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Journal articles on the topic 'Depth of cut'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Zhang, Wenhui. "Depth of proofs, depth of cut-formulas and complexity of cut formulas." Theoretical Computer Science 129, no. 1 (June 1994): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(94)90087-6.

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2

Gao, Yu Fei, and Pei Qi Ge. "Analysis of Grit Cut Depth in Fixed-Abrasive Diamond Wire Saw Slicing Single Crystal Silicon." Solid State Phenomena 175 (June 2011): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.175.72.

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A mathematical model to calculate the grit average cut depth in wire sawing single crystal silicon was founded. So the grit average cut depths were calculated theoretically by choosing different process parameters, and influences of process parameters on grit cut depths of slicing silicon crystal were analyzed. Analysis results indicate that the grit average cut depth relates to the silicon mechanical properties, grit shape and size, wire speed and ingot feed speed, etc. And there is a monotone increasing non-linear correlation between grit average cut depth and the ratio i value of ingot feed speed and wire speed, when the i value is lower, the average grit cut depth is lower.
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3

Salman, Sami D., Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, Mohd S. Takriff, and Abu Bakar Mohamad. "Heat Transfer Enhancement of Laminar Nanofluids Flow in a Circular Tube Fitted with Parabolic-Cut Twisted Tape Inserts." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/543231.

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Numerical investigation has been carried out on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of copper-water nanofluid flow in a constant heat-fluxed tube with the existence of new configuration of vortex generator using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. Two types of swirl flow generator: Classical twisted tape (CTT) and Parabolic-cut twisted tape (PCT) with a different twist ratio (y= 2.93, 3.91 and 4.89) and different cut depth (w= 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 cm) with 2% and 4% volume concentration of CuO nanofluid were used for simulation. The effect of different parameters such as flow Reynolds number, twist ratio, cut depth and nanofluid were considered. The results show that the enhancement of heat transfer rate and the friction factor induced by the Classical (CTT) and Parabolic-cut (PCT) inserts increases with twist ratio and cut depth decreases. The results also revealed that the heat transfer enhancement increases with an increase in the volume fraction of the CuO nanoparticle. Furthermore, the twisted tape with twist ratio (y= 2.93) and cut depthw= 0.5 cm offered 10% enhancement of the average Nusselt number with significant increases in friction factor than those of Classical twisted tape.
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4

Osipov, V. A., and A. V. Grishkevich. "Algorithm for depth-of-cut calculation." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 27, no. 11 (November 1991): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01221088.

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5

Jia, Peng. "Research on Critical Cut Depth of Glass BK7 in Diamond Cutting." Materials Science Forum 770 (October 2013): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.770.230.

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In diamond cutting of optical glasses, the magnitude of critical depth of cut for brittle-ductile transition is an important factor affecting the machinability of the work material in terms of production rate and surface quality. In this work, scratching tests with increasing depths of cut were conducted on glass BK7 to evaluate the influence of the cutting fluid properties on the critical depth of cut. Boric acid solutions of different concentrations were selected as cutting fluids in the tests. The resulting scratches were examined utilizing a white light interferometer and the values of the critical depth of cut were determined based on the observations of the micro-morphology of the scratch surfaces produced. Experimental results indicated that compared with the process without cutting fluid action, the critical depth of cut in diamond cutting of glass BK7 can be increased by using boric acid solution as the cutting fluid.
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6

Jia, Peng. "Influence of Cutting Compound on Critical Cut Depth of Glass BK7." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.97.

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In diamond cutting of optical glasses, the magnitude of critical depth of cut for brittle-ductile transition is an important factor affecting the machinability of the work material in terms of production rate and surface quality. In this work, scratching tests with increasing depths of cut were conducted on glass BK7 to evaluate the influence of the cutting fluid properties on the critical depth of cut. Boric acid solutions of different concentrations were selected as cutting fluids in the tests. The resulting scratches were examined utilizing a white light interferometer and the values of the critical depth of cut were determined based on the observations of the micro-morphology of the scratch surfaces produced. Experimental results indicated that compared with the process without cutting fluid action, the critical depth of cut in diamond cutting of glass BK7 can be increased by using boric acid solution as the cutting fluid.
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7

Jia, Peng. "Indentation and Scratching Experimental Research on Brittle-Ductile Transition of Optical Glass SF6." Key Engineering Materials 589-590 (October 2013): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.589-590.480.

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In diamond cutting of optical glasses, the magnitude of critical depth of cut for brittle-ductile transition is an important factor affecting the machinability of the work material in terms of production rate and surface quality. In this work, scratching tests with increasing depths of cut were conducted on glass BK7 to evaluate the influence of the cutting fluid properties on the critical depth of cut. Boric acid solutions of different concentrations were selected as cutting fluids in the tests. The resulting scratches were examined utilizing a white light interferometer and the values of the critical depth of cut were determined based on the observations of the micro-morphology of the scratch surfaces produced. Experimental results indicated that compared with the process without cutting fluid action, the critical depth of cut in diamond cutting of glass BK7 can be increased by using boric acid solution as the cutting fluid.
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8

Zhou, Ming, Peng Jia, and Min Li. "Research on the Influence of Cutting Fluids on the Critical Depth of Cut in Diamond Cutting of Optical Glass BK7." Key Engineering Materials 431-432 (March 2010): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.431-432.126.

