Journal articles on the topic 'Deprived contexts'
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Maphosa, Vusumuzi, Bekithemba Dube, and Thuthukile Jita. "Sustainable Information and Learning Access at a Rural University in Zimbabwe through a Mobile Application." International Journal of Information and Education Technology 11, no. 2 (2021): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2021.11.2.1493.
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The current technological revolution must be harnessed to increase access to information and help communities in developing countries make informed decisions that can improve their standard of life. The purpose of this study was to develop an app that attempts to complement traditional media by improving access to timely and relevant information to enhance teaching and learning in deprived rural contexts. The process was guided by design science research methodology. The paper responds to three questions: the processes considered for effective development of apps in resource-constrained environments; the value of mobile apps in supporting teaching; and how mobile apps transform deprived rural institutions. As part of the design research, the rural-university community was engaged in the construction of an app enabling access to educational information, registration portals, fee balances, and coursework. The findings indicate that the app was useful, easy to learn, and provided utility to its users, which consequently transformed their university life. The paper concludes by arguing that in a deprived learning context, mobile apps have the impetus to bridge the rural-urban dichotomy and recentre rural contexts in a direction for sustainable learning.
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Serván-Mori, Edson, Evelyn Fuentes-Rivera, Amado D. Quezada, Carlos Pineda-Antunez, María del Carmen Hernández-Chávez, Angélica García-Martínez, Abby Madrigal, et al. "Early neurological development and nutritional status in Mexican socially deprived contexts." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 21, 2022): e0270085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270085.
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Early childhood development (ECD) is a critical stage in the intergenerational process of human development. Targeted interventions depend on accurate and up-to-date ECD measurements. This paper presents estimates for the nutritional and neurodevelopmental status of socially marginalized children in Mexico. We performed a cross-sectional study based on data collected in 2019–2020 during home visits to 1,176 children aged 0–38 months across 24 highly marginalized locations in Oaxaca. We assessed nutritional status according to the World Health Organization 2006 child-growth standards and ECD status using the Child Development Evaluation Test, 2nd Edition. We stratified results by sex. Prevalence of stunting was 5.3 percentage points (p.p.) higher (p = 0.023) in males (25.3%; 95% CI: 20.2%, 31.1%) compared to females (20.0%; 95% CI: 15.0%, 26.1%). Overall prevalence rates stood at 5.7% (95% CI: 4.0%, 8.1%) for underweight, 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9%, 2.7%) for wasting and 3.6% (95% CI: 2.3%, 5.7%) for overweight/obesity, with no significant differences by sex. Prevalence of normal development was 8.3 p.p. lower (p = 0.001) in males (39.3%; 95% CI: 34.5%, 44.4%) compared to females (47.6%; 95% CI: 41.6%, 53.6%). By development area, the highest prevalence of suboptimal outcomes among children with developmental lag or at risk of delay was observed in their gross motor and language skills: 24.1% (95% CI: 20.0%, 28.8%) and 38.6% (95% CI: 34.0%, 43.3%), respectively. The largest difference between the sexes was found in the language area. Our results show that childhood development strategies have been insufficient thus far in the studied population. Programs specifically designed to prevent ECD lags and bridge inequality gaps are urgently needed. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04210362.
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Nieuwenhuis, Jaap, Tiit Tammaru, Maarten van Ham, Lina Hedman, and David Manley. "Does segregation reduce socio-spatial mobility? Evidence from four European countries with different inequality and segregation contexts." Urban Studies 57, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 176–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018807628.
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The neighbourhood in which people live reflects their social class and preferences, so studying socio-spatial mobility between neighbourhood types gives insight into the openness of spatial class structures of societies and into the ability of people to leave disadvantaged neighbourhoods. In this paper we study the extent to which people move between different types of neighbourhoods by socio-economic status in different inequality and segregation contexts in four European countries: Sweden, the Netherlands, the UK (England and Wales), and Estonia. The study is based on population registers and census data for the 2001–2011 period. For England and Wales, which has long had high levels of income inequalities and high levels of socio-economic segregation, we find that levels of mobility between neighbourhood types are low and opportunities to move to more socio-economically advantaged neighbourhoods are modest. In Estonia, which used to be one of the most equal and least segregated countries in Europe, and now is one of the most unequal countries, we find high levels of mobility, but these reproduce segregation patterns and it is difficult to move to less deprived neighbourhoods for those in the most deprived neighbourhoods. In the Netherlands and Sweden, where income inequalities are the smallest, it is the easiest to move from the most deprived to less deprived neighbourhoods. The conclusion is that the combination of high levels of income inequalities and high levels of spatial segregation tend to lead to a vicious circle of segregation for low-income groups, where it is difficult to undertake upward socio-spatial mobility.
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Thomson, Dana R., Monika Kuffer, Gianluca Boo, Beatrice Hati, Tais Grippa, Helen Elsey, Catherine Linard, et al. "Need for an Integrated Deprived Area “Slum” Mapping System (IDEAMAPS) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)." Social Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9050080.
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Ninety percent of the people added to the planet over the next 30 years will live in African and Asian cities, and a large portion of these populations will reside in deprived neighborhoods defined by slum conditions, informal settlement, or inadequate housing. The four current approaches to neighborhood deprivation mapping are largely siloed, and each fall short of producing accurate, timely, and comparable maps that reflect local contexts. The first approach, classifying “slum households” in census and survey data, reflects household-level rather than neighborhood-level deprivation. The second approach, field-based mapping, can produce the most accurate and context-relevant maps for a given neighborhood, however it requires substantial resources, preventing up-scaling. The third and fourth approaches, human (visual) interpretation and machine classification of air or spaceborne imagery, both overemphasize informal settlements, and fail to represent key social characteristics of deprived areas such as lack of tenure, exposure to pollution, and lack of public services. We summarize common areas of understanding, and present a set of requirements and a framework to produce routine, accurate maps of deprived urban areas that can be used by local-to-international stakeholders for advocacy, planning, and decision-making across Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). We suggest that machine learning models be extended to incorporate social area-level covariates and regular contributions of up-to-date and context-relevant field-based classification of deprived urban areas.
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Cuesta, Jose, and Cristian Chagalj. "Measuring poverty with administrative data in data deprived contexts: The case of Nicaragua." Economics Letters 183 (October 2019): 108573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108573.
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Parkinson, Caroline, Carole Howorth, and Alan Southern. "The crafting of an (un)enterprising community: Context and the social practice of talk." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 35, no. 4 (January 15, 2016): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242615621123.
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This article examines a ‘deprived’ UK community to identify how (dis)connections between context and enterprise are produced within accounts of a particular locality. We used a discursive psychological approach to examine how the community depicted itself as a context for enterprise. Our analysis identified three discursive repertoires mobilised by a range of voices in the community which combined to portray an unenterprising community and create a conceptual deadlock for enterprise. We suggest it is too deterministic to assume context is fixed and controls the potential for entrepreneurial development. Instead, we should consider social practices, including talk, that help construct the contexts in which entrepreneurship is expected to occur.
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Núñez Sotelo, Edita. "Acerca de la posibilidad de un currículum basado en el desarrollo cognitivo en contextos de deprivación social." Foro Educacional, no. 21 (July 2, 2014): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07180772.21.867.
