Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dépôts de films sensibles'
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Le, Pennec Fabien. "Développement de microcapteurs pour la mesure de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) : application au suivi de la qualité de l’air." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0148.
Full textUnlike outdoor air pollution, indoor air pollution remained relatively understudied until the early 2000s. However, we spend on average 85% of our time in closed environments (home, offices, transport, etc. in which we are exposed to many pollutants. Numerous studies have shown that measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide makes it possible to assess the confinement of indoor air. To measure pollutants, we can distinguish between analyzers and microsensors, each with its advantages and disadvantages. In the case of indoor air quality, resistive type microsensors appear to be the most appropriate solution, due to their low cost, high sensitivity, possible miniaturization and low power consumption. The detection phenomenon is based on the variation of the electrical resistance of the sensitive element in response to a gas adsorption rate. My research work has focused on the study of the sensitive layer. We used the screen-printing deposit method, a simple, fast and inexpensive technique. The crystalline structure and the morphology could be determined as well as the identification of the chemical substances present in our materials according to physico-chemical characterization techniques. Our results showed that the sensors made from La2O2CO3 and BaTiO3, respectively, present good performances, with a high sensitivity to CO2, and a good repeatability rate
Ubrig, Jennifer. "Encapsulation de dispositifs sensibles à l'atmosphère par des dépôts couches minces élaborés par PECVD." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003495.
Full textEuphrasie, Sébastien. "Dépôts de films actifs épais pour micro-systèmes." Valenciennes, 2002. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/5a016950-2a68-47c3-b9f7-2922bb08fe96.
Full textThis dissertation deals with two methods of obtaining thick active films: the hydrothermal synthesis and the deposition by Laser Ablation of Microparticles (LAM). Hydrothermal techniques are presented to have a better understanding of the phenomena occurring during hydrothermal synthesis of PZT films. The advantage is to grow (at T<200ʿC) PZT films (5-30 thick) on non-planar titanium substrates. The importance of the way of putting precursors into the solution is stressed. A study, using in particular EXAFS, gives us information about the gel leading to the films. Piezoelectric, dielectric and ferroelectric characterizations are also shown. Deposition by LAM is characterized by the formation of 1-100æm-thick films by impacting nanoparticles made of laser ablation of a microparticles aerosol. Pulsed laser deposition (on flat target) and the apparatuses used by LAM are described. First film depositions of active material (PZT and Terfenol-D) and their characterizations are studied
Ben, Mefteh Wahid. "Élaboration de films sensibles à base de macromolécules azotées : application aux capteurs chimiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10079.
Full textThis dissertation is devoted to the elaboration, the chemical grafting of aminated macrocycles on surfaces, the development of elaboration processes of surfaces sensitive to the ions, the evaluation of their properties and the fabrication of prototypes of chemical sensors sensitive to the ions. The aminated macrocycles are cyclames, sensitive to transition metal ions and terpyridines sensitive to lanthanides. A chemical sensor sensitive to iron (III) ion is fabricated by means of the functionalization of an ISFET and of silicon nitride/silicon structures through grafting of aminated macrocycles of the cyclam type on to the surface of the device. The coupling agent poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS) allows such an immobilization with a high efficiency. The immobilization of a derivative of cyclam (naphtyl-cyclam) on gold surfaces allowed the preparation of chemical sensors sensitive to the ions. The molecule of cyclam was deposited on gold electrodes by strong interactions between the naphtyl group and the gold surface. The film obtained was characterized in terms of composition, morphology and electrical properties. The proton conductivity of the N-MNC film was brought out, for the first time, by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and by cyclic voltammetry (CV). We showed that the immobilization of the phenyl-terpyridine derived on gold surfaces allowed the preparation of the chemical sensors sensitive to gadolinium (III) ions. The molecules of terpyridine were self-assembled on gold electrodes by strong interactions (chemical grafting) with a final thiol group. The electrical properties of these sensitive films/electrolyte are described and theoretical models are proposed from the experimental results obtained by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
El, Jounaîdi Abdellah. "Contribution à l'étude des dépôts par plasma : basse fréquence de films minces organosiliciés." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30065.
Full textBenzeggouta, Dhafira. "Etude de procédés de dépôts de films minces par décharge magnétron fortement ionisée." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112090.
