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Matsumoto, Noboru, and Satoshi Mochizuki. "Why do People Overthink? A Longitudinal Investigation of a Meta-Cognitive Model and Uncontrollability of Rumination." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 46, no. 4 (March 7, 2018): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465818000103.
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Background: The meta-cognitive model of rumination is a theoretical model regarding the relationship between rumination and depression. Although meta-cognitive therapy for rumination was established based on this model, insufficient longitudinal studies addressing this model have been conducted. Moreover, the uncontrollability of rumination, suggested to be driven by negative meta-beliefs about rumination, has not been examined using this meta-cognitive model. Aims: We longitudinally examined the meta-cognitive model and its relationship with uncontrollability of rumination and depressive symptoms. Method: Undergraduate students (n = 117) were asked to complete two measurements (with a 6-month gap between them) of positive and negative meta-beliefs about rumination, causal analysis, understanding, uncontrollability of rumination and depression. Results: Cross-lagged effect modelling revealed that positive meta-beliefs predicted high causal analytic rumination. However, the results did not support the causal analytic and understanding aspects of how rumination predicted negative meta-beliefs. Negative meta-beliefs predicted high depressive symptoms, and depressive symptoms predicted high negative meta-beliefs. Negative meta-beliefs predicted high uncontrollability of rumination, whereas uncontrollability of rumination did not predict depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The results partially supported the meta-cognitive model. The prediction of depressive symptoms on negative meta-beliefs suggests that depression-related cognition might be involved in increasing negative meta-beliefs, rather than the repetitive causal analytic and understanding aspects of rumination. In line with meta-cognitive therapy, negative meta-beliefs could be a target for treating depression.
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Ola, Bolanle, Rakendu Suren, and Cornelius Ani. "Depressive symptoms among children whose parents have serious mental illness: Association with children’s threat-related beliefs about mental illness." South African Journal of Psychiatry 21, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v21i3.680.
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<p><strong>Background. </strong>Sixty-eight per cent of women and 57% of men with mental illness are parents. There is increasing evidence of adverse psychosocial impact of parental mental illness on their children. However, among children whose parents have mental illness, the potential contribution of the children’s beliefs about mental illness to their own emotional distress is still poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Aim. </strong>To explore among children whose parents have serious mental illness, the relationship between the children’s beliefs about mental illness and their own depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methodology. </strong>We conducted an interview-administered questionnaire survey of 67 Nigerian children whose parents were psychiatric inpatients. The children’s beliefs about mental illness were explored with five questions – two of which embedded threat-related beliefs. Their depressive symptoms were assessed with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) (Cronbach alpha 0.91). Based on stigma theory, we hypothesised that among this cohort, the children who hold threat-related beliefs about people with mental illness would report statistically significantly more depressive symptoms than those without similar beliefs. </p><p><strong>Results. </strong>The mean age (standard deviation (SD)) of the children was 13.3 (2.8) years, and 38% were males. Twenty-four per cent of the children believed mental illness is infectious. In line with our hypothesis, those holding this belief had statistically significantly more depressive symptoms compared with those without similar beliefs (<em>p</em>=0.001). Fifty-seven per cent of the children believed that people with mental illness are dangerous. However, contrary to our hypothesis, this belief was not associated with increased depressive symptoms (<em>p</em>=0.2). Multiple regression showed that statistically significant predictors of increased emotional symptoms were ‘belief that mental illness is infectious’ and younger age. The model explained 39.8% of the variance in SMFQ.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>In this and similar settings, psycho-education for children whose parents have serious mental illness should explore whether the children believe that mental illness is infectious. Providing reassurance to children holding such beliefs could reduce their risk of psychological distress.</p>
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Cooper, Myra J., and Phil Cowen. "Negative Self-Beliefs in Relation to Eating Disorder and Depressive Symptoms: Different Themes Are Characteristic of the Two Sets of Symptoms in Those With Eating Disorders and/or Depression." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 23, no. 2 (May 2009): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.2.147.
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This study aimed to identify differences in the personal themes in negative self or core beliefs that might be characteristic of high levels of eating disorder symptoms when compared to high levels of depressive symptoms in those with an eating disorder and/or depression. Differences between putative diagnostic subgroups were also examined. One hundred and ninety-three participants completed self-report measures of negative self-beliefs, eating, and depressive symptoms. Putative diagnostic subgroups were also identified, including an eating disorder group that also had high levels of depressive symptomatology and in most cases a diagnosis of depression. Six themes descriptive of the self corresponding to 6 robust factors were identified and provisionally labeled isolated, repelled by self, self-dislike, lacking in warmth, childlike, and highly organized. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, in the whole sample, eating disorder symptoms were uniquely predicted by subscales reflective of repelled by self and lacking in warmth, though depressive symptoms were uniquely predicted by subscales measuring isolation and self-dislike. Between-group analyses indicated that high scores on isolation, self-dislike, and lacking in warmth were typical of both eating-disordered and depressed-only diagnostic groups when compared to the control group, though only the eating-disordered group (also high in depressive symptoms and “diagnosis” of depression) also had high scores on repelled by self. The findings indicate that eating disorder and depressive symptoms are associated with some potentially important differences in self-beliefs. Putative diagnostic subgroups may also differ in these beliefs. The findings further indicate that psychometrically sound themes exist in the core or negative self-beliefs associated with eating disorder and depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings for cognitive therapy with eating disorders and depression are briefly considered, and the limitations and implications of the diagnostic subgroups identified here are discussed.
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Prieto, Sarah, Kimberly A. Muellers, Juan P. Wisnivesky, and Lin J. Jenny. "Does depression affect illness beliefs in cancer survivors?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.7_suppl.156.
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156 Background: As cancer survivors live longer and many die from their comorbidities rather than from cancer, it is important to understand how a cancer diagnosis may impact survivors’ perception of their other comorbidities. In addition, cancer is associated with increased risk for depression. We aim to assess the relationship between depressive symptoms and illness beliefs in cancer survivors with diabetes (DM). Methods: We recruited 75 patients with DM who were newly diagnosed with early-stage breast, prostate, lung or colon cancer. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; illness beliefs were assessed with the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. Illness belief questions were dichotomized at the median, and non-parametric analyses were used to assess the relationship between depressive symptom scores and presence of illness beliefs. Results: Seventy-five patients with DM and a new diagnosis of cancer were enrolled. The average age was 61.8 years, 47% were male, 45% had breast cancer, 42% prostate cancer, 8% colon cancer, and 4% had lung cancer. Patients who perceived having more control over their DM had lower depression scores (median 26 vs. 20, p = 0.01). Furthermore, those who did not feel their health depended on their DM medications at present (median score 21 vs. 26, p = 0.007) had lower depression scores. Regarding beliefs about cancer, those who reported being less concerned about cancer had lower depression scores (median 21 vs. 25, p = 0.01). Additionally, patients who did not feel that cancer affected their lives much (median 19 vs. 26, p = 0.001) or who did not report that cancer affected them emotionally (median 19 vs. 26, p = 0.001) had lower depression scores. Patients’ perception of their control over their cancer was not associated with depression scores. Conclusions: Cancer survivors with higher depression scores report being more affected by cancer and simultaneously feel they have less control over DM. It is important to support survivors emotionally while increasing their self-efficacy over their comorbidity management to improve survivors’ health outcomes.
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Kołodziejczyk, Agata, Julia Krawczyk, Elżbieta Tkaczyszyn-Mika, Julia Gniewczyńska, Michał Ziarko, Dorota Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz, and Tomasz Pawłowski. "The Role of Metacognition in the Prediction of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Chronically Ill Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2024): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051306.