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Resumen El presente artículo revisa la posibilidad de un currículo basado en el desarrollo cognitivo en contextos de deprivación social, para ello se analiza primero la relación entre currículum y desarrollo cognitivo, y luego se consideran las siguientes preguntas: ¿la escuela se hace cargo del desajuste cognitivo que se produce en el estudiante a partir de su pérdida de hegemonía de información frente a los medios de comunicación?; ¿los docentes consideran e involucran en sus clases las representaciones mentales que traen los alumnos a partir de su contexto cultural, individual y social?. Ante estas interrogantes se hará una revisión crítica de las prácticas presentes en la educación en escuelas chilenas en sectores de deprivación social, con el objeto de intentar responder al planteamiento inicial sobre la posibilidad de un currículum basado en el desarrollo cognitivo en este tipo de entornos. Palabras Clave: Currículum, Desarrollo Cognitivo, Contexto cultural, deprivación social. On the possibility of a curriculum based on cognitive development in contexts of social deprivation Abstract This article overviews the possibility of developing a curriculum based on cognitive development in contexts of social deprivation. It firstly analyses the relationship between curriculum and cognitive development to then formulate the following questions: Does the school take responsibility for the cognitive imbalance produced on the student due to the loss of information hegemony before mass media? Do teachers consider and incorporate into their classrooms the mental representations students bring from their cultural, individual and social contexts? This work critically reviews current practices in Chilean schools from socially deprived areas in order to answer the initial question about the possibility of a curriculum based on cognitive development in those environments. Key words: Curriculum; Cognitive Development; Cultural Context; Social Deprivation.
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Wilson, Angelina, Marié P. Wissing, Lusilda Schutte, and Iolanthé Marike Kruger. "Understanding Goal Motivations in Deprived Contexts: Perspectives of Adults in Two Rural South African Communities." Applied Research in Quality of Life 14, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9583-y.
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Slopen, Natalie, and David R. Williams. "Resilience-promoting policies and contexts for children of color in the United States: Existing research and future priorities." Development and Psychopathology 33, no. 2 (May 2021): 614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457942000173x.
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AbstractThe health status of children in the United States varies by racial and ethnic, shaped by an interrelated set of systems that disadvantage children of color in the United States. In this article, we argue for a broad view of resilience, in both research and policy, that views resilience not just as a property of individuals but also as a characteristic of social contexts and policies. Accordingly, we describe the empirical evidence for policies and contexts as factors that can improve health among children and families that are deprived of equal opportunities and resources due to structural racism. We discuss the evidence and opportunities for policies and interventions across a variety of societal systems, including programs to promote economic and food security, early education, health care, and the neighborhood and community context. Based on this evidence and other research on racism and resilience, we conclude by outlining some directions for future research.
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Yong, Amos. "Justice Deprived, Justice Demanded: Afropentecostalisms and the Task of World Pentecostal Theology Today." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 15, no. 1 (2006): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0966736906069260.
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AbstractBy and large, Pentecostal theology has proceeded with little attention to black Pentecostalism except as `objects' of historical or sociological analysis. But what does Afropentecostalism—black Pentecostalism in its global contexts—have to contribute to the formulation of a world Pentecostal theology for the twenty-first century? The works of Frank Chikane in South Africa, Robert Beckford in Britain, and Cheryl Sanders in North America are discussed and analyzed as points of entry into the theology of Afropentecostal churches. This essay assumes that the future of world Pentecostal theology cannot ignore the important contributions of Afropentecostal theological traditions.
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McKenna, Maureen. "Improving Educational Outcomes through Getting It Right for Every Child in Glasgow." European Review 28, S1 (May 15, 2020): S86—S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798720000927.
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This article sketches the context of education in Glasgow, which is Scotland’s largest local authority, serving some of the most deprived communities in Scotland and the UK. It considers the ways in which we work with our schools to raise aspirations and extend young people’s horizons, and explores some of the successes and some of the challenges we have faced and continue to face in bridging the gap between school and higher education. In Scotland, higher education can be delivered through colleges as well as universities. This is an important dimension for our young people, as colleges offer a different learning experience for them and, for some, this can be a more successful learning pathway. There are also other pathways to higher education, for example through work-based learning, such as apprenticeships. Our partnerships with universities and colleges is very strong. Through this partnership there is a range of programmes which support young people across the city to learn about life in university. This is especially important for young people from deprived communities as, often, their families do not have prior experience of higher education. The means of funding and planning these programmes can be viewed as both an enabler and a barrier in certain contexts.
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McCallum, Marianne, Sara MacDonald, and John McKay. "GP speciality training in areas of deprivation: factors influencing engagement. A qualitative study." BJGP Open 3, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): bjgpopen19X101644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen19x101644.
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BackgroundGP training practices are less likely to be situated in areas of deprivation; little is known about GP views of postgraduate training in such areas.AimTo explore the views of GPs working in deprived areas about GP speciality training (GPST).Design & settingQualitative in-depth interviews with GPs working in practices in deprived areas in Scotland.MethodTen in-depth interviews were conducted with GPs in training and non-training practices, to explore views on training. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and inductive thematic analysis was undertaken.ResultsThe importance of producing ‘well-rounded’ GPs who are able to work in a variety of environments was highlighted. Trainees need exposure to the specific challenges of deprived contexts (such as early multimorbidity, child protection, and addiction) and the benefit of this for trainees was thought to be invaluable. GPs identified many perceived barriers and benefits to training, some generic but some — such as inspiring the next generation (benefit) or overwhelming workload (barrier) — may be more relevant in areas of high deprivation. Overwhelming workload was the main reason for not becoming a training practice, though some would consider it if supported to develop a training culture. All the GPs, including non-trainers, were involved in optional activities which were felt to be important for resilience.ConclusionGPs in areas of deprivation highlighted specific skills that could be gained by undertaking at least a part placement in deprived areas, with different skills likely to be gained from affluent areas. National education bodies should consider GP training rotations ensure a variety of training environments.
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Valoroso, Josh. "A training placement working with homelessness organisations and people with complex lives outside of mainstream mental health services." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 326 (February 2020): 11.2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.2020.1.326.11a.
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This article describes a trainee clinical psychology placement at the University of Plymouth. The placement sits outside of mainstream NHS mental health services and involves working with homelessness hostel residents, staff, and GP surgery patients in a socially deprived area. I hope the paper might encourage training courses to consider opportunities for placements outside typical contexts. Doing so might help to broaden the training experience and assist in the development of skills otherwise difficult to obtain in mainstream services.
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Laudiero, Angelo. "Cultural Third Sector Organizations and Local Development: New Actors and Tools for Urban Regeneration in Deprived Contexts." Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity 9, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5947/jeod.2020.006.
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Sidorova, Evgeniia, and Roberta Rice. "Being Indigenous in an Unlikely Place: Self-Determination in the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1991)." International Indigenous Policy Journal 11, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2020.11.3.8269.
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How and why is Indigeneity expressed differently in different contexts? This article examines the articulation and expression of Indigenous Rights in one of the most challenging contexts—that of Siberia in the Soviet Union era. Based on primary, archival research carried out in the Republic of Sakha, Russia, the review finds that re-claiming and re-defining Indigeneity can serve as the first step in crafting an effective challenge to the domination and control exercised by states over Indigenous populations. The study of Indigeneity in unlikely places has important ramifications for Indigenous Peoples worldwide who are struggling against colonial-minded governments that have not only deprived Indigenous Peoples of their lands and resources, but also suppressed their right to self-identification through imposed administrative definitions of Indigeneity.
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Toft, Maren. "Enduring contexts: Segregation by affluence throughout the life course." Sociological Review 66, no. 3 (November 23, 2017): 645–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026117741051.