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In diamond cutting of optical glasses, the magnitude of critical depth of cut for brittle-ductile transition is an important factor affecting the machinability of the work material in terms of production rate and surface quality. In this work, scratching tests with increasing depths of cut were conducted on glass BK7 to evaluate the influence of the cutting fluid properties on the critical depth of cut. Boric acid solutions of different concentrations were selected as cutting fluids in the tests. The resulting scratches were examined utilizing a white light interferometer and the values of the critical depth of cut were determined based on the observations of the micro-morphology of the scratch surfaces produced. Experimental results indicated that compared with the process without cutting fluid action, the critical depth of cut in diamond cutting of glass BK7 can be increased by using boric acid solution as the cutting fluid.
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9

Cooper, William L., and Adrienne S. Lavine. "Grinding Process Size Effect and Kinematics Numerical Analysis." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, no. 1 (May 1, 1999): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.538888.

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The present work developed numerical codes that simulate steady-state grinding process kinematics. The three-dimensional modeling procedure entails the following: specifying the sizes, shapes, and positions of individual abrasive grains on the wheel surface; geometrically calculating the abrasive grains’ depth of cut distributions along the grinding zone as they pass through the grinding zone (neglecting wheel, abrasive grain, and workpiece deflections); using an empirical relationship to relate the abrasive grains’ geometric depths of cut to the grains’ actual depths of cut; and updating the workpiece surface to account for material removal. The resulting data include the abrasive grains’ average depth of cut distribution along the grinding zone, stock removal depth, stock removal rate, grinding zone shape, grinding zone length, percentage of grains impacting the workpiece, grain-workpiece impact frequency, etc. The calculated grinding zone lengths compare favorably with experimental data. This article examines a number of steady-state grinding processes. [S1087-1357(00)00101-5]
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10

JAHARAH, A. G., C. H. CHE HASSAN, M. J. GHAZALI, A. B. SULONG, M. Z. OMAR, M. Z. NUAWI, and A. R. ISMAIL. "PERFORMANCE OF UNCOATED CARBIDE CUTTING TOOL WHEN MACHINING CAST IRON IN DRY CUTTING CONDITION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 1796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209061640.

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This paper presents the performance of uncoated carbide cutting tool when machining cast iron in dry cutting conditions. Experiments were conducted at various cutting speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut according to Taguchi method design of experiment using a standard orthogonal array L 9(34). The effects of cutting speeds (100-146 m/min), feed rates (0.20-0.35 mm/tooth) and depths of cut (1.0-2.0 mm) on the tool life, surface roughness and cutting forces were evaluated using ANOVA. Results showed that the effects of cutting speed, depth of cut and the feed rate were similar affecting the failure of the carbide cutting tools within the range of tested machining parameters. The contribution of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut in controlling the tool life were 32.12%, 38.56% and 29.32% respectively. Whereas, the cutting speed was the main factor influencing the average surface roughness (Ra) value followed by feed rate. These factors contribute 60.53% and 35.59% respectively to the Ra value. On the other hand, cutting forces generated were greatly influenced by the depth of cut (66.52%) and the feed rate (32.6%). Cutting speed was found insignificant in controlling the generated cutting forces.
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11

Diestre, A., M. Gispert, and M. A. Oliver. "The evaluation of automatic probes in Spain for the new scheme for pig carcass grading according to the EC regulations." Animal Science 48, no. 2 (April 1989): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100040447.

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ABSTRACTAn evaluation of three automatic recording probes, the Fat-o-Meater (FOM), the Hennessy Grading Probe II (HGP) and the Destron PG-100 (DST) was carried out for use in the revised European Community (EC) Pig Grading Scheme. One hundred and forty-five pig carcasses were selected from four abattoirs covering the national fatness distribution. Two fat thickness depths, one at the head of the last rib (LR) and the other at the 3rd/4th from the last rib (3/4LR fat), and one muscle depth (3/4LR muscle) taken in the same operation for recording 34LR fat were studied as predictors of EC reference lean concentration. All measurements were taken 60 mm from the dorsal mid line. The corresponding cut surface measurements were also recorded and the carcasses were dissected. The prediction of cut surface fat depths from fat depth probes was better than the prediction of cut surface muscle depth from muscle depth taken with the probes. The DST fat measurement predicted more accurately the corresponding cut surface measurements and FOM muscle depth was more precise in predicting muscle cut surface depth. The DST was better in the prediction of EC reference lean concentration with 3/4LR fat and 3/4LR muscle as predictors (residual s.d. 23·1 g/kg). By adding LR as a third independent variable FOM predicted slightly better the lean concentration (residual s.d. 22·3). For Spain, the equations with these three independent variables were submitted to the Pig Management Committee of the EC. All the methods tested predicted EC reference lean concentration with a residual s.d. less than 25 g/kg and a correlation higher than 0·8.
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12

Wang, Min, Tao Zan, Lei Hu, Jian Zhong Hu, and Xin Yun Zhang. "Acoustic Emission Monitoring Technology Used in the Ceramics Grinding Cut Depth Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 103 (September 2011): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.103.464.

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Precision grinding on brittle materials accomplished without generating subsurface fracture damage is called ductile-regime grinding. The most important key point for maintaining a ductile material removal regime is to ensure that the cut depth made by grinding process does not exceed the critical cut depth. Through collecting and processing the acoustic emission(AE) signals generated by zirconia (PSZ) ceramic grinding tests, and analyzed the characteristics of AE signals under different grinding parameters. As a result of the experiments described in this paper, it can be concluded that AE signals measured during micro-grinding are sensitive to the changes of cut d- epths. The relationship between AE signals and material removal regime could lead to an in-process sensing strategy of the cut depths for ensuring grinding processes under ductile regime.
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13

Li, Cai Xia, and Yu Luo. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Grinding Process of Mg-Al Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 820 (September 2013): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.820.75.

