba by the Red Sea in Jordan. Parabolic-trough collectors using indirect steam generation with thermal energy storage connected with power and desalination blocks were designed. The designed plant was modeled and simulated using EBSILON Professional, a discrete energy balance simulation software, under several operating conditions, to analyze the results. An economic feasibility analysis of the combined CSP+LT-MED plant was also conducted. The simulation results showed the broad variability of the cogeneration system in terms of electricity generation and water production. The output power of the CSP plant without water production reached 58.7 MWel in June. The output power accompanied with distilled-water production with a mass flow rate of 170 m3/h was approximately 49.5 MWel. Furthermore, the number of desalination stages had the strongest influence on distillate production but limited the operational flexibility of the power plant due to the temperature gradients within the desalination stages. The distilled-water mass flow reached 498 m3/h for 10 stages. The research showed that the design successfully worked with up to €78.84 million, earned from selling the produced electricity. However, owing to highly subsidized water tariffs in Jordan (80% less than the actual cost), the integration of water desalination into the CSP plant was not economically feasible.
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Liu, Xitong. "(Invited) Electrochemical Deionization for Water Desalination and Direct Lithium Extraction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 25 (December 22, 2023): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02251349mtgabs.
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Electrochemical deionization based on carbonaceous and intercalation electrodes has been proposed as a promising candidate for desalinating saline water and for selectively separating toxic or valuable ionic constituents from water. In this talk, I will first introduce our work on the performance evaluation and techno-economic assessment for electrochemical desalination of brackish water. Parametric models were established to estimate the unit cost of water desalination and energy efficiency in electrochemical desalination with different configurations, and results were compared against brackish water reverse osmosis. In the second part of the talk, I will present our work on the development of selective electrochemical separation systems, focusing on the recovery of lithium from water streams. We investigated the selectivity of lithium separation in electrolyte solutions with different cation concentration ratios as well as in simulated brines. Results show that lithium chloride with a purity of >95% can be extracted from high-salinity brines in the presence of competing monovalent and divalent cations.
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Alsakkaf, Zeyad Ahmed, Gamal A. A. Al-Dahbali, and Adel A. M. Saeed. "STUDY OF A NEW PASSIVE SOLAR DESALINATION DESIGN WITH A HEAT RECYCLING SYSTEM." Electronic Journal of University of Aden for Basic and Applied Sciences 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47372/ejua-ba.2022.3.188.
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This study presents a new and innovative suggestion to design a solar water desalination system by the direct passive method, with the aim of raising productivity by recycling the energy lost during the desalination process and raising the efficiency of condensation. In this study, the innovative design was evaluated to demonstrate its ability to increase the productivity of direct passive solar desalination while maintaining simplicity of installation and ease of operation. A prototype of the design was built to make a detailed study on the efficiency of the design and its ability to raise productivity under several different operational and climatic conditions in the city of Aden - Yemen, where several experiments were made to desalinate seawater taken from the city's coasts and the water of semi-salty wells in the city of Aden to compare the readings different. The results prove that the innovative design can raise productivity up to 80% higher than normal. The effect of pond water depth and salinity on productivity was studied. The results show that the higher the water depth in the evaporation basin, the higher the production capacity, and the higher the water salinity, the lower the production capacity of inactive direct solar desalination systems. This study also provides an assessment of the quality of the water produced by the innovative design by carrying out several chemical tests and making a comparison with the water quality before desalination to ensure that the design is capable of desalinating seawater or semi-salty well water to produce potable water. The results were confirmed for the quality of the produced water, which confirms the ability of the design to produce potable water in accordance with local and international standards, as the amount of total dissolved salts in sea water before desalination was 41340 mg/L and in well water 1300 mg/L, while after desalination by innovative design The total dissolved salts in treated sea water was 210 mg/L and in treated well water was 34 mg/L.
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Ferrah, Azzeddine, Marwa Samer, Farah Mohamed, Maitha Abdulla, Muna Obaid, Shamsa Humaid, and Hamda Ahmed. "A Versatile Solar and Electric Water Distiller." International Journal of System Modeling and Simulation 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijsms.2017.2.2.18.