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Although temporal processes are fundamental to the ‘spatialization of class’, they remain understudied. This article thus provides empirical evidence of residential pathways in the Oslo region over the life course; it does so by using population-wide data in a 24-year panel, while focusing on residency in affluent and deprived areas. By utilizing sequencing and clustering techniques, the analysis shows that exposure to dense poverty and affluence is reproduced and intensified within individual biographies; this is indicative of vastly limited life experiences from late adolescence into adulthood. Accordingly, the relationship between class origins and class destinations that is often reported in studies of class mobility is likely to be reinforced due to prolonged experiences in advantaged or disadvantaged surroundings over time. Rather than being ‘stuck in place’, however, the disadvantaged are more geographically mobile and less spatially isolated than their affluent counterparts. The socio-spatial patterns suggest that the affluent employ strategies of spatial withdrawal that may be enabled by a dual process of closure consisting of the extensive marketization of housing and classed sentiments of belonging. The article argues that revealing the way in which spatially mediated contexts unfold throughout the life course seems to hint at spatialized processes of class structuration, thereby shedding light on contemporary inequality.
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KASPRZAK, TOMASZ. "Feminist disability studies vs discrimination of women with disabilities." Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, no. 24 (March 15, 2019): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.24.07.
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Tomasz Kasprzak, Feminist disability studies vs discrimination of women with disabilities. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 24, Poznań 2019.Pp. 127-138. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi. org/10.14746/ikps.2019.24.07
Disabled women are often treated as if they were deprived of feelings or desires.They are exposed to discrimination not only because of disability, but also because of gender (multiple discrimination). Feminist disability studies are an interdisciplinary field of research into the socio-political situation of women with disabilities.
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Van Puyvelde, Martine, Jeroen Van Cutsem, Emilie Lacroix, and Nathalie Pattyn. "A State-of-the-Art Review on the Use of Modafinil as A Performance-enhancing Drug in the Context of Military Operationality." Military Medicine 187, no. 1-2 (October 11, 2021): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab398.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Modafinil is an eugeroic drug that has been examined to maintain or recover wakefulness, alertness, and cognitive performance when sleep deprived. In a nonmilitary context, the use of modafinil as a nootropic or smart drug, i.e., to improve cognitive performance without being sleep deprived, increases. Although cognitive performance is receiving more explicit attention in a military context, research into the impact of modafinil as a smart drug in function of operationality is lacking. Therefore, the current review aimed at presenting a current state-of-the-art and research agenda on modafinil as a smart drug. Beside the question whether modafinil has an effect or not on cognitive performance, we examined four research questions based on the knowledge on modafinil in sleep-deprived subjects: (1) Is there a difference between the effect of modafinil as a smart drug when administered in repeated doses versus one single dose?; (2) Is the effect of modafinil as a smart drug dose-dependent?; (3) Are there individual-related and/or task-related impact factors?; and (4) What are the reported mental and/or somatic side effects of modafinil as a smart drug? Method We conducted a systematic search of the literature in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, using the search terms “Modafinil” and “Cognitive enhance*” in combination with specific terms related to the research questions. The inclusion criteria were studies on healthy human subjects with quantifiable cognitive outcome based on cognitive tasks. Results We found no literature on the impact of a repeated intake of modafinil as a smart drug, although, in users, intake occurs on a regular basis. Moreover, although modafinil was initially said to comprise no risk for abuse, there are now indications that modafinil works on the same neurobiological mechanisms as other addictive stimulants. There is also no thorough research into a potential risk for overconfidence, whereas this risk was identified in sleep-deprived subjects. Furthermore, eventual enhancing effects were beneficial only in persons with an initial lower performance level and/or performing more difficult tasks and modafinil has an adverse effect when used under time pressure and may negatively impact physical performance. Finally, time-on-task may interact with the dose taken. Discussion The use of modafinil as a smart drug should be examined in function of different military profiles considering their individual performance level and the task characteristics in terms of cognitive demands, physical demands, and sleep availability. It is not yet clear to what extent an improvement in one component (e.g., cognitive performance) may negatively affect another component (e.g., physical performance). Moreover, potential risks for abuse and overconfidence in both regular and occasional intake should be thoroughly investigated to depict the trade-off between user benefits and unwanted side effects. We identified that there is a current risk to the field, as this trade-off has been deemed acceptable for sleep-deprived subjects (considering the risk of sleep deprivation to performance) but this reasoning cannot and should not be readily transposed to non-sleep-deprived individuals. We thus conclude against the use of modafinil as a cognitive enhancer in military contexts that do not involve sleep deprivation.
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BOJICA, ANA M., ABEER ISTANBOULI, and MARIA DEL MAR FUENTES-FUENTES. "BRICOLAGE AND GROWTH STRATEGIES: EFFECTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PALESTINIAN WOMEN-LED FIRMS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 19, no. 04 (December 2014): 1450023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494671450023x.
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This study explores the relationships between bricolage, firm performance and growth opportunities in contexts characterized by extreme resource scarcity. Using a sample of 160 Palestinian female entrepreneurs as representative of entrepreneurs acting in extremely resource-deprived environments, we find that bricolage has a positive influence on firm performance. Further, as predicted in the hypotheses, the role of bricolage differs depending on the type of strategy the firm develops. When firms seek to introduce new products/services or modifications in their current products/services, a high level of bricolage hinders performance. Conversely, when firms seek to expand by introducing their current products/services in new markets and opening new locations, bricolage enhances performance. This study offers a more nuanced understanding than previous research of the role of bricolage in contexts of extreme resource constraints.
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Natividade-Jesus, Eduardo, Arminda Almeida, Nuno Sousa, and João Coutinho-Rodrigues. "A Case Study Driven Integrated Methodology to Support Sustainable Urban Regeneration Planning and Management." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 31, 2019): 4129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154129.
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Urban regeneration involves the integrated redevelopment of urban deprived areas, covering physical, socio-economic and environmental aspects of cities, and it is concerned with interventions on early/inner-ring suburbs and historic centers, which are under pressure from population growth and sustainable development policies. The planning and management of urban regeneration interventions usually depend on the city and regional context. Although these interventions involve multiple issues and stakeholders, common characteristics can be identified, thus appealing for a holistic vision and coordination among the various dimensions of the problem. Based on the above context, and on the experience from a large-scale urban regeneration project, this article introduces an integrated methodology to support the planning and management of urban regeneration interventions. The methodology proposes a flexible baseline that can be adapted to urban regeneration projects of different contexts and dimensions, and defines steps, the corresponding stakeholders, and the teams’ engagement, in an integrated framework to plan and oversee urban regeneration actions towards more sustainable and resilient interventions.
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Moore, Helen J., Catherine A. Nixon, Amelia A. Lake, Wayne Douthwaite, Claire L. O’Malley, Claire L. Pedley, Carolyn D. Summerbell, and Ashley C. Routen. "The Environment Can Explain Differences in Adolescents’ Daily Physical Activity Levels Living in a Deprived Urban Area: Cross-Sectional Study Using Accelerometry, GPS, and Focus Groups." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 8 (November 2014): 1517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0420.