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A molecular dynamics simulation considered of chip deformation and force analysis for grinding process of Mg-Al alloy is presented. Hybrid potentials including embedded atom method (EAM) potential and Morse potential are applied in this model. The activities among atoms of Mg-Al Alloy material is described by EAM potential which is very suitable for metal materials. Morse potential is used to realize the interaction between Mg-Al alloy and abrasive grain made of diamond. Simulations of Different depths of cut (0.6nm, 0.8nm and 1.0nm) and different cut speeds (50m/s, 100m/s and 200m/s) are given. The experience result shows that with the same nanometric depth of cut, there is a little difference of ratio of the cut potential to the cutting speed. Moreover, with the same cutting speed, the cut potential is increased linearly with the depth of cut while reaching to stable cutting regime.
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14

Matsuda, Kota, Ryutaro Tanaka, Katsuhiko Sekiya, and Keiji Yamada. "Cutting Force Changes during One Cut in End Milling with a Throw-Away Insert - Difference between Up-Cut and Down-Cut –." Key Engineering Materials 825 (October 2019): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.825.123.

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In this study, the transition of cutting force in the tangential and radial direction during one cut was investigated in milling of AISI-1045, AISI-304, and Ti-6Al-4V with a TiN coated carbide throw-away insert. In the case of 1045 and Ti-6Al-4V, there was not obvious difference in tangential forces between up-cut and down-cut. However, up-cut showed larger radial force than down-cut in any material. In down-cut, tangential force showed almost the same regardless of radial depth of cut. 304 and Ti-6Al-4V caused larger radial force with the increase of radial depth of cut at the same cut chip thickness.
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15

Song, Qing Hua, Wei Xiao Tang, Xing Ai, and Yi Wan. "Optimal Cutting Parameters for Precision Machining Process." Key Engineering Materials 431-432 (March 2010): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.431-432.381.

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Semi-discretization method is applied to construct stability chart and performance contour in the parametric space for milling processes. The method creates a mapping of the system responses in a finite dimensional state space. Based on the discipline of that, the smaller the largest absolute value (μmax) of the characteristic multipliers of the mapping is, the faster the system converges to zero, minimization of μmax leads to optimal stable limit. The optimal limits are obtained by using stability chart and performance contours. Additional, a novel analytical method for selection of optimal depth of cut (axial depth of cut) is presented. An example of 2-DOF down-milling model is employed to demonstrate the method. It is shown that the spindle speeds corresponding to the optimal depths of cut locate the left side of the resonant spindle speeds, and the optimal cutting parameters pair (spindle speed and depth of cut) can be used to offer high finishing accuracy in precision machining.
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16

Jiang, Peng, Hua Yan, Zhen Zhang, Yu Mei Ding, and Wei Min Yang. "Simulation of Circular Tubes Fitted with V Cut and Square Cut Rotors." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.547.

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This work presents the effect of V cut and square cut rotors in circular tubes for turbulent heat transfer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The computational results are in good agreement with experimental data. The obtained results reveal that the use of square cut rotors leads to higher Nusselt number than use of V cut rotors. The results also show that the heat transfer rate, friction factor and thermal performance factor of rotors with square cut increase with the increase of width (a) and depth (b) of rotors’ cut. Square cut rotors with a=b=3 yields higher mean thermal performance factor than those with other width and depth, a=b=1, 2 and the highest thermal performance factor of square cut rotors at a=b=1, 2, 3 are found to be 2.08, 2.11 and 2.13.
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17

Gao, Guo Fu, Bo Zhao, Qing Hua Kong, and Chuan Shao Liu. "Surface Features in Honing Zirconia Ceramics Using Fine Grains with Ultrasonic Assistance." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.933.

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Experiments on surface features were carried out in honing zirconia engineering ceramics using fine grains. In ultrasonic honing, the surface fracture ratio increased quickly when the depth of cut is more than 3 μm, while in common honing it performed an ascending trend from depth of cut 1.5 μm. The value of surface roughness in ultrasonic honing increased along with the depth of cut; while it descends contrast to the depth of cut when the honing velocity is less than 0.58 m/s in traditional honing. As for honing velocity over 0.74 m/s, it deceased firstly to the minimal value for depth of cut 1μm, then began to ascend along with depth of cut. The value of surface roughness descended to minimum value for the range of honing velocity 0.41-0.58 m/s in traditional honing, while the optimized honing velocity ranged 0.58-0.75 m/s in ultrasonic machining. The surface roughness in ultrasonic honing was superior to that in traditional honing.
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18

Chai, Peng, Shujuan Li, and Yan Li. "Modeling and Experiment of the Critical Depth of Cut at the Ductile–Brittle Transition for a 4H-SiC Single Crystal." Micromachines 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10060382.

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In this paper, a theoretical model of the critical depth of cut of nanoscratching on a 4H-SiC single crystal with a Berkovich indenter is proposed, and a series of scratch tests in a nanomechanical test system was performed. Through nanoindentation experimentation on fused quartz, the Berkovich indenter nose radius was indirectly confirmed using least squares. The range of critical depths of cut at the ductile–brittle transition was obtained by SEM observation, and the size of cracks was amplified with increasing scratching depth. The theoretical result of the critical depth of cut at the ductile–brittle transition for a 4H-SiC single crystal is 91.7 nm, which is close to the first obvious pop-in point of the relation curve between tangential force and lateral displacement. Repeated experimental results show good consistency and good agreement with other references.
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19

Miller, M. H., and T. A. Dow. "Influence of the Grinding Wheel in the Ductile Grinding of Brittle Materials: Development and Verification of Kinematic Based Model." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833087.