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Introduction: Cancer, diabetes, and heart diseases are frequent causes of depression and anxiety. The study explored the metacognitive beliefs manifested by chronically ill patients and the presence of depressive or anxiety symptoms and the predictive role of metacognition in both. Methods: A total of 254 chronically ill patients participated in the study. The Metacognitive Questionnaire was used to measure the patients’ metacognitive beliefs, whereas the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was applied to evaluate their psychopathological symptoms. A correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationships between metacognition and psychopathological symptoms. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictive role of metacognition in anxiety and depression. Results: The Negative Beliefs about Uncontrollability and Danger scale correlated with both anxiety and depression scales, and the Cognitive Confidence scale correlated with the depression scale. Linear regression analyses indicated that metacognitive beliefs were responsible for 32.2% of the variance of anxiety symptoms among all the chronically ill. Metacognitive beliefs accounted for 48.8% of the variance in anxiety symptoms and 36.6% in depressive symptoms among diabetes patients. Conclusions: There are specific correlations between psychopathological symptoms and metacognition among chronically ill patients. Metacognitions have a moderate role in developing and sustaining anxiety and depressive symptoms.
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Prud'homme, Lyne, and Pierre Barron. "THE PATTERN OF IRRATIONAL BELIEFS ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 20, no. 3 (January 1, 1992): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.3.199.
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In light of Rational-Emotive Theory, this study was undertaken to determine the pattern of irrational beliefs underlying Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). A total of 126 subjects (50 males, 76 females) volunteered to participate. Patients clinically diagnosed with MDD (unipolar type) and a control group of non-depressed patients were solicited from the inpatient and outpatient facilities of several Ottawa and Montreal hospitals; the normal control group comprised students and civil servants. The subjects completed questionnaires to measure irrational belief endorsement (IBT, RBI) and symptom severity (STAI, BDI) and to verify the depression diganosis (IDD). Multivariate statistics were used to determine the pattern of beliefs which best discriminates between the MDD group, the psychiatric control group, and the normal controls. Discriminant analysis of the IBT revealed a pattern of four irrational beliefs generally known as demand for approval, frustration reactivity, anxious overconcern, and helplessness over past. The implications of such findings for RET theory are discussed.
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Casten, Robin J., Barry W. Rovner, Yochi Shmuely-Dulitzki, Rona E. Pasternak, Rodney Pelchat, and Neal Ranen. "Predictors of Recovery From Major Depression Among Geriatric Psychiatry Inpatients: The Importance of Caregivers' Beliefs." International Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 2 (June 1999): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610299005700.
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Caregiver support is an important factor in recovery from depression among older patients. We examined whether caregivers' perceptions regarding patients' ability to control depressive symptoms were related to depression recovery. Depression treatment, demographics, number of depressive symptoms, and health were controlled. The sample comprised 51 geriatric psychiatry inpatients who met DSM-IV criteria for major depression and who had a primary caregiver. Depression was assessed at both admission and discharge. Caregivers were asked to indicate whether they believed their patient-relatives could control their depressive symptoms. At discharge, 33 patients (64.7%) were “remitted” and 18 (35.3%) were “nonremitted.” Multivariate analyses indicated that receiving electroconvulsive treatment, having fewer depressive symptoms caregivers perceived to be within patient control, and being female predicted depression remission at discharge. This study highlights the important relationship between family dynamics and course of depression.
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Crawford, Christopher M., Julianne M. Griffith, Benjamin L. Hankin, and Jami F. Young. "Implicit Beliefs About Emotions in Youth: Associations With Temperamental Negative Emotionality and Depression." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 40, no. 2 (April 2021): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2021.40.2.121.
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Introduction: Individual differences in beliefs about the controllability of emotions are associated with a range of psychosocial outcomes, including depressive symptoms. Less is known, however, about factors contributing to individual differences in these beliefs. The current study examined prospective associations between negative emotionality (NE) and implicit beliefs about emotions, as well as the indirect effect of NE on depressive symptoms through implicit beliefs about emotions. Methods: In a sample of children and adolescents, NE was assessed at baseline, implicit beliefs about emotions were assessed 18 months later, and depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and 36 months later. Results: NE was associated with implicit beliefs about emotions, and an indirect effect of NE on depressive symptoms through implicit beliefs about emotions was observed. Discussion: NE represents a salient dispositional vulnerability factor contributing to individual differences in implicit beliefs about emotions, with implications for the development of depressive symptoms in youth.
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Andrews, Lori, and David Lester. "Manic-Depressive Tendencies and Belief in Life after Death." Psychological Reports 82, no. 3_suppl (June 1998): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3c.1114.
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Hayslip, Bert, Cynthia P. Galt, Frederick G. Lopez, and Paul C. Nation. "Irrational Beliefs and Depressive Symptoms among Younger and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Comparison." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 38, no. 4 (June 1994): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/37vc-b6ht-pndd-cvl8.
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The present study explored age differences in the expression of depression. Such differences were quite apparent. Among 118 young adults and 107 community-residing elderly individuals, it was found that in the young adult groups, cognitive belief factors labeled “externality/control” and “dependency/emotionality” were associated with both affective and cognitive aspects of depression, but not somatic depressive symptoms over and above the influence of sociodemographic factors. In contrast, among older adults, a cognitive belief factor labeled “cognitive-emotional rigidity/dependency” was uniquely associated with both affective and somatic depressive symptoms. Additionally, a second cognitive factor, labeled “adaptation/internal control” defined in terms of the absence of irrational thinking about adaptation and control, was negatively related to somatic depressive symptoms. For each sample, poorer health was associated with greater depressive symptomatology. While these findings generally tend to support a cognitive view of depression in adulthood, they also underscore the importance of cognitions that may be adaptive which mitigate distress among older persons.
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Lucas, Sara, and Tracey Wade. "An Examination of the Power of the Voices in Predicting the Mental State of People Experiencing Psychosis." Behaviour Change 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2001): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.18.1.51.
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AbstractCognitive-behavioural models of psychosis have been widely discussed in the literature, with a focus on the beliefs about the voices that are a component of auditory hallucinations. This study examines the ability of beliefs about the voices to predict the course of psychiatric symptomatology in psychosis over a 1-month period, compared with changes in depressive symptomatology. Thirty people with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder participated in this study. Their mental state functioning, depression, and beliefs about their voices were assessed in interview. Mental state functioning and depression were assessed again after 1 month, in addition to antipsychotic medication compliance over the previous month (rated by self and the psychiatrist). The strongest predictor of a worsening of psychiatric symptoms over the month was increased depression in the previous month. Using p < 0.1 criteria to offset possible Type II errors in the small sample, a person's belief that their voices were very powerful was also predictive of psychiatric deterioration. The ways in which beliefs about the power of the voices can be challenged in cognitive-behaviour therapy with psychosis is discussed, as are directions for future research.
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Provorova, A. N., and E. Yu Korjova. "Relationship of Metacognitive Beliefs and Strategies to Severity of Depressive Symptoms in a Population Sample." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 30, no. 2 (2022): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2022300209.
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The prevalence of depressive disorders indicates the relevance of studying the factors of their formation and course, including in cognition process features and regulation. The aim of the study was to study the differences in the severity of the metacognitive experience (mental structures allowing for involuntary and voluntary regulation of intellectual activity) components of in people with symptoms of depression compared with people without symptoms of depression. Sample: 84 individuals aged 19 to 60 years (M = 25,3; SD = 6,6). Methods: self-rating depression scale by W. Zung (adaptation by T.I. Balashova), a short version of the questionnaire of metacognitive beliefs (MSQ30, adaptation by N.A. Sirota, etc.), differential reflexivity test by D.A. Leont’ev, LaCosta metacognitive behavior self-assessment scale (adaptation by A.V. Karpov). Results. The persons with symptoms of depression expressed introspection (immersion in self-observation) (p ≤ 0,001) and quasi-reflection (going into extraneous thoughts not directly related to life here and now) (p ≤ 0,05), as well as a high frequency of the use of metacognitive beliefs: opinion in the uncontrollability of their negative state (p ≤ 0,001), the need to monitor their thoughts (p ≤ 0,001), self-assessment of their cognitive functions as not working adequately (p ≤ 0,001). The resulting correlations of introspection with a range of metacognitive strategies (conscious decision-making, mental modelling — predicting the consequences of decisions made and building mental models of their knowledge in verbal or figurative form) and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs (belief in uncontrollable anxiety, cognitive failure) are considered as potential risk factors for depressive disorder, its resistance and instability in remission.