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Abstract— The present paper discusses the feasibility and the features of a newly designed portable water desalinator/distiller. The goal is to design a small unit for desalinating or distilling brackish or soiled water. The proposed desalinator/distiller is a hybrid system that uses two sources of energy, namely: solar and electrical. It relies on solar energy when being used at locations where electricity is expensive or inaccessible. On the other hand, it uses electric energy when sunshine is unavailable for considerable periods of time, such as under rainy or cloudy skies, or during winter seasons when the sun radiation is weak or not enough to evaporate water. This innovative project is aimed to benefit communities in rural villages, long journey travelers in deserts and arid mountains, people living alongside polluted rivers and lakes, and people living in refugees’ camps. It can also benefit people with hard water supplies. The paper investigates and discusses the proposed hybrid desalinator/distiller (HDD). The work presented is based entirely on the work carried out by final year electrical engineering students, during their capstone design project. The project work, presented, is a manifestation of the students learning during previous semesters. It puts into practice the application of thermal and heat transfer principles, that the student learned in earlier courses.
Index Terms—Desalination,desalinator,distiller,solar still,solar energy.
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Wang, Lin Jun, Xue Min Zhang, Hong Hui Li, Lei Shao, Dong Zhang, and Liang Jiao. "Theory Research on Desalination of Brackish Water Using Gas Hydrate Method." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1202.
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In allusion to some methods on desalination of brackish water such as distillation, electrodialysis method and reverse osmosis, this paper introduced the mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of these methods. It is convinced that these methods have higher energy consumption. Temperature is much lower annually in alpine region of China, it provides a good condition for hydrate formation. It also provides the possibility for the desalinating process of brackish water using hydrate methods in alpine region. This paper proposed a new method of desalinating brackish water. Based on the model of van der Waals-Platteeuw, we calculated the phase equilibrium conditions of methane, ethane and propane hydrate in NaCl solution combined parameter equation which was used to calculate the Langmuir constant presented by DU Ya and GUO Tian-min and Pitzer equation used to water activity in the system of electrolyte solution. The result shows that it is possible to desalinate brackish water using environment cold quantity. It also shows that propane is more suitable for brackish water desalination among methane, ethane and propane. It is very significantly important to seek energy-saving and environment-friendly methods for the process of desalinating brackish water with energy shortage increasingly intensifying and with awareness of human being enthancing on energy conservation and emission reduction.
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Betts, Kellyn. "Technology Solutions: Desalination, desalination everywhere." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 13 (July 2004): 246A—247A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es040565l.
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Adibfar, Akbar. "The Best Desalination Technology for the Persian Gulf." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2011100105.
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One in six people worldwide do not have access to safe freshwater. The world has been divided into 3 areas: Scarce, Stressed and Sufficiently available potable water by World Health Organization (WHO). The countries around Persian Gulf in the Middle East are in Scarcity area. Desalination solution has been proved as the primary response to water scarcity. This region ranks among the world’s top ten desalinating countries, namely, in descending order: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Qatar. There are some key parameters in selecting different technologies for desalination, including temperature. The temperature can be quite low in some countries such as Australia, while it is rather high in Persian Gulf. Total dissolved Solid (TDS) which is representative of salinity is a critical factor, similar to temperature, in selecting the desalination technology. The value encountered in Persian Gulf is extremely high as compared to the normal range of sea water salinity. The three principal desalination technologies used all over the world are multi-stage flash (MSF), reverse osmosis (RO), and multi-effect distillation (MED). This study looks at the different aspects of development such as costs, capabilities and state-of-the-art technologies. A comparative analysis of these technologies is presented and the best technology from financial and technical point of view is introduced and discussed.
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Sadykova, S. B., M. Yerkalina, M. G. Zhumagulov, and N. R. Kartjanov. "Solar-powered water desalination." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 130, no. 1 (2020): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-68-36-2020-130-1-66-70.
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Rayimjonova, O. S., M. G. Tillaboyev, and S. Sh Xusanova. "UNDERGROUND WATER DESALINATION DEVICE." International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 02, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-12-09.
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The article proposes devices for the desalination of water from an underground source, in particular, they mainly concern the provision of environmentally safe water supply to the population with high-quality drinking and technical water.
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Savla, Nishit, Soumya Pandit, Namita Khanna, Abhilasha Singh Mathuriya, and Sokhee P. Jung. "Microbially Powered Electrochemical Systems Coupled with Membrane-based Technology for Sustainable Desalination and Efficient Wastewater Treatment." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 360–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.7.360.