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Empirical evidence has shown that grinding wheel characteristics significantly affect performance in the grinding of brittle materials. In this research a grit depth of cut model was developed based on a kinematic simulation of the grinding process. The model describes the relationships between grinding wheel parameters (grit size, concentration, binder modulus) and chip thickness and area. It was corroborated by the measurement of number of cutting grits in tests using a fly wheel with small abrasive area. Based on this grit depth of cut model, the “critical depth of cut” model for the grinding of brittle materials was modified to include wheel parameter effects. The new critical depth of cut model was tested using “crossfeed” experiments. Although the theoretical and experimental results show less agreement than for the grit depth of cut model, the model equations provide guidelines for choosing wheel specifications.
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20

Salman, Sami D., Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, Mohd S. Takriff, and Abu Bakar Mohamad. "CFD Analysis of Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Characteristics in a Circular Tube Fitted with Quadrant-Cut Twisted Tape Inserts." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/273764.

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This paper reports numerical investigations of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in swirling flow conditions using CFD simulation. A commercial CFD package, FLUENT 6.3.26, was used in this study. 3D models for circular tube fitted with classical and quadrant-cut twisted tape (QCT) inserts with three twist ratios (y= 2.93, 3.91, and 4.89) and different cut depths (w= 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm) were generated for the simulation. The data obtained from the CFD simulation were verified with the literature correlations of plain tube with the discrepancy of less than ±8% for Nusselt number and ±10% for friction factor. The results show that there was a significant increase in heat transfer coefficient and friction factor in the tube fitted with quadrant-cut twisted tape (QCT) with decreasing of twist ratio (y) and cut depth (w). Furthermore, the configuration of QCT insert with a twist ratio ofy= 2.93 and a cut depth ofw= 0.5 cm offered higher heat transfer rate and friction factor than other twist ratios.
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21

Yan, Lan, Feng Jiang, Zhong Wei Hu, and Yi Ming(Kevin) Rong. "Numerical Simulation of Single Grit Cutting." Key Engineering Materials 589-590 (October 2013): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.589-590.188.

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Grinding process can be considered as micro-cutting processes with a lot of irregular abrasive grits on the surface of grinding wheel. The study of the grit-workpiece interaction through single grit cutting is an important contribution to describe the material removal processes in the grinding process. In this study, single grit cutting processes with different process parameters (depth of cut, cutting speed) were modeled by FEM software AdvantEdge. The critical depth of cut from plowing t cutting was investigated. The simulated tangential and radial cutting forces increase sharply due to the pile-up of workpiece material in the front of single grit when the depth of cut reached to some value. And the increase extent of cutting forces at low cutting speed is larger than that at high cutting speed due to the thermal softening of workpiece material. The simulated highest cutting temperature increase first, and then decrease, finally increase again with the increase of depth of cut. And the peak value of simulated highest cutting temperature occurs near the critical depth of cut. The simulated material removal rate increases with the increase of cutting speed and depth of cut.
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22

Zheng, Xing Wei, Guo Fu Ying, Jia Lu, Ni Hong Yang, Yan Chen, and Yu Can Fu. "The Influence of Cutting Parameters on the Cutting Forces when Milling Invar36." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.296.

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An experimental study on milling of Invar36 was conducted by using coated carbide insert to characterize the cutting force. The Taugchi's design of experiment was used for experimentation and the cutting force regression equation was established based on the principles of probability statistics and regression analysis. The results showed that the cutting force was significantly affected by the axial depth of cut and the feed per tooth, and with the increase of the axial depth of cut, the cutting force increased very quickly. Compared with the axial depth of cut, radial depth of cut and cutting speed had less influence on the cutting force. The established regression equation was highly reliable.
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23

Salman, Sami D., Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, Mohd S. Takriff, and Abu Bakar Mohamad. "CFD Simulation of Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Augmentation in a Circular Tube Fitted with Elliptic-Cut Twisted Tape Inserts." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/163839.

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This paper presents the application of a mathematical model for simulation of the swirling flow in a tube induced by elliptic-cut and classical twist tape inserts. Effects of the twist ratio (y=2.93, 3.91, and 4.89) and cut depth (w=0.4, 0.8, and 1.4 cm) on heat transfer enhancement (Nu) and friction factor (f) in laminar flow are numerically investigated. The simulation is carried out using commercial CFD package (FLUENT-6.3.26) to grasp the physical behaviour of the thermal and fluid flows of a constant heat-fluxed tube fitted with elliptic-cut twist tape in the laminar flow regime for the Reynolds number ranging from 200 to 2100. The simulated results matched the literature correlations of plain tube for validation with 8% variation for Nusselt number and 10% for friction factor. The results show that the heat transfer rate and friction factor in the tube equipped with elliptic-cut twist tape (ECT) are significantly higher than those fitted with classical twist tape (CTT). Moreover the results also reveal that the Nusselt number and the friction factor in the tube with elliptic-cut twisted tape (ECT) increase with decreasing twist ratios (y) and cut depths (w).
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24

Anwar, Ahmad Khoirul, Digdo Listyadi, and Dwi Djumhariyanto. "PENGARUH VARIASI JENIS PENDINGIN DAN KEDALAMAN POTONG PADA PROSES BUBUT BAJA ST60 TERHADAP UMUR PAHAT." ROTOR 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/rotor.v12i1.16328.

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Turning machining process is a warkpiece diameter reduction by using chisel cut to produce the shape of the workpiece on a turning, there are various types of machining turning chisel pieces on the turning chisel types include carbide, CBN, and insert. There are also other types on conventional chisel on a turning process, one of which is a turning type of high speed steel (HSS), the turning is widely used in coventional production processes for other than low cost is also easy to grinding. Parameter in this research is coolant and depth of cut. The coolant used is dromus, ex-oil, ex cooking oil. The depth of cut used is 0,3mm, 0,5mm amd 0,8mm. The highest of tool life in this reserch with dromus as coolant at 0,3mm depth of cut is 83,17 minutes. With ex-oil at 0,3 depth of cut the tool life is 70,79 minutes. And with ex-cooking oil the tool life is 56,77 minutes with 0,3mm depth of cut. While the lowest tool life be obtained with ex-cooking oil coolant at 0,8mm depth of cut is 38,90 minutes. So, the canclusion dromus is a batter then ex-oil and ex-cooking oil. This is caused when the dromus as coolant can mixed with water and become one so can get down temperture of chisel.
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25

SHIBATA, Junji, Ichiro INASAKI, and Sakae YONETSU. "Study on High-depth-of-cut Grinding (2nd Report)." Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering 51, no. 10 (1985): 1959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.51.1959.

