Relevant bibliographies by topics / Depuration

Academic literature on the topic 'Depuration'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Depuration"

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El-Gamal, M. M. "The effect of depuration on heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and microbial contamination levels in Paphia undulata (Bivalvia: Veneridae)." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 8 (August 18, 2011): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2395-cjas.

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The depuration of 8 heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co and Cd), total petroleum hydrocarbons and pathogenic bacteria of Paphia undulata was tested and the survival of depurated clams was evaluated. Investigated samples were collected from Ismailia, Egypt. The initial metal concentrations were significantly higher in the whole soft tissues than in water and sediment except for Mn. After 24 h depuration, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr and Cd were significantly reduced to 44, 23, 25, 17, 61, 41, and 75%, respectively. After three days of depuration the reduction was significant only for Cu, Cr, Co and Cd (27, 15, 23 and 52%, respectively). The total petroleum hydrocarbons were reduced significantly to 72% after three days of depuration, while after 24 h they were reduced to 90% compared to their initial concentrations. Four pathogenic bacteria were identified in the soft tissues of P. undulata (Vibrio sp., Shigella sp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.). After one-day depuration the results evidenced the mean microbial reduction to 75, 31, 68, and 36%, respectively, compared to their initial counts. After three days of depuration the counts of Vibrio sp. and Salmonella sp. were reduced to 3% and 8%, respectively, while Escherichia coli was not detected on the third day. Shigella sp. was increased by 22% compared to the first day of depuration. The viability and mortality were not influenced by the depurative treatment.
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RICHARDS, GARY P. "Microbial Purification of Shellfish: A Review of Depuration and Relaying." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 218–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.3.218.

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A review of the literature on shellfish depuration and relaying revealed wide diversity in microbial uptake and elimination among shellfish species and for different microorganisms. Information on relaying of five commercial shellfish species and on controlled purification (depuration) of 11 species indicates that such processes are effective in reducing the levels of bioconcentrated bacteria and viruses from shellfish. The degree of bacterial and viral bioconcentration varies with shellfish species; however, the primary sites of bioconcentration are the hepatopancreas and digestive diverticula. Low levels of enteric viruses and coliphage may be sequestered in shellfish hemolymph and tissues, thus protecting them from elimination through depurative processes. Vibrio spp. appear to proliferate when closely associated with intestinal cells of shellfish. Shellfish relaying techniques offer effective microbial depletion provided water quality is acceptable and shellfish remain physiologically active. The current body of literature on controlled purification demonstrates a broad spectrum of conditions under which shellfish are depurated. Optimal times, temperatures and salinities for effective depuration vary among shellfish species. Proper design and operation of depuration plants is crucial to insure process integrity. Recirculating and flow-through purification systems are effective in reducing the levels of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms from shellfish, but the extent to which they reduce viruses from shellfish is uncertain. Studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of depuration processes in eliminating pathogenic viruses and to address the adequacy of indicator bacteria as measures of enteric virus contamination.
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Saputri, Dian Fatriani Indah, Anwar Daud, Rachman Syah, Agus Bintara Birawida, Hasnawati Amqam, and Syamsiar S. Russeng. "Microplastic Depuration on Asaphis Detlorata." International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review 1, no. 2 (November 16, 2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47667/ijpasr.v1i2.44.

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Depuration is an effort to reduce/eliminate contamination including microplastics, which one is using a water circulation system. This study aims to determine the effective depuration time to reduce the microplastic content in Asaphis detlorata This study used a quantitative approach with experimental research design with a completely randomized design. There are 450 shells used as an experimental animal where is the treatment consisted of four depuration times, namely 1;2;3; and 4 days with 3 repetitions of each treatment, while the control shells were without depuration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to see the effect of depuration treatment on the microplastic content. If the effect of the treatment was significantly different, then the post hoc test was continued to determine the differences between treatments. The results showed that Asaphis detlorata obtained from the mouth of the Lakatong river estuary were contaminated with microplastics ranging from 0.6 to 8.1 MPs/shellfish and an average of 3.96 MPs/shellfish. Depuration time significantly affected the microplastic content in shellfish depuration effectiveness. There is a tendency that the longer depuration time is decreased microplastic content in shellfish. The effective depuration time to reduce the microplastic content in Asaphis detlorata was 3 and 4 days. Further research is needed for a more effective depuration for cleaning microplastics in shellfish.
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Battistini, Roberta, Chiara Masotti, Valeria Listorti, Elisabetta Suffredini, Cristiana Maurella, Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano, Erica Costa, et al. "Norovirus Persistence in Oysters to Prolonged Commercial Purification." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080944.

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Depuration is generally the main treatment employed for bivalve mollusks harvested from contaminated sites. Commercial depuration has demonstrated to be effective for removal of bacterial pathogens, although it probably provides only limited efficacy against human enteric viruses. We evaluated the quantitative reduction of norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II in naturally contaminated oysters after 1, 4, and 9 days of depuration. The process was conducted in an authorized depuration plant, and NoV concentration was determined by RT-qPCR according to ISO 15216-1:2017 method. Regardless of the NoV genogroup, our results showed no significant reduction in NoV concentration after 1 day of depuration. Higher mean reduction (68%) was obtained after 4 days of treatment, while no further increase was observed after 9 days. Overall, reduction was highly variable, and none of the trials showed statistically significant reduction in NoV RNA concentration at the end of each depuration period. Indeed, NoV concentration remained high in 70% of samples even after 9 days of depuration, with values ranging between 4.0 × 102 and 2.3 × 104 g.c./g. These results indicate that an extension of commercial depuration time does not appear to be effective for reducing or eliminating NoV in oysters.
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TOKARSKYY, OLEKSANDR, DOUGLAS L. MARSHALL, JEFF DILLON, and LINDA S. ANDREWS. "Long-Term Depuration of Crassostrea virginica Oysters at Different Salinities and Temperatures Changes Vibrio vulnificus Counts and Microbiological Profile." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-225.