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Vassou, Christina, Mary Yannakoulia, Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou, Christos Pitsavos, Mark Cropley, and Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos. "Foods, Nutrients and Dietary Patterns in Relation to Irrational Beliefs and Related Psychological Disorders: The ATTICA Epidemiological Study." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051472.
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We explored the differences in dietary habits and dietary patterns between individuals characterized by irrational beliefs with no or low anxiety and depressive symptoms and individuals characterized by irrational beliefs with high anxiety and depressive symptomatology. Within the context of the ATTICA cohort study (2002–2012), 853 participants without evidence of cardiovascular disease (453 men (45 ± 13 years) and 400 women (44 ± 18 years)) underwent mental health assessment through the irrational beliefs inventory (IBI), the Zung self-rating depression scale (ZDRS) and the state–trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Demographic characteristics, a thorough medical history, dietary behaviour and other lifestyle behaviours were also evaluated and analysed using factor analysis. Five main factors related to dietary patterns were extracted for the high-IBI/low-STAI group of participants (explaining the 63% of the total variation in consumption), whereas four factors were extracted for the high-IBI/high-STAI participants, the high-IBI/low-ZDRS participants and the high-IBI/high-ZDRS participants, explaining 53%, 54% and 54% of the total variation, respectively. A Western-type dietary pattern was the most dominant factor for individuals reporting irrational beliefs and anxiety or depressive symptomatology. The high refined carbohydrates and fats dietary pattern was the most dominant factor for individuals with irrational beliefs but without psychopathology. Linear regression analysis showed that irrational beliefs, in combination with anxiety or depression, age, sex and BMI, were important predictors of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Dietary habits interact with irrational beliefs and, in association with the consequent psychological disorders, are associated with overall diet, and presumably may affect the health status of individuals.
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Bennebroek Evertsz’, Floor, Mirjam A. G. Sprangers, Laura M. de Vries, Robbert Sanderman, Pieter C. F. Stokkers, Mathilde G. E. Verdam, Huibert Burger, and Claudi L. H. Bockting. "I am a total failure: associations between beliefs and anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease with poor mental quality of life." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 48, no. 1 (August 19, 2019): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465819000444.
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AbstractBackground:According to cognitive behavioural theory, cognitive factors (i.e. underlying general dysfunctional beliefs and (situation) specific illness beliefs) are theorized to lead to outcomes like anxiety and depression. In clinical practice, general dysfunctional beliefs are generally not tackled directly in short-term-therapy.Aims:The goal of the present study was to investigate the associations of general versus specific illness beliefs on anxiety and depressive symptoms and psychiatric disorders among a subgroup of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with poor mental quality of life (QoL).Method:This study concerns cross-sectional data, collected at baseline from a randomized clinical trial. One hundred and eighteen patients, recruited at four Dutch hospitals, with poor QoL (score ≤23 on the mental health subscale of the Short-Form 36-item Health-Survey; SF-36) were included. General dysfunctional beliefs were measured by the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), specific illness beliefs by the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R), anxiety and depressive symptoms by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and psychiatric disorders by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I Disorders (SCID-I).Results:Univariate analyses showed associations between the level of anxiety and/or depression and general dysfunctional beliefs and four specific illness beliefs (consequences, personal control, emotional representations and treatment control). Among patients with IBD with psychiatric disorders, only the DAS was significantly associated with anxiety and depression (DAS added to IPQ-R and IPQ-R added to DAS).Conclusions:Psychological interventions may have to target general dysfunctional beliefs of patients with IBD with co-morbid psychiatric disorders to be effective. These patients with IBD are especially in need of psychological treatment.
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Park, Seul Ki, Yul Ha Min, and Sae Byul Lee. "Longitudinal Trends in Illness Perception and Depression during Adjuvant Breast Cancer Endocrine Therapy: A Prospective Observational Study." Healthcare 9, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091223.
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This study aimed to identify the changes in the illness perceptions and depression of women with breast cancer, undergoing AET, at three time points (i.e., before initiating AET, 3 months follow-up, and 12 months follow-up). We investigated the interaction effects of their demographic and clinical characteristics on illness perception changes over time. Furthermore, factors including the patient’s characteristics and illness perceptions associated with depressive symptoms 1 year after starting AET were explored. Illness perception and depressive symptoms were assessed with the brief illness perception questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, in a prospective study of 150 women. The changes in illness perceptions and depression between the three time points were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. The factors associated with depressive symptoms were identified using regression analysis. Illness perception improved overall over the 12 months. However, more patients perceived their illness as chronic, experienced more symptoms, and developed negative beliefs that treatment could not control their disease. Patients’ depressive symptoms decreased significantly. Depression at the baseline, cancer stage, and the perception of personal control were highly associated with depression after 12 months. These findings suggest that healthcare providers should offer appropriate interventions to patients, for managing symptoms, having a positive belief that treatment can control their disease, and preventing long-term depressive symptoms.
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Østefjells, T., J. U. Lystad, A. O. Berg, R. Hagen, R. Loewy, L. Sandvik, I. Melle, and J. I. Røssberg. "Metacognitive beliefs mediate the effect of emotional abuse on depressive and psychotic symptoms in severe mental disorders." Psychological Medicine 47, no. 13 (April 11, 2017): 2323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717000848.
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BackgroundEarly trauma is linked to higher symptom levels in bipolar and psychotic disorders, but the translating mechanisms are not well understood. This study examines whether the relationship between early emotional abuse and depressive symptoms is mediated by metacognitive beliefs about thoughts being uncontrollable/dangerous, and whether this pathway extends to influence positive symptoms.MethodPatients (N= 261) with psychotic or bipolar disorders were assessed for early trauma experiences, metacognitive beliefs, and current depression/anxiety and positive symptoms. Mediation path analyses using ordinary least-squares regressions tested if the effect of early emotional abuse on depression/anxiety was mediated by metacognitive beliefs, and if the effect of early emotional abuse on positive symptoms was mediated by metacognitive beliefs and depression/anxiety.ResultsMetacognitive beliefs about thoughts being uncontrollable/dangerous significantly mediated the relationship between early emotional abuse and depression/anxiety. Metacognitive beliefs and depression/anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between early emotional abuse and positive symptoms. The models explained a moderate amount of the variance in symptoms (R2= 0.21–0.29).ConclusionOur results indicate that early emotional abuse is relevant to depression/anxiety and positive symptoms in bipolar and psychotic disorders, and suggest that metacognitive beliefs could play a role in an affective pathway to psychosis. Metacognitive beliefs could be relevant treatment targets with regards to depression/anxiety and positive symptoms in bipolar and psychotic disorders.
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Srinivasan, Janaki, Nicole L. Cohen, and Sagar V. Parikh. "Patient Attitudes regarding Causes of Depression: Implications for Psychoeducation." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 7 (August 2003): 493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370304800711.
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Objective: Patient attitudes toward mental illness are an important determinant of treatment compliance and treatment outcome. A patient's age, sex, style of thinking, lifestyle, and beliefs all may influence perceptions. This study aimed to determine patient attitudes. Method: Patients with a depressive disorder ( n = 102) who were referred for psychiatric consultation and treatment to a community general hospital psychiatric outpatient clinic completed a 9-item self-report questionnaire to determine their perceptions of the biological, psychological, cognitive, and spiritual causes of their depressive disorder. Results: Women were more likely to endorse their depressive disorder as related to a biological abnormality. With respect to age, older individuals were less likely to identify cognitive factors and loss of spirituality as causal factors in their depression. Conclusions: A relation exists between demographic variables, including sex and age, and beliefs about causes of depression and related disorders. These findings have implications for refining patient psychoeducation.