Full textLn modern techniques of thin film deposition it is necessary to improve the quality of the deposited thin film, to achieve a better control of the energy deposited to the growing thin film and to permit the deposition of thin films on complex shape substrates of with good step coverage. The main drawback of convention al De magnetron sputtering is that emitted metal particles are mainly neutrals. It this condition, it is difficult to guide. Their pathway and to control their energy. An improvement of sputtering process consists in iO[1izing the emitted vapour by adding a second discharge between the target and the substrate. This technique is usually called IPVD (Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition) in which frequently a second Radio-Frequency (RF) discharge is used (RF-IPVD). A second alternative method developed more recently, ca lied HPPMS (High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering), uses high power pulses applied directly on the magnetron cathode. During the,pulse. An important ionization degree of sputtered species (> 50 %) is achieved. The two techniques have been used for the case of reactive sputtering for the deposition of RU02 oxide. A very few works have developed till now for this reactive conditions. A large part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the influence of the introduction of O2 on the discharge behaviour in the two RF-IPVD and HPPMS processes. We also studied the possibility of depositing dielectric thin films BaSrTi03 using a ceramics target and the RF-IPVD process. Results obtained within this thesis open new perspectives for the use of the HPPMS technique for the development of new material having specifie properties
Maechler, Louison. "Dépôts de films organosiliciés réalisés par décharge à barrière diélectrique homogène à la pression atmosphérique : application aux films multicouches." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1070/.
Full textThe aim of this work is to better understand deposition processes of thin films using an atmospheric pressure cold plasma, through the synthesis of organic and inorganic materials. Two discharges are used: the Atmospheric Pressure Townsend Discharge (APTD) in nitrogen and the Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge (APTD) in helium. In both cases, the precursor used is hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and the oxidizing gas is nitrous oxide (N2O). The approach consists in firstly determining the chemical and structural properties of films obtained with or without oxidant gas. After this step, a discussion is proposed on the gas-phase reaction mechanisms that may explain the obtained deposits. Finally, this work highlights some possible applications of these deposits obtained at atmospheric pressure through the realization of gas barrier multilayers and of rigid multilayers with antifog properties
Monnin, Alexandra. "Fonctionnalisations et caractérisations de surfaces par des films polythiophènes et dépôts de particules composites." Besançon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BESA2034.
Full textThe objective of this study was to synthesize composite materials made of polymer and particles on a conductive substrates. The combination of two elements of different nature allowed to obtain specific properties of the new material. This application for composite material are of potential interest to various industrial sectors :micro-engineering, optics, electronics… Initially, the surface of gold substrates was functionalized with polymer films (polybithiophene and polytris [5-(2,2ۥ-bithiophène)] méthanol]), obtained by electropolymerization. The influence of different parameters on the formation of electropolymerized films was studied : the nature and concentration of the monomer, composition of electrolyte, scan rate of film formation… Different techniques (optical and scanning electron microscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, AFM) were used to characterize the morphology and thickness of these films. The in situ formation of electropolymerized films was also studied, using a fixed angle laser reflectometer coupled with cyclic voltammetry. A correlation between the morphologies of the films and reflectometry signals was achieved. The results obtained were supported by measuring the refractive index and thickness of the films by spectroscopic ellipsometry and absorbance by UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Secondly, the assembly of composites particles, consisting of inorganic nanoparticles (silica) absorbed onto organic microparticles (latex) was performed on a metal surface. Micrometer-sized latex particles allowed to control their transport to the surface and the nanoparticles provided the desired functionality. The electrophoretic deposition of particles was studied as a function of different physicochemical parameters (pH, concentration and nature of organic additives, polarization…). The deposition of the composite particles may be reversible or irreversible, depending on experimental conditions. Furthermore, desorption of nanoparticles is observed in some cases. After selecting the experimental conditions for optimum deposition of composites particles (without desorption of nanoparticles), the assembly of these particles on the functionalized metal substrate by polymer film was studied. During their electrophoretic deposition, the particles absord mainly around clusters of polymer films
Lemaire, Vincent. "Dépôts alignés de nanofils d'argent au sein de films multicouches pour des propriétés conductrices et optiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAE038/document.