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26

Sadílek, M., J. Dubský, Z. Sadílková, and Z. Poruba. "Cutting forces during turning with variable depth of cut." Perspectives in Science 7 (March 2016): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2015.11.055.

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27

Hekman, Keith A., and Liang Steven Y. "Flatness control in grinding by depth of cut manipulation." Mechatronics 8, no. 4 (June 1998): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-4158(97)00057-3.

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28

Wang, Wei, Fei Liu, Zhaoheng Liu, and Chao Yun. "Prediction of depth of cut for robotic belt grinding." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 91, no. 1-4 (November 26, 2016): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9729-3.

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29

Tewari, S. P., and Nitin Rathod. "Effect of Force Frequency Increase on Depth of Cut." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C 93, no. 1 (January 2012): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40032-011-0009-6.

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30

Rasmussen, J. D., T. C. Tsao, R. D. Hanson, and S. G. Kapoor. "Dynamic variable depth of cut machining using piezoelectric actuators." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 34, no. 3 (April 1994): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(94)90007-8.

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31

Rafai, N. H., Mohd Amri Lajis, and N. A. J. Hosni. "The Effect of Machining Parameters on Surface Integrity when Milling Hardened Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.70.

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This study discussed about the influence of the cutting speed and radial depth of cut on surface integrity (microhardness and work-hardening) when performing hard milling of AISI D2 workpiece. By using PVD-TiAlN, nine experimental trials were performed at various cutting speeds of 80, 100 and 120 m/min and various radial depth of cut of 3, 4 and 5 mm as feed and depth of cut remain constant at 0.05 mm/tooth and 0.05 mm. From the result, due to high cutting temperature generated, the cutting speed adversely affects the microhardness value of the subsurface layer. At higher cutting speed of 120 m/min higher hardness values were obtained when compared with lower cutting speed of 80 m/min. As for the effect of the radial depth of cut it is clear that it influences the microhardness beneath the surface. Higher microhardness recorded from the radial depth of cut increment associated with high cutting temperature generated during machining.
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32

JAROSZ, Krzysztof, and Piotr LÖSCHNER. "THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN DEPTH OF CUT ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN MACHINING OF AISI 316 STAINLESS STEEL." Journal of Machine Engineering Vol.18, No.1 (February 22, 2018): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8824.

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Currently, process optimization is an important part of design of CNC toolpath, allowing overall process improvement in accordance to a range of criteria. Available CAE software for CNC toolpath optimization works only by changing the feed rate value specified in the base toolpath. The authors are planning to devise a solution allowing for optimization of other process parameters, including depth of cut. In some cases, it would be important for surface roughness to remain unaltered after optimization by means of increasing depth of cut. In this work, the effect of depth of cut on surface roughness was investigated. Depth of cut was altered for the roughing pass, while technological parameters for the finish pass remained constant. Roughness measurements were performed on-machine after rough turning and finish turning. The authors have found that depth of cut has a noticeable effect on investigated roughness parameters, both in the case of rough turning and subsequent finish turning operations.
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33

Mohamad, Hafiz, and M. N. Osman Zahid. "Investigation of the correlation between radial depth of cut (RDOC) and axial depth of cut (ADOC) in NX-CAM system: Simulation Studies." MATEC Web of Conferences 255 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925502005.

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This paper outlines a simulation study to investigate the correlation between radial depth of cut (RDOC) and axial depth of cut (ADOC) in 4 axis machining processes. Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM) plays a crucial role in simulating cutting operations before the real process executed. Several cutting parameters can be analysed through effective CAM program to predict the outcomes. However, an efficient program required skilled operator to develop the process planning. Besides, a standard CAM system has limited capabilities to handle repetitive simulation due to unavailable function to support the analysis. In this study, the combination of RDOC and ADOC is analyses on different parts features consist of planar surface and non-planar surface. Several set of pairing percentages between RDOC and ADOC are used in the simulation program to analyses the cutting operations. In order to perform the simulation, a customized program was developed in NX CAM system to assist the routines. It capable to generate machining data files from each simulation and assess the total volume removed. A pairing set with high volume removal is denoted as an optimum value and will be chosen as a cutting parameter in finishing operation. Generally, ADOC has a significant effect compared to RDOC in terms of total volume removed from the workpiece.
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34

Liu, Lian Fen, Jie Zhen Zhuang, and Chao Liu. "Influence of Depth of Cut on Grind-Hardened Layer and Its Uniformity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 109 (October 2011): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.109.345.

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The grind-hardening of steel 65Mn had been carried out on a conventional surface grinder with alumina grinding wheel, the influence of depth of cut on the microstructure and the microhardness of workpiece, the depth and its uniformity of grind-hardened layer were studied. The results show that the completely hardened zone of grind-hardened layer is composed of fine acicular martensites, residual austenites and a little carbide. The variety of depth of cut has no obvious influence on the microstructure and the microhardness of completely hardened zone of grind-hardened layer. The maximum depth of grind-hardened layer and the depth uniformity of grind-hardened layer of workpiece increases with the increase of depth of cut ap.
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35

Yamada, Takazo, Michael N. Morgan, Hwa Soo Lee, and Kohichi Miura. "Calculation of Effective Ground Depth of Cut by Means of Grinding Process Model." Key Engineering Materials 496 (December 2011): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.496.7.