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Chadwick, Paul D. J. "Examining Specific Cognitive Change in Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A Controlled Case Experiment." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 8, no. 1 (January 1994): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.8.1.19.
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Cognitive therapy (CT) is purported to ease depression primarily by weakening the influence of certain depressive beliefs. Customarily, this claim is supported by a reduced score on one or more of the standardized measures of dysfunctional thinking, and not by measuring beliefs specific to the individual; nor is it usual practice to monitor dysfunctional beliefs regularly before and throughout CT. The present single-case study describes a new approach for studying specific cognitive change by obtaining ongoing data on process and outcome. Multiple-baseline methodology was used to measure the impact of CT on four depressive beliefs identified during apre-baseline assessment stage. The patient, a man in his late 30s, was diagnosed according to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC: Spitzer, Endicott, & Robins, 1978) as having a primary depressive disorder which showed as moderate to severe on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI: Beck & Steer, 1987). Anumberof measures of change were used, including weekly ratings of the degree of conviction with which the four beliefs were held, and the BDI was given at regular intervals. By the close of therapy, all beliefs were rejected and the BDI scores indicated that the client was asymptomatic. Validation of change was provided by an independent clinician who conducted pre- and post-assessment interviews, and via the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS: Weissman & Beck, 1978); while this increased confidence that the reported changes were genuine, the limitations of the study are acknowledged. Maintenance over the six-month follow-up period was good. The study thus offers provisional evidence of specific cognitive change in CT, and describes a new methodology that could be used on a wider scale to reveal if cognitive change has primacy over symptom relief.
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Orzechowski, Wojciech, Wiktor Buczek, Joanna Emma Szczerba, Ryszard Gellert, Andrzej Rydzewski, Bartosz Fiderkiewicz, Paweł Żebrowski, Dorota Daniewska, and Andrzej Kokoszka. "Underdiagnosis of Major Depressive Episodes in Hemodialysis Patients: The Need for Screening and Patient Education." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 4109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184109.
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This article aims to identify the reasons why patients with major depressive episode (MDE) do not seek treatment for their mental disorder. 89 out of 208 persons screened were diagnosed with major depressive episode using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. 85 individuals with untreated depression filled out the following questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory, List of Explanations of Well-Being (LEWB), Brief Measure to Assess Perception of Self-Influence on the Course of the Disease, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, Brief Method of Evaluating Coping with Disease, and Metacognitions Questionnaire. There were 43 women (50.6%) and 42 men (49.4%), aged 24 to 93 years (Mean (M) = 68.26 years; Standard Deviation (SD) = 14.19 years), with dialysis vintage ranging from 1 month to 33 years (M = 70.63 months; SD = 75.26 months). Among study patients, 70.6% declared that depression was the cause of their poor well-being, 75.3% attributed their depressive symptoms to kidney failure, and 49.4%, more specifically, to hemodialysis. A total of 64.7% of patients had a low perception of self-influence on the course of their kidney disease, and 58.5% presented a coping style focused on emotions. The most frequent dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs were negative beliefs about not controlling one’s own thoughts. This attitude was related to the low perception of self-influence on the course of the disease, maladaptive coping styles, and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs.
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Brandstetter, Susanne, Gertraud Riedelbeck, Mark Steinmann, Julika Loss, Boris Ehrenstein, and Christian Apfelbacher. "Depression moderates the associations between beliefs about medicines and medication adherence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Cross-sectional study." Journal of Health Psychology 23, no. 9 (May 4, 2016): 1185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316646440.
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The ‘necessity–concerns framework’ postulates that patients’ adherence behaviour is influenced by beliefs about the necessity and the concerns patients have regarding their prescribed medicines. We hypothesized that depression moderates the associations between beliefs about medicines and medication adherence among people with rheumatoid arthritis. Using multivariate logistic regression, we observed that people experiencing more depressive symptoms showed stronger associations between necessity beliefs and adherence as well as attenuated associations between concerns and adherence, respectively, in a cross-sectional sample ( N = 361). Thus, depression moderates the associations postulated in the ‘necessity–concerns framework’ in a differential way in people with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Hasegawa, Akira, Masaru Kanetsuki, and Kaneo Nedate. "Endorsement of Positive Beliefs about Depressive Rumination and Depressive Ruminative Tendency." Japanese Journal of Personality 18, no. 1 (2009): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2132/personality.18.21.
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Arnáez, Sandra, Gemma García-Soriano, and Amparo Belloch. "Dysfunctional beliefs about health and illness: A family study." Anales de Psicología 35, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.1.317501.
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Cognitive models about hypochondriasis postulate that early experiences with illness can lead individuals to develop dysfunctional beliefs about having an illness. These beliefs can remain in a latent state and be triggered by a critical incident. Published studies have provided data partially supporting these assumptions. Considering that the primary family context shares experiences about illness, we examined the relationships between the dysfunctional beliefs that parents and their offsprings maintain about illness and thoughts, such as intolerance to uncertainty and over-estimation of threat, as well as the relationships between these beliefs with hypochondriacal and depressive symptoms. Forty university students and their parents (27 fathers and 36 mothers) completed self-reports on dysfunctional beliefs about illness, thoughts and symptoms of hypochondriasis and depression. Results indicated that the fathers’ dysfunctional beliefs about illness and overestimation of threat, but not those of mothers, were associated with their sons and daughters beliefs. Likewise, the dysfunctional beliefs of fathers, sons, and daughters were related to symptoms of hypochondriasis and depression.
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KESSING, LARS VEDEL, HANNE VIBE HANSEN, KOEN DEMYTTENAERE, and PER BECH. "Depressive and bipolar disorders: patients' attitudes and beliefs towards depression and antidepressants." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 8 (April 1, 2005): 1205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705004605.
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Background. There is increasing evidence that attitudes and beliefs are important in predicting adherence to treatment and medication in depressive and bipolar disorders. However, these attitudes have received little study in patients whose disorders were sufficiently severe to require hospitalization.Method. The Antidepressant Compliance Questionnaire (ADCQ) was mailed to a large population of patients with depressive or bipolar disorder, representative of patients treated in hospital settings in Denmark.Results. Of the 1005 recipients, 49·9% responded to the letter. A large proportion of the patients (40–80%) had erroneous views as to the effect of antidepressants. Older patients (over 40 years of age) consistently had a more negative view of the doctor-patient relationship, more erroneous ideas concerning the effect of antidepressants and a more negative view of antidepressants in general. Moreover, their partners agreed on these negative views. Women had a more negative view of the doctor-patient relationship than men, and patients with a depressive disorder had a more negative view of antidepressants than patients with bipolar disorder. The number of psychiatric hospitalizations or the type of treating physician (general practitioner, psychiatrist in private practice, community psychiatrist, hospital psychiatrist, other doctor) did not affect attitudes and beliefs.Conclusion. Lack of knowledge about affective disorder and its treatment and a critical attitude, especially among older patients, may add to an adverse prognosis of depressive and bipolar disorders.
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Cornwall, Peter L., Jan Scott, Anne Garland, and Ben R. Pollinger. "Beliefs about Depression in Patients and Their Partners." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33, no. 2 (January 26, 2005): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465804002061.
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We examined beliefs about depression in patients and their partners and explored the impact of beliefs on perceptions of marital functioning, level of distress and caregiving in partners, and clinical outcome of major depression. Fifteen patients meeting criteria for major depressive disorder and their co-habiting spouses were interviewed at baseline using the Reasons for Depression Questionnaire (Addis, Truax and Jacobson, 1995) and measures of symptom severity, distress, caregiver consequences and marital satisfaction. Outcome was assessed at 6 months. Identifying biological reasons for depression was significantly associated with patient severity of depression and with caregiver burden. Caregiver distress was significantly associated with endorsement of interpersonal reasons for depression. Concordance in reason giving between patients and partners was significantly associated with a good outcome. This is the first study to show that beliefs about depression held by patients and their partners may have an impact on the clinical outcome of major depression.
