Journal articles: 'Depuration'

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El-Gamal, M. M. "The effect of depuration on heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and microbial contamination levels in Paphia undulata (Bivalvia: Veneridae)." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 8 (August 18, 2011): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2395-cjas.

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The depuration of 8 heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co and Cd), total petroleum hydrocarbons and pathogenic bacteria of Paphia undulata was tested and the survival of depurated clams was evaluated. Investigated samples were collected from Ismailia, Egypt. The initial metal concentrations were significantly higher in the whole soft tissues than in water and sediment except for Mn. After 24 h depuration, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr and Cd were significantly reduced to 44, 23, 25, 17, 61, 41, and 75%, respectively. After three days of depuration the reduction was significant only for Cu, Cr, Co and Cd (27, 15, 23 and 52%, respectively). The total petroleum hydrocarbons were reduced significantly to 72% after three days of depuration, while after 24 h they were reduced to 90% compared to their initial concentrations. Four pathogenic bacteria were identified in the soft tissues of P. undulata (Vibrio sp., Shigella sp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.). After one-day depuration the results evidenced the mean microbial reduction to 75, 31, 68, and 36%, respectively, compared to their initial counts. After three days of depuration the counts of Vibrio sp. and Salmonella sp. were reduced to 3% and 8%, respectively, while Escherichia coli was not detected on the third day. Shigella sp. was increased by 22% compared to the first day of depuration. The viability and mortality were not influenced by the depurative treatment.

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RICHARDS, GARY P. "Microbial Purification of Shellfish: A Review of Depuration and Relaying." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 218–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.3.218.

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A review of the literature on shellfish depuration and relaying revealed wide diversity in microbial uptake and elimination among shellfish species and for different microorganisms. Information on relaying of five commercial shellfish species and on controlled purification (depuration) of 11 species indicates that such processes are effective in reducing the levels of bioconcentrated bacteria and viruses from shellfish. The degree of bacterial and viral bioconcentration varies with shellfish species; however, the primary sites of bioconcentration are the hepatopancreas and digestive diverticula. Low levels of enteric viruses and coliphage may be sequestered in shellfish hemolymph and tissues, thus protecting them from elimination through depurative processes. Vibrio spp. appear to proliferate when closely associated with intestinal cells of shellfish. Shellfish relaying techniques offer effective microbial depletion provided water quality is acceptable and shellfish remain physiologically active. The current body of literature on controlled purification demonstrates a broad spectrum of conditions under which shellfish are depurated. Optimal times, temperatures and salinities for effective depuration vary among shellfish species. Proper design and operation of depuration plants is crucial to insure process integrity. Recirculating and flow-through purification systems are effective in reducing the levels of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms from shellfish, but the extent to which they reduce viruses from shellfish is uncertain. Studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of depuration processes in eliminating pathogenic viruses and to address the adequacy of indicator bacteria as measures of enteric virus contamination.

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Saputri, Dian Fatriani Indah, Anwar Daud, Rachman Syah, Agus Bintara Birawida, Hasnawati Amqam, and Syamsiar S. Russeng. "Microplastic Depuration on Asaphis Detlorata." International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review 1, no. 2 (November 16, 2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47667/ijpasr.v1i2.44.

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Depuration is an effort to reduce/eliminate contamination including microplastics, which one is using a water circulation system. This study aims to determine the effective depuration time to reduce the microplastic content in Asaphis detlorata This study used a quantitative approach with experimental research design with a completely randomized design. There are 450 shells used as an experimental animal where is the treatment consisted of four depuration times, namely 1;2;3; and 4 days with 3 repetitions of each treatment, while the control shells were without depuration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to see the effect of depuration treatment on the microplastic content. If the effect of the treatment was significantly different, then the post hoc test was continued to determine the differences between treatments. The results showed that Asaphis detlorata obtained from the mouth of the Lakatong river estuary were contaminated with microplastics ranging from 0.6 to 8.1 MPs/shellfish and an average of 3.96 MPs/shellfish. Depuration time significantly affected the microplastic content in shellfish depuration effectiveness. There is a tendency that the longer depuration time is decreased microplastic content in shellfish. The effective depuration time to reduce the microplastic content in Asaphis detlorata was 3 and 4 days. Further research is needed for a more effective depuration for cleaning microplastics in shellfish.

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Battistini, Roberta, Chiara Masotti, Valeria Listorti, Elisabetta Suffredini, Cristiana Maurella, Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano, Erica Costa, et al. "Norovirus Persistence in Oysters to Prolonged Commercial Purification." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080944.

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Depuration is generally the main treatment employed for bivalve mollusks harvested from contaminated sites. Commercial depuration has demonstrated to be effective for removal of bacterial pathogens, although it probably provides only limited efficacy against human enteric viruses. We evaluated the quantitative reduction of norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II in naturally contaminated oysters after 1, 4, and 9 days of depuration. The process was conducted in an authorized depuration plant, and NoV concentration was determined by RT-qPCR according to ISO 15216-1:2017 method. Regardless of the NoV genogroup, our results showed no significant reduction in NoV concentration after 1 day of depuration. Higher mean reduction (68%) was obtained after 4 days of treatment, while no further increase was observed after 9 days. Overall, reduction was highly variable, and none of the trials showed statistically significant reduction in NoV RNA concentration at the end of each depuration period. Indeed, NoV concentration remained high in 70% of samples even after 9 days of depuration, with values ranging between 4.0 × 102 and 2.3 × 104 g.c./g. These results indicate that an extension of commercial depuration time does not appear to be effective for reducing or eliminating NoV in oysters.

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TOKARSKYY, OLEKSANDR, DOUGLAS L. MARSHALL, JEFF DILLON, and LINDA S. ANDREWS. "Long-Term Depuration of Crassostrea virginica Oysters at Different Salinities and Temperatures Changes Vibrio vulnificus Counts and Microbiological Profile." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-225.

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ABSTRACT Previous short-duration depuration studies with the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) demonstrated difficulty in achieving significant naturally incurred Vibrio vulnificus population count reductions. The present study used long-duration depuration (14 days) at controlled temperatures (10 or 22°C) and salinities (12, 16, or 20 mg/g). All depuration temperature–salinity combinations significantly reduced V. vulnificus counts, with greatest reductions seen in 12 mg/g, 10°C seawater (2.7-log CFU/g reduction) and in 20 mg/g, 22°C seawater (2.8-log reduction). Mesophilic vibrios dominated the overall microflora of freshly harvested oysters, whereas refrigerated storage selected for psychrotrophic bacteria (Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Psychrobacter spp.) as well as did depuration at 10°C (Pseudoalteromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Vibrio spp.). Depuration at 22°C retained dominance of mesophilic vibrios, including pathogenic species, followed by Shewanella spp., Pseudoalteromonas spp., and Photobacterium spp. Although aerobic plate counts were lower in 22°C depurated oysters (5.0 log versus 6.0 log) compared with 10°C, depuration at 10°C offered greater V. vulnificus population reductions than depuration at 22°C. This advantage was only seen at 12 mg/g salinity, with no impact at 16 and 20 mg/g salinities. No depuration treatment reduced V. vulnificus counts to nondetectable levels. Use of prolonged depuration may be a helpful intervention to control V. vulnificus populations in oysters.