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Background:Evidence suggests that many contemporary urban environments do not support healthy lifestyle choices and are implicated in the obesity pandemic. Middlesbrough, in the northeast of England is one such environment and a prime target for investigation.Methods:To measure physical activity (PA) levels in a sample of 28 adolescents (aged 11 to 14 years) and describe the environmental context of their activity and explore where they are most and least active over a 7-day period, accelerometry and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology were used. Twenty-five of these participants also took part in focus groups about their experiences and perceptions of PA engagement.Results:Findings indicated that all participants were relatively inactive throughout the observed period although bouts of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were identified in 4 contexts: school, home, street, and rural/urban green spaces, with MVPA levels highest in the school setting. Providing access to local facilities and services (such as leisure centers) is not in itself sufficient to engage adolescents in MVPA.Conclusion:Factors influencing engagement in MVPA were identified within and across contexts, including ‘time’ as both a facilitator and barrier, perceptions of ‘gendered’ PA, and the social influences of peer groups and family members.
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Bureau, Sylvain, and Jacqueline Fendt. "Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy: Why it Matters." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 12, no. 2 (May 2011): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2011.0026.
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The informal economy is generating 10–20% of GDP in developed countries. It takes many forms and is difficult to measure, but has nevertheless a permanent and widely acknowledged characteristic: strong entrepreneurial dynamism. However, research seldom focuses on this aspect. This paper addresses this gap by offering a conceptual framework for entrepreneurial activities within the informal economy. The authors also discuss how crossing canonical entrepreneurship models and theories with atypical empirical contexts – such as, for instance, deprived neighbourhoods – can help consolidate existing evidence and/or, on the contrary, unveil myths and even generate new hypotheses and innovative and stimulating management methods.
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Erima, Gloria. "Common Assessment in Multi-Deprived Schools: The Case of Flood-Prone Schools in Western Kenya." International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijhss.13.2.2.
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The paper draws from a larger doctoral study, conducted between 2013 and 2016 in five flood-prone schools in western Kenya. The mixed methods research investigated: a) how these schools promote epistemological access (EA) and, b) the challenges they encounter towards a socially-just educational experience and comparable learning outcomes to learners. Findings suggested the importance of developing capabilities in a socially-just environment towards achieving (equitable) epistemological access (E)EA) in deprived school environments. There is no question that EA is about schools ensuring the development of capabilities among all learners. To that end, this paper explores the impact of assessment and learner outcomes as determining proxies to epistemological access (EA) and educational progression. It provides an understanding of how EA is measured and how we gauge the extent of learning in disadvantaged schools. In so doing, the paper seeks to provide a clearer conceptual understanding of how modes of assessment and learner outcomes influence (equitable) epistemological access and the educational progression of learners in different learning contexts. It also suggests a model which may be useful for developing policy around curriculum evaluation in multi-deprived settings. This consideration would contribute to the broad concern of social justice in education across all levels in education.
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Erima, Gloria. "Common Assessment in Multi-Deprived Schools: The Case of Flood-Prone Schools in Western Kenya." International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijhss.13.2.2.
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The paper draws from a larger doctoral study, conducted between 2013 and 2016 in five flood-prone schools in western Kenya. The mixed methods research investigated: a) how these schools promote epistemological access (EA) and, b) the challenges they encounter towards a socially-just educational experience and comparable learning outcomes to learners. Findings suggested the importance of developing capabilities in a socially-just environment towards achieving (equitable) epistemological access (E)EA) in deprived school environments. There is no question that EA is about schools ensuring the development of capabilities among all learners. To that end, this paper explores the impact of assessment and learner outcomes as determining proxies to epistemological access (EA) and educational progression. It provides an understanding of how EA is measured and how we gauge the extent of learning in disadvantaged schools. In so doing, the paper seeks to provide a clearer conceptual understanding of how modes of assessment and learner outcomes influence (equitable) epistemological access and the educational progression of learners in different learning contexts. It also suggests a model which may be useful for developing policy around curriculum evaluation in multi-deprived settings. This consideration would contribute to the broad concern of social justice in education across all levels in education.
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McMullan, Tara, and Julia Sutherland. "Developing motivated adolescent readers and enhancing student voice, using action research in disadvantaged contexts." London Review of Education 18, no. 3 (November 13, 2020): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.14324/lre.18.3.12.
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This action research study, drawing on participatory frameworks, investigated whether a Year 10 English class (15–16-year-olds), including struggling readers, could develop their reading self-concept and ‘voice’. The research aimed to extend findings from a larger, mixed-method study, developing reading comprehension and motivation with younger adolescents, conducted in the south-east of England. Set in an urban state school in a deprived area, the present 12-week study aimed to explore, first, the impact on students of an evolving reading model, emphasizing motivation, extended reading, peer talk and use of metacognitive, multiple strategies. Second, it explored the effects of students engaging, loosely, as ‘co-researchers’, co-constructing knowledge with their teacher and reflecting on reading and pedagogy, in terms of ‘voice’ and agency. The primarily qualitative study combined open-response, student questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, written reflections on reading, and a teacher/researcher journal. Using the ‘constant comparative’ data-analysis method, the study found that students enhanced their reading self-concept, and developed their ‘voice’. However, unpredictably, reading confidence was threatened by students’ internalized discourses about performativity and feelings of anxiety and lack of agency, attributed to ‘high-stakes’ public examinations nearly two years away.
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Toomey, Leigh. "Addressing the Situation of Women Deprived of Liberty: Recent Practice of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention." Journal of Human Rights Practice 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huab010.
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Abstract: The arbitrary deprivation of liberty of women is a global problem. Women continue to be deprived of their liberty on discriminatory grounds in proceedings that do not meet basic standards of due process, both in the criminal justice and administrative detention contexts. Despite the development of standards to address this phenomenon and greater recognition by international human rights mechanisms of the challenges faced by female detainees, governments and private actors repeatedly exercise control over women by depriving them of their liberty, often for prolonged periods. This not only violates the right to liberty, but may in some circumstances prevent women from enjoying other fundamental human rights to equality, dignity, fair trial, privacy and family life, health, housing, education, work, as well as freedom from torture and ill-treatment, freedom of movement, religion or belief, expression, peaceful assembly and association. In this practice note, I consider five recent cases encountered by the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention involving women deprived of their liberty in different detention settings and countries. I argue that the increasing focus on gendered detention practices by the Working Group, which has a worldwide mandate from the Human Rights Council to investigate cases of arbitrary deprivation of liberty, may offer opportunities for change.
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Bhengu, Thamsanqa Thulani, Bongani Sibusiso Mchunu, and Sibusiso Douglas Bayeni. "Growing Our Own Timber! Lived Experiences of Five School Principals in Using a Systems Thinking Approach for School Development." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824402090206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020902061.
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This article presents and discusses the findings from five principals about their experiences of using systems thinking approach to school development. This was an ethnographic multiple case study that was conducted in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Literature demonstrates the efficacies of using systems thinking as an approach in dealing with complex school issues. Data were gathered by way of qualitative semi-structured interviews, focus group discussion, and shadowing techniques. Evidence suggests that participants had adequate understanding of systems thinking and were able to use it to the benefit of their respective schools. Furthermore, the findings point to the value of developing a holistic and multimethodological approach to systemic school development, particularly in deprived school contexts.
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Markowska-Manista, Urszula. "“Invisible” and “unheard” children in fragile contexts – reflections from field research among the Ba’Aka in the Central African Republic." Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji 35, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.7629.