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ABSTRACT Previous short-duration depuration studies with the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) demonstrated difficulty in achieving significant naturally incurred Vibrio vulnificus population count reductions. The present study used long-duration depuration (14 days) at controlled temperatures (10 or 22°C) and salinities (12, 16, or 20 mg/g). All depuration temperature–salinity combinations significantly reduced V. vulnificus counts, with greatest reductions seen in 12 mg/g, 10°C seawater (2.7-log CFU/g reduction) and in 20 mg/g, 22°C seawater (2.8-log reduction). Mesophilic vibrios dominated the overall microflora of freshly harvested oysters, whereas refrigerated storage selected for psychrotrophic bacteria (Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Psychrobacter spp.) as well as did depuration at 10°C (Pseudoalteromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Vibrio spp.). Depuration at 22°C retained dominance of mesophilic vibrios, including pathogenic species, followed by Shewanella spp., Pseudoalteromonas spp., and Photobacterium spp. Although aerobic plate counts were lower in 22°C depurated oysters (5.0 log versus 6.0 log) compared with 10°C, depuration at 10°C offered greater V. vulnificus population reductions than depuration at 22°C. This advantage was only seen at 12 mg/g salinity, with no impact at 16 and 20 mg/g salinities. No depuration treatment reduced V. vulnificus counts to nondetectable levels. Use of prolonged depuration may be a helpful intervention to control V. vulnificus populations in oysters.
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SU, YI-CHENG, QIANRU YANG, and CLAUDIA HÄSE. "Refrigerated Seawater Depuration for Reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus Contamination in Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas)." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1111.

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The efficacy of refrigerated-seawater depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus levels in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was investigated. Raw Pacific oysters were inoculated with a mixed culture of five clinical strains of V. parahaemolyticus (105 to 106 most probable number [MPN] per g) and depurated with refrigerated seawater (5°C) in a laboratory-scale recirculation system equipped with a 15-W gamma UV sterilizer. Depuration with refrigerated seawater for 96 h reduced V. parahaemolyticus populations by >3.0 log MPN/g in oysters harvested in the winter. However, 144 h of depuration at 5°C was required to achieve a 3-log reduction in oysters harvested in the summer. Depuration with refrigerated seawater at 5°C for up to 144 h caused no significant fatality in the Pacific oyster and could be applied as a postharvest treatment to reduce V. parahaemolyticus contamination in Pacific oysters. Further studies are needed to validate the efficacy of the depuration process for reducing naturally accumulated V. parahaemolyticus in oysters.
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Novaczek, I., M. S. Madhyastha, R. F. Ablett, A. Donald, G. Johnson, M. S. Nijjar, and D. E. Sims. "Depuration of Domoic Acid from Live Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-035.

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Industrial depuration may provide a means of removing domoic acid toxin from blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Mussels containing up to 50 μg domoic acid∙g−1 were transported from a Prince Edward Island estuary into controlled laboratory conditions to test the effects of temperature, salinity, mussel size, and feeding upon depuration. Fifty percent of toxin was eliminated within 24 h. After 72 h, mussels were either clean or contained, on average, only residual levels of toxin (< 5 μg∙g−1), regardless of conditions. Exponential depuration curves were fitted to the domoic acid concentration data. To evaluate differences in rate of depuration under various conditions, statistical comparisons were made between slopes of the clearance curves. Rates of depuration were faster in small (45–55 mm) than in large mussels (60–70 mm) and more rapid at 11 than at 6 °C. There was no significant difference in depuration rate at 18‰ salinity as opposed to 28‰ or in starved versus fed mussels. Because of their relatively large digestive glands, meats of small mussels contained more toxin per unit weight than meats of large mussels. The bulk of domoic acid appeared to reside in the gut lumen. However, the presence of small amounts of domoic acid in intracellular compartments cannot be ruled out.
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DE MEDICI, DARIO, MASSIMO CICCOZZI, ALFONSINA FIORE, SIMONA DI PASQUALE, ANTONINO PARLATO, PIETRO RICCI-BITTI, and LUCIANA CROCI. "Closed-Circuit System for the Depuration of Mussels Experimentally Contaminated with Hepatitis A Virus." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.6.877.

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In Italy, the consumption of raw or slightly cooked mussels represents the most important risk factor for the transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV). Although there exist effective methods for the bacterial depuration of contaminated mussels, these methods are poorly effective on enteric viruses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a closed-circuit depuration system that uses both ozone and UV light for disinfecting water and that allows salinity and temperature, important parameters for the metabolism of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), to be maintained at constant levels. The results showed that this depuration method decreased the viral load (from 1.72 log 50% tissue culture infective dose [TCID50] ml−1 to &lt;1 log TCID50 ml−1 within 24 h and from 3.82 log TCID50 ml−1 to &lt;1 log TCID50 ml−1 within 48 h). However, in both cases, after 120 h of depuration, a residual amount of virus capable of replicating in cells was detected. These results show that depuration, even if performed with advanced systems, may not guarantee the absence of virus.
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Sunnotel, O., W. J. Snelling, N. McDonough, L. Browne, J. E. Moore, J. S. G. Dooley, and C. J. Lowery. "Effectiveness of Standard UV Depuration at Inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum Recovered from Spiked Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 16 (June 15, 2007): 5083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00375-07.