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Objective:Seawater has a potential for managing the intensive potable drinking water demand. The recentconventional desalinating technologies are environmentally unsustainable and energy intensive. Thus, in the quest to find an alternative to the traditional desalination technologies, microbial desalination cells (MDC) have come into limelight. MDCs are considered the promising technologies for treating wastewater while simultaneously producing electricity, which can be utilized for desalinating seawater along with production of some value added products. However, some technical limitations associated with the practical usage of MDCs are pH maintenance at the cathodic side, internal resistance along with membrane fouling and its durability.Methods:These challenges can be dealt by utilizing various integrated configurations.Results and Discussion:Based on the study, the conventional technologies require less operational and maintenance cost but also less environmentally sustainable in comparison to these integrated MDC configurations.Conclusion:This review summarizes the basic working principles of MDCs, its types and factors affecting its performance and also several other applications associated with MDCs. This review also highlights various integrated MDC configurations which can be utilized for reducing the limitations associated to the conventional MDC system.
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Abu Khalla, Shada, Salman Abdalla, Arunchander Asokan, and Matthew Suss. "Desalination Fuel Cells: Producing Clean Energy and Water." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 45 (July 7, 2022): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01451939mtgabs.
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Desalination has evolved into a viable alternative to fresh water supply, increasing water availability and decreasing scarcity1. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most-widely used technology today for desalination, and requires significant electrical energy investment, about 4 kWh/m3 of treated water, when desalinating sea water2. In contrast to such conventional desalination systems which utilize energy, we will here dicsuss desalination fuel cells (DFCs), an emerging electrochemical desalination technology proposed by our group3. DFC’s utilize hydrogen gas to simultaneously desalinate water and produce electricity from a single cell. Thus, water can be desalinated without any external electrical supply required. The desalination fuel cell is based on continuous energy conversion from chemical to electrical, and thus is not cyclic as with capacitive deionization4. As with an ED cell, our cell consists of one anion and one cation exchange membrane which sandwich a desalination channel fed with feedwater. Unlike an ED cell, on the opposite side of the anion exchange membrane is a hydrogen anode and anolyte, while an oxygen cathode and catholyte are placed opposite to the CEM. During operation, the reductant present in the anolyte (hydrogen) and oxidant present in the catholyte (oxygen) react spontaneously at the anode and cathode surfaces, respectively, providing an electric current between the anode and cathode which can be delivered to a load. The half-reactions also give rise to a spontaneous ionic current through the cell, which drives ion removal from the desalination channel (Figures a,b). The cell was characterized by running it in two modes, with either near-neutral pH in all channels (H2|O2) (Figure a) or with a pH-gradient mode (H2+B|O2+A) (Figure b), which allowed for deep insight into cell performance and detailed characterizations (Figures c-f)5. The results show that our prototype can desalinate water effectively while generating electricity, it was also found that operation in H2+B|O2+A mode enabled improved DFC performance, higher OCV, and produced electricity of up to 10 kWh/m3 (Figure g)5. A detailed voltage breakdown, elucidating key sources of loss in the cell was also demonstrated adding quasi-reference electrodes in all flow channels of the cell. It was shown that voltage loss across ion exchange membranes was generally insignificant, but the cathode is generally the component associated with the largest voltage loss, largely due to Nernstian losses exacerbated by likely chloride poisoning of the cathode catalyst (Figure i)6. Chloride poisoning was studied in-situ, by flowing different catholytes through the cell, and ex-situ using an RRDE. We further synthesized and optimized custom, non-precious metal-based Fe/N/C catalyst for desalination fuel cell cathodes, and showed nearly equal catalytic performance to that of the Pt/C commercial cathode (Figure h)7. References: Kummu, M. et al. The world’s road to water scarcity: Shortage and stress in the 20th century and pathways towards sustainability. Rep. 6, 1–16 (2016). Malaeb, L. & Ayoub, G. M. Reverse osmosis technology for water treatment: State of the art review. Desalination 267, 1–8 (2011). Atlas, I., Abu Khalla, S. & Suss, M. E. Thermodynamic Energy Efficiency of Electrochemical Systems Performing Simultaneous Water Desalination and Electricity Generation. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 134517 (2020). Porada, S., Zhao, R., Van Der Wal, A., Presser, V. & Biesheuvel, P. M. Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization. Mater. Sci. 58, 1388–1442 (2013). Abu Khalla, S., Atlas, I. & Suss, M. E. Desalination fuel cells with high thermodynamic energy efficiency. Environmental Science & Technology. Accepted. Abdalla, S., Abu Khalla, S. & Suss, M. E. Voltage loss breakdown in desalination fuel cells. Electrochemistry Communications 107136 (2021). Asokan, A., Abu-Khalla, S., Abdalla, S. & Suss., M. E. Chloride-tolerant, inexpensive Fe/N/C catalysts exceed platinum catalysts for desalination fuel cell cathodes. ACS Applied Energy Materials. Submitted. Figure 1
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Aljumaily, Mustafa Mohammed, Abeer W. Alshami, Bashar H. Ismael, Mohammed Majeed Hameed, Mohamed Khalid AlOmar, Intesar R. Hussain, Mohammed saleh hameed, Qusay F. Alsalhy, and Mohammed A. Alsaadi. "A Review On Membrane Desalination Process in Water Treatment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1120, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012035.