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In the present article I outline the situation of children who belong to an indigenous community of Ba’Aka Pygmies, a group inhabiting the Sangha-Mbaéré region of rainforest in the Central African Republic. These children are inscribed in the categories of “invisible” and “unheard” children. They are also deprived of the right to be properly researched. This is due to a number of external and internal factors which shape the contemporary reality of the formerly colonised country. Despite the fact that the Central African Republic broke free from colonial oppression, since 1960s it has been experiencing internal colonisation and civilising missions by the countries of the Global North so as to be “fruitfully” written in the narrative of national development. Thus, referring to key categories, I discuss postcolonial representations: images and narratives perceived through the perspective of a female researcher who, since 2002, has conducted field research among excluded and marginalised children and young people in fragile (vulnerable) contexts in Central Africa.
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Springett, Jane. "Geographically-based approaches to the integration of health promotion into health systems: a comparative study of two Health Action zones in the UK." Promotion & Education 12, no. 3_suppl (September 2005): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10253823050120030115x.
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Health Action Zones (HAZs) were introduced in the UK in the late 1990s as a whole system approach to public health and health care. Resources were targeted in historically deprived subregional units of England. Based on process evaluations undertaken in their fourth year of operation, the approaches taken by two HAZs were compared. Each had different histories of intersectoral cooperation and strategic approaches to integration. Both operated in a rapidly changing policy and organizational environment. This undermined attempts to sustain a consistent vision and eventually led to the demise of HAZs as subregional units. The approaches chosen by these two HAZs to integrate health promotion into health systems cannot be divorced from the political, historical and geographical contexts in which they were initiated. What the experiences of the two HAZs demonstrate is that while subregions and localities can potentially benefit from a whole systems perspective, there are deep-seated structural problems that constrain progress. Their experience demonstrates that context is of key importance in understanding the outcomes of any intervention aimed at promoting health.
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Crow, Graham, Sue Rawcliffe, and Bernard Harris. "Not ‘radical’, but not ‘kailyard’ either: The Paisley Community Development Project reconsidered." Community Development Journal 54, no. 3 (January 5, 2018): 501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx059.
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Abstract Accounts of the Community Development Projects (CDPs) that ran as experimental interventions in twelve deprived UK localities in the 1970s concentrate on those projects identified as ‘radical’. Focusing on the often-neglected history of Paisley’s CDP, this article extends recent critical re-evaluations of how CDPs have been characterized. Ferguslie Park in Paisley was the most disadvantaged of the CDP areas on several criteria, and the only CDP to be based in an outer-urban area, as well as being distinct in further ways. This influenced how the CDP team devised its community development strategy, which is misunderstood when treated as embodying a parochial ‘kailyard’ mentality. Paisley’s CDP has continuing relevance to debates about area-based policy and public involvement in research as they are rehearsed in new contexts.
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Kiss, Tamas, and Hazelynn Rimbar. "English Language Teacher Agency in Rural Sarawak: Exploiting Teaching Materials." English Teacher 50, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52696/dcvu6828.
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This paper explores English language teacher agency in rural Sarawak, Malaysia within the context of materials exploitation. The introduction of an international textbook series in all primary schools in Malaysia has brought about significant challenges for teachers who work in socially and economically deprived educational settings, where resources are scarce and where the textbook’s cultural references may be alien to the learners. In order for it to be meaningfully used in the classroom, language teachers need to adapt and localize the textbook for their learners. However, diverting from the officially prescribed material and scheme of work may be a risky business and it requires high levels of teacher autonomy and agency. The data show that although research participants find the materials in need of adaptation, not all make changes due to possible deficiencies in their capabilities or their lack of willingness to act. Those who make changes and thus enact their professional beliefs and values are motivated by completely different reasons. The study found that teachers’ interpretation of their work context significantly influences their agential roles and that teacher agency emerges from an interaction of individual capability, professional action, and the professional and social contexts in which the teacher operates.
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O’Malley, Patti. "Black-white mixed race young people in Ireland and their lived experiences of racialised exclusion." Irish Journal of Sociology 30, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07916035211068435.
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The multiracial family and the existence of mixed race children have come to be a regular feature of Irish familial life. Yet, nation-building discourses have promulgated notions of ethnic and religious homogeneity with Irish identity being racialised exclusively as white. Moreover, to date, there has been a dearth of academic scholarship related to racial mixedness in the Irish context. Through in-depth interviews, this paper sets out, therefore, to provide empirical insight into the lives of fifteen black (African) – white (Irish) mixed race young people (aged 4 to 18) with a particular focus on their experiences of racialised exclusion. Indeed, findings suggest that, as in other majority white national contexts, the black-white mixed race young people are racialised as black in the Irish public domain and as such, are positioned as ‘racialised outsiders’. In fact, their narrative accounts shed light on everyday encounters saturated by ‘us-them’ racial constructs based on phenotype. Thus, these young people, who are not fully recognised as mixed race Irish citizens, are effectively deprived of a space in which to articulate their belonging within the existing statist (i.e. inside/outside) framework.
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Cummings, E. Mark, Christine E. Merrilees, Laura K. Taylor, Peter Shirlow, Marcie C. Goeke-Morey, and Ed Cairns. "Longitudinal relations between sectarian and nonsectarian community violence and child adjustment in Northern Ireland." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 3 (July 23, 2013): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579413000059.
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AbstractAlthough relations between political violence and child adjustment are well documented, longitudinal research is needed to adequately address the many questions remaining about the contexts and developmental trajectories underlying the effects on children in areas of political violence. The study examined the relations between sectarian and nonsectarian community violence and adolescent adjustment problems over 4 consecutive years. Participants included 999 mother–child dyads (482 boys, 517 girls),Mages = 12.18 (SD= 1.82), 13.24 (SD= 1.83), 13.61 (SD= 1.99), and 14.66 (SD= 1.96) years, respectively, living in socially deprived neighborhoods in Belfast, Northern Ireland, a context of historical and ongoing political violence. In examining trajectories of adjustment problems, including youth experience with both sectarian and nonsectarian antisocial behaviors, sectarian antisocial behavior significantly predicted more adjustment problems across the 4 years of the study. Experiencing sectarian antisocial behavior was related to increased adolescent adjustment problems, and this relationship was accentuated in neighborhoods characterized by higher crime rates. The discussion considers the implications for further validating the distinction between sectarian and nonsectarian violence, including consideration of neighborhood crime levels, from the child's perspective in a setting of political violence.
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Baker, Rachel Mairi, Mohasin Ahmed, Marcello Bertotti, John Cassidy, Rejoice Chipuriro, Emma Clewett, Cam Donaldson, et al. "Common health assets protocol: a mixed-methods, realist evaluation and economic appraisal of how community-led organisations (CLOs) impact on the health and well-being of people living in deprived areas." BMJ Open 13, no. 3 (March 2023): e069979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069979.
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IntroductionThis research investigates how community-led organisations’ (CLOs’) use of assets-based approaches improves health and well-being, and how that might be different in different contexts. Assets-based approaches involve ‘doing with’ rather than ‘doing to’ and bring people in communities together to achieve positive change using their own knowledge, skills and experience. Some studies have shown that such approaches can have a positive effect on health and well-being. However, research is limited, and we know little about which approaches lead to which outcomes and how different contexts might affect success.Methods and analysisUsing a realist approach, we will work with 15 CLOs based in disadvantaged communities in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. A realist synthesis of review papers, and a policy analysis in different contexts, precedes qualitative interviews and workshops with stakeholders, to find out how CLOs’ programmes work and identify existing data. We will explore participants’ experiences through: a Q methodology study; participatory photography workshops; qualitative interviews and measure outcomes using a longitudinal survey, with 225 CLO participants, to assess impact for people who connect with the CLOs. An economic analysis will estimate costs and benefits to participants, for different contexts and mechanisms. A ‘Lived Experience Panel’ of people connected with our CLOs as participants or volunteers, will ensure the appropriateness of the research, interpretation and reporting of findings.Ethics and disseminationThis project, research tools and consent processes have been approved by the Glasgow Caledonian University School of Health and Life Sciences Ethics Committee, and affirmed by Ethics Committees at Bournemouth University, Queen’s University Belfast and the University of East London. Common Health Assets does not involve any National Health Service sites, staff or patients.Findings will be presented through social media, project website, blogs, policy briefings, journal articles, conferences and visually in short digital stories, and photographic exhibitions.