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ABSTRACT When filter-feeding shellfish are consumed raw, because of their ability to concentrate and store waterborne pathogens, they are being increasingly associated with human gastroenteritis and have become recognized as important pathogen vectors. In the shellfish industry, UV depuration procedures are mandatory to reduce pathogen levels prior to human consumption. However, these guidelines are based around more susceptible fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp. and do not consider Cryptosporidium spp., which have significant resistance to environmental stresses. Thus, there is an urgent need to evaluate the efficiency of standard UV depuration against the survival of Cryptosporidium recovered from shellfish. Our study found that in industrial-scale shellfish depuration treatment tanks, standard UV treatment resulted in a 13-fold inactivation of recovered, viable C. parvum oocysts from spiked (1 × 106 oocysts liter −1) Pacific oysters. Depuration at half power also significantly reduced (P < 0.05; ninefold) the number of viable oocysts recovered from oysters. While UV treatment resulted in significant reductions of recovered viable oocysts, low numbers of viable oocysts were still recovered from oysters after depuration, making their consumption when raw a public health risk. Our study highlights the need for increased periodic monitoring programs for shellfish harvesting sites, improved depuration procedures, and revised microbial quality control parameters, including Cryptosporidium assessment, to minimize the risk of cryptosporidiosis.
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Blogoslawski, Walter J., and Mary E. Stewart. "DEPURATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH." Journal of the World Mariculture Society 14, no. 1-4 (March 12, 2009): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1983.tb00106.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Depuration"

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Edström, Emma, and Santos Késia Oliveira. "Anestesianvändning vid depuration utförd av tandhygienister." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-14035.