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SU, YI-CHENG, QIANRU YANG, and CLAUDIA HÄSE. "Refrigerated Seawater Depuration for Reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus Contamination in Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas)." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1111.

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The efficacy of refrigerated-seawater depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus levels in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was investigated. Raw Pacific oysters were inoculated with a mixed culture of five clinical strains of V. parahaemolyticus (105 to 106 most probable number [MPN] per g) and depurated with refrigerated seawater (5°C) in a laboratory-scale recirculation system equipped with a 15-W gamma UV sterilizer. Depuration with refrigerated seawater for 96 h reduced V. parahaemolyticus populations by >3.0 log MPN/g in oysters harvested in the winter. However, 144 h of depuration at 5°C was required to achieve a 3-log reduction in oysters harvested in the summer. Depuration with refrigerated seawater at 5°C for up to 144 h caused no significant fatality in the Pacific oyster and could be applied as a postharvest treatment to reduce V. parahaemolyticus contamination in Pacific oysters. Further studies are needed to validate the efficacy of the depuration process for reducing naturally accumulated V. parahaemolyticus in oysters.

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Novaczek, I., M. S. Madhyastha, R. F. Ablett, A. Donald, G. Johnson, M. S. Nijjar, and D. E. Sims. "Depuration of Domoic Acid from Live Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-035.

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Industrial depuration may provide a means of removing domoic acid toxin from blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Mussels containing up to 50 μg domoic acid∙g−1 were transported from a Prince Edward Island estuary into controlled laboratory conditions to test the effects of temperature, salinity, mussel size, and feeding upon depuration. Fifty percent of toxin was eliminated within 24 h. After 72 h, mussels were either clean or contained, on average, only residual levels of toxin (< 5 μg∙g−1), regardless of conditions. Exponential depuration curves were fitted to the domoic acid concentration data. To evaluate differences in rate of depuration under various conditions, statistical comparisons were made between slopes of the clearance curves. Rates of depuration were faster in small (45–55 mm) than in large mussels (60–70 mm) and more rapid at 11 than at 6 °C. There was no significant difference in depuration rate at 18‰ salinity as opposed to 28‰ or in starved versus fed mussels. Because of their relatively large digestive glands, meats of small mussels contained more toxin per unit weight than meats of large mussels. The bulk of domoic acid appeared to reside in the gut lumen. However, the presence of small amounts of domoic acid in intracellular compartments cannot be ruled out.

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DE MEDICI, DARIO, MASSIMO CICCOZZI, ALFONSINA FIORE, SIMONA DI PASQUALE, ANTONINO PARLATO, PIETRO RICCI-BITTI, and LUCIANA CROCI. "Closed-Circuit System for the Depuration of Mussels Experimentally Contaminated with Hepatitis A Virus." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.6.877.

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In Italy, the consumption of raw or slightly cooked mussels represents the most important risk factor for the transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV). Although there exist effective methods for the bacterial depuration of contaminated mussels, these methods are poorly effective on enteric viruses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a closed-circuit depuration system that uses both ozone and UV light for disinfecting water and that allows salinity and temperature, important parameters for the metabolism of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), to be maintained at constant levels. The results showed that this depuration method decreased the viral load (from 1.72 log 50% tissue culture infective dose [TCID50] ml−1 to <1 log TCID50 ml−1 within 24 h and from 3.82 log TCID50 ml−1 to <1 log TCID50 ml−1 within 48 h). However, in both cases, after 120 h of depuration, a residual amount of virus capable of replicating in cells was detected. These results show that depuration, even if performed with advanced systems, may not guarantee the absence of virus.

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Sunnotel, O., W. J. Snelling, N. McDonough, L. Browne, J. E. Moore, J. S. G. Dooley, and C. J. Lowery. "Effectiveness of Standard UV Depuration at Inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum Recovered from Spiked Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 16 (June 15, 2007): 5083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00375-07.

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ABSTRACT When filter-feeding shellfish are consumed raw, because of their ability to concentrate and store waterborne pathogens, they are being increasingly associated with human gastroenteritis and have become recognized as important pathogen vectors. In the shellfish industry, UV depuration procedures are mandatory to reduce pathogen levels prior to human consumption. However, these guidelines are based around more susceptible fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp. and do not consider Cryptosporidium spp., which have significant resistance to environmental stresses. Thus, there is an urgent need to evaluate the efficiency of standard UV depuration against the survival of Cryptosporidium recovered from shellfish. Our study found that in industrial-scale shellfish depuration treatment tanks, standard UV treatment resulted in a 13-fold inactivation of recovered, viable C. parvum oocysts from spiked (1 × 106 oocysts liter −1) Pacific oysters. Depuration at half power also significantly reduced (P < 0.05; ninefold) the number of viable oocysts recovered from oysters. While UV treatment resulted in significant reductions of recovered viable oocysts, low numbers of viable oocysts were still recovered from oysters after depuration, making their consumption when raw a public health risk. Our study highlights the need for increased periodic monitoring programs for shellfish harvesting sites, improved depuration procedures, and revised microbial quality control parameters, including Cryptosporidium assessment, to minimize the risk of cryptosporidiosis.

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Blogoslawski, Walter J., and Mary E. Stewart. "DEPURATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH." Journal of the World Mariculture Society 14, no. 1-4 (March 12, 2009): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1983.tb00106.x.

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Martinez-Albores, Antía, Aroa Lopez-Santamarina, José Antonio Rodriguez, Israel Samuel Ibarra, Alicia del Carmen Mondragón, Jose Manuel Miranda, Alexandre Lamas, and Alberto Cepeda. "Complementary Methods to Improve the Depuration of Bivalves: A Review." Foods 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020129.

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Bivalves are filter feeders that can accumulate and concentrate waterborne contaminants present in the water in which they live. Biotoxins, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and heavy metals present in the aquaculture environment constitute the main hazards for human health. The most common method employed for combating waterborne pollutants in bivalves is depuration with purified seawater. Although this method is effective at increasing the microbiological quality of bivalves, in most cases, it is ineffective at eliminating other risks, such as, for example, viruses or heavy metals. Biological (bacteriocins and bacteriophages), physical (UV light, ozone, and gamma-irradiation), chemical (metallothioneins and chitosan), and other industrial processing methods have been found to be useful for eliminating some contaminants from seawater. The aim of this work was to provide a review of academic articles concerning the use of treatments complementary to conventional depuration, aiming to improve depuration process efficiency by reducing depuration times and decreasing the levels of the most difficult-to-erase contaminants. We conclude that there are different lab-tested strategies that can reduce depuration times and increase the food safety of bivalve produce, with possible short- and long-term industrial applications that could improve the competitivity of the aquaculture industry.

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Sato, C., H. Kim, and J. T. Tanacredi. "Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) by the Kinetics of Depuration in Bivalve Molluscs, Mercenaria mercenaria." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (February 1, 1992): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0074.