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Abstract Desalination is being used on a much larger scale as a result of the rising scarcity of freshwater. Desalination plant energy usage, however, continues to be a problem. Inherently appealing, the use of renewable energy sources has been the subject of numerous research. Membrane processes are indeed attracting a great deal of interest due to their economic viability and capacity to be scaled up. This article offers a cutting-edge review of membrane processes related to renewable energies for desalinating seawater and brackish water. Reverse osmosis, membrane distillation, and electrodialysis are examples of membrane processes. They are combined with renewable energies like hydrostatic pressure, waves, solar, wind, and wind. The key findings in this field include principles, plant design and implementation, mathematical models, and economic viability, are presented in this article.
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Park, Jongkwan, and Sungyun Lee. "Desalination Technology in South Korea: A Comprehensive Review of Technology Trends and Future Outlook." Membranes 12, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020204.
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Due to advances in desalination technology, desalination has been considered as a practical method to meet the increasing global fresh water demand. This paper explores the status of the desalination industry and research work in South Korea. Desalination plant designs, statistics, and the roadmap for desalination research were analyzed. To reduce energy consumption in desalination, seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) has been intensively investigated. Recently, alternative desalination technologies, including forward osmosis, pressure-retarded osmosis, membrane distillation, capacitive deionization, renewable-energy-powered desalination, and desalination batteries have also been actively studied. Related major consortium-based desalination research projects and their pilot plants suggest insights into lowering the energy consumption of desalination and mitigation of the environmental impact of SWRO brine as well. Finally, considerations concerning further development are suggested based on the current status of desalination technology in South Korea.
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Shahzad, Muhammad Wakil, Kim Choon Ng, Kyaw Thu, Bidyut Baran Saha, and Won Gee Chun. "Multi effect desalination and adsorption desalination (MEDAD): A hybrid desalination method." Applied Thermal Engineering 72, no. 2 (November 2014): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.03.064.
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Shakerian, Mahyar, Mohsen Karrabi, Mohammad Gheibi, Amir M. Fathollahi-Fard, and Mostafa Hajiaghaei-Keshteli. "Evaluating the Performance of a Solar Distillation Technology in the Desalination of Brackish Waters." Processes 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081626.
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Desalination is set to become a major source of drinking water in several Middle Eastern countries over the coming decades. Solar distillation is a simple power-independent method of water desalination, which can be carried out in active or passive modes. This study is among the first attempts to investigate the possibility of desalinating brackish groundwater resources under the threat of saltwater intrusion in the southern areas of Razavi Khorasan province in Iran. For this purpose, a pilot solar distillation unit was constructed to analyze the effects of the unit orientation, depth of the water pool, atmospheric conditions, input salinity, and flow continuity on the solar distillation performance. The results showed that the unit exhibited the highest efficiency when it had a 3 cm deep water pool. It was oriented facing southward while operating a continuous flow for at least 3 days under sunny weather conditions. It was found that among the studied parameters, the unit orientation and pool depth had the greatest impact on the water production performance for this type of water desalination system. Conversely, the water production efficiency was not very sensitive to the input salinity level. Overall, the solar distillation technology was able to reduce the salinity by 99.7% and the hardness by 94.7%.
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Abu El-Maaty, Ahmed E., Mohamed M. Awad, Gamal I. Sultan, and Ahmed M. Hamed. "Innovative Approaches to Solar Desalination: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Research." Energies 16, no. 9 (May 8, 2023): 3957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093957.
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Solar desalination systems are a promising solution to the water scarcity problem since the majority of the earth’s water resources are salty. With the increasing focus on desalination research, many innovative methods are being developed to extract salts from saline water. Energy consumption is a significant concern in desalination, and renewable energy, particularly solar energy, is considered a viable alternative to fossil fuel energy. In this review, we will focus on direct and indirect solar desalination methods, specifically traditional direct solar desalination methods such as solar still and humidification dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems. We will also briefly discuss a recent advancement in the desalination method known as the fogging process, which is a development of the HDH desalination system.