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Bysik, N. V., S. G. Kosaretsky, and M. A. Pinskaya. "Designing a Model of Professional Development for Teachers Working in Unfavourable Social Conditions with Children at Risk of Educational Failure: Empirical Basis and Key Components." Психологическая наука и образование 23, no. 5 (2018): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2018230509.
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The paper discusses results of a research on Russian teachers working in difficult social contexts (remote, back country regions, deprived town areas) with children at risk of educational failure.This research aimed to explore the existing practices of professional development for such teachers and its conclusions have formed the basis for developing a new model of professional development which implies the following features: continuity, individualisation, connection with the school’s general task of raising the quality of education, special training in teaching different groups of children.The model represents professional development as the individualised cyclic process which leads to refusal of routine and transition to modern practices of working with pupils with risks of low educational performance.The outcomes of this research may be of interest to education managers, advanced training specialists and can be applied within the national system of professional growth for teachers.
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Pathirana, Assela, Mohanasundar Radhakrishnan, Maaike Bevaart, Eric Voost, Salameh Mahasneh, and Hiba Abu Al Rob. "Fit-for-Purpose Infrastructure Asset Management Framework for Water Utilities Facing High Uncertainties." Infrastructures 3, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures3040055.
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Traditional infrastructure asset management is about maintaining the status quo of service levels in a resource-restricted, sometimes risk-increasing environment. Infrastructure asset management (IAM) is effective in addressing resource-deprived situations and in maximizing the benefits of the utility in these contexts. This makes IAM a very appropriate and useful approach for developing countries. Hence, this paper focuses on developing a fit-for-purpose integrated asset management (IAM) framework that is suitable for situations where there are risks to assets, significant uncertainties, and resource deficits, and where improvements to the current service levels are needed. To be comprehensive in the application in these contexts, there is a need to supplement IAM with a new perspective—critical necessities, next to the risks to the status quo (current levels of service). This gap was evident during application of IAM principles to the drinking water system of Al-Mafraq, Jordan. It was overcome by framing questions on adaptation deficits and future needs that are to be answered together with risk matrix-based prioritization of asset management actions. The fit-for-purpose IAM framework comprising asset management, adaptation deficit, and future needs can ensure the continuity of service levels in emerging cities when supported through expert inputs and stakeholder consultations.
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Cummings, E. Mark, Christine Merrilees, Laura K. Taylor, Marcie Goeke-Morey, and Peter Shirlow. "Emotional insecurity about the community: A dynamic, within-person mediator of child adjustment in contexts of political violence." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 1 (November 21, 2016): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416001097.
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AbstractOver 1 billion children worldwide are exposed to political violence and armed conflict. The current conclusions are qualified by limited longitudinal research testing sophisticated process-oriented explanatory models for child adjustment outcomes. In this study, consistent with a developmental psychopathology perspective emphasizing the value of process-oriented longitudinal study of child adjustment in developmental and social–ecological contexts, we tested emotional insecurity about the community as a dynamic, within-person mediating process for relations between sectarian community violence and child adjustment. Specifically, this study explored children's emotional insecurity at a person-oriented level of analysis assessed over 5 consecutive years, with child gender examined as a moderator of indirect effects between sectarian community violence and child adjustment. In the context of a five-wave longitudinal research design, participants included 928 mother–child dyads in Belfast (453 boys, 475 girls) drawn from socially deprived, ethnically homogenous areas that had experienced political violence. Youth ranged in age from 10 to 20 years and were 13.24 (SD= 1.83) years old on average at the initial time point. Greater insecurity about the community measured over multiple time points mediated relations between sectarian community violence and youth's total adjustment problems. The pathway from sectarian community violence to emotional insecurity about the community was moderated by child gender, with relations to emotional insecurity about the community stronger for girls than for boys. The results suggest that ameliorating children's insecurity about community in contexts of political violence is an important goal toward improving adolescents' well-being and adjustment. These results are discussed in terms of their translational research implications, consistent with a developmental psychopathology model for the interface between basic and intervention research.
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Benjamin, Orly. "Employees’ Managed Resentment: Public Procurement and the Part of Emotions in Social Change." Sociological Perspectives 63, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121419829487.
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Resentment, that is triggered by deprived entitlement, was suggested as particularly salient for energizing action and change in labor relations. However, its relationship with estrangement has not yet been examined as relevant to social change in times of contracting out services. I investigate this question in my research of public procurement as a mode of contract-based service delivery, examining two types of related jobs. The analysis of interviews with 30 employees and 12 administrators, all women, revealed the emergence of managed resentment and the conditions of its coexistence with estrangement. I demonstrate a learning process in which resentment energizes action but encounters lack of recognition. Managed resentment follows but remains protected from estrangement only by positive emotions created in care relations. I discuss possible meanings of these subjective developments for social change in the contexts of women’s encounter with lack of recognition of their skilled or professional contributions.
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Grubben, Malou, Sara Wiertsema, Remco Hoekman, and Gerbert Kraaykamp. "Is Working from Home during COVID-19 Associated with Increased Sports Participation? Contexts of Sports, Sports Location and Socioeconomic Inequality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 14, 2022): 10027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610027.
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Previous research has focused mainly on the association between working from home (WFH) and physical activity, establishing that physical activity diminished among people WFH during the COVID-19 pandemic. In our study, we investigated the association between WFH and specifically sports participation (competitive and non-competitive). We theorized that WFH would offer individuals additional opportunities to practice sports during the pandemic. Governmental restrictions at the time constrained opportunities to participate in organized sports and in sports with others. We, therefore, expected sports participation during the pandemic to be largely restricted to individual participation and participation at home or in the public space. By means of descriptive analyses and adjusted analyses of variance (n = 1506), we found positive associations between WFH and various aspects of sports participation. Lower-educated individuals, in particular, seem to be benefiting from WFH related to their sports participation in the public space, and economically deprived individuals also seem to be benefiting from WFH in regard to their sports participation at home. Our findings extend the literature on physical activity and sports participation among people who worked from home during the COVID-19 pandemic while offering implications for policies on WFH, sports opportunities in public space and physical activity-friendly environments.
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Aiello, G., and C. M. Pariante. "Citizen, interrupted: the 2011 English riots from a psychosocial perspective." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 22, no. 1 (July 18, 2012): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796012000364.
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Aims.This is a contribution to the debate over the 2011 English riots from a psychosocial perspective.Methods.We compare the impulsive and ‘mindless’ behaviour of rioters with the impulsive, violent and contradictory behaviour of people affected by severe personality disorders.Results.We propose that the lack of a sense of social identity and of mentalization skills is a common feature of the two conditions – the lack of social identity, leading to frustration and anger, coupled with a lack of mentalization, leading to the impulsive and violent expression. Furthermore, we highlight the confusing impact that the social marginalization and consumerism can have on young generations from lower classes in cities from the Western world.Conclusions.By building a parallel with the therapeutic intervention offered to severe personality disorders, we speculate on how the community, by modifying its communication's style and actively intervene in deprived socio-economic contexts, could inspire more confidence, trust and sense of belonging in its marginalized members.