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The objectives of this study were to examine depuration aspects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a hard-shell clam Mercenaria mercenaria, and to characterize PAHs by the depuration kinetics. In this investigation, clams were exposed to artificial sea water containing a mixture of eight PAHs (i.e., naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene) for 48 hours. The clams were then transferred into clean (PAH-free) artificial seawater for release, and sampled at predetermined intervals. The target PAHs were extracted from the clam tissue and quantified by a gas chromatograph equipped with a capillary glass column and FID. The results revealed single- and multi-component release mechanisms which were described by single- and multi-stage first-order kinetics, respectively. Benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene exhibited the single-stage depuration, while naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene showed the two-stage depuration.

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Álvarez, Gonzalo, José Rengel, Michael Araya, Francisco Álvarez, Roberto Pino, Eduardo Uribe, Patricio A. Díaz, Araceli E. Rossignoli, Américo López-Rivera, and Juan Blanco. "Rapid Domoic Acid Depuration in the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus and Its Transfer from the Digestive Gland to Other Organs." Toxins 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12110698.

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Domoic acid (DA), the main toxin responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, frequently affects the marine resources of Chile and other countries across the South Pacific, thus becoming a risk for human health. One of the affected resources is the scallop Argopecten purpuratus. Even though this species has a high commercial importance in Northern Chile and Peru, the characteristics of its DA depuration are not known. In this work, the DA depuration was studied by means of two experiments: one in controlled (laboratory) and another in natural conditions. All organs of A. purpuratus depurated the toxin very quickly in both experiments. In some organs, an increase or a very small decrease of toxin was detected in the early depuration steps. Several models were used to describe this kinetics. The one that included toxin transfer between organs and independent depuration from each organ was the model that best fit the data. It seems, therefore, that the DA in this species is quickly transferred from the digestive gland to all other organs, which release it into the environment. Physiological differences in the two experiments have been shown to have some effect on the depuration from each organ but the actual reasons are still unknown.

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Silvestre, João, Sílvia Pires, Vitória Pereira, Miguel Colaço, Ana Costa, Amadeu Soares, Domitília Matias, et al. "Meeting the Salinity Requirements of the Bivalve Mollusc Crassostrea gigas in the Depuration Process and Posterior Shelf-Life Period to Improve Food Safety and Product Quality." Water 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081126.

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Microbiological contamination of bivalve molluscs is one of the major concerns inherent to food safety, thus depuration is frequently needed to assure food safety levels associated with their consumption. Salinity plays an important role in the metabolic activity of bivalves and as such can influence their depuration capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity (25, 30, 35 and 40) on the efficiency of the depuration process, along with the quality and shelf-life of Crassostrea gigas. For this, a 24-h depuration was carried out, followed by a storage period at 5 ± 1 °C for six days. Microbiological analyses and biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress response were analysed. Escherichia coli load was reduced in only 24 h, disregarding the salinity of the system. After the shelf-life period, the activity of the antioxidant defences at salinities 35 and 40 is higher but is still not sufficient to avoid lipid peroxidation. Over time, there is a decrease in oyster metabolism probably due to being chilled and to the action of exposure to air. In sum, this study suggests salinities between 25 and 30 as preferential for the depuration process of C. gigas and subsequent quality during shelf-life.

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Davis, H. K. "Depuration of oil taint and muscle pigment from fish." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0392.

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Fish in the vicinity of large oil spills acquire characteristic flavour taints but little is known about their subsequent depuration. In this study, trout were exposed to 3 different tainting treatments with diesel fuel, then transferred to clean water, and samples assessed for taint at intervals for up to 15 weeks. The observed depuration periods were 2 to 17 times longer than others have reported but less than was needed for some of the farmed salmon affected by the Braer oil spill. Comparison of taint depuration times with changes in flesh pigmentation showed that flesh colour cannot be used to predict clearance of taint.

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POWER, ULTAN F., and JOHN K. COLLINS. "Elimination of Coliphages and Escherichia coli from Mussels During Depuration Under Varying Conditions of Temperature, Salinity, and Food Availability." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.3.208.

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Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of temperature, salinity, and food availability on the efficiencies of elimination of Escherichia coli and a 22-nm icosahedral coliphage from experimentally contaminated mussels. Test temperatures (5.5, 10, 16.5°C) and salinities (18.2, 28.6 ppt) reflected normal seasonal fluctuations during routine commercial depuration. The initial E. coli levels were reduced by >99% within 52 at all temperatures. In contrast, efficient coliphage elimination occurred at 16.5°C only. The initial E. coli levels were reduced by >99% at both salinities, while coliphage elimination was relatively inefficient under similar conditions. In unfiltered seawater, the addition or omission of food, in the form of Tetraselmis suecica, had no appreciable effect on either E. coli or coliphage elimination from mussels. In filter-clarified seawater, E. coli elimination was more efficient and coliphage elimination was considerably enhanced when food was added. In the absence of food, coliphage elimination was very inefficient. The results of these studies indicate that bacterial elimination from mussels during depuration is efficient through the range of parameters used. In contrast, coliphage elimination was generally inefficient throughout the study, suggesting that depuration, as currently practiced, cannot be relied upon to render mussels completely free of viral contamination. These studies emphasize that successful bacterial depuration does not reflect viral elimination and therefore, bacterial standards for efficient depuration of viruses are unreliable.

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Vieira, Hugo C., Andreia C. M. Rodrigues, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, Sizenando Abreu, and Fernando Morgado. "Mercury Accumulation and Elimination in Different Tissues of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Exposed to a Mercury-Supplemented Diet." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080882.

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In this study, we evaluated the bioaccumulation of mercury in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to mercury-contaminated food for 21 days and the depuration of mercury for a subsequent post-exposure period of 28 days. Four tissues (muscle, liver, gills, and skin) were analyzed for mercury content. Overall, data indicated that Hg accumulation in the liver is faster than in other tissues. Furthermore, the liver is the tissue with the highest accumulation rate per day (0.021 µg Hg g−1 day−1), followed by muscle, skin, and gills. Conversely, the Hg depuration rates in different tissues showed the following order: gills > skin > muscle > liver. The bioaccumulation factor values of liver and muscle increased linearly during the uptake period. The ratios between mercury concentration in liver and muscle during the experiment also increased during the uptake period and remained higher than 1 during the elimination period, suggesting that Danio rerio needed more than 4 weeks of depuration. Finally, the distribution of Hg in the water column during the accumulation period is Hg particulate > Hg dissolved, and during the depuration period it is the opposite, mercury particulate < mercury dissolved. In conclusion, this study contributes to a better understanding of the differences in Hg dynamics during the accumulation and depuration stages in a model fish, also emphasizing the alterations on Hg available in the water column.

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Ueki, You, Mika Shoji, Atsushi Suto, Toru Tanabe, Yoko Okimura, Yoshihiko Kikuchi, Noriyuki Saito, Daisuke Sano, and Tatsuo Omura. "Persistence of Caliciviruses in Artificially Contaminated Oysters during Depuration." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 17 (July 13, 2007): 5698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00290-07.

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ABSTRACT The fate of calicivirus in oysters in a 10-day depuration was assessed. The norovirus gene was persistently detected from artificially contaminated oysters during the depuration, whereas feline calicivirus in oysters was promptly eliminated. The prolonged observation of norovirus in oysters implies the existence of a selective retention mechanism for norovirus within oysters.