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In order to obtain the effective depth of cut on the ground surface, a new grinding process model taking into account thermal expansions of the grinding wheel and the workpiece, elastic deformations of the grinding machine, the grinding wheel and the workpiece and the wheel wear was proposed. Using proposed model, the effective depth of cut was calculated using measured results of the applied depth of cut and the normal grinding force.
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36

Nie, Bai Sheng, Ming Zhang, Jun Qing Meng, Hui Wang, and Ru Ming Zhang. "Characteristic Analysis of Metal Trough Faces Cut by Pre-Mixed Abrasive Waterjet." Applied Mechanics and Materials 63-64 (June 2011): 740–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.63-64.740.

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In order to improve the cutting efficiency of abrasive waterjet (AWJ), the relationship between pre-mixed AWJ cutting depth and pressure was experimentally studied. Then, through analysis of the cutting results, the topographic characteristics and formation mechanism of the cut trough faces were investigated. Moreover, through comparing the effects of different jet pressures on the topographic characteristics of AWJ cut trough faces and the SEM analysis of the cut trough faces at different pressures and depths, the effects of pre-mixed AWJ cutting mechanism on the characteristics of cut trough faces were investigated, and the characteristics of the trough faces of metals cut by pre-mixed AWJ were analyzed.
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37

Hanke, Amelie, Rolf Fimmers, Matthias Frentzen, and Jörg Meister. "Quantitative determination of cut efficiency during soft tissue surgery using diode lasers in the wavelength range between 400 and 1500 nm." Lasers in Medical Science 36, no. 8 (January 26, 2021): 1633–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-020-03243-4.

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AbstractWithin the scope of this ex vivo study, the cut efficiency was investigated with eight diode laser wavelengths in the range from 400 to 1500 nm. Incisions on porcine gingiva samples were generated in CW-mode at a power range of 0.5–4 W using a bare fiber (∅ = 320 μm) in contact and non-contact mode at a cut speed of 2 mm/s. Cut depths, cut widths, and thermal damages were recorded based on histological sections and were evaluated via measurement masks. Moreover, with respect to the controllability of a therapeutic measure, an efficiency factor was defined. At powers above 2 W, for 445 nm, the maximum cut depth was 820 μm and 344 μm for 810 nm, respectively. At all wavelength and power ranges, the cut width averaged 125 μm. At minimum output power (0.5 W), the spatial expansion of the thermal damage in the tissue surface layer corresponds in the blue/green wavelength range from the very beginning of the laser impact to the fiber core diameter. It could be shown that increases in the diode laser power output do not correlate to the same extent with the incision depth nor with thermal damage to tissue.
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38

Miraoui, Imed, Mohamed Boujelbene, and Mouna Zaied. "High-Power Laser Cutting of Steel Plates: Heat Affected Zone Analysis." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1242565.

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The thermal effect of CO2high-power laser cutting on cut surface of steel plates is investigated. The effect of the input laser cutting parameters on the melted zone depth (MZ), the heat affected zone depth (HAZ), and the microhardness beneath the cut surface is analyzed. A mathematical model is developed to relate the output process parameters to the input laser cutting parameters. Three input process parameters such as laser beam diameter, cutting speed, and laser power are investigated. Mathematical models for the melted zone and the heat affected zone depth are developed by using design of experiment approach (DOE). The results indicate that the input laser cutting parameters have major effect on melted zone, heat affected zone, and microhardness beneath cut surface. The MZ depth, the HAZ depth, and the microhardness beneath cut surface increase as laser power increases, but they decrease with increasing cutting speed. Laser beam diameter has a negligible effect on HAZ depth but it has a remarkable effect on MZ depth and HAZ microhardness. The melted zone depth and the heat affected zone depth can be reduced by increasing laser cutting speed and decreasing laser power and laser beam diameter.
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39

Stori, J. A., and P. K. Wright. "Parameter Space Decomposition for Selection of the Axial and Radial Depth of Cut in Endmilling." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 123, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1383029.

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Feeds and speeds for conventional endmilling operations have been empirically investigated and extensively tabulated 1. However, the selection of the geometric cutting parameters, the axial and radial depths of cut, remains an inexact science. Observation of mechanistic process simulation predictions reveal a relatively complex topology resulting from the multiple cutting flutes of conventional endmilling cutters as the axial and radial depths of cut are varied. A partitioning approach is presented that explicitly enumerates the transition events due to the entrance and exit of the individual cutting flutes. The resulting simplified optimization formulation permits selection of the axial and radial depth of cut that most efficiently satisfy critical simulation predictions such as maximum cutting force or form error. Case studies are presented illustrating the application of the method to select the cutting parameters in climb milling. The optimization objective in the case studies is to maximize the material removal rate, subject to the process induced constraints. Results suggest that operating at the extremes of either axial or radial engagement may in various instances be preferable to more conventional combinations of depth and width of cut. Certain regions of the parameter space are observed to be necessarily sub-optimal relative to particular planning constraints, while other regions are found to contain particularly attractive operating points.
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40

Said, Mohamad Sazali, Jaharah A. Ghani, Mohd Asri Selamat, Nurul Na'imy Wan, and Hassan C. H. Che. "Optimisation of End Milling Machining Parameters Using the Taguchi Method and ANOVA of AlSi/AlN Metal Matrix Composite Material." Key Engineering Materials 701 (July 2016): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.701.200.