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Blais, Rebecca K., and Keith D. Renshaw. "The Association of Biological and Psychological Attributions for Depression with Social Support Seeking Intentions in Individuals with Depressive Symptoms." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 40, no. 5 (May 29, 2012): 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465812000355.
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Background: Research suggests that biological and psychological attributions for depression are related to professional help-seeking, but the association of these attributions with informal support seeking in social relationships is unknown. As social support is linked with recovery from depression and a lower likelihood of experiencing future episodes of depression, it is important to understand factors that influence an individual's decision to seek social support. Aims: The present study examined depressed individuals’ own attributions for their depressive symptoms (i.e. personal attributions), perceptions of a friend's attributions for these symptoms (i.e. perceived attributions), and the depressed individuals’ willingness to seek social support from that friend. Method: Eighty-six individuals experiencing at least mild depressive symptoms completed self-report measures of personal attributions, perceived attributions, and a social support seeking intentions scale. Results: Participants’ own attributions for depressive symptoms were unrelated to their willingness to seek social support. In contrast, perceived biological attributions were related to greater help-seeking intentions, whereas perceived psychological attributions were associated with lower support seeking intentions. Conclusions: These results suggest that decisions to seek social support are more influenced by perceptions of others’ beliefs about depression than one's own beliefs.
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Hasegawa, Akira, and Kaneo Nedate. "Content of beliefs related to depressive rumination." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS 18, no. 3 (2011): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4092/jsre.18.151.
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Neelapaijit, Adam, Tinakon Wongpakaran, Nahathai Wongpakaran, and Kulvadee Thongpibul. "Pathogenic beliefs among patients with depressive disorders." Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Volume 13 (April 2017): 1047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s136212.
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McCullough, Michael E., and David B. Larson. "Religion and depression: a review of the literature." Twin Research 2, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.2.2.126.
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AbstractWe reviewed data from approximately 80 published and unpublished studies that examined the association of religious affiliation or involvement with depressive symptoms or depressive disorder. In these studies, religion was measured as religious affiliation; general religious involvement; organizational religious involvement; prayer or private religious involvement; religious salience and motivation; or religious beliefs. People from some religious affiliations appear to have an elevated risk for depressive symptoms and depressive disorder, and people with no religious affiliation are at an elevated risk in comparison with people who are religiously affiliated. People with high levels of general religious involvement, organizational religious involvement, religious salience, and intrinsic religious motivation are at reduced risk for depressive symptoms and depressive disorders. Private religious activity and particular religious beliefs appear to bear no reliable relationship with depression. People with high levels of extrinsic religious motivation are at increased risk for depressive symptoms. Although these associations tend to be consistent, they are modest and are substantially reduced in multivariate research. Longitudinal research is sparse, but suggests that some forms of religious involvement might exert a protective effect against the incidence and persistence of depressive symptoms or disorders. The existing research is sufficient to encourage further investigation of the associations of religion with depressive symptoms and disorder. Religion should be measured with higher methodological standards than those that have been accepted in survey research to date.
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WEICH, SCOTT, LOUISE MORGAN, MICHAEL KING, and IRWIN NAZARETH. "Attitudes to depression and its treatment in primary care." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 9 (June 11, 2007): 1239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000931.
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ABSTRACTBackgroundUndertreatment of depression in primary care is common. Efforts to address this tend to overlook the role of patient attitudes. Our aim was to validate and describe responses to a questionnaire about attitudes to depression and its treatment in a sample with experience of moderate and severe depressive episodes.MethodCross-sectional survey of 866 individuals with a confirmed history of an ICD-10 depressive episode in the 12 months preceding interview, recruited from 7271 consecutive general practitioner (GP) attendees in 36 general practices in England and Wales. Attitudes to and beliefs about depression were assessed using a 19-item self-report questionnaire.ResultsFactor analysis resulted in a three-factor solution: factor 1, depression as a disabling, permanent state; factor 2, depression as a medical condition responsive to support; and factor 3, antidepressants are addictive and ineffective. Participants who received and adhered to antidepressant medication and disclosed their depression to family and friends had significantly lower scores on factors 1 and 3 but higher scores on factor 2.ConclusionsPeople with moderate or severe depressive episodes have subtle and divergent views about this condition, its outcome, and appropriate help. Such beliefs should be considered in primary care as they may significantly impact on help seeking and adherence to treatment.
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Chadwick, Paul, and Peter Trower. "To Defend or Not To Defend: A Comparison of Paranoia and Depression." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 11, no. 1 (January 1997): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.11.1.63.
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Research exploring inferential, especially attributional, thinking supports the theory that paranoia is a defense against low self-esteem. The present study extends this research by examining the place of evaluative beliefs in paranoia and depression. In particular, the study begins to explore the possibility that the defensive function of paranoia is to prevent perceived negative other-self evaluation becoming self-self, as happens in depression, by discrediting others through negative self-other evaluations. A paranoid group (n = 23) a depressive group (n = 22) and a normal control group of (n = 22) are compared on their responses to the Beck Depression Inventory and the Evaluative Beliefs Scale, an 18-item measure of other-self, self-self and self-other negative person evaluations. Results supported and refined this theory. As expected, subjects in both clinical groups perceive significantly more negative other-self evaluation (i.e., threat) than controls, with scores significantly higher for the depressed group. Negative self-self evaluation was highest in the depressives; the paranoid group scores were significantly higher than controls, perhaps implying that the paranoid defense is only partial. Lastly, negative self-other evaluations were significantly higher in the paranoid group; the depressives and controls did not differ.
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Schmoeger, M., A. Schosser, S. Jantscher, E. Auff, and U. Willinger. "An experimental investigation on the perception of depression among the public." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72391-4.
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Studies on beliefs regarding mental disorders take an interest in the question what beliefs about the causes are prevalent among the public. Studies using case vignettes concluded that lay beliefs about the causes of mental disorders clearly differ from the results of psychiatric research in view of the fact psychosocial factors are predominating in comparison with biological factors (Angermeyer & Dietrich, 2006). The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the impact of causal labels (biological/genetic, psychological/environmental or cause unknown), sex of the person described in a case vignette and sex of the participants on the perception of depression. The sample consists of 312 non-clinical participants (47.10% men, 52.90% women; mean age ± SD: 29.17 ± 12.76) who are not involved in mental health settings. To identify participants’ attitude towards depressive patients the experimental design of Lam et al. (2005) was modified and adjusted. A three way ANOVA was conducted to examine effects of causal labels, type of case vignette and sex of the participants on the attitude towards depressed patients. Simple main effects analysis only showed a significant main effect concerning sex of the participants (F = 5, 148, df = 1, p = 0,024).The results of the current study suggest that in comparison to men, women believe that depressive patients are more affected by the symptoms of the disorder. Neither the information about the aetiology of the disorder, nor sex of the person described in the case vignette seems to have an impact on the beliefs of the participants.
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Zhang, Jie, Xiangli Gu, Xiaoxia Zhang, Jihye Lee, Mei Chang, and Tao Zhang. "Longitudinal Effects of Motivation and Physical Activity on Depressive Symptoms among College Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105121.
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High prevalence of depression and physical inactivity have been consistently reported among college students, especially in females. Guided by Lubans et al.’s conceptual framework, the primary purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal relationships of PA motivation with leisure-time PA and depressive symptoms among college students over one academic year. Employing a longitudinal repeated measure design, 1004 college students in China were recruited in this study (28.3% males and 71.7% females; M age = 18.93 ± 0.64 years; 18–22 years old). Participants completed previously validated questionnaires assessing PA motivation (perceived competence beliefs and task values toward PA), leisure-time PA participation, and depressive symptoms in Fall 2016 (Time 1) and Fall 2017 (Time 2). Both male and female college students showed a significant increase of depressive symptoms from freshmen to sophomores (p < 0.05). The regression models indicated that perceived competence beliefs and task values toward PA were significant predictors of depressive symptoms at Time 2 (p < 0.05) after controlling for Time 1 measures in males and females, respectively. Physically active college students consistently demonstrated higher PA motivation, and they displayed fewer depressive symptoms compared to inactive peers over time (p < 0.05). The findings suggest sex-specified motivational intervention strategies and PA promotion programs/opportunities are needed to reduce depression symptoms among college students over time.