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SCHWAB, KELLOGG J., FREDERICK H. NEILL, MARY K. ESTES, THEODORE G. METCALF, and ROBERT L. ATMAR. "Distribution of Norwalk Virus within Shellfish Following Bioaccumulation and Subsequent Depuration by Detection Using RT-PCR." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.12.1674.

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Consumption of raw bivalve mollusks contaminated with pathogens from human feces continues to present a human health risk. The purpose of this study was to monitor the uptake, localization, and removal of Norwalk virus (NV) in shellfish (oyster and clam) tissues by analyzing virus distribution in selected dissected tissues. Live shellfish were allowed to bioaccumulate different input titers of NV for time periods from 4 to 24 h. In some experiments, depuration by shellfish that bioaccumulated NV and Escherichia coli bacteria was allowed to proceed for 24 or 48 hours. Dissected stomach (St), digestive diverticula (DD), adductor muscle (AM), and hemolymph cells (HC) tissues were assayed for NV by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. An intemal RNA standard control was added to the RT-PCR to identify the presence of inhibitors to RT-PCR. NV titers in DD tissues before and after depuration were estimated using quantitative RT-PCR end-point dilution. NV was found in the alimentary tract (DD or St) at all concentrations of input virus, but was present more frequently after exposure to higher levels of virus. NV was detected in AM and HC only following exposure to higher levels of virus. In experiments where depuration by oysters was continued for 48 h, depuration of bacteria was efficient (95% reduction of bacteria), but minimal (7%) reduction of NV titers from DD tissues was detected. These findings indicate that NV can localize both within and outside the alimentary tract of shellfish, and NV is poorly depurated using conditions favorable for E. coli depuration.

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Jurjanz, Stefan, Moldir Nurseitova, Zhanna Toregozhina, Gaukhar Konuspayeva, and Bernard Faye. "Kinetics of polychlorinated biphenyls in Bactrian camels." Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 30, no. 4 (May 15, 2018): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i4.1667.

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The study aimed to determine the accumulation and depuration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Bactrian camels. Four lactating, two-humped camels (Camelus bactrianus) received 0.8 mg PCBs (1.3 μg/kg body weight) daily for 56 days. Then, the depuration of the animals was monitored for the next 4 months. Milk, blood and hump fat of the camels were sampled every 2 weeks and analyzed. Body weight increased significantly, from approximately 550 to 613 kg, by the end of the study. The fat mass in the humps initially decreased (-2.3 kg, P<0.05) then increased at the end of the depuration period (+2.0 kg, P<0.05). At the end of the exposure period, the concentrations of the indicator PCBs were 1.6 mg/g hump fat, 0.85 mg/g milk fat and 0.56 mg/L blood serum, i.e., ten times over the background level. The concentrations in the hump fat decreased significantly during the depuration period, for congeners 28, 52, 101 and 118, but did not vary appreciably for the heavily chlorinated congeners 138, 153 and 180. The apparently stable concentrations of the heavier congeners may be an artifact of the reduced fat mass in the humps during the first part of the depuration period, combined with fat mobilization, which may mask the reduction of stored PCBs. PCB concentrations in the milk and blood were not significantly reduced during the depuration periods, as they represent the outflow of PCBs from the pool stored in the humps and have a weak affinity for lipophilic compounds, respectively. Therefore, it should be recommended to avoid the consumption of raw fat from camel hump in polluted areas because this organ would easily bioaccumulate organic pollutants during an exposure and store it over an extended period. PCB contaminants in milk would reflect the intensity of the outflow from the stored pool, and it would take a longer time in camels than in other ruminants to obtain safe food after the exposure of the animals to persistent organic pollutants.

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Stewart, James E. "Postconsumption domoic acid generation by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries as a factor in depuration models." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 9 (September 2008): 1797–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-136.

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A theoretical analysis of the clearance of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) from molluscan shellfish, notably the blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis ), indicated that the depuration simulation did not account for the maximum accumulation of DA nor for the failure to eliminate all of the DA from the mussels in the anticipated time. Subsequent examination of relatively young, neurotoxin-producing cells of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries concentrated 8.5- to 10-fold and reincubated in the dark, however, showed significant amounts of DA were produced within the first 24 h of incubation. The possible production of DA, after ingestion, could generate an additional contribution to the toxin burden in the mollusc, which, when included in the depuration simulation, would explain part or all of the observed disparity in the depuration experiment.

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Nugroho, Andhika Puspito, Niken Satuti Nur Handayani, and I. Gede Angga Pramudita. "EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM (Cr) ON FRESHWATER MUSSEL Anodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834): DISTRIBUTION, BIOACCUMULATION, AND GENOMIC DNA DAMAGE." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.139.

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Chromium (Cr) is one of metals which are toxic to organisms at elevated concentration. In freshwater ecosystems, Cr concentration can be increased due to discharge of chromium-containing wastewater coming from leather tanning and electroplating industries. Mussels are known to accumulate metals in their body. The objectives of this research were to study distribution and bioaccumulation of Cr in the freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana, and its effect on genomic DNA. In this research, mussels were exposed to Cr via water (25 ìg L-1) for 24 days, followed by 12 days of depuration. On days 0, 1, 6, 12, 24 (exposure), and day 30 and 36 (depuration), 3 mussels were sampled and dissected into gills, mantle, digestive gland, intestines, foot, kidney, and adductors. Hemolymph (HML) and extra pallial fluids (EPF) were withdrawn from the posterior adductor. Bioaccumulation of Cr in all organs, HML, and EPF was determined by using Atomic Absorbance Spectrophotometer (AAS). Analysis of genome DNA damage in the gills was qualitatively determined by using gel agarose electrophoresis. The results showed that chromium concentrations increased in all organs within 24 days of exposure, the highest levels being in the gills and mantle. Cr concentrations were decreased within 12 days of depuration. For HML and EPF, Cr concentrations were decreased during exposure, back to normal at the end of depuration. During exposure, Cr induced the damage of genome DNA in the gills, and back to normal at day 12 of depuration. Keywords: chromium (Cr); Anodonta woodiana; bioaccumulation; DNA damage.

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Mesquita, M. M. F. "Effects of Seawater Contamination Level and Exposure Period on the Bacterial and Viral Accumulation and Elimination Processes by Mytilus edulis." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1988): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0294.

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A study was designed in an attempt to explain the effects of seawater contamination level and shellfish exposure period on depuration efficiency of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis). Bacterial indicators (E. coli; group D faecal streptococci) and coliphage, cultured in vitro and present in settled sewage, were used as contaminants. Mussels were exposed to low levels (102-103 CFU and PFU/100 ml) of seawater contamination for 24 hours and to high levels (104-106 CFU and PFU/100 ml) for 30 minutes. Both types of contaminants, under the same conditions gave rise to similar depuration patterns. Low titers accumulated over an extended period appear to cause prolonged retention of a portion of the phage, independently of mussel activity as measured by bacterial elimination. Exposure to high titers for a short period, on the other hand determines more rapid phage elimination but only down to a certain level. A percentage of bacteriophages is always retained in shellfish tissues after 48h depuration. These findings indicate that procedures currently in use for depuration of commercial bivalve shellfish, based on E. coli removal within 48 hours, are ineffective in completely removing bacterial viruses and probably also viruses of public health importance from such shellfish.