Full textThis study consist in the elaboration of aligned films of silver nanowires by the Grazing Incidence Spraying (GIS) technique. Combined with the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique, it is possible to generate films composed of several aligned layers of silver nanowires with different directions of orientation. Optical and conductive properties of these films will be investigated to highlight the impact of these 3D ordered structures. The influence of different parameters of the GIS will be studied. These parameters will be optimized in ordrer to design samples for conductive and transparent films and to elaborate chiral structures. Chiral structures will be realized and their circular dichroism will be investigated in function of structural parameters. A last study will be realized about the influence of order for transparent and conductive electrodes by measuring performances of films with aligned and randomly deposed silver nanowires
Verbrugghe, Nathalie. "Lithographie optique, dépôts de films minces de tungstène et trioxyde de tungstène dédiés aux capteurs de gaz semiconducteurs." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0527/document.
Full textDriven by current safety and environmental quality concerns and research efforts in this area, the global market for gas sensors is expanding rapidly. In the context of the marketing of a gas sensor, a phase of improvement in its performance, and in particular its sensitivity and stability, is naturally necessary. However, it is also relevant to consider reducing the cost of manufacturing. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop a technology that uses low-cost materials and reduces the device's power consumption. In this perspective, this thesis work focused on the realization and characterization of a semiconductor oxide gas sensor entirely based on tungsten and tungsten trioxide for the detection of hydrogen sulfide in an industrial environment. The main objective was to manufacturate a low-cost sensor using simple processing techniques and low-cost materials. To achieve this, our work initially consisted in developing a tungsten heating element that can operate up to 500°C. The processes developed for the conception of the heating element were used in the development of the electrodes for measuring the electrical resistance of the tungsten trioxide film. Then, we worked on the optimization of the radio frequency sputtering process for the development of the tungsten trioxide sensing element. Gas measurements have shown promising results for the detection of hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide and ammonia
Rémy, Benjamin. "Mesure de propriétés thermophysiques de matériaux minces et de dépôts par méthode Flash : application aux films polycristallins de diamant." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL020N.
Full textEl, Younsi Imane. "Elaboration et caractérisation de nouvelles couches sensibles pour la réalisation de capteurs de CO2." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30344/document.
Full textThe measure of the rate of CO2 is a recent need. The works on the use of new materials for the conception of gas sensors based semiconductor oxides, effective and not expensive; arouse a huge interest in our society. The objective of this thesis is the elaboration and the characterization of new sensitive layers obtained by RF sputtering for the realization of the sensors of CO2. Thin films were deposited using two targets: CuFeO2 and CuO, under three conditions by varying argon pressure and RF power. First of all, the structure and the microstructure were studied for the as-deposited samples. Surface investigations carried out by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, BET measurements and MEB-FEG images have shown a strong influence of deposition technique parameters on film surface topography and morphology. In a second step, the thin films were annealed in air in order to oxidize the phase. For the composite CuO/CuFe2O4, Glow discharge optical emission spectrometry technique showed a structure in two layers stacked on top of each other for the thinner films. For the cupric films, no changes on both structure and microstructure have been revealed. Our films have then been evaluated for CO2 detection. The sensitive layers with different thicknesses were sensitive to 5000 ppm of CO2. The deposition parameters are optimized to obtain microstructure features which can enhance the sensitivity of the thin films as gas sensors. Best response was obtained for a cupric sample deposited in P2 30W conditions and was close to 50% at T = 250°C. We have demonstrates that cupric oxide alone can detect the CO2 gas and that the growth conditions determine the film surface characteristics. The gas sensing characteristics of these films are strongly influenced by both surface morphology and microstructure
Hatim, Zineb. "Etude de la croissance en films minces de céramiques SiNxCy H par dépôts chimiques en phase vapeur à partir d'organosilazanes." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT019G.
Full textLandreau, Xavier. "Dépôts organosiliciés par torche plasma micro-onde à la pression atmosphérique : de l’échelle micrométrique à l’échelle nanométrique." Limoges, 2012. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/7a2a0494-b1c6-4568-a8c9-5c942593c419/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4033.pdf.