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Syftet med studien var att kartlägga anestesianvändning vid depuration utförd av tandhygienister. Ett ytterligare syfte var att undersöka tandhygienisters anledningar till varför anestesi används eller inte används. En enkätstudie skickades till 148 tandhygienister slumpmässigt utvalda av Sveriges Tandhygienistförening. Nittio enkäter (60,8 %) inkluderades i studiens resultat. Anestesi vid depuration användes främst en till två gånger per vecka med ett medelvärde på 38,6 % (±29,8). Ökat fickdjup resulterade i ökad anestesianvändning vid subgingival rengöring (fickdjup 5-6 mm 43,1 VAS, fickdjup 10< mm 82,4 VAS, Visual Analogue Scale). Anestesiförekomsten var lägre vid avlägsning av supragingival tandsten, fyllningsöverskott samt polering med putspasta. Ytanestesi utan efterföljande injektion var den vanligast förekommande anestesitypen, och den minst använda var mandibularinjektioner. De mest förekommande svaren till varför anestesi används var att ge en smärtfri behandling och att anestesi möjliggör ett bättre utfört arbete. Den vanligaste anledningen till varför anestesi inte används var att patienten avböjer. Det kan ifrågasättas om smärtfri behandling sker tillräckligt ofta, då resultatet tyder på att anestesi används för lite i förhållande till hur mycket depuration som utförs.
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SANTOS, NAIARA DE OLIVEIRA DOS. "ACCELERATED DEPURATION OF POLLUTED RIVERS USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26761@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Estudos prévios relacionam a ocorrência de episódios de mortandade de peixes em corpos hídricos como a Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas (LRF) com a rápida disponibilização de espécies poluentes e nutrientes naturais na coluna d água especialmente durante altas precipitações de chuva, quando ocorre transbordo dos rios poluídos da bacia sobre a água da Lagoa, ocasionando uma demanda de oxigênio dissolvido maior do que o normal para depuração de tais espécies. Nesse contexto existe interesse em evitar episódios críticos de insuficiência de OD na água dos corpos hídricos que possam advir de tais eventos. Estudos realizados no presente trabalho tiveram como objetivo caracterizar as águas de rios da Sub-bacia hidrográfica da LRF através de DBO, COT, SST, Ptotal no canal a montante de deságue para a Lagoa em períodos de chuva e de tempo seco; e avaliar um possível tratamento que proporcione a depuração acelerada dos poluentes utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio, fornecendo oxigênio para as águas poluídas através do processo de decomposição do oxidante. Avaliaram-se diferentes dosagens de H2O2 em tempo reacional de 24h de acordo com limites de ecotoxicidade conhecidos. Testes realizados em amostras de rio coletadas em dias de baixa precipitação contendo concentrações de DBO de até 2,2 mg/L mostraram uma velocidade de decaimento de H2O2 inferior ao para amostras tanto coletadas também em dia de baixa precipitação porém com elevada DBO (24,0 mg/L), quanto para dia de alta precipitação (13,2 mm em 24 h) com relevante concentração de material orgânico. Observou-se uma dosagem suficiente de 15,0 mg/L para as amostras coletadas em baixa precipitação e alta DBO, e dosagem suficiente de 3,0 mg/L para amostras coletas em maior evento de precipitação (13,2 mm em 24 h), acima das quais, não ocorre mais aumento significativo da velocidade de decaimento da [H2O2] e também de velocidade de contribuição de OD para a água. Concluiu-se que a adição de H2O2 nas águas de rios durante eventos de poluição causados por chuvas intensas ou lançamento de esgoto pode contribuir para evitar episódios críticos de insuficiência de OD em rios poluídos por material orgânico e na pluma de poluentes que pode ser formada por transbordo dos rios para a LRF.
Previous studies have associated the occurrence of episodes of death of fish in water bodies such as the Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas (LRF) to to the rapid availability of pollutants and natural nutrients in the water column species especially during high rain precipitation events, which occur when the rivers overflow and pollute the water of the lagoon, causing a biochemical oxygen demand higher than usual for the rate of natural depuration of the contaminating species. In this context there is interest in avoiding critical episodes DO deficiency in the water bodies that may arise from such events. Studies conducted in the present work aimed at characterizing the rivers of sub-basin of LRF through BOD, TOC, TSS, Ptotal on the canal that overflows into the lagoon in periods of rain and dry weather; and evaluate a possible treatment offering the accelerated depuration of pollutants using hydrogen peroxide, providing oxygen to the polluted water through the self-decomposition process. The study evaluated the effect of different doses H2O2 in 24 hours of reaction time according to known ecotoxicity limits. In tests on samples collected from rivers in days of little rain containing BOD concentrations up to 2.2 mg / L, H2O2 showed a decay rate lower than those of other samples also collected on days of low precipitation, but with high BOD (24, 0 mg / L), and days of high rainfall (24 hours 13.2 mm), with a significant concentration of dissolved organic contaminants. A maximum sufficient dose of 15.0 mg / L was found for the low and high samples precipitation BOD, and a maximum sufficient dose of 3.0 mg / L for most of the samples collected during the precipitation event (13.2 mm 24 hours), above which there is no significant increase over the rate of decomposition of [H2O2], and the rate of generation of DO in the water. It was concluded that the addition of H2O2 into the waters of rivers during pollution events caused by heavy rains or sewage release can help to avoid critical episodes of DO deficiency in polluted rivers by organic matter and pollutant plume that can be formed by overflow of those rivers to the LRF lagoon.
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Pereira, Carla Sofia Gomes. "Phage therapy: a new technology for depuration of bivalves." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18602.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
De forma a reduzir a transmissão de agentes patogénicos através do consumo de bivalves, devem ser desenvolvidas novas tecnologias a associar à depuração, tal como a terapia fágica. A eficácia da utilização de fagos para controlar infeções bacterianas tem sido relatada em diversos estudos. No entanto, relativamente à utilização da terapia fágica para inativar bactérias patogénicas durante a depuração de bivalves, existe apenas um estudo preliminar, feito sem circulação de água (contrariamente ao que acontece na depuração industrial). O sucesso da combinação destas duas tecnologias depende da compreensão detalhada da dinâmica sazonal e espacial da comunidade bacteriana total, incluindo bactérias associadas a doenças devido ao consumo de bivalves e indicadores de qualidade microbiológica da água, nas zonas de produção de bivalves. Durante o Verão, a comunidade bacteriana total apresentou uma maior complexidade e aumento da abundância dos principais grupos de bactérias patogénicas, indicando que deste pode ser um período crítico onde a terapia fágica deve ser aplicada. No entanto, devido ao impacto das fontes de poluição antropogénicas e outras fontes de contaminação, a terapia fágica poderá ter que ser aplicada também durante a estação fria. Cinco novos fagos foram isolados e caracterizados para controlar Salmonella Typhimurium (phSE-1, phSE-2 e phSE-5) e Escherichia coli (phT4A e EC2A), a fim de avaliar a sua potencial aplicação durante a depuração de bivalves. Os ensaios in vitro demonstraram que o uso de fagos individuais (phT4A e EC2A), pode ser uma alternativa eficaz para o controlo de E. coli, em particular, quando combinados em cocktail. A depuração num sistema estático com MOI 1 usando os fagos phT4A e EC2A, foi a condição em que se obteve melhores resultados (diminuição ~2.0 log CFU/g) em berbigões artificialmente contaminados. Quando berbigões naturalmente contaminados foram tratados em sistema estático com as suspensões de fagos individuais e cocktails de fagos, foram obtidas reduções semelhantes na concentração de E. coli (diminuição ~0.7 log UFC/g). Quando os berbigões naturalmente contaminados foram depurados com o fago phT4A com circulação de água, a concentração de bactéria foi reduzida mais rapidamente que na ausência de fagos. Os resultados dos ensaios in vitro mostraram igualmente que o controlo de S. Typhimurium com fagos phSE-5 e phSE-2 e o cocktail destes dois fagos foi eficiente. A aplicação do fago phSE-5 e cocktail (phSE-2/phSE-5) inativou eficazmente S. Typhimurium em berbigões contaminados artificialmente (redução de 1.7 UFC/g com o fago phSE-5 e 0.7 log UFC/g com o cocktail phSE-2/phSE-5) e em berbigões naturalmente contaminados (redução de 0.9 log UFC/g para ambos para a suspensão simples e para o cocktail) durante a depuração em sistema estático, especialmente quando são usadas suspensões do fago phSE-5 a uma MOI baixa. Os berbigões artificialmente contaminados também foram mais eficazmente descontaminados durante a depuração com circulação de água na presença do fago phSE-5 que quando foi usada apenas depuração sem adição de fagos (i.e. o processo convencional de depuração). Este é o primeiro trabalho em que foi testado o uso de fagos durante a depuração de berbigões naturalmente contaminados e contaminados artificialmente em sistemas com circulação de água, tal como acontece na depuração industrial de bivalves, provando assim que esta tecnologia poderá ser transposta para a indústria. Os resultados obtidos usando fagos de E. coli e de S. Typhimurium mostraram que a combinação da terapia fágica e depuração melhora a segurança microbiana dos bivalves para consumo humano, melhorando a eficiência de descontaminação. Além disso, esta abordagem também permite reduzir o tempo necessário para a depuração e consequentemente, os custos a ela associados. No entanto, a seleção e caracterização dos fagos e determinação da MOI mais adequado para ser utilizado durante a terapia fágica, é essencial para o sucesso da terapia fágica no controlo de bactérias patogénicas.
In order to reduce the infections by microbial pathogens through the consumption of bivalves, it is essential to develop alternative approaches to the conventional depuration practices. One new promising approaches is to combine the depuration of bivalves with phage therapy. The use of phages to control bacterial infections has been reported across numerous fields by many researchers. However, relatively the combination of depuration and phage therapy to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in bivalves there is only one study, and this study did not replicate industrial depuration procedures. The successful combination of those two technologies depends on a detailed understanding of the seasonal and spatial dynamics of the overall bacterial communities, including the bacteria implicated in bivalves-related illness and the indicators of microbiological water quality, in the harvesting areas. During the summer, the total bacterial community presented high complexity and an increase of abundance of the main pathogenic bacteria, indicating that this season is the critical time frame when phage therapy should be applied. However, due to the impact anthropogenic and other sources of contamination, phage therapy could be necessary also during the cold season. Five new phages were isolated and characterized to control Escherichia coli (phT4A and ECA2) and Salmonella Typhimurium (phSE-1, phSE-2 and phSE- 5) in order to evaluate their potential application during depuration. The in vitro assays indicated that the use of phages individually (phT4A and EC2A) or combined in cocktails (phT4A/EC2A), can be an effective alternative to control of E. coli, particularly if combined in a phage cocktail. Depuration in static seawater at MOI 1 with phage phT4A and ECA2 revealed to be the best condition (decreased of the 2.0 log CFU/g) in artificially contaminated cockles. When naturally contaminated cockles were treated in static seawater with single phage suspensions and the phage cocktail, similar decreases in the concentration of E. coli (decreased of the 0.7 log CFU/g) were achieved. When naturally contaminated cockles were depurated using conventional practices with phage phT4A, bacterial concentration was reduced sooner. The assays in vitro, demonstrated that the control S. Typhimurium with phages phSE-5 and phSE-2 and with these two phages combined in a cocktail was efficient, paving way for the in vivo studies. The efficiency of bacterial inactivation with single phage suspensions of phSE-5 and phSE-2 leaded to further in vivo studies to control of Salmonella in bivalves. The application of phage phSE-5 and phage cocktail phSE-2/phSE-5 can be successfully employed to inactivate S. Typhimurium (reduction of 1.7 log CFU/g for phSE-5 and 0.7 log CFU/g for phSE-2/phSE-5 in artificially contaminated cockles and reduction of 0.9 log CFU/g for both in naturally contaminated cockles) during depuration in static system, especially if phSE-5 phage is used individually and if a low MOI is employed. Using conventional depuration practices in the presence of phage phSE-5, bacterial concentration is more quickly and efficiently reduced in artificially contaminated cockles. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a depuration trial using phages in the artificially and naturally contaminated cockles using industrial depuration procedures, proving that this technology can be ported into the bivalves industry. The obtained results using phages of E. coli and S. Typhimurium indicated that combining phage therapy with depuration procedures enhance bivalve microbial safety for human consumption by improving decontamination efficiency. Moreover, this approach also displays the advantage of reducing the time required for depuration and consequently its associated costs. However, the selection and characterization of appropriate phages and the most adequate multiplicity of infection to be used in phage therapy is a critical stage to achieve a successful phage-mediated control of pathogenic bacteria.
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Waack, Julia. "Uptake and depuration of cyanotoxins in the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2447.