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Pereira, D., C. Cabaços, J. Azevedo, S. Xavier, M. J. Soares, N. Madeira, A. Macedo, and A. T. Pereira. "The role of dysfunctional attitudes towards motherhood in postpartum depressive symptoms and disorder." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.480.
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IntroductionPostpartum depression (PPD) is the commonest postpartum psychiatric condition, with prevalence rates around 20%1. PPD is associated with a range of adverse outcomes for both the mother and infant2. Therefore, identifying modifiable risk factors for perinatal depression is an important public health issue3.ObjectivesTo explore the role of dysfunctional attitudes towards motherhood in postpartum depressive symptoms and disorder.Methods247 women were evaluated in the third (12.08±4.25 weeks) and sixth months (31.52± 7.16 weeks) postpartum with the Attitudes Towards Motherhood Scale4, the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale5 and the Diagnostic Interview for Psychological Distress-Postpartum6. Correlation analysis was performed followed by linear/logistic regression analysis when the coefficients proved significant (p<.05), using SPSS.ResultsDysfunctional beliefs towards motherhood concerning judgement by others and maternal responsibility positively correlated with depressive symptoms at the third (.528; .406) and the sixth months (.506; .492) postpartum. Those dysfunctional beliefs were predictors of depressive symptoms at the third (ß=.440; ß=.151) and sixth months (ß=.322; ß.241) explaining 29.4% and 30.2% of its variance, respectively. Having dysfunctional beliefs at the third month significantly increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with Major Depression (DSM5) both in the third (Wald=9.992, OR=1.169; Wald=16.729, OR=1.231) and sixth months (Wald=5.638, OR=1.203; Wald=7.638, OR=1.301) (all p<.01).ConclusionsCognitive distortions should be included in the assessment of risk factors for PPD. Early identification of women presenting motherhood-specific cognitive biases may be crucial for implementing preventive interventions favoring a more positive and healthier motherhood experience.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Scott, Walter D., and Eric Dearing. "A longitudinal study of self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in youth of a North American Plains tribe." Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 2 (April 17, 2012): 607–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412000193.
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AbstractWe used a 3-year cross-sequential longitudinal design to examine the relations between self-efficacy judgments in three different domains (academic, social, resisting negative peer influences), cultural identity, theories of intelligence, and depressive symptoms. One hundred ninety-eight American Indian youths participated in the study, who all attended a middle school on a reservation in the northern plains of the United States. We conducted multilevel models to examine both between- and within-person associations as well as to investigate lagged within-youth associations. We found that not only did youths with relatively high self-efficacy have lower depressive symptom levels than other youths, but also increases in efficacy beliefs for academic, social, and for resisting negative peer influences predicted decreases in depressive symptoms within youths, even after controlling for previous levels of depressive symptoms as well as both contemporaneous and previous academic achievement. Neither cultural identity nor theories of intelligence moderated the relationship between self-efficacy and depression. As the first evidence that within-youth improvements in self-efficacy has developmental benefits, our findings help fill a long empty niche in the line of studies investigating the impact of efficacy beliefs on depressive symptoms.
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Wellman, Robert J., Catherine M. Sabiston, and Matthis Morgenstern. "Depressive Symptoms, Alcohol Beliefs and Heavy Episodic Drinking in Adolescents." Children 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9010103.
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Adolescents who engage in heavy episodic drinking (HED—i.e., 5+ drinks on a single occasion) increase risks for psychopathology, alcohol dependence, and similar negative consequences in adulthood. We explored associations among depressive symptoms, positive alcohol beliefs, and progression of heavy episodic drinking (HED) in 3021 German adolescents (M(SD) age at baseline = 12.4 (1.0)) followed for 30 months in 4 waves, using a conditional parallel process linear growth model, with full information maximum likelihood estimation. By wave 4, 40.3% of participants had engaged in HED more than once; 16.4% had done so ≥5 times. Depressive symptoms were indirectly related to baseline values of HED (through positive beliefs and wave 1 drinking frequency and quantity) and to the rate of growth in HED (through positive beliefs and wave 1 quantity). Adolescents with higher levels of depressive symptoms and positive alcohol beliefs drink more frequently and at greater quantities, which is associated with initiating HED at a higher level and escalating HED more rapidly than peers with similar depressive symptoms who lack those beliefs. This suggests that, to the extent that positive alcohol beliefs can be tempered through public health campaigns, education and/or counseling, HED among depressed adolescents might be reduced.
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Rosas-Fuentes, Pedro David, Karla Patricia Valdés-García, Iris Rubí Monroy-Velasco, Bárbara de los Ángeles Pérez-Pedraza, and Luis Miguel Sánchez-Loyo. "Depression, suicide ideation, and irrational beliefs: Explanatory models in psychology students." Salud mental 46, no. 2 (March 20, 2023): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2023.009.
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Introduction. In rational emotive behavioral therapy, irrational beliefs are significant in mental health since their presence leads to conditions such as depression and suicidal ideation. Since these conditions have been increasing worldwide, it is essential to explore the factors that contribute to their understanding. Objective. To design explanatory models for depression and suicidal ideation based on irrational beliefs in psychology students. Method. Quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study with multivariate analysis. Results. Two explanatory models were designed: one for depression and the other for suicidal ideation. Thirty-nine per cent of depressive symptomatology can be explained by the presence of irrational beliefs concerning perfectionism, avoidance of responsibilities, concern over the future, and the determinism of the past. At the same time, 54% of suicidal ideation can be explained by the presence of beliefs centering on perfectionism, avoidance of responsibilities, external locus of control, and the determinism of the past. Discussion and conclusion. Depression and suicidal ideation in psychology students can partly be explained by irrational beliefs concerning perfectionism, external locus of control, concern over the future, avoidance of responsibilities, and the determinism of the past. Clinical care approaches can modify these beliefs to reduce symptoms and promote mental health.
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Mongrain, Myriam, and John Trambakoulos. "A Musical Mood Induction Alleviates Dysfunctional Attitudes in Needy and Self-Critical Individuals." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088983907782638725.
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The “mood-state hypothesis” (Miranda & Persons, 1988) suggests that dysfunctional beliefs are latent in individuals vulnerable to depression until activated by a negative mood. The purpose of the current study was twofold: (a) to validate a new musical mood induction procedure and (b) to test the cognitive reactivity (or changes in the endorsement of dysfunctional beliefs) in individuals hypothesized to be vulnerable to depression (Blatt, Zohar, Quinlan, Zuroff, & Mongrain, 1995). The mood induction procedure was found to be highly effective for both the positive and the negative conditions. Needy and self-critical participants reported increases in the endorsement of dysfunctional attitudes with the depressing music. With the elating music, needy and self-critical participants experiencing an increase in happiness reported lower levels of dysfunctional attitudes. The findings support state-trait models of depressive vulnerability (Zuroff, Blatt, Sanislow, & Bondi, 1999) and further illustrate how positive mood states can ameliorate the report of maladaptive thoughts.
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Singh, Sandeep, Aarzoo Gupta, and Gurvinder Pal Singh. "Decision making and its correlates in recurrent depressive disorder." Indian Journal of Psychiatry 65, no. 11 (November 2023): 1158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_633_23.