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24

DENG, KAI, XULEI WU, CLAUDIO FUENTES, YI-CHENG SU, JORGE WELTI-CHANES, DANIEL PAREDES-SABJA, and J. ANTONIO TORRES. "Analysis of Vibrio vulnificus Infection Risk When Consuming Depurated Raw Oysters." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 1113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-421.

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A beta Poisson dose-response model for Vibrio vulnificus food poisoning cases leading to septicemia was used to evaluate the effect of depuration at 15°C on the estimated health risk associated with raw oyster consumption. Statistical variability sources included V. vulnificus level at harvest, time and temperature during harvest and transportation to processing plants, decimal reductions (SV) observed during experimental circulation depuration treatments, refrigerated storage time before consumption, oyster size, and number of oysters per consumption event. Although reaching nondetectable V. vulnificus levels (<30 most probable number per gram) throughout the year and a 3.52 SV were estimated not possible at the 95% confidence level, depuration for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days would reduce the warm season (June through September) risk from 2,669 cases to 558, 93, 38, and 47 cases per 100 million consumption events, respectively. At the 95% confidence level, 47 and 16 h of depuration would reduce the warm and transition season (April through May and October through November) risk, respectively, to 100 cases per 100 million consumption events, which is assumed to be an acceptable risk; 1 case per 100 million events would be the risk when consuming untreated raw oysters in the cold season (December through March).

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Bertram, Barbara OB, and Richard C. Playle. "Effects of feeding on waterborne silver uptake and depuration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-004.

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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, ~50 g) were exposed to 0.1 µM AgNO3 in ion-poor water (Ca ~300 µM, pH ~7, 13°C) with or without being fed 2% of their body weight daily. Gills, plasma, livers, and bile were sampled after 4 h, 24 h, and 1 week. Feeding did not alter Ag uptake by trout, and did not prevent decreases in plasma Na and Cl caused by Ag. To study Ag depuration, trout were exposed to 0.1 µM AgNO3 for one week and then were placed in Ag-free, ion-poor water with or without being fed 1% of their body weight daily. Plasma Ag decreased over the 15-day depuration period (elimination rate, ke = 0.085 day1), but there were no effects of feeding on Ag depuration. There were no physiological differences between fed and unfed fish except for slightly higher plasma glucose concentrations and higher condition factors in fed fish by the end of the Ag depuration period. Thus, once Ag has entered a fish, subsequent elimination (e.g., from the plasma) is not affected by food-related processes such as biliary excretion or increased metabolic rate, or by external factors like food debris in the water.

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26

Mason, R. P. "Accumulation and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons by black mussels. 2. Depuration of field-exposed mussels." South African Journal of Marine Science 6, no. 1 (June 1988): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776188784480456.

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27

RAMOS, ROBERTA JULIANO, MARÍLIA MIOTTO, FRANCISCO JOSÉ LAGREZE SQUELLA, ANDRÉIA CIROLINI, JAIME FERNANDO FERREIRA, and CLEIDE ROSANA WERNECK VIEIRA. "Depuration of Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) Contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus with UV Light and Chlorinated Seawater." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 1501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-467.

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The efficacy of depuration using UV light and chlorinated seawater for decontaminating Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus from oysters was investigated. Oysters were contaminated with a five-strain cocktail of V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus to levels of 104 to 105 CFU ml−1 for bioaccumulation. The depuration was conducted in a closed system in which 350 liters of seawater was recirculated at a rate of 7 liters/min for 48 h at room temperature. Counts of V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus were determined at 0, 6, 18, 24, and 48 h. Three treatments were conducted: T1, control treatment; T2, UV treatment; and T3, UV plus chlorine treatment. After 48 h of depuration of V. parahaemolyticus, T3 reduced the count by 3.1 log most probable number (MPN) g−1 and T2 reduced the count by 2.4 log MPN g−1, while T1 reduced the count by only 2.0 log MPN g−1. After 48 h of depuration of V. vulnificus, T2 and T3 were efficient, reducing the counts by 2.5 and 2.4 log MPN g−1, respectively, while T1 reduced the count by only 1.4 log MPN g−1. The UV light plus chlorine treatment was more efficient for controlling V. parahaemolyticus in oysters. Both UV light and UV light plus chlorine were efficient for V. vulnificus. The present study is the first report showing the efficacy of depuration systems for decontaminating V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in oysters cultivated on the Brazilian coast. This study provides information on processes that can contribute to controlling and preventing such microorganisms in oysters and could be used for effective postharvest treatment by restaurants and small producers of oysters on the coast of Brazil.

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Froelich, Brett, and James Oliver. "Increases in the Amounts of Vibrio spp. in Oysters upon Addition of Exogenous Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 17 (June 21, 2013): 5208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01110-13.

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ABSTRACTThe bacterial pathogenVibrio vulnificusis found naturally in brackish coastal waters but can be greatly concentrated by filter-feeding organisms such as shellfish. Numerous experiments in which exogenousV. vulnificuscells are added to oysters in an attempt to measure uptake and depuration have been performed. In nearly all cases, results have shown that laboratory-grown bacteria are rapidly taken up by the oysters but ultimately eliminated, while naturally presentVibriopopulations in oysters are resistant to depuration. In this study, oysters harvested during winter months, with low culturableVibrioconcentrations, were incubated in aquaria supplemented with strains ofV. vulnificusthat were either genotypically or phenotypically distinct from the background bacteria. These exogenous cells were eliminated from the oysters, as previously seen, but other vibrios already inhabiting the oysters responded to theV. vulnificusinoculum by rapidly increasing in number and maintaining a large stable population. The presence of such an oyster-adaptedVibriopopulation would be expected to prevent colonization by exogenousV. vulnificuscells, thus explaining the rapid depuration of these added bacteria.

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29

MARTINEZ-MANZANARES, EDUARDO, FERNANDO EGEA, DOLORES CASTRO, MIGUEL A. MORIÑIGO, PEDRO ROMERO, and JUAN J. BORREGO. "Accumulation and Depuration of Pathogenic and Indicator Microorganisms by the bivalve mollusc, Chamelea gallina L, Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.8.612.

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The comparative accumulation and depuration processes for several microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and MS-2 coliphage) by the striped venus, Chamelea gallina, under controlled laboratory conditions were studied. Microorganisms accumulated rapidly in bivalves during the first 6 h, with accumulation rates between 3.2 to 360.5 organisms/h depending on the type of microorganism. The relative patterns and rates of elimination of the microorganisms suggest that they are eliminated from shellfish in two different ways. One is of a mechanical nature that results in microbial elimination during the first 12 h. The other elimination mechanism depends upon the microbial species and their accumulated number. All microorganisms tested were eliminated completely by the molluscs after 3 d of depuration, except MS-2 bacteriophages. Results indicate that MS-2 coliphages may be a more reliable indicator of the microbial depuration efficiency by the shellfish under laboratory conditions than E. coli.

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Ložek, Filip, Iryna Kuklina, Kateřina Grabicová, Jan Kubec, Miloš Buřič, Tomáš Randák, Petr Císař, and Pavel Kozák. "Cardiac and Locomotor Responses to Acute Stress in Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus Exposed to Methamphetamine at an Environmentally Relevant Concentration." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 21, 2020): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062084.