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Toyama, Mauricio, Natalia Godoy-Casasbuenas, Natividad Olivar, Luis Ignacio Brusco, Fernando Carbonetti, Francisco Diez-Canseco, Carlos Gómez-Restrepo, et al. "Identifying resources used by young people to overcome mental distress in three Latin American cities: a qualitative study." BMJ Open 12, no. 8 (August 2022): e060340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060340.
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ObjectiveTo explore which resources and activities help young people living in deprived urban environments in Latin America to recover from depression and/or anxiety.DesignA multimethod, qualitative study with 18 online focus groups and 12 online structured group conversations embedded into arts workshops.SettingThis study was conducted in Bogotá (Colombia), Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Lima (Peru).ParticipantsAdolescents (15–16 years old) and young adults (20–24 years old) with capacity to provide assent/consent and professionals (older than 18 years of age) that had experience of professionally working with young people were willing to share personal experience within a group, and had capacity to provide consent.ResultsA total of 185 participants took part in this study: 111 participants (36 adolescents, 35 young adults and 40 professionals) attended the 18 focus groups and 74 young people (29 adolescents and 45 young adults) took part in the 12 arts workshops. Eight categories captured the resources and activities that were reported by young people as helpful to overcome mental distress: (1) personal resources, (2) personal development, (3) spirituality and religion, (4) social resources, (5) social media, (6) community resources, (7) activities (subcategorised into artistic, leisure, sports and outdoor activities) and (8) mental health professionals. Personal and social resources as well as artistic activities and sports were the most common resources identified that help adolescents and young adults to overcome depression and anxiety.ConclusionDespite the different contexts of the three cities, young people appear to use similar resources to overcome mental distress. Policies to improve the mental health of young people in deprived urban settings should address the need of community spaces, where young people can play sports, meet and engage in groups, and support community organisations that can enable and facilitate a range of social activities.
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Williams, Colin C., Sara Nadin, Peter Rodgers, John Round, and Jan Windebank. "Mapping the Social Organization of Labour in Moscow: Beyond the Formal/informal Labour Dualism." Sociological Research Online 16, no. 1 (February 2011): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2244.
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The starting point of this paper is recognition that the depiction of a formal/informal labour dualism, which views formal and informal labour as separate and hostile realms, is inappropriate for capturing the range of labour practices in societies. This is because labour practices cannot be neatly separated into discrete formal and informal realms, the differences within the formal and informal spheres are as great as the differences between the two realms, and formal and informal labour are not always embedded in different economic relations, values and motives. Here, an alternative more nuanced conceptual lens is proposed that resolves these problems and in so doing captures the multifarious labour practices in societies, namely the total social organization of labour (TSOL) perspective. This depicts labour practices as existing along a spectrum from more formal-oriented to more informal-oriented practices and cross-cuts this with a further spectrum from non-monetized, through in-kind and reciprocal labour, to monetized labour. Applying this conceptual lens, the results of a survey of the anatomy of labour practices in an affluent, mixed and deprived district of Moscow, comprising 313 face-to-face interviews, are then analysed. This reveals that socio-spatial variations in the organisation of labour are not solely about the degree of formalization of working life. Instead, this study unravels that populations range from relatively affluent ‘work busy’ populations undertaking, and voluntarily selecting from, a multiplicity of labour practices, to relatively disadvantaged ‘work deprived’ populations engaged in a narrower range of practices and more commonly out of necessity and in the absence of alternatives. The outcome is call for both the wider application and refinement of this TSOL approach when mapping the social organisation of labour and evaluations of whether the findings from Moscow are more widely valid in other societal contexts.
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Li, Wangyang, Minyi Li, Yongai Jin, Shiqi Wang, and Yi Zhang. "Double Jeopardy in Contemporary China: Intersecting the Socioeconomic Gradient and Geographic Context on Early Childhood Development." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 4937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144937.
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Family socioeconomic status (SES) differences in early childhood development (ECD) are well documented, as are the neighborhood effects in early development outcomes. However, little is known about whether the SES gradient in ECD outcomes varies across geographic contexts by county-level variables in contemporary China. This study examines the effects of county-level socioeconomic background on inequalities in the developmental outcomes of young Chinese children. Individual-level child development data based on four early development milestones—taking a first step, first sentences, counting 10 objects, fully independent toileting—were combined with family- and county-level socioeconomic data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Using a hierarchical linear model (HLM) to examine how the broader socioeconomic context plays a role in the attainment of developmental milestones at expected times as young children grow and develop, we have found significant cross-level interaction effects between family SES and county-level variables in relation to developmental milestone attainment. The family SES gradient in the achievement of children’s developmental milestones is steeper for those in the under-developed regions than their counterparts in the more developed regions. Our findings suggest that low-SES children who are living in socioeconomically deprived regions suffer from a double disadvantage in terms of early development outcomes. Further research would be needed to contextualize the observed interactions and better explain the underlying mechanisms.
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Ngereja, Bertha, and Bassam Hussein. "Critical Soft Factors for Optimum Performance of Maintenance Operations." Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeppm-2019-0012.
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Abstract Over the past three decades, an increasing trend has been observed in research related to the consideration of human factors instead of solely based on the traditional aspects of project and operations management. However, much of the research done to date on human aspects has been conducted in developed countries in Europe, America and Australia, leaving developing countries, especially those in Africa, deprived of similar research. The purpose of the paper is to bridge this gap in knowledge by comparing the soft factors in the two contexts in order to provide an understanding of whether they have the same level of importance, regardless of their differences in economic, social and environmental aspects. The authors used semi-structured interviews to identify the critical soft factors for optimum performance of maintenance operations at a natural gas processing plant in Tanzania. The uncovered soft factors included top management engagement and oversight, trainings, ergonomics, collaboration, safety and security, recognition programs, and education and career growth. There was a high degree of conformity between the soft factors uncovered in the Tanzanian context and those in other African countries and other developing countries around the world. However, there was also conformity between the soft factors uncovered in developing and developed countries, which only differed in the level of the emphasis they placed on implementation.
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Herzog, Anna, and Marieke Vomberg. "The promise of endogenous potential in times of crisis." REGION 8, no. 2 (November 2, 2021): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18335/region.v8i2.345.
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The measures against the spread of the Covid-19 virus have massive effects on local economies. By means of an explorative qualitative case study in deprived neighbourhoods in the Middle Lower Rhine region of Germany, this paper explicitly aims at examining the Corona pandemic’s impact on their endogenous potential. In this context, the focus is on organisations whose main contribution lies in the fulfilment of the function of integration and communication. The analysis is based on theoretical concepts of the local economy, but it also refers to crisis as well as transition research, especially the multilevel perspective framework. By means of desktop research, a focus group with multipliers involved in local economic contexts as well as thirteen guideline-based interviews with the heads of local organisations, the subsequent analysis reveals the partially counteracting effects of the Corona pandemic on the organisations’ socio-economic embeddedness. On the one hand, they are threatened by economic bottlenecks, by pending social consequences of a longer period without or with minimized offerings as well as by fear of contagion and exhaustion. While the organisation’s perceived level of urgency varies greatly, their level of uncertainty is generally high. On the other hand, organisations of the local economy benefit from a positive push in the areas of digitization and new life and working environments (home-based work), as well as from a strengthening of local solidarity and cohesion.