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Cyanobacteria produce a variety of secondary metabolites which possess amongst others antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Being primary producers they are also a vital component within the food web. However, certain strains also produce toxic metabolites such as the hepatotoxins microcystin (MC) and nodularin (NOD). Their toxicity in combination with the increasing global occurrence has resulted in a drinking water guideline limit of 1 μg L-1 being issued by the World Health Organisation (WHO). However, these toxins are not only present in water, but can be accumulated by fish and shellfish. Currently, no regulations regarding cyanotoxin contaminated seafood has been established despite similar toxicity to routinely monitored marine toxins such as domoic acid (DA). To facilitate regular monitoring, a high performance liquid chromatography photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) analysis method for the detection of DA was optimised to enable the simultaneous detection of DA and nine cyanotoxins. This method was then utilised to determine cyanotoxin concentration in laboratory cyanobacteria strains. To assess the accumulation and depuration of cyanotoxins in the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis, three feeding trials were performed. During these, mussels were exposed to two cyanobacteria strains, Nodularia spumigena KAC66, Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7813, both individually and simultaneously. A rapid dose dependent accumulation of cyanotoxins was observed with maximum concentration of 3.4 -17 μg g-1 ww accumulated by M. edulis, which was followed by a much slower depuration observed. During the final feeding trial, with N. spumigena KAC 66 and M. aeruginosa PCC7813, cyanotoxins were still detectable following 27 days of depuration. Mortality in all studies was 7% or less indicating that most mussels were unaffected by the maximum dose of 480 μg L-1 NOD (feeding study 1), 390 μg L-1 MC (feeding study 2), or 130 μg L-1 total cyanotoxins (feeding trial 3), respectively. Mortality in negative control tanks was lower throughout all three feeding trials ( < 1 - 2.6%). Consumption of a typical portion size (20 mussels) would result in ingestion of cyanotoxins at levels significantly higher than the WHO recommended tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2.4 μg NOD and/or MCs for a 60 kg adult. This value was exceeded not only during the exposure period (maximum levels 270 - 1370 μg cyanotoxins per 20 mussels), but also at the end of the depuration period 39-600 μg cyanotoxins per 20 mussels. These results illustrated that cyanotoxin monitoring of seafood should be considered not only during, but also following bloom events. In an attempt to investigate the cyanotoxin budget of the experimental system, not only mussels, but cyanobacteria cultures, the tank water, and the mussel faeces were also analysed for their cyanotoxin content. Results showed that large quantities of MCs and NOD were unaccounted for during all exposure trials. The combined effect of cyanotoxin metabolism in M. edulis, biotic and/or abiotic degradation, protein binding, and losses during the extraction and analysis were thought to have contributed to the unaccounted cyanotoxin fraction. Mussel flesh was analysed for the presence of glutathione or cysteine conjugates, however, there was no evidence of their occurrence in the samples tested. Due to these discrepancies in the toxin budget of the system, the introduction of correction factors for the analysis of cyanotoxins in M. edulis was suggested in order to protect the general public.
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McMenemy, Paul. "A mathematical framework for designing and evaluating control strategies for water- & food-borne pathogens : a norovirus case study." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25453.