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Objective: Decision-making (DM) is simply choosing among alternatives or defining one's course of action. A depressed individual does not perceive himself as a decision-maker as ruminations reinforce dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs and poor executive functioning. The aim was to study and compare the relationship among DM, metacognition, and executive functioning in those with recurrent depressive disorder (RDD) and in healthy controls (HCs). Methods: A cross-sectional comparative group study design was used with a sample size of 40, with 20 participants in each group. The tools used were Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, General Health Questionnaire, Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire, Metacognitive Questionnaire, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test. Results: The RDD group had significantly higher scores on buck-passing (BP), procrastination (PR), hypervigilance, and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs, and poor performance on executive functioning than HC. PR was inversely correlated with executive functioning and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs in the RDD group, whereas in the HC group, BP was positively correlated with executive functioning and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. Conclusion: DM has a significant relationship with executive functions and dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs; therefore, changes in any one variable contribute to changes in the other two. The altered attentional and executive control due to dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs leads to poor DM, resulting in psychosocial dysfunction. The underlying metacognitive beliefs and executive functioning play a crucial role in DM, the process determining psychosocial functioning.
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Sanchez, Yadira M., Sharon F. Lambert, and Nicholas S. Ialongo. "Adverse Life Events and Depressive Symptoms in African American Youth: The Role of Control-Related Beliefs." Depression Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/871843.
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The association between experiences of adverse life events and adolescent depressive symptoms has been well documented. However, this association is not consistently observed in urban and low income African American youth. In addition, mechanisms linking life event stress and African American adolescents' depressive symptoms have received little attention. This study examined past year violent and nonviolent life events assessed in 6th grade as predictors of 7th grade depressive symptoms among a community epidemiologically defined sample of 447 (47% girls) urban African American adolescents. Depressive symptoms were assessed twice, at a 1-year interval, and initial depressive symptoms were controlled in the analyses. Control-related beliefs were examined as mediators of the association between life events and depressive symptoms, and gender was examined as a moderator of the association between control-related beliefs and depressive symptoms. Associations among study variables were examined in a series of models, from general to more specific. A model in which nonviolent and violent life events were examined separately and control and contingency beliefs examined as one latent variable was the most informative about the etiology of depressive symptoms in a sample of urban, African American youth. Implications of the findings for preventive interventions and future research are discussed.
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Van Den Bout, Jan. "Attributional and Irrational Cognitions, Depression and (Threat of) Job Redundancy." Psychological Reports 59, no. 2 (October 1986): 951–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.951.
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The attributional reformulation of the learned helplessness model as well as the rational-emotive model make predictions about the nature of cognitions which are hypothesized to be related to depressive affect. In the present research for 27 (ex-)employees of a firm, who had recently been made redundant or lived with the threat of redundancy, whether attributional and irrational cognitions are related to depression was examined. For both types of cognitions, general and situation-specific, i.e., concerning the (threat of) job redundancy, beliefs were assessed. None of the attribution measures for bad events correlated significantly with depression. Both general and specific irrational beliefs were significantly associated with depression.
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Klevens, Alison, Delainey Wescott, Maddison Taylor, and Kathryn Roecklein. "0648 Retinal responsivity is associated with light and season-related cognitions in older adults with seasonal depression." SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2023): A285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0648.
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Abstract Introduction Maladaptive cognitions associated with lower light availability in winter and the changing of the seasons are elevated in winter depression and are treatment targets in psychotherapy. Mechanisms underlying the development of SAD-specific cognitions may be related to seasonal variation in melanopsin-driven retinal responsivity to light. Prior work has shown reduced retinal responsivity to light during the winter in seasonal depression. We hypothesized maladaptive seasonal cognitions would be associated with reduced retinal responses to light. We also tested whether age moderated this relationship, hypothesizing that this learned association may only appear in older individuals who have experienced a greater number of seasonal depressive episodes. Methods Participants ages 19-65 (M=36.13, SD=12.81) with seasonal depression (n=37) and non-depressed controls (n=32) completed assessments in winter months (21st December to 21st March). Maladaptive seasonal cognitions were measured by the Seasonal Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ). Melanopsin-driven retinal responsivity was assessed using the post illumination pupil response (PIPR). Net PIPR as a percent of baseline was averaged across the 10-30 seconds post-stimulus for use in analyses. Using multiple regression, we tested (1) if seasonal beliefs predict the PIPR and (2) if an interaction between seasonal beliefs and age predicts the PIPR, controlling for gender, the pupillary light reflex (PLR), and circadian time of testing from Dim Light Melatonin Onset. Results Seasonal beliefs were not associated with the PIPR (b= -0.86e-5, SE=0.27e-3, p=0.98). There was a significant interaction between seasonal beliefs and age on the PIPR (b= -0.56e-4, SE=0.23e-4, p=0.02), in which greater seasonal beliefs were associated with reduced PIPR in older individuals but not younger individuals. The Johnson-Neyman interval indicated that in participants above age 49, greater seasonal beliefs were significantly associated with lower retinal responsivity (PIPR; p< 0.05). Conclusion Greater seasonal beliefs were associated with reduced retinal responsivity, but only in older adults with seasonal depression. It is possible that reduced retinal responsivity creates learned maladaptive schemas regarding seasonal changes that are reinforced with annually recurring winter depressive episodes. However, longitudinal data focused on changes in seasonal beliefs resulting from reduced retinal sensitivity is necessary to test whether retinal responsivity is a mechanism in the formation of these seasonal-specific cognitions. Support (if any)
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Bonelli, Raphael, Rachel E. Dew, Harold G. Koenig, David H. Rosmarin, and Sasan Vasegh. "Religious and Spiritual Factors in Depression: Review and Integration of the Research." Depression Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/962860.
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Depressive symptoms and religious/spiritual (R/S) practices are widespread around the world, but their intersection has received relatively little attention from mainstream mental health professionals. This paper reviews and synthesizes quantitative research examining relationships between R/S involvement and depressive symptoms or disorders during the last 50 years (1962 to 2011). At least 444 studies have now quantitatively examined these relationships. Of those, over 60% report less depression and faster remission from depression in those more R/S or a reduction in depression severity in response to an R/S intervention. In contrast, only 6% report greater depression. Of the 178 most methodologically rigorous studies, 119 (67%) find inverse relationships between R/S and depression. Religious beliefs and practices may help people to cope better with stressful life circumstances, give meaning and hope, and surround depressed persons with a supportive community. In some populations or individuals, however, religious beliefs may increase guilt and lead to discouragement as people fail to live up to the high standards of their religious tradition. Understanding the role that R/S factors play in preventing depression, facilitating its resolution, or leading to greater depression will help clinicians determine whether this is a resource or a liability for individual patients.
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Wilson, Anna C., Amy S. Lewandowski, and Tonya M. Palermo. "Fear-Avoidance Beliefs and Parental Responses to Pain in Adolescents with Chronic Pain." Pain Research and Management 16, no. 3 (2011): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/296298.
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BACKGROUND: The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain posits that fear of pain is associated with fear and avoidance of activity, which can lead to deconditioning and persistence of pain and disability. Despite being well supported in adults, little is known about the role of fear-avoidance beliefs regarding physical activity in children. Research has shown that parental protectiveness contributes to activity limitations in children; however, no studies have examined relationships between protectiveness, and fear and avoidance.OBJECTIVES: To conduct a cross-sectional study to provide additional information regarding the reliability and validity of the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire physical activity subscale among adolescents with chronic pain; examine fear-avoidance beliefs and depressive symptoms as concurrent predictors of physical activity limitations; and test competing models using fear-avoidance beliefs as mediators and moderators of the association between parental protectiveness and activity limitations.METHODS: Adolescents (n=42) 11 to 17 years of age with chronic pain completed questionnaires assessing pain intensity, fear-avoidance beliefs, depressive symptoms and physical activity limitations. Their parents completed questionnaires regarding protectiveness and adolescent activity limitations.RESULTS: The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire physical activity subscale was useful for assessing fear-avoidance beliefs in the present population. In support of hypotheses, greater fear-avoidance beliefs were associated with greater activity limitations, above pain intensity and depressive symptoms. Support was found for fear-avoidance beliefs as mediators of the association between parental protectiveness and activity limitations. Tests of moderation were not significant.CONCLUSIONS: Fear-avoidance beliefs may be an important target for interventions focused on decreasing activity limitations in youth with chronic pain. Future research should investigate these associations longitudinally.