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Rustum, Rabee, Anu Mary John Kurichiyanil, Shaun Forrest, Corrado Sommariva, Adebayo J. Adeloye, Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani, and Miklas Scholz. "Sustainability Ranking of Desalination Plants Using Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Inference Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020631.
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As water desalination continues to expand globally, desalination plants are continually under pressure to meet the requirements of sustainable development. However, the majority of desalination sustainability research has focused on new desalination projects, with limited research on sustainability performance of existing desalination plants. This is particularly important while considering countries with limited resources for freshwater such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as it is heavily reliant on existing desalination infrastructure. In this regard, the current research deals with the sustainability analysis of desalination processes using a generic sustainability ranking framework based on Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Inference Systems. The fuzzy-based models were validated using data from two typical desalination plants in the UAE. The promising results obtained from the fuzzy ranking framework suggest this more in-depth sustainability analysis should be beneficial due to its flexibility and adaptability in meeting the requirements of desalination sustainability.
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Zeitoun, Obida. "Operating Energy Needed for Desalination Systems in Cogeneration Plants." Water 16, no. 11 (June 6, 2024): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16111629.
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This study investigated the energy requirement for running desalination units coupled to cogeneration plants. Various cogeneration systems were explored using power- and heat-allocated approaches. The specific work and heat necessary for operating different desalination systems were determined. The investigation revealed that the specific work and heat remain consistent regardless of the desalination daily capacity. It was observed that the energy demand for operating a desalination system mainly relies on power plant efficiency. The investigation revealed that the energy demand for a plain multi-effect desalination system was lower than that for multi-effect desalination with thermal vapor compression. Additionally, the energy requirement for a multi-effect desalination system with preheaters was lower than that for plain multi-effect desalination. Comparisons also indicated that the energy demand of multi-stage flash exceeds that of different multi-effect desalination systems. Based on the primary thermal energy input, a universal performance ratio was used to evaluate the desalination unit performance. Furthermore, a new correlation was proposed to predict the universal performance ratio.
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Zahid, Masirah, Nishit Savla, Soumya Pandit, Vijay Kumar Thakur, Sokhee P. Jung, Piyush Kumar Gupta, Ram Prasad, and Enrico Marsili. "Microbial desalination cell: Desalination through conserving energy." Desalination 521 (January 2022): 115381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115381.
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Bennett, Anthony. "Sustainable desalination: Renewable energy in desalination systems." Filtration + Separation 48, no. 5 (September 2011): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(11)70208-7.
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Bennett, Anthony. "Desalination trends: What's the future for desalination?" Filtration + Separation 49, no. 3 (May 2012): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(12)70140-4.
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Bürkert. "Desalination: Automated system monitors desalination of seawater." Filtration + Separation 49, no. 6 (November 2012): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(12)70290-2.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Produced-Water Desalination Approach Uses Renewable Thermal Energy." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1223-0088-jpt.
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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 211175, “An Innovative Method of Water Management by Desalinating Produced Water Using Thermal Renewable Energy,” by Sharifa M. Al-Ruheili, Felix Tiefenbacher, and Khansaa H. Almahrami, ARA Petroleum Exploration and Production, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ The operator is adopting a method to manage high-salinity produced water in an environmentally sustainable way by extracting potable water from produced water and reducing discharge water volume by at least 50%. For desalination of the produced water, a combination of forward and direct osmosis technology is used. This process is driven mostly by thermal energy, which is provided to thermal collectors that are 100% solar. This technology uses renewable energy and will have no carbon footprint. Technology Description The technology involves concentrated solar thermal (CST) power plants that provide 100% renewable water desalination. Forward osmosis (FO) and direct osmosis (DO) can desalinate highly saline and polluted water, such as produced water, mainly with solar thermal energy. A pneumatic solar thermal plant consisting of two HELIOtube collectors, each 121 m long, provides the thermal energy for the desalination process. The plant includes a mirror technology based on CST, a cost-effective heat-transfer system using pressurized water as heat transfer fluid (HTF), and a low-maintenance thermal energy storage (TES) system allowing nighttime operations of 35 m3 volume with an operating temperature of 180°C using a pressurized water tank at 10-bar operating pressure. The desalination system will contain a pretreatment unit for the produced water and a desalination (FO) and brine-concentration (DO) unit. The unit will be integrated with thermal power to operate the desalination plant. In addition, a fully automated control system with a live backup will be installed. The system is classified as having low maintenance and cleaning costs because of its encapsulation features, rotatability of 300°, and convex shape. Fig. 1 of the complete paper shows the planned plant layout. The desalination plant will feature two outputs: fresh water of potable quality and brine. The fresh water will be used to serve the company’s freshwater demand, with excess water used for agricultural purposes or mixed with water in an injector well to improve injectivity. The other output, the highly concentrated brine (20% salt), will be collected in the existing evaporation pond where two main research and development studies are ongoing, one related to mineral extractions and the second related to salt monetization (using salt as a drilling additive).