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Norovirus (NoV) is a significant cause of gastroenteritis globally, and the consumption of oysters is frequently linked to outbreaks. Depuration is the principle means employed to reduce levels of potentially harmful agents or toxins in shellfish. The aim of this thesis is to construct mathematical models which can describe the depuration dynamics of water-borne pathogens, and specifically examine the dynamics of NoV during depuration for a population shellfish. Legislation is currently under consideration within the EU by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO) to limit the maximum level of NoV that consumers are exposed to via this route. Therefore it is important to the utility of the thesis that any models constructed should incorporate control measures which could be used to implement minimum NoV levels. Doing so allowed calculation of minimum depuration times that would be required to adhere to the control measures incorporated into the models. In addition to modelling the impact on pathogens during the depuration, we wished to gain some insight into how the variability, and not just the mean levels, of water-borne pathogens can be as important with respect to the length of depuration required to minimise any food safety risks to the consumer. This proved difficult in the absence of any data sets that can be used to calculate variability measures, as little data is currently available to inform these values for NoV. However, our modelling techniques were able to calculate an upper limit on the variability of water-borne pathogens that can be well approximated by lognormal distributions. Finally we construct a model which provided linkage between the depuration process and the accretion of pathogens by shellfish while still within farming waters. This model proposed that the pulses of untreated waste waters released by sewage treatment works due to high levels of rainfall would be transmitted into shellfish whilst filter-feeding.
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Whitney, Margaret Crossley. "Impact of Mercury Exposure on Birds and the Effect of Molt on Mercury Depuration in Songbirds." W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626757.

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Schwarz, Tamar Imogen. "The origin of vertebrate steroids in molluscs : uptake, metabolism and depuration studies in the common mussel." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7436/.

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Cunha, Vera de Almeida Cardoso. "Redução do teor de contaminantes químicos em bivalves provenientes do Estuário do Tejo." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5326.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), mussel (Mytilus sp.) and peppery furrow shell clam (Scrobicularia plana) are species with high abundance in the Tagus estuary. However, these species may have high levels of contaminant metals. This study aimed to determine the effect of depuration of manila clam, mussel and peppery furrow shell clam on the content of contaminant metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) and on macro, micro and trace elements (S, Ca, K, Cl, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb and Sr). The results revealed that the depuration was effective in reducing the levels of Pb in peppery furrow shell clam and Manila clam. In the mussel no decrease was registered in this contaminant. During the depuration no decreases were registered in Hg and Cd. Mussel and peppery furrow shell clam condition decreased through the depuration, as indicated the glycogen content in the adductor muscle of these bivalves. In peppery furrow shell clam the mortality rate reached 11 %. Manila clam proved to be the most adaptive to depuration conditions. The depuration also decreased the excess of Fe in Manila clam and peppery furrow shell clam, whose levels were above the tolerable upper limit (UL). In the mussel this decrease resulted in a disadvantageous loss of this mineral
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Jones, Trevor O. "Uptake and depuration of the antibiotics, oxytetracycline and Romet-30 in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28991.