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Methamphetamine (METH), a central nervous system stimulant used as a recreational drug, is frequently found in surface waters at potentially harmful concentrations. To determine effects of long-term exposure to environmentally relevant levels on nontarget organisms, we analysed cardiac and locomotor responses of signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus to acute stress during a 21-day exposure to METH at 1 μg L−1 followed by 14 days depuration. Heart rate and locomotion were recorded over a period of 30 min before and 30 min after exposure to haemolymph of an injured conspecific four times during METH exposure and four times during the depuration phase. Methamphetamine-exposed crayfish showed a weaker cardiac response to stress than was observed in controls during both exposure and depuration phases. Similarly, methamphetamine-exposed crayfish, during METH exposure, showed lower locomotor reaction poststressor application in contrast to controls. Results indicate biological alterations in crayfish exposed to METH at low concentration level, potentially resulting in a shift in interactions among organisms in natural environment.

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Muniain-Mujika, I., R. Girones, G. Tofiño-Quesada, M. Calvo, and F. Lucena. "Depuration dynamics of viruses in shellfish." International Journal of Food Microbiology 77, no. 1-2 (July 2002): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00052-1.

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32

Boudjema, Kamel, Sidali Kourdali, Nabila Bounakous, Abdellah Meknachi, and Abdelmalek Badis. "Catalase Activity in Brown Mussels (Perna perna) under Acute Cadmium, Lead, and Copper Exposure and Depuration Tests." Journal of Marine Biology 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/830657.

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Brown mussels (Perna perna) were exposed to cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) concentrations under acute exposure and exposure-depuration tests for the estimation of biochemical biomarker catalase (CAT). The acute tests showed accumulated Cd, Pb, and Cu inPerna pernacorrelated linearly with the exposure concentrations (R2=0.794,R2=0.891, andR2=0.985for Cd, Pb, and Cu, resp.). The results of CAT increased significantly in tissues of treatment mussels after 72 h exposure when compared to control. The values of total protein were disturbed in exposed groups when compared with control. These results suggest that metabolites and catalase activity were affected by heavy metal exposures. Analysis using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient showed that the CAT activity appeared to have a significant positive correlativity (Rs=0.921,Rs=0.949, andRs=0.949for Cd, Pb, and Cu, resp.) with the accumulated Cd, Pb, and Cu concentrations, respectively. The result of exposure-depuration tests showed that there is a general tendency for CAT to decrease in depuration phase, suggesting that the induction of catalase is metal and/or mixture of metals dependent.

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Lepoutre, Alexandra, Elisabeth J. Faassen, A. J. Zweers, Miquel Lürling, Alain Geffard, and Emilie Lance. "How the Neurotoxin β-N-Methylamino-l-Alanine Accumulates in Bivalves: Distribution of the Different Accumulation Fractions among Organs." Toxins 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020061.

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The environmental neurotoxin β-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) may represent a risk for human health. BMAA accumulates in freshwater and marine organisms consumed by humans. However, few data are available about the kinetics of BMAA accumulation and detoxification in exposed organisms, as well as the organ distribution and the fractions in which BMAA is present in tissues (free, soluble bound or precipitated bound cellular fractions). Here, we exposed the bivalve mussel Dreissena polymorpha to 7.5 µg of dissolved BMAA/mussel/3 days for 21 days, followed by 21 days of depuration in clear water. At 1, 3, 8, 14 and 21 days of exposure and depuration, the hemolymph and organs (digestive gland, the gills, the mantle, the gonad and muscles/foot) were sampled. Total BMAA as well as free BMAA, soluble bound and precipitated bound BMAA were quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. Free and soluble bound BMAA spread throughout all tissues from the first day of exposure to the last day of depuration, without a specific target organ. However, precipitated bound BMAA was detected only in muscles and foot from the last day of exposure to day 8 of depuration, at a lower concentration compared to free and soluble bound BMAA. In soft tissues (digestive gland, gonad, gills, mantle and muscles/foot), BMAA mostly accumulated as a free molecule and in the soluble bound fraction, with variations occurring between the two fractions among tissues and over time. The results suggest that the assessment of bivalve contamination by BMAA may require the quantification of total BMAA in whole individuals when possible.

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34

Rupnik, Agnieszka, William Doré, Leon Devilly, James Fahy, Amy Fitzpatrick, Wiebke Schmidt, Kevin Hunt, Francis Butler, and Sinéad Keaveney. "Evaluation of Norovirus Reduction in Environmentally Contaminated Pacific Oysters During Laboratory Controlled and Commercial Depuration." Food and Environmental Virology 13, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-021-09464-2.

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AbstractNorovirus contamination of oysters is the lead cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis and a significant food safety concern for the oyster industry. Here, norovirus reduction from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), contaminated in the marine environment, was studied in laboratory depuration trials and in two commercial settings. Norovirus concentrations were measured in oyster digestive tissue before, during and post-depuration using the ISO 15216-1 quantitative real-time RT-PCR method. Results of the laboratory-based studies demonstrate that statistically significant reductions of up to 74% of the initial norovirus GII concentration was achieved after 3 days at 17–21 °C and after 4 days at 11–15 °C, compared to 44% reduction at 7–9 °C. In many trials norovirus GII concentrations were reduced to levels below 100 genome copies per gram (gcg−1; limit of quantitation; LOQ). Virus reduction was also assessed in commercial depuration systems, routinely used by two Irish oyster producers. Up to 68% reduction was recorded for norovirus GI and up to 90% for norovirus GII reducing the geometric mean virus concentration close to or below the LOQ. In both commercial settings there was a significant difference between the levels of reduction of norovirus GI compared to GII (p < 0.05). Additionally, the ability to reduce the norovirus concentration in oysters to < LOQ differed when contaminated with concentrations below and above 1000 gcg−1. These results indicate that depuration, carried out at elevated (> 11 °C) water temperatures for at least 3 days, can reduce the concentration of norovirus in oysters and therefore consumer exposure providing a practical risk management tool for the shellfish industry.

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Künili, İbrahim Ender, and Fatma Çolakoğlu. "Characterization of Depuration Process of Mytilus galloprovincialis in Presence of Chloramine-T and Super-Oxidized Water." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, sp1 (December 10, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7isp1.73-76.2717.

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Seafood poisoning due to mussels contaminated with pathogens is an important health issue all over the world. Increasing attention and efforts are made to improve the last product quality of mussels and to save consumers from food poisoning. In this study, the depuration process of black mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) which have a high consumption rate and located in coastal waters of Turkey was tried to improve using Chloramine-T and superoxide disinfectants. For this purpose, mussels contaminated with Escherichia coli were subjected to depuration for 6 hours in the presence of 20 mg / L of two disinfectants. In the study, It was determined that E. coli numbers in the mussels of disinfectant groups with an initial bacterial load of 4.4 Log cfu / g, decreased to 3.70 and 3.86 Log cfu / g, respectively and the depuration was faster than the control group (4.05 Log cfu / g). As a result, it has been concluded that the use of food-suitable disinfectants in deposition waters can be used for faster and more effective purification. However, considering the possibility of chemicals leaving residues in mussels, detailed studies should be carried out.

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Roth, Myron, Gordon Rae, Alister S. McGill, and Kenneth W. Young. "Ivermectin depuration in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41, no. 12 (December 1993): 2434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00036a042.