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Abstract. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimum machining parameter for Aluminium silicon alloy (AlSi) matrix composite, which has been reinforced with aluminium nitride (AlN), with three types of carbide inserts present. Experiments were conducted at various cutting speeds, feed rates and depths of cut, according to the Taguchi orthogonal array L27. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance are applied to study the characteristic performance of cutting speeds, feed rates, depths of cut and types of tool in measuring the tool life during the milling operation. The analysis of wear was done using a Sometech SV-35 video microscope according to ISO 3686. Through Taguchi analysis, it is concluded that a combination of high feed rate, high depth of cut, low cutting speed and insert TiB2 give a longer tool life. Therefore, the cutting speed of 230 m/min, feed rate of 0.8 mm/tooth, depth of cut of 0.5 mm and type of insert of TiB2 were the optimum machining parameters. These optimum parameters will help the automotive industry to have a competitive machining operation from both economical and manufacturing perspectives.
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41

Yamada, Takazo, Hwa Soo Lee, and Kohichi Miura. "Estimation of Grinding Cycle Time Taking into Account Specific Grinding Force." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.72.

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In the grinding process, due to the elastic deformations of grinding machine and grinding wheel, the ground depth of cut is smaller than the applied depth of cut. Consequently, the ground depth of cut has to be controlled in spark-out grinding process. However, the cycle time in spark-out grinding process is not easy to be estimated. From such a viewpoint, in this study, using specific grinding force obtained by measured grinding force in the first spark-out pass, a calculating method of the real ground depth in continuous pass process is proposed. And, this method is experimentally evaluated.
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42

Zawawi, Mohd Zairulnizam, Mohd Ali Hanafiah Shaharudin, and Ahmad Rosli Abdul Manaf. "Influences of Varying Combination of Feed Rate and Depth of Cut to Tool Wear Rate and Surface Roughness: High Speed Machining Technique in Non-High Speed Milling Machine." Advanced Materials Research 903 (February 2014): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.903.194.

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Machining technique using high spindle speed, high feed rate and shallow depth of cut utilize in High Speed Milling (HSM) machines offer several benefits such as increase of productivity, elimination of secondary and semi-finishing process, reduce tool load and small chips produced. By adjusting some of the machining parameters, non-HSM machine having lower spindle speed and feed rate could also take advantages some of the benefits mentioned above when applying the HSM technique. This experiment investigate the effects of varying combination of depth of cut and feed rate to tool wear rate and surface roughness during end milling of Aluminum and P20 tool steel in dry condition. The criterion for tool wear before it gets rejected is based on maximum flank wear, Vb of 0.6mm. Material removal rate, spindle speed and radial depth of cut are constant in this experiment. After preliminary machining trials, the combination starts with depth of cut of 2mm and feed rate of 45mm/min until the smallest depth of cut and highest feed rate of 0.03mm and 3000mm/min respectively. The obtained result shows that for both materials, feed rate significantly influences the surface roughness value while depth of cut does not as the surface roughness value keep increasing with the increase of feed rate and decreasing depth of cut. Whereas, tool wear rate almost remain unchanged indicates that material removal rate strongly contribute the wear rate. With no significant tool wear rate, this study demonstrates that HSM technique is possible to be applied in non-HSM machine with extra benefits of eliminating semi-finishing operation, reducing tool load for finishing, machining without coolant and producing smaller chip for ease of cleaning.
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43

Gao, Yu Fei, and Pei Qi Ge. "Relationship between the Grit Cut Depth and Process Parameters in Electroplated Diamond Wire Sawing KDP Crystal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 101-102 (September 2011): 950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.101-102.950.

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A wire-saw cut KDP crystal geometrical model was founded and a mathematical model was established to calculate the grit average cut depth, based on indentation fracture mechanics theory(IFMT). The relationship between the grit cut depth and wire saw process parameter was analyzed theoretically. The research results indicate that there exists an approximate monotone increasing non-linear correlation between grit average cut depth and the ratio i value of crystal feed speed and wire speed. By increasing the wire speed and crystal feed speed accordantly, the value of i can be maintained invariable, however, this way can simultaneously bring higher machined surface quality and machining efficiency.
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44

Rong, G., G. R. Hamed, and J. Jiang. "COMPARISON OF THE STRENGTH OF NORMAL AND EDGE-CUT TENSILE SPECIMENS OF STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER AND NATURAL RUBBER WITH SIMILAR CROSSLINK DENSITY." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.85944.

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ABSTRACT Edge cuts of various depths, c, were introduced into tensile specimens of similarly crosslinked (ρc ≈ 6 (10−5) moles of crosslinks/mL) gum (unfilled) natural rubber (NR) and gum styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR). When specimens contained no intentional cut (c = 0, i.e., normal tensile strength), the NR is about 10 times as strong as the SBR. This difference is due to the stereoregularity (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) of NR, enabling it to strain crystallize when deformed. On the other hand, SBR has an irregular, amorphous microstructure that renders it incapable of crystallization. However, for test pieces that contain an edge cut, the strength, σbc, of the NR relative to that of the SBR depends strongly on cut depth. When c ≈ 0.2 mm, the strength of both vulcanizates is reduced about 50%, and hence the ratio of strengths remains about an order of magnitude. But, with a further increase in c, the SBR exhibits a steady decrease in σbc, while the strength of the NR drops discontinuously by nearly a factor of four when c ≈ 1.7 mm. Now, the NR is only about two and one half times as strong as the SBR. Extrapolation of σbc to larger c results in a predicted cut depth c ≈ 4.3 mm, at which the strength of the NR and SBR would be similar. At sufficiently large cut depth, it appears that strain rate at the cut tip is high enough and breaking strain low enough that rupture occurs before significant strain crystallization commences.
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45

Yao, Peng, Nobuhito Yoshihara, Nobuteru Hitomi, Ji Wang Yan, and Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa. "Ductile and Brittle Mode Grinding of Fused Silica." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.21.