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Use of antibiotics in the aquaculture industry for the control of bacterial infections in salmon has led to public concern regarding antibiotic residues in salmon tissue and the potential health risk this poses to humans. Oxytetracycline and Romet-30 are two common antibacterial agents utilized to control disease in the local finfish aquaculture industry of British Columbia, Canada. Many fish farms in British Columbia are located within close proximity to existing shellfish stocks. The potential for antibiotic bioconcentration and the production of bacterial resistance to the drugs in bivalves is a concern. The development of a solid phase extraction technique for these two drugs from Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas was accomplished. Analysis of whole oysters via HPLC revealed detectable levels of oxytetracycline and Romet-30 up to 4 weeks after antibiotic treatment at the salmon farm site. Oysters suspended in the salmon net pens and surrounding waters were sampled over a 5 month period. Concentration of oxytetracycline residues in oyster tissue reached a maximum of 0.11 ppm (n=2). Levels of sulphadimethoxine in oyster tissue reached a maximum concentration of 1.27 ppm (n=2). Maximum detectable concentrations of ormetoprim in oysters were 0.26 ppm (n=2). A controlled study investigating uptake and depuration of oxytetracycline and Romet-30 in the Pacific oyster revealed results similar to those described for the salmon farm. A flow through drug delivery system for the Pacific oyster was utilized over a ten day uptake and thirty day depuration period. Levels of oxytetracycline in whole animal tissue increased in a linear fashion (r²=0.984) over the uptake period. This indicates that the drug was bioaccumulated in the oyster reaching a maximum concentration of 10.72 ± 2.4 s.e. ppm (n= 3) on day 10 of uptake. Depuration of the drug was rapid. After thirteen days a concentration of 0.21 ± 0.04 s.e. ppm (n=7) was detected. The detection of Romet-30 in the uptake and depuration in the oyster was more erratic. Day 7 of uptake revealed a maximum concentration of sulphadimethoxine and ormetoprim of 1.092 ± 0.24 s.e. ppm (n=7) and 0.21 ppm (n=3) respectively. Depuration of Romet-30 was rapid. The concentration decreased to 0.029 ppm (n=3) by day 13. Condition indices of oysters sampled before and after antibiotic treatment indicated a significant increase (p<0.05) in condition index after treatment with medicated feed. A quantitative survey of bacteria associated with the gut of the oyster was performed. Relative numbers of endogenous bacteria were compared to oysters before and after antibiotic treatment. Numbers of bacteria significantly decreased (p< 0.05) following treatment.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
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Wang, Jian. "Assessment of the Occurrence and Potential Risks of Pharmaceuticals and their Metabolites in Fish and Water Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/835.

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A comprehensive method for the analysis of 11 target pharmaceuticals representing multiple therapeutic classes was developed for biological tissues (fish) and water. Water samples were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE), while fish tissue homogenates were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) followed by mixed-mode cation exchange SPE cleanup and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among the 11 target pharmaceuticals analyzed, trimethoprim, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, diphenhydramine, diltiazem, carbamazepine, erythromycin and fluoxetine were consistently detected in reclaimed water. On the other hand, caffeine, diphenhydramine and carbamazepine were consistently detected in fish and surface water samples. In order to understand the uptake and depuration of pharmaceuticals as well as bioconcentration factors (BCFs) under the worst-case conditions, mosquito fish were exposed to reclaimed water under static-renewal for 7 days, followed by a 14-day depuration phase in clean water. Characterization of the exposure media revealed the presence of 26 pharmaceuticals while 5 pharmaceuticals including caffeine, diphenhydramine, diltiazem, carbamazepine, and ibuprofen were present in the organisms as early as 5 h from the start of the exposure. Liquid chromatography ultra-high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry was explored as a tool to identify and quantify phase II pharmaceutical metabolites in reclaimed water. The resulting data confirmed the presence of acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethoxazole glucuronide in reclaimed water. To my knowledge, this is the first known report of sulfamethoxazole glucuronide surviving intact through wastewater treatment plants and occurring in environmental water samples. Finally, five bioaccumulative pharmaceuticals including caffeine, carbamazepine, diltiazem, diphenhydramine and ibuprofen detected in reclaimed water were investigated regarding the acute and chronic risks to aquatic organisms. The results indicated a low potential risk of carbamazepine even under the worst case exposure scenario. Given the dilution factors that affect environmental releases, the risk of exposure to carbamazepine will be even more reduced.
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Books on the topic "Depuration"

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ASEAN Consultative Workshop on Mollusc Depuration (1988 George Town, Pinang). Proceedings of the ASEAN Consultative Workshop on Mollusc Depuration. [Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: ASEAN Food Handling Bureau, 1989.

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International, Molluscan Shellfish Depuration Conference (2nd 1992 Rennes France). Purification des coquillages: Deuxième Conférence internationale sur la purification des coquillages, 6-7-8 avril 1992, Rennes, France = Shellfish depuration : second International Conference on Shellfish Depuration. Plouzané: IFREMER, 1995.

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Cook, David W. Accumulation and fate of microorganisms in oysters: Paper presented at the Conference on Depuration Technology for the Louisiana Oyster Industry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, May 6, 1986. [Ocean Springs, Miss.]: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, 1986.

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Steven, Otwell W., Rodrick Gary Eugene 1943-, Martin Roy E, and International Molluscan Shellfish Depuration Conference (1st : 1989 : Orlando, Fla.), eds. Molluscan shellfish depuration. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1991.

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Otwell, W. S., G. E. Rodrick, and R. E. Martin. Molluscan Shellfish Depuration. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351074810.