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Benson, Andrew A. "Arsenic Depuration via the Tridacna Gill Membrane." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1990): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-7-808.

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Abstract Arsenate absorbed by zooxanthcllac in Tridacna species is converted to water-solubie arsen- ical products which accumulate in the kidney with concentrations up to 2%. Kinetic uptake experiments with radioarsenatc revealed rapid labeling in the algae and in the membrane lipids of the gills. Since the arsenic content of the gills is low. it is concluded that turnover is rapid and that the gills are the site of arsenic depuration in these clams. The amphipathic lipid nature of the gill arsenicals suggests membrane lipid mediation of the process.

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Polo, David, Xabier Feal, Miguel F. Varela, Alba Monteagudo, and Jesús L. Romalde. "Depuration kinetics of murine norovirus in shellfish." Food Research International 64 (October 2014): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.027.

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39

Polo, David, Cristina Álvarez, Jorge Díez, Susana Darriba, Ángeles Longa, and Jesús L. Romalde. "Viral elimination during commercial depuration of shellfish." Food Control 43 (September 2014): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.022.

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40

Topcuoğlu, S., N. Güngör, A. Köse, and A. Varinlioğlu. "Translocation and depuration of137Cs in tea plants." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 218, no. 2 (April 1997): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02039348.

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Schram, Edward, Tobias van Kooten, Jan W. van de Heul, Johan W. Schrama, Johan A. J. Verreth, and Albertinka J. Murk. "Geosmin depuration from European eel (Anguilla anguilla ) is not affected by the water renewal rate of depuration tanks." Aquaculture Research 48, no. 9 (May 5, 2017): 4646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.13287.

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42

Boher, S., and L. Schwartzbrod. "Study of Viral Purification of Oysters." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0321.

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Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were experimentally contaminated by immersion in seawater containing rotaviruses SAl 1 for one hour. The rotaviruses SAl 1 had previously been adsorbed over algae (Dunaliella primolecta). Oyster depuration was then studied. The depuration was performed by immersion in closed loop circuit and in semi open circuit. In the semi open circuit, the seawater is replaced every 24 hours. It was shown that the rotaviruses, whether free or fixed on algae, were inactivated very rapidly when the seawaterwascontinuously treated with U.V. (intensity ranging from 46.5 to 94 mW.s/cm2). The decontamination of the oysters in closed loop circuit starts at the first hours of immersion. For large viral contaminations, the decontamination was complete in 78 % of the cases after 72 hours. In the remaining 23 % of the cases, the contamination decrease varied from 82 % to 99.7 %. For lower viral contaminations, less than 30 viruses per gram of oyster tissue, the depuration was complete in 100 % of the cases after 72 hours. For large viral contaminations, the decontamination in semi open circuit was complete in only 82 % of the cases after 72 hours. For contaminations lower than 30 viruses per gram of oyster tissue, the dqjuration was complete in 100 % of the cases after 72 hours.

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Borgmann, U., and W. P. Norwood. "Kinetics of excess (above background) copper and zinc in Hyalella azteca and their relationship to chronic toxicity." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 864–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-086.

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One-week-long metal uptake experiments with Hyalella azteca are potentially a powerful tool for rapidly assessing the impact of copper or zinc in contaminated water samples. Copper and zinc concentrations in whole body Hyalella are independent of body size for both control and metal-exposed amphipods. Uptake rates are rapid for both metals, but copper concentrations in Hyalella during continuous exposure peak at about 1 week, then gradually decline back towards control levels at an apparent rate of 0.039 d−1. Hyalella can, therefore, control body copper concentrations during exposure to elevated copper, but only gradually and after long exposure periods. Depuration rates for copper and zinc (0.16 and 0.68 d−1 respectively) are approximately five times slower than the apparent depuration rates during uptake, assuming a simple diffusion model. Uptake at increasing water concentrations results in saturation for both metals with maximum accumulations of 3.6 μmol/g dry weight above background. A mathematical model including saturation kinetics satisfactorily explains the more rapid approach to equilibrium observed during uptake than during depuration. Significant chronic mortality occurred at metal exposures that resulted in predicted accumulations of 1.8 μmol Cu/g or 1.3 μmol Zn/g above background after 1 week of uptake.

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Almarcha, Daniel, Manuel Almarcha, Elena Jimenez-Coloma, Laura Vidal, Montserrat Puigcercós, and Iban Barrutiabengoa. "Treatment Efficiency by means of a Nonthermal Plasma Combined with Heterogeneous Catalysis of Odoriferous Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions from the Thermal Drying of Landfill Leachates." Journal of Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/831584.

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The objective of the present work was to assess the odoriferous volatile organic compounds depuration efficiency of an experimental nonthermal plasma coupled to a catalytic system used for odor abatement of real emissions from a leachate thermal drying plant installed in an urban solid waste landfill. VOC screening was performed by means of HRGC-MS analysis of samples taken at the inlet and at the outlet of the nonthermal plasma system. Odor concentration by means of dynamic olfactometry, total organic carbon, mercaptans, NH3, and H2S were also determined in order to assess the performance of the system throughout several days. Three plasma frequencies (100, 150, and 200 Hz) and two catalyst temperatures (150°C and 50°C) were also tested. Under conditions of maximum capacity of the treatment system, the results show VOC depuration efficiencies around 69%, with average depuration efficiencies between 44 and 95% depending on the chemical family of the substance. Compounds belonging to the following families have been detected in the samples: organic acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, pyrazines, and reduced sulphur compounds, among others. Average total organic carbon removal efficiency was 88%, while NH3and H2S removal efficiencies were 88% and 87%, respectively, and odor concentration abatement was 78%.

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Drąg-Kozak, Ewa, Ewa Łuszczek-Trojnar, and Magdalena Socha. "Cadmium Accumulation and Depuration in the Muscle of Prussian Carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch) after Sub-Chronic Cadmium Exposure: Ameliorating Effect of Melatonin." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082454.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccumulation of cadmium in the muscle tissue of Prussian carp during 7 and 13 weeks of exposure to different concentrations of this metal in water (0.4 and 4.0 mg/L), and the depuration of cadmium from muscle during the following 6-week depuration period in the presence of melatonin implants. Furthermore, the relationship between cadmium accumulation and the levels of essential bioelements (copper, zinc, iron) in muscle was evaluated, as well as the bioconcentration factor of cadmium. Heavy metal concentration was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Cadmium accumulation in fish muscle increased with the duration of exposure. Cd concentrations exceeded the permissible levels for human consumption in groups exposed to the higher concentration of this metal. Moreover, a significant increase of Zn and Fe levels in the muscle was observed. In the fish that received melatonin implants and were exposed to Cd, its level in the muscle was significantly lower. The depuration of accumulated cadmium depended mainly on the duration of the elimination period. This is the first study to report that melatonin co-administration can effectively protect the fish from the accumulation of cadmium in muscle tissue and changes in trace metal levels.

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Leite, Isabel do Prado, Khalil Sdiri, Angus Taylor, Jérôme Viallon, Hela Ben Gharbia, Luiz Laureno Mafra Júnior, Peter Swarzenski, et al. "Experimental Evidence of Ciguatoxin Accumulation and Depuration in Carnivorous Lionfish." Toxins 13, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080564.