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There is a demand for high-efficiency and high surface integrity grinding of fused silica. Ductile grinding is an ideal method for producing a mirror finished surface on hard and brittle materials to significantly decrease polishing time. However, the fused silica is still difficult to ductile grind because of its high brittleness. A creep feed taper grinding method was applied to investigate the relationship between maximum grit depth of cut and surface integrity of fused silica. Ductile mode grinding was achieved on fused silica. When the depth of cut exceeds the critical wheel depth of cut, the surface suddenly changes from the ductile mode to the brittle mode. At the same ratio of wheel speed and table speed, the critical wheel depth of cut is noticeably increased by increasing the wheel speed which caused an increase in the temperature at the interface of grains and workpiece. The depth of subsurface damage (SSD) was investigated by polishing the ground surface. The experiment results show that the depth of SSD is deepest in transition mode and stables in brittle mode.
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46

Liao, Yunn Shiuan, and Chin Nan Chen. "A Study of a Strategy for Threading Titanium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.323.

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The cutting of precision threads is an important manufacturing process. Several passes are needed to complete the cutting of a thread and the choice of appropriate cutting speed and depth of cut for each cutting pass is essential. The cutting efficiency and tool life are significantly affected by these two parameters, especially when cutting threads in difficult-to-cut materials, such as titanium alloy. This paper proposes the concept of an equal undeformed chip area for all cutting passes, in order to determine the depth of cut for each pass. The principal goal is to maintain the same cutting force throughout the cutting process. Using tool geometry, the relationship between the cumulative depth of cut and the undeformed chip area for each cutting pass are derived. The depth of cut of each corresponding cutting pass can be determined, once the dimensions of the thread and the number of cutting passes are specified. Experiments were conducted to cut an ISO metric screw thread, with a pitch of 0.5 mm, on a 40 mm in diameter bar. It was found that, for the same total number of cutting passes, the tool wear was less than that suggested by the tool makers, when a depth of cut for each pass was determined using the proposed method. The thread could be cut using a higher cutting speed, resulting in a much shorter machining time. In addition, the proposed strategy also allowed completion of cutting using less cutting passes. A 25% increase in efficiency was noted for the specific thread used in the experiment.
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47

Liu, Ju Dong, Gui Cheng Wang, Zhi Wang, and Shu Tian Fan. "Experimental Research on Grind-Hardening of 65Mn Steel." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.787.

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Grind-hardening was done on 65Mn steel with a conventional surface grinder and a corundum-grinding wheel. Research was conducted to probe into microstructures and properties of the hardened layer under varied depth of cut and cooling conditions. Results show that the hardened layer does not change noticeably in their martensitic structures and micro-hardness, which is ranged between 810-870HV. When the depth of cut increases or the dry grinding technique is adopted, the hardened layer becomes thicker accordingly. Under the condition of dry grinding with the depth of cut 1.0mm, the hardened layer depth reaches 2.0mm. It can find applications in grinding and metal surface modification field.
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48

Perec, Andrzej, and Aleksandra Radomska-Zalas. "Abrasive Water Jet Cutting of Stainless-Steel Optimization by Orthogonal Array Approach." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Technical Series 71, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucts-2019-0011.

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Abstract The paper presents the use of Taguchi method to optimize the cutting of stainless steel by Abrasive Water Jet. Shown are the influence of the most important machining parameters, such a traverse speed, abrasive grains size and concentration of abrasive in the jet on the maximum depth of cut. Analysis of variance - ANOVA was used to determine the effect of machining parameters on the cutting depth. Based on the calculated signal/noise ratios for individual parameters of the cutting process, their impact on cutting depth was determined and optimal process conditions were determined in order to reach the maximum depth of cut. The empirical verification of this process was also performed by comparing the depth of cut predicted and achieved in the tests.
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49

Luo, Shenq Yih, Ching Win Shih, and M. H. Chen. "A Study of the Grinding Alumina for the Multi-Point Diamond Tools." Advanced Materials Research 76-78 (June 2009): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.76-78.603.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of grinding alumina for the specific designed tools containing a controlled diamond protrusion and arrangement. The grinding forces, workpiece roughness and diamond wear at changing the depth of cut and feed under a fixed spindle speed were studied in the experiments. The experiment results showed that the grinding forces with the increase of feed slowly increased. However, the grinding forces with the increase of depth of cut showed a relatively larger rise. When the depth of cut reached to 0.09 mm that is about one fourth of diamond size, the axial grinding force obtained above about 20 N to cause some weaker or higher protrusive diamonds to produce a relatively larger fracture or pull-out. Furthermore, under a larger depth of cut and a larger feed rate the workpiece roughness obtained was the poorer. When diamond tool was employed for a longer time test under the depth of cut less than about one fourth of grit diameter, diamonds mainly displayed an attritious wear and the alumina roughness was about Ra 1.2-2.2 μm. This designed diamond tools are feasible for grinding alumina.
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50

Ding, Yue, Wei Liu, Xi Bin Wang, Li Jing Xie, and Jun Han. "Experimental Study on the Relationship between Surface Roughness and Cutting Parameters when Face Milling High Strength Steel." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.782.

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In this study, surface roughness generated by face milling of 38CrSi high-strength steel is discussed. Experiments based on 24 factorial design and Box-Behnken design method are conducted to investigate the effects of milling parameters (cutting speed, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut and feed rate) on surface roughness, and a second-order model of surface roughness is established by using surface response methodology (RSM); Significance tests of the model are carried out by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that the most important cutting parameter is feed rate, followed by radial depth of cut, cutting speed and axial depth of cut. Moreover, it is verified that the predictive model possesses highly significance by the variance examination at a level of confidence of 99%. And the relationship between surface roughness and the important interaction terms is nonlinear.
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