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Molluscan Shellfish Depuration. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Purification des coquillages: Deuxieme Conference internationale sur la purification des coquillages, 6-7-8 avril 1992, Rennes, France = Shellfish depuration ... Conference on Shellfish Depuration. ENSP, 1995.

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Alexander, Jane. Tu Plan Depurativo. Integral Publishing, 2001.

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Chia, Mantak. Karsai Nei Tsang: Masaje Depurativo Y Terapeutico Genital / Genital Therapeutic Cleansing Massage. Miraguano, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Depuration"

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Richards, Gary P. "Shellfish Depuration." In Microbiology of Marine Food Products, 395–428. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3926-1_16.

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Roderick, Gary E., and Keith R. Schneider. "Depuration and Relaying of Molluscan Shellfish." In Environmental Indicators and Shellfish Safety, 331–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2035-1_13.

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Cisneros-Aguirre, Jesús, Mario Manzanera, and Emilio Bursón. "Depuration of Wastewater from Table Olive Industries." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions, 857–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_251.

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D’Imporzano, Giuliana, Salati Silvia, Veronesi Davide, Scaglia Barbara, and Adani Fabrizio. "Microalgae Mixotrophic Growth: Opportunity for Stream Depuration and Carbon Recovery." In Prospects and Challenges in Algal Biotechnology, 141–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1950-0_5.

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Lozano, A., J. Uche, and A. Martínez. "Exergy Analysis as a Tool to Analyze the Performance of Water Depuration Processes." In Advanced Structured Materials, 195–219. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40680-5_9.

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Page, D. S., J. C. Foster, and E. S. Gilfillan. "Kinetics of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Depuration by Oysters Impacted by the Amoco Cadiz Oil Spill." In Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine Ecosystems, 243–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3573-0_25.

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Mason, Robert Peter. "Laboratory and Field Investigation of the Accumulation and Depuration of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Black Mussels." In Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine Ecosystems, 83–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3573-0_8.

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Mota, Fábio, Jaime Aníbal, and Eduardo Esteves. "Effects of Depuration on Subsequent Deterioration and Shelf Life of Cultured Grooved Carpet Shell Clam Ruditapes decussatus During Chilled Storage." In Food Engineering Series, 43–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61817-9_3.

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Panichi, V., A. M. Bianchi, M. Parrini, L. Casarosa, G. Grazi, E. Montagnani, M. Aloisi, et al. "Paired Filtration Dialysis (PFD):Biocompatibility and Depurative Efficiency." In New Therapeutic Strategies in Nephrology, 384–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3884-4_113.

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Rufino, Marta, Pere Abelló, and Andrew B. Yule. "The effect of alcohol and freezing preservation on carapace size and shape in Liocarcinus depurator (Crustacea, Brachyura)." In Morphometrics, 45–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08865-4_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Depuration"

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Canzonier, W. "Design and Operation of Shellfish Depuration Plants." In OCEANS '87. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1987.1160583.

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Pisani, Reinaldo, and Deovaldo de Moraes. "Depuration Techniques for the Gaseous Pollutant Sulfur Dioxide." In SAE Brasil 96 V International Mobility Technology Conference and Exhibit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/962319.

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MANCIPE MUÑOZ, NÉSTOR A., MARÍA FERNANDA RIAÑO NEIRA, and LUSBY YUREY VIGOYA RODRÍGUEZ. "ECO-HYDRAULIC MODEL FOR AUTO-DEPURATION ASSESSMENT IN RIVER ECOSYSTEMS." In 38th IAHR World Congress. The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1489.

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Qiao, J. L., B. K. Chang, Y. S. Qian, B. Li, X. H. Wang, and P. Gao. "Study on depuration technics for negative electron affinity GaN photocathode." In 8th International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference and Nanocarbon (2010 IVESC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivesc.2010.5644317.

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Carter, T., and F. Cantelmo. "Viral and Clostridium Perfringens Content of Hard Clams During Commercial Depuration." In OCEANS '87. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1987.1160577.

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Rodrick, G., K. Schneider, F. Steslow, and N. Blake. "Uptake, Fate and Elimination by Shellfish in a Laboratory Depuration System." In OCEANS '87. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1987.1160609.

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Pan, Lanlan, Guochen Zhang, Zhangfeng Xue, and Yunhai He. "Application and Effects of Depuration and Temporary Keeping System for Live Patinopecten Yesoensis." In 2018 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing (ICICIP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicip.2018.8606724.

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Cantelmo, F., and T. Carter. "Assessment of Hard Clam Siphon Extension Activity as an Indicator of Commercial Depuration Efficiency." In OCEANS '87. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1987.1160590.

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Tamala, Riska, Budiawan, and Sri Handayani. "Study of Bioaccumulation and Depuration of Pb Metal Ions in Green Mussels (Perna viridis)." In Bromo Conference, Symposium on Natural Products and Biodiversity. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008358801450150.

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Piza, Daniel Lachner, Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, Thomas Stieglitz, Julia Jacobs, and Matthias Dumpelmann. "Depuration, augmentation and balancing of training data for supervised learning based detectors of EEG patterns." In 2017 8th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2017.8008398.

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Reports on the topic "Depuration"

1

Beghian, L., and J. Mallett. Depuration of shellfish by irradiation: Final technical report, October 1, 1987--March 31, 1989. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6288355.

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