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Chesnokova, I., S. Verbitsky, and E. Stambrovskaya. "Analysis of the possibility for operating a floating nuclear power plant in conjunction with a desalination plantAnalysis of the possibility for operating a floating nuclear power plant in conjunction with a desalination plant." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 2, no. 396 (May 21, 2021): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-2-396-149-158.
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Object and purpose of research. The article discusses in comparison the methods of desalination of seawater and their energy features from the point of view of the feasibility of including a desalination plant in the complex with a floating nuclear power unit. Materials and methods. Based on the analysis of various literary sources, a review of the main methods of nuclear desalination is made. The IAEA DEEP program was used to compare different desalination technologies. Main results. Based on the results of simulating nuclear desalination in the IAEA DEEP program, using the example of the Persian Gulf, preliminary recommendations were drawn up on the use of desalination methods in the joint operation of a desalination plant with a floating nuclear power unit. Conclusion. The integrated complex allows for desalination by both membrane and thermal methods. For the optimal choice of technology, it is necessary to specify the area of deployment and the relative position of the floating nuclear power unit and the desalination plant, and further search for a compromise based on more accurate calculations.
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Abdel-Ghafar, H. M., E. A. Abdel-Aal, D. El-Sayed, and J. Hoinkis. "Optimization of electrodialysis unit for partial desalination: Batch and continuous operation." Applied Chemical Engineering 4, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/ace.v4i1.479.
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In recently few years, application of membrane technologies in sea water desalination is increased compared to other desalination technologies. Electrodialysis membrane technology is still limited in seawater desalination due to the high operation cost and its limitations for high salty water. Electrodialysis desalination cost is proportional to the amount of salt, which must be carried out through the membrane. Seawater desalination with high salt content of NaCl (42 g/L) was applied using IonTech electrodialysis unit. Partial desalination process was studied in two separate experiments, batch and continuous operation. Operation parameters like voltage applied, electrolyte concentration and time of desalination were studied under batch mode process. Continuous operation process was carried out to confirm the partial desalination process of electrodialysis. The limited current density is determined, 1.49 A/m2 and 1.15 A/m2 for theoretical and experimental, respectively. The specific energy consumption was calculated, 7.15 kWh/m3.
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Kurihara, Masaru. "Current Status and Future Trend of Dominant Commercial Reverse Osmosis Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110906.
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Since 2000, seawater reverse osmosis method has been a dominant desalination technology against the distillation method in the global market. The large project called “Mega-SWRO” (half mega-ton per day and larger) plant in the Middle East is quite popular making full use of the combination with solar energy. Today, the price of desalinated water is affordable at as low as $0.28/m3 to $0.53/m3. Likewise, dominant commercial reverse osmosis membrane is a cross-linked fully aromatic polyamide composite membrane-spiral wound element including FT-30 (DuPont Water Solution) and UTC-80 (Toray Industries., Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan). The said membranes are much superior in terms of performance compared to the cellulose triacetate membranes-hollow fiber for variety of applications including seawater desalinations, brackish water desalination, wastewater reuse, ultra-pure production for semiconductor, home-use water purifier, etc. SWCC of Saudi Arabia has announced that it intends to shift from cellulose triacetate hollow fiber to spiral wound RO membranes at all of its plants. Furthermore, the state-sponsored R&D on membrane and membrane process has been put into practice in major countries, including Japan and Korea, which contributed to the progress of membrane science and membrane process, suitable for spiral-wound polyamide membranes. SWCC has announced their plans for SWRO, mainly focusing on brine mining to obtain precious materials from the brine of SWRO. New and innovative brine-mining technology has been introduced for green desalination.
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Naseer, Muhammad Nihal, Asad A. Zaidi, Hamdullah Khan, Sagar Kumar, Muhammad Taha Bin Owais, Yasmin Abdul Wahab, Kingshuk Dutta, et al. "Desalination technology for energy-efficient and low-cost water production: A bibliometric analysis." Green Processing and Synthesis 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0027.