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Reda, Mario A., Bernardo Carpiniello, Liliana Secchiaroli, and Salvatore Blanco. "Thinking, depression, and antidepressants: Modified and unmodified depressive beliefs during treatment with amitriptyline." Cognitive Therapy and Research 9, no. 2 (April 1985): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01204845.
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Romeo, Annunziata, Lorys Castelli, Georgia Zara, and Marialaura Di Tella. "Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Depreciation: Associations with Core Beliefs and Rumination." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 15938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315938.
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Background: The positive transformation (i.e., posttraumatic growth, PTG) that can emerge after the struggles associated with a stressful life event has been widely investigated. However, less attention has been paid to the negative posttraumatic changes (i.e., posttraumatic depreciation, PTD) that might occur after a traumatic experience. This study aimed to investigate the role of a series of psychological factors (e.g., disruption of core beliefs, rumination, and depressive symptoms) in predicting PTG and PTD, separately considered. Methods: To reach this goal, 601 participants who experienced different types of traumatic events were recruited. They were asked to indicate sociodemographic and trauma-related information and to complete self-report measures assessing PTG/PTD, core beliefs, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Results: The results of regression analyses showed that gender, age, time since the trauma, core beliefs, deliberate/intrusive rumination, and depressive symptoms were significant predictors of PTG. Conversely, core beliefs, intrusive rumination, and depressive symptoms were found to be positively related to PTD. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings highlight the role that different psychological factors may play in the manifestation of the PTG and/or PTD dimensions. From a clinical perspective, professionals should pay attention to these factors when a person struggles in coping with a highly stressful experience.
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Sarin, Sabina, and John R. Z. Abela. "The Relationship Between Core Beliefs and a History of Eating Disorders: An Examination of the Life Stories of University Students." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 17, no. 4 (October 2003): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.17.4.359.52540.
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The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between core beliefs and a history of eating disorders using a retrospective design. Sixty-three university students completed self-report measures assessing current depressive symptoms. They also completed a semistructured interview assessing current and past histories of eating disorders. The presence of core beliefs was identified through an examination of participants’ life stories. Core beliefs were associated with past histories of both anorexia and bulimia nervosa, even after controlling for current depressive symptoms and eating disorders. Further analyses revealed that core beliefs centering around themes of disconnection and rejection, other-directedness, and overvigilance and inhibition were associated with past histories of anorexia nervosa, whereas core beliefs centering around themes of disconnection and rejection, impaired limits, and overvigilance and inhibition were associated with past histories of bulimia nervosa. These findings provide preliminary support for recent theoretical models highlighting the potential importance of core beliefs in the etiology of eating disorders.
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Dalbert, Claudia, and Joachim Stoeber. "The personal belief in a just world and domain-specific beliefs about justice at school and in the family: A longitudinal study with adolescents." International Journal of Behavioral Development 30, no. 3 (May 2006): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025406063638.
Full textAbstract:
This article investigates the relationship between the personal belief in a just world (BJW) and domain-specific beliefs about justice and examines how justice cognitions impact on adolescents' development, particularly on their achievement at school and their subjective well-being. A longitudinal questionnaire study with German adolescents aged 14–19 years was conducted over a period of five to eight months. The pattern of results revealed that evaluations of the school climate and of the family climate as being just were two distinct phenomena, both of which impacted on the personal BJW, which in turn affected the domain-specific beliefs about justice. However, the domain-specific beliefs about justice did not impact on each other directly. Moreover, an evaluation of the family climate (but not of the school climate) as being just reduced depressive symptoms, whereas depressive symptoms did not weaken the evaluation of one's family as being just. The evaluation of the school climate as being just improved the grades received in the next school report, whereas the grades received did not affect the justice evaluation of the school climate. Finally, all relationships persisted when controlling for age and gender. In sum, the pattern of findings supports the notion that justice cognitions impact on development during adolescence.
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Nixon, Reginald D. V., and Pallavi Nishith. "September 11 Attacks: Prior Interpersonal Trauma, Dysfunctional Cognitions, and Trauma Response in a Midwestern University Sample." Violence and Victims 20, no. 4 (August 2005): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.20.4.471.
Full textAbstract:
Undergraduate college students (N = 133) were assessed for posttrauma and depressive symptomatology, posttrauma cognitions, and previous traumatic experiences 1 month after the September 11 attacks in the United States. Negative beliefs regarding oneself and the world mediated the relationship between prior interpersonal trauma and acute trauma symptoms. Acute depression acted as a mediator between prior interpersonal trauma and negative cognitions of oneself and self-blame cognitions. The results suggest that even in a nonclinical, nontreatment seeking college sample, prior traumatic events can play an important role in an individual’s short-term adjustment following indirect exposure to a significant trauma. The differential relationship of negative beliefs on acute trauma symptoms and depression is discussed.
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Tecuta, Lucia, Elena Tomba, Ambra Lupetti, and Raymond DiGiuseppe. "Irrational Beliefs, Cognitive Distortions, and Depressive Symptomatology in a College-Age Sample: A Mediational Analysis." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 33, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.33.2.116.
Full textAbstract:
Dysfunctional cognitions such as irrational beliefs (IBs) of Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) model and cognitive distortions (CDs) or cognitive errors from Beck's cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) model are known to correlate with depressive symptomatology. However, most studies focus on one cognitive theoretical model in predicting psychopathology. The current study examined the relationship between both IBs and CDs in predicting depression. A college-age sample of 507 participants completed the Attitudes and Beliefs Scale-2, the Cognitive Distortions Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Half of the sample showed minimal depression, while the remaining sample exhibited mild-moderate (37.4%) to severe (11.1%) depression symptomatology. Through regression analyses, the study aimed to examine whether IBs accounted for more of the variance in depression symptomatology after the effects of CDs were considered. Moreover, it tested whether CDs served as a moderator or mediator between IBs and depression. Each of Ellis' IBs (demandingness, awfulizing, self-downing, and low frustration tolerance) accounted for significantly more variance in depression after the variance of CDs was entered with the IB of self-downing explaining the most variance in depression severity. Moreover, while no moderation effect was found, CDs partially mediated the effect of IBs on depression. Both IBs and CDs contributed unique variance in predicting depression. Findings support the clinical notion that IBs and CDs are associated as well as highlight the clinical utility of both conceptualizations of dysfunctional cognitions in explaining depressive symptomatology. Clinicians might consider that each dysfunctional cognition might not be subject to change if not directly targeted. Rather than choosing to focus exclusively on IBs or CDs underlying negative automatic thoughts, psychotherapeutic efforts might benefit from identifying and challenging both types of dysfunctional cognitions.
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Bhar, Sunil S., and Michael Kyrios. "COGNITIVE PERSONALITY STYLES ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSIVE AND OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE PHENOMENA IN A NON-CLINICAL SAMPLE." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, no. 4 (September 1999): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465899000879.
Full textAbstract:
This study explored whether obsessive-compulsive (OC) and depressive phenomena share common cognitive personality vulnerabilities. Specifically, the study examined the relationship of OC phenomena to sociotropy, autonomy and aspects of perfectionism, which traditionally have been associated with depression. A non-clinical sample of 152 subjects, mostly undergraduate university students, completed four questionnaires. Results indicated a significant relationship between depression and OC variables, with both relating significantly to autonomy, sociotropy and socially prescribed perfectionism. Correlations between OC phenomena and these cognitive personality styles were still significant after controlling for depression. Sociotropy and socially prescribed perfectionism predicted unique OC variance. Depression also predicted unique OC variance, controlling for the cognitive personality styles. It was concluded that OC and depressive phenomena share vulnerability centred on desires for approval. It was also recognized that depression-specific processes account for some of the covariability between depression and OC phenomena. Therefore, it was suggested that treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder may improve by attending to the reduction of depressive phenomena and to the modification of beliefs related to social-approval.