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Ciguatera poisoning is a food intoxication associated with the consumption of fish or shellfish contaminated, through trophic transfer, with ciguatoxins (CTXs). In this study, we developed an experimental model to assess the trophic transfer of CTXs from herbivorous parrotfish, Chlorurus microrhinos, to carnivorous lionfish, Pterois volitans. During a 6-week period, juvenile lionfish were fed naturally contaminated parrotfish fillets at a daily dose of 0.11 or 0.035 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1, as measured by the radioligand-receptor binding assay (r-RBA) or neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), respectively. During an additional 6-week depuration period, the remaining fish were fed a CTX-free diet. Using r-RBA, no CTXs were detectable in muscular tissues, whereas CTXs were measured in the livers of two out of nine fish sampled during exposure, and in four out of eight fish sampled during depuration. Timepoint pooled liver samples, as analyzed by CBA-N2a, confirmed the accumulation of CTXs in liver tissues, reaching 0.89 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 after 41 days of exposure, followed by slow toxin elimination, with 0.37 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 measured after the 6-week depuration. These preliminary results, which need to be pursued in adult lionfish, strengthen our knowledge on CTX transfer and kinetics along the food web.

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Kusnoputranto, Haryoto, Setyo S. Moersidik, Djarot S. Wisnubroto, and Murdahayu Makmur. "Akumulasi dan Depurasi Toksin PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) oleh Kerang Hijau (Accumulation and Depuration of PSP Toxin (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) by Green Mussels)." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 3, 2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.19.1.27-34.

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Ledakan mikroalga sering dilaporkan terjadi di Teluk Jakarta, dimana di lokasi tersebut juga terdapat kegiatan budidaya kerang hijau (Perna viridis). Terkait dengan hal tersebut maka dilakukan studi akumulasi dan depurasi toksin PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) pada kerang hijau. Studi akumulasi dilakukan di bagan kerang hijau perairan Cilincing Jakarta Utara, dengan memisahkan kerang hijau yang berukuran sama dan ditempatkan kembali ke bagan. Sampling dilakukan setiap minggu selama 2 bulan dan diukur juga kelimpahan fitoplankton, pH, suhu dan salinitas perairan. Depurasi dilakukan di Unit Depurasi Kekerangan KKP Panimbang Banten, yang dilakukan selama 24 jam. Pencuplikan sampel dilakukan setiap jam pada 4 jam pertama dan setiap 2 dan 3 jam pada waktu berikutnya. Penentuan konsentrasi toksin PSP dilakukan dengan menggunakan HPLC detektor fluoresensi. Prosedur preparasi, ekstraksi dan pengukuran konsentrasi toksin mengikuti Manual AOAC Official Method 2005.06 untuk toksin PSP dalam kekerangan. Akumulasi toksin PSP oleh kerang hijau di perairan Cilincing pada bulan Januari–Pebruari 2011 berkisar antara 4,11–11,96 µg STX eq. per 100 g dan tidak mempunyai korelasi dengan kelimpahan Dinoflagelata di perairan. Hal ini disebabkan uji akumulasi tidak dilakukan pada saat blooming mikroalga. Uji depurasi selama 24 jam mengeliminasi toksin PSP sebesar 60%, sehingga bisa diajukan sebagai sistem pemutus rantai toksin dari mikroalga ke manusia. Kata kunci: akumulasi, depurasi, PSP toksin, kerang hijau, Cilincing Microalgae blooms have been frequently reported in the Jakarta Bay, which is also the location of green mussel (Perna viridis) aquaculture. Accumulation and depuration of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxin in the green mussels were investigated in the field, where the toxin accumulation studies conducted in the mussel farming at Cilincing, North Jakarta. Accumulation test carried out by placing back the selected green mussel (equal size) into the mussel farming. Every week for 2 months, the green mussel were collected from mussel farming and transported to the laboratory. The fitoplankton abundance also was checked including pH, Suhue and salinitiy paramaters. Toxin depuration was conducted at Clams Sanitation Unit at Panimbang Banten. The depuration studies were conducted for 24 hours with sampling every hour in the first 4 hours and every 3 and 2 hours until the 24th hour. Preparation, extraction and toxin concentration measurements performed by following the Manual AOAC Official Method 2005.06 for PSP toxin in oyster. This research concluded that the accumulation of PSP toxin by green mussel, Perna viridis in the mussel farming at Cilincing, North Jakarta in ranged between 4,11–11,96 µg STX eq. per 100 g during January–February 2011. No correlation between PSP toxin concentration in the green mussel, Perna viridis with abundance of the PSP toxin sources phytoplankton, because the study wasnt done when microalgae blooming. The depuration processes was eliminate 60% the PSP toxins for 24 hours depuration processing. It can be proposes as a banded system the PSP toxin from algae to human being. Keywords: accumulation, depuration, PSP toxin, green mussel, Cilincing

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Xie, Wancui, Xiaoli Liu, Xihong Yang, Chaohua Zhang, and Zhongyuan Bian. "Accumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the oyster Ostrea rivularis Gould – Chitosan facilitates the toxin depuration." Food Control 30, no. 2 (April 2013): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.035.

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Ortega, Van A., David Boyle, Jordan W. Hodgkinson, Denina B. D. Simmons, Miodrag Belosevic, James L. Stafford, and Greg G. Goss. "Polymer-coated TiO2 nanoparticles bioaccumulate, immunoactivate and suppress pathogenic Mycobacterium chelonae clearance when intravenously injected into goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)." Environmental Science: Nano 8, no. 7 (2021): 1910–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1en00039j.

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We examined goldfish immunotoxicological responses to intravenously injected PAA-TiO₂ NPs by determining organ accumulation, depuration, tissue damage, and immune responsiveness in the kidneys, spleen, and isolated primary kidney neutrophils.

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ABAD, F. XAVIER, ROSA M. PINTÓ, RODRIGO GAJARDO, and ALBERT BOSCH. "Viruses in Mussels: Public Health Implications and Depuration." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.6.677.

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Studies were conducted in the common mussel (Mytilus spp.) to evaluate the public health implications derived from shellfish contamination with human pathogenic enteric viruses. In bioaccumulation experiments, we could verify that after 6 h of immersion of mussels in marine water contaminated with high levels of clay-associated enteric adenovirus (type 40) and human rotavirus (type 3), between 4 to 56% of the seeded viruses were adsorbed to shellfish tissues, mainly in the gills and digestive tract. We investigated the occurrence of wild-type enteric viruses in mussels from sites with different levels of fecal pollution. Pathogenic viruses could be detected in mussels from areas that, following current standards based on bacteriological quality, should be regarded as unpolluted, safe for swimming, and suitable for harvesting shellfish. Cooking experiments performed with contaminated mussels revealed that 5 min after the opening of the mussel valves, rotaviruses and hepatitis A virus could still be recovered in steamed shellfish. Under commercial depuration conditions, health-significant enteric viruses, such as rotavirus and hepatitis A virus, could be recovered from bivalves after 96 h of immersion in a continuous flow of ozonated marine water. Routine screening of bivalves for the presence of health-significant enteric viruses before public consumption may help in the prevention of outbreaks among shellfish consumers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Depuration'

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