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Abstract Over the last few decades, steady growth in desalination literature has been observed. However, conducting a quantitative analysis of this literature is still a novelty. This study aimed at carrying out a quantitative analysis of desalination literature published during the last 30 years, using bibliometric and content analysis techniques, based on the Web of Science database. The bibliometric analysis revealed that desalination has received much attention after the year 2000, as 95.4% of literature has been published in two decades after 2000. The text mining analysis showed that the hot themes of desalination research are reverse osmosis optimization, graphene implications, interfacial polymerization, capacitive deionization, carbon nanotube implications, and antifouling techniques. Furthermore, it was observed that many desalination technologies have emerged recently that make it a challenge to choose the right desalination technology for industrialization. Therefore, this study also contributed to identifying the factors that are important for the industrialization of desalination technologies and, based on these identified factors, this study has compared different desalination technologies to unearth the energy-efficient and low production cost technology. Analytical hierarchy process was used for comparing existing desalination technologies based on eight different parameters and it demonstrated that reverse osmosis is the best available technology for desalination.
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Liu, Xiao Hua, Xin Chun Zhang, Ya Qin Fang, and Ming Ming Zhu. "The Natural Vacuum Desalination Technology in Seawater Desalination." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.851.
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Seawater desalination technology is an important way to solve the freshwater shortage problem. Natural vacuum desalination (NVD) technology generates very low pressure environment in the headspace of 10 meters high water column. The weight of the water column is balanced by atmospheric pressure, and low-temperature desalination proceeds in the headspace. NVD technology drives the desalination process without any mechanical pumping, and requires relatively inferior quality of device material and simple structures. In this paper, the basic theory of NVD technology is introduced and physical model is described. Research progresses of different types of NVD technologies are summarized, and the method of increasing freshwater production is pointed out. This paper also illustrates the outlook on future development of NVD technology.
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Kaya, Abdullah, M. Tok, and Muammer Koc. "A Levelized Cost Analysis for Solar-Energy-Powered Sea Water Desalination in The Emirate of Abu Dhabi." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061691.
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The Emirate of Abu Dhabi heavily relies on seawater desalination for its freshwater needs due to limited available resources. This trend is expected to increase further because of the growing population and economic activity, the rapid decline in limited freshwater reserves, and the aggravating effects of climate change. Seawater desalination in Abu Dhabi is currently done through thermal desalination technologies, such as multi-stage flash (MSF) and multi-effect distillation (MED), coupled with thermal power plants, which is known as co-generation. These thermal desalination methods are together responsible for more than 90% of the desalination capacity in the Emirate. Our analysis indicates that these thermal desalination methods are inefficient regarding energy consumption and harmful to the environment due to CO2 emissions and other dangerous byproducts. The rapid decline in the cost of solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems for energy production and reverse osmosis (RO) technology for desalination makes a combination of these two an ideal option for a sustainable desalination future in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. A levelized cost of water (LCW) study of a solar PV + RO system indicates that Abu Dhabi is well-positioned to utilize this technological combination for cheap and clean desalination in the coming years. Countries in the Sunbelt region with a limited freshwater capacity similar to Abu Dhabi may also consider the proposed system in this study for sustainable desalination.
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Dewita, Erlan, and Siti Alimah. "PENGOLAHAN KONSENTRAT DESALINASI NUKLIR DENGAN KONSEP ZERO DISCHARGE DESALINATION UNTUK PULAU BANGKA." Jurnal Pengembangan Energi Nuklir 17, no. 1 (May 15, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jpen.2015.17.1.2615.