Full textA new open air CVD process assisted by a microwave axial injection torch (TIA) has been developed for the deposition of organosilicon coatings on monocristalline silicon substrates. Both main effects of deposition parameters and first-order interactions on the physical & chemical properties of the films have been investigated from a Rechtschaffner design of experiments (DOE). “Response equations” relating the responses with the deposition variables have been obtained. After the mathematical, graphical and statistical analysis of the results, several correlations settings/responses and response/response have been discussed and possible mechanisms that contribute to these relations have been suggested. These results have demonstrated that the substrate temperature plays a major role on the responses. Therafter the effects of the substrate temperature on the structural and microstructural properties of the coatings have been studied more in detail. That way, a thorough FTIR spectroscopy study has been performed through the deconvolution of the IR-absorption spectral curves into elementary profiles. This works has allowed to determinate the kind and the contribution of structural components and estimate the structural arrangement of the constituent atoms. In addition, results have been used to explicit growth mechanisms of the coatings. OES characterization of the plasma has corroborated the emitted assumptions. Finally we have reported on the first steps of a lab-on-chip building through the clickchemistry functionalization of self-organized networked SiOxHyCz nano-islands on Si(100) and Pt/Si(100) substrates patterned by nano-indentation
Tran, Dinh Phong. "Synthèse et caractérisation de précurseurs de cuivre, or et iridium et études des dépôts de films métalliques correspondants par CVD pour des applications en microélectronique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112248.
Full textA novel series of fluorine free copper (I) precursors, (b-diketonate)Cu(L) (L = BTMSA or TMSP), has been synthesized by acid-base reaction and characterized. Of these precursors, (5-methyl-2,4-hexanedionate)Cu(BTMSA) and (5,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexanedionate)Cu(BTMSA) are the most interested ones. Use of these precursors, the continuous, pure and electrically conducting copper thin films were grown on Ta/TaN from 170°C with high deposition rates (50 nm/min). AuCl(PF3) has been also evaluated for Au thermal CVD in this work. This inorganic precursor was used in solid form (with a conventional bubbler) as well as in a solution with toluene solvent (use of a liquid delivery system). Use of H2 as co-reactant gas, continuous and pure gold metallic thin films were deposited on Ta/TaN from 110°C. The impact of carrier gas nature (N2, H2) and deposition temperature on the precursor deposition reaction as well as on the properties of grown gold films has been investigated. [IrCl(PF3)2]2 has been used, for the first time in this work, as iridium source for Ir CVD. This inorganic precursor is very volatile but unstable. Hence, in this work, we have synthesized this precursor "in-situ" in the CVD reactor from IrCl(PF3) which is more stable and experimental. Under N2 carrier gas, compact, conformal and highly pure iridium thin films were grown on SiO2/Si from 240°C. We have also studied the influence of carrier gas nature (N2, H2, or O2) as well as the deposition temperature on the growth of iridium films
Hammadi, Zoubida. "Etude des propriétés de films minces de cuivre élaborés par la technique de dépôts par voie chimique en phase gazeuse à partir d'un composé organométallique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22021.
Full textBarthes, Julien. "Revêtements surfaciques à base de polymères et de composants naturels : applications à la mise au point de surfaces mécano-sensibles et de substrats cellulaires nourriciers." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE018/document.
Full textThis PhD work is about designing surface coatings with polymers and natural compounds. In the first project, mechanosensitive surfaces have been developed for drug release applications. Polyelectrolyte multilayer films have been designed with i) one reservoir strata for the loading of a bioactive molecule, paclitaxel, and ii) one mechanosensitive barrier strata on top of the reservoir to confine the molecule. When a mechanical stretch is applied on the structure, the barrier becomes permeable and enables the diffusion of an enzyme within the film.This enzyme degrades the reservoir strata and triggers the release of paclitaxel. In a second project, ECM-mimicking feeder substrate has been developed with crosslinked gelatin thin films. These films can be loaded with: i) growth factors to prevent any further addition of these compounds in the culture medium; ii) nanoparticles to modulate mechanical properties of the substrate; iii) antimicrobial agents to ensure sterility during cell culture experiments. Finally, these substrates have some biochemical and biophysical tunable properties that enable the precise control of cell microenvironment
Calvez, Philippe. "La liaison membranaire de neuroprotéines sensibles au calcium impliquées dans la phototransduction visuelle et optimisation de la méthode d'analyse de la liaison de protéines aux films monomoléculaires lipidiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29335/29335.pdf.
Full textAraiedh, Fouad. "Étude de la dégradation photocatalytique sur des couches minces de dioxyde de titane de dépôts solides discrets d’acide stéarique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0161/document.