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Jemar, G. N., D. Barros, C. Cisneros, M. Salech, and V. Gizzi. "Suicide prevention program in the argentine federal penitentiary service." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1801.
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Suicide configures failure in the mental health care of persons deprived of their liberty in terms of detection of risk factors, prevention, specific planning in terms of addressing thoughts of death or autolytic planning, trends, impulses and moods. The factors that unite in this catastrophe are multiple and depend not only on mental health care, but also on the circumstances that led to the deprivation of liberty, the family and the care of social continence and the intimate relationship of the person with its existence. Also, security personnel who take care of people in confinement contexts have a preponderant role in suicide preference. Structuring the personality distorted, immature or insufficient, circumstances that lead to vulnerability and threaten the preservation of life in the context of constant stress and loneliness. The transdisciplinary work experience provides us with constant review and dynamic concepts and practices to predict, diagnose and prevent risky behaviors prone to the symptoms of self-injury or self-harm of patients. In this sense, we propose interdisciplinary interviews of entry, registry for the detection of risk factors, specific treatment in patients at risk. The transdisciplinary confluence is a tool to be implemented to quantify the results and propose to reduce the incidence of suicide in people in a confinement context.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Haenssgen, Marco J., Svea Closser, and Olakunle Alonge. "Impact and effect mechanisms of mass campaigns in resource-constrained health systems: quasi-experimental evidence from polio eradication in Nigeria." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 3 (March 2021): e004248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004248.
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BackgroundMass campaigns are a key strategy for delivering life-saving interventions under Global Health Initiatives, especially in weak health system contexts. They are frequently designed parallel to the health system to rapidly achieve programme targets such as vaccination coverage, but we lack quantitative evidence demonstrating their impact and effect mechanisms on health system performance at sub-/national level. This longitudinal study responds to this gap through an analysis of polio eradication campaigns in Nigeria.MethodsUsing four rounds of Demographic and Health Surveys in Nigeria between October 2000 and December 2017, we created a longitudinal dataset containing 88 881 under-5 children/pregnancies. We estimated the relationships between individuals’ campaign exposure and health system performance indices (full RI schedule attainment, maternal healthcare services utilisation and child survival) using multilevel, mixed-effects regression models applied nationally and stratified by the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria.ResultsNationally, high-frequency mass campaigns had detrimental health systems effects that potentially left 3.6 million children deprived of full immunisation. The frequency of campaigns was most concentrated in regions with weak health systems, where the operations of RI were disrupted, alongside negative effects on child survival and institutional delivery. In contrast, regions with relatively strong health systems and few campaigns experienced beneficial effects on maternal healthcare service utilisation.ConclusionsAs we provide evidence that well-functioning health systems can benefit from mass campaigns under Global Health Initiatives, our work also challenges the established wisdom to intensify mass campaigns in weaker health systems to bypass service provision bottlenecks. Mass campaigns do not inherently benefit or damage a health system, but frequent campaigns in weak health system contexts can impede service provision. We call for an additional burden of proof and active efforts to integrate mass campaigns into routine health services by harmonising implementation plans and service delivery in weak health system contexts.
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Lysenko, Oleksandr, and Mykola Mykhailutsa. "Orthodoxy of Ukraine During the Occupation, 1939-1944: Confessional Transformations and Political Contexts." Eminak, no. 4(40) (December 31, 2022): 254–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).618.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the research paper is to analyze the influence of the social and political conditions on changes in confessional life in the occupied Ukrainian lands during World War II.
The scientific novelty: it is claimed that it was social and political conditions that caused drastic changes in the confessional map of Ukraine in 1939-1945. The determinant factor of the occupation policy – the destruction of the established confessional configuration that traditionally existed on Ukrainian lands in the USSR, Poland and Romania – has been proven. Autocephalous tendencies in Orthodox life in the General Governorate, Reichskommissariat ‘Ukraine’ and ‘Transnistria’ were studied. The personal visions of the leading Orthodox bishops regarding the institutional status of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine are reflected. The specific approaches of the German and Romanian administrations to the organization of church life are highlighted.
Conclusions: it is proved that despite the attempt to create a single Orthodox Church in the territory occupied by the Wehrmacht, this did not happen due to the position of the German leadership and different views of the hierarchs of the Orthodox churches. It has been proven that all institutional changes of the occupiers grossly violated the existing traditions and canonical norms, which deprived the Church of its autonomy. It was determined that multiconfessionalism and the lack of autocephalous status of Ukrainian Orthodoxy complicated the process of forming a single Orthodox Church of Ukraine. The influence of the Moscow Patriarchate, as well as the opposition of Berlin, made this process impossible during the war.
It is noted that the Romanian administration in the occupied south-western lands of Ukraine (‘Transnistria’), with the support of the Romanian Orthodox Mission, contributed to the revival of Christianity, relied on the pre-revolutionary church organization, clerics and monarchism. The Ukrainian-phobic attitudes of the majority of Romanian bishops and the occupation authorities which led to the fight against the sprouts of Ukrainian autocephaly are shown. It has been proven that the rebuilt churches, the restoration of services in them, the involvement of hundreds of clerics, Christian charity and charity, raising children in the spirit of piety, etc., contributed to the revival of ancient Christian traditions and, at the same time, were a tool for the affirmation of the occupation regime.
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Yusupova, Marina. "Pussy Riot: a feminist band lost in history and translation." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 4 (July 2014): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.923391.
Full textAbstract:
The Pussy Riot story is clearly a story the West wanted to hear. Western journalists, politicians, and celebrities were unanimously inspired by the youthfulness and rebellion of courageous Russian feminists. Their life experience perfectly resonates with the core of these young women's messages. For Russians, however, even for those who share the most liberal values, it is not so simple. Public polls and several months of heated debates have shown that virtually everyone in this deeply conservative country has struggled to make sense of the Pussy Riot performance. So, what do Westerners not understand about Russia and what are the problems of translating feminism(s) into different cultural contexts? How does feminist protest deprived of its roots function here, and why do women in Russia not understand that Pussy Riot's story personally concerns all of them? This essay outlines the difference between Russian and Western readings of the Pussy Riot performance and, using the case of public response in Russia, contemplates the reasons for the failure of feminism in this part of the world.
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Parga Herrera, Fernando. "Cooperative Structures of Interaction in a Public School EFL Classroom in Bogotá." Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal 13, no. 1 (September 7, 2011): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22487085.2929.
Full textAbstract:
In deprived socio cultural contexts like those characterizing the suburbs of Bogotá, cooperative learning (CL) appears as an alternativeto cope with student problems of interpersonal communication and conflict derived largely from gossiping, information distortion, and verbal aggressiveness that result in an inappropriate learning environment. As a result of implementing this action research study with 8th graders in a public school of Usme, in the south east of Bogotá, students’ original negative influence over their peers turned into positive mediation, featured by peer monitoring, peer correction, and peer feedback. Such a change, which was evident in class audio and video recordings, as well a ssuccessful CL task development, occurred thanks to the joint establishment of rules for cooperative interaction with their corresponding roles, functions, times, and spaces immersed in the implemented CL structures of interaction. This way, students raised awareness of the crucial factors involved in effective oral communication and the importance of reporting information accurately for well-informed opinions and decisions. Students’ improvement in the oral communication processes contributed significantly to a better classroom social environment for learning.