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ABSTRAK PENGOLAHAN KONSENTRAT DESALINASI NUKLIR DENGAN KONSEP ZERO DISCHARGE DESALINATION UNTUK PULAU BANGKA. Desalinasi nuklir merupakan proses untuk memisahkan garam terlarut dalam air laut dengan memanfaatkan panas nuklir. Konsentrat desalinasi merupakan salah satu masalah dalam desalinasi. Aliran konsentrat desalinasi yang dibuang langsung ke air laut dapat mempengaruhi kualitas air pantai dan memberikan dampak negatif pada biota yang berada di sekitar lokasi keluaran. Konsep ZDD (Zero Discharge Desalination) dapat diaplikasikan untuk meminimalkan dampak lingkungan. ZDD adalah konsep pengolahan limbah desalinasi menjadi garam dan produk kimia yang mempunyai nilai komersial. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh data awal pra-rancangan instalasi pengolahan konsentrat desalinasi di pulau Bangka. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah kajian literatur dan perhitungan dengan program excel. Hasil studi memperlihatkan bahwa produk utama adalah NaCl (garam farmasi) dan produk samping berupa cake BaSO4, Mg(OH)2, BaCO3. Kata Kunci: desalinasi, nuklir, konsentrat, ZDD, BaSO4, Mg(OH)2, BaCO3 , NaCl ABSTRACT DESIGN OF NUCLEAR DESALINATION CONCENTRATE PLANT BY USING ZERO DISCHARGE DESALINATION CONCEPT FOR BANGKA ISLAND. Nuclear desalination is a process to separate salt of seawater by using nuclear energy. Desalination concentrate is a problem in nuclear desalination. Desalination concentrate is sometimes discharged directly into the seawater, therefore it can affects the water quality of beach and rise negative effects on the biota in the vicinity of the output. ZDD (Zero Discharge Desalination) concept can be applied to minimized environment impact. This study is conducted by using PWR type NPP as nuclear heat source and using ZDD concept to process desalination waste. ZDD is a concept for processing of desalination concentrate into salt and chemical products which have economic values. Objectives of this study is to design nuclear desalination concentrate processing plant in Bangka Island. The methodology is literature assessment and calculation with excel programme. The results of this study shows that the main the products are NaCl (pharmaceutical salt) and cakes BaSO4, Mg(OH)2,BaCO3 as by products. Keywords: desalination, nuclear, concentrate, ZDD, BaSO4, Mg(OH)2, BaCO3, NaCl
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Ghazaie, Seyed Hadi, Khashayar Sadeghi, Ekaterina Sokolova, Evgeniy Fedorovich, and Amirsaeed Shirani. "Nuclear desalination in Iran, current status and perspectives." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914004001.
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Nuclear power can be categorized as a clean energy source for producing electricity and supplying the required energy to a desalination plant, promising less atmospheric emission in comparison to fossil fuels. Considering the fact that fresh water-related issues are acute in many countries of the world, the utilization of desalination technologies seems to be the key solution to these problems. Desalination processes are known to be “energy-intensive”, emphasizing the potential advantages of its integration to a nuclear power plant in mediumto large-scale seawater desalination projects. The demand for electricity and fresh water in Iran compels the country to search for a feasible option. We suggest nuclear desalination as a suitable alternative, in which the recovered heat can be used in thermal desalination systems. In this article, the status of currently operating desalination plants and future developments are described. Several possible schemes for coupling nuclear power plant and fossil fuel-based plants with desalination technologies are suggested and some thermo-economic analysis (based on the specific characteristics of the country) are presented. Results of calculations reveal some advantages of nuclear desalination complex and its competitiveness with other options. It should be noted that the research has been conducted by cooperation of two SPbPU PhD students with Iranian citizenship.
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Kuzmenkov, Dmitrii M., Pavel G. Struchalin, Andrey V. Olkhovskii, Vladimir S. Yunin, Kirill V. Kutsenko, and Boris V. Balakin. "Solar-Driven Desalination Using Nanoparticles." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 5743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185743.
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Due to the high light absorption and the possibility of localizing boiling to the interior of the receiver, nanoparticles are promising for solar-driven desalination. The paper presents an experimental study of the nanoparticle-based photothermal boiling of water with sea salt. The experiments were carried out using a laboratory-scale system with a transparent photothermal receiver of light and a closed condensate cycle. In this study, we tested three types of nanoparticles: multiwall carbon nanotubes with two main sizes of 49 nm and 72 nm, 110 nm iron oxide particles Fe3O4, and a commercial paste based on carbon nanotubes. The concentration of nanoparticles was varied up to 10% wt. We found that the nanoparticles enhance the steam generation by 23%, relative to a conventional desalinator with a black-body receiver. The best result was obtained for the 5% wt. concentration of carbon nanotubes.
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Zhu, Zhongfan, Dingzhi Peng, and Hongrui Wang. "Seawater desalination in China: an overview." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2018.034.
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Abstract China, especially its coastal provinces, is facing water shortage issues, restricting its further development. To tackle the serious imbalance between water resource supply and demand, China has strived to develop alternative water resources to combat the water crisis, among which seawater desalination plays a major role. This paper reviews the current situation of utilization of desalinated seawater in China and includes: (1) a history of seawater desalination classified into three phases; (2) analysis of utilization sectors, geographic distribution and employed technologies of the desalination plants; (3) summaries of the policies, regulations and technological standards governing seawater desalination; (4) proposals for existing problems and some suggested measures regarding the current condition of seawater desalination; and (5) the seawater desalination programs in Tianjin and Zhoushan are presented as two representative examples. China's seawater desalination experience can provide some guidance for other countries facing similar water resource situations.
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