Full textPhotocatalysis is widely used in a variety of applications in water and air purification. For those reasons, fundamentals research on the photocatalytical degradation processes of organic compounds on photocatalysts surfaces concern in most cases liquid and gaseous phases. The more recent development of self-cleaning surfaces has raised several issues concerning the mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of solid deposits such as soot or fatty acids. These issues remain little addressed in the literature and therefore deserve further attention. This thesis work deals with the study of the photocatalytical degradation modes of solid deposits of stearic acid (SA) on the surface of titanium dioxide thin films. In this work, an original experimental approach based on the use of optical microscopy is implemented to monitor, on a microscopic scale, the SA deposits as a function of UV light exposure. Viewed under microscope, the SA deposits appear as microscopic islands presenting size and form distribution. On the basis of a new kinetic model we propose, the existing relationships between the degradation rate of the deposit and the initial size distribution of the islands population is demonstrated. The proposed kinetic model rationalizes our experimental results as well as several others from the literature. Additionally, an original study on the degradation of SA microcrystals, grown on microstructured TiO2 thin films, provides insight into the role of the photogenerated oxygenated radicals in the photocatalytical mechanisms. Furthermore, the anisotropy of the microcrystals structure is put in relation with that of the SA molecules orientations within the microcrystal. This explains the observed {hkl}-dependence of the degradation rate of the microcrystals
Maerten, Thibault. "Study of corrosion resistance of steel coated with DLC thin films." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0105.
Full textSince almost 20 years, diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films have been selected for tribological solutions mainly because of their excellent properties such as low coefficient of friction (five time less than bare steel in dry condition), high hardness (from 20 to 35 GPa for hydrogenated ones) and excellent wear properties (high abrasive wear resistance, preventing adhesive wear mechanisms). Most of the time, it has also been reported that DLC thin films have good intrinsic corrosion properties as they are chemically inert in sodium chloride solutions either in acid or basic environment. This has led to envision and evaluate the use of DLC thin films in tribological applications that also require complementary corrosion protection performances on coated parts (for instance: in aeronautic, in food industry for mechanical devices, in automotive for non-cosmetic part of structures). Typically, these coatings are deposited on steel alloys presenting high mechanical properties, such as tool steel or bearing ring steel that demonstrate poor or limited corrosion resistance.In an industrial context, the evaluation of corrosion protection of DLC thin films is presented, most of the time, with neutral salt spray tests or immersion tests, whereas at laboratory the evaluation would be mainly done using electrochemical techniques. In this work both techniques were used and also refined to specially fit the evaluation of such material. First, an evaluation of existing DLC based thin films from Oerlikon Balzers on mechanical steel were done as benchmark reference. This evaluation was conducted with NSS test and classic polarization experiments (open circuit voltage and linear sweep voltammetry). Corrosion of coated steel substrate was found to be variable depending on DLC coating solutions tested but, in all cases, a poor corrosion resistance of coated specimens was detected. Then origin of the poor corrosion protection aspect of DLC coating on steel substrate were studied. Defects coming from the deposition processes in coatings was found to be the main issues of poor corrosion results. To study such defects a new electrochemical setup was developed. It combines polarization experiments with in situ observations of a single defect at the surface. Artificial defects, with micrometric sizes, were milled in DLC coating using SEM-FIB to study the corrosion mechanisms as well as the minimum size of defects susceptible to lead to corrosion degradation. And finally based on the previous defects study, new and innovative coatings solutions were developed and evaluated. These solutions are divided in three parts based on coatings concepts found in literature: a multilayer approach, a galvanic coupling approach and a sealing layer approach
Naudin, Florence. "Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur de silice dans une post-décharge micro-onde de grand diamètre : paramètres de dépôts, propriétés des films, diagnostics et modélisation du milieu réactif." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO0012.
Full textBugnet, Matthieu. "Synthèse, structure électronique et comportement sous irradiation aux ions de films minces de phases MAX." Poitiers, 2011. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/23902/2011-Bugnet-Matthieu-These.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work is to synthesize model materials (epitaxial thin films) of ternary ceramics called MAX phases, in order to study their behavior under ion irradiation. To follow the microstructural modifications induced by ion irradiation, we used electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy in addition to X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The growth of Cr2AlC and Cr2GeC epitaxial thin films was achieved by magnetron sputtering whereas the synthesis of textured Ti2AlN layers was obtained by high temperature plasma nitriding of multilayers with an average stœchiometry Ti2:Al1:N1. The electronic structure of unirradiated films of de Cr2AlC, Cr2GeC, Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlN was then characterized. Experimental spectra were interpreted from ab initio simulations. This study shows that structural information may be obtained from fine structures of core electron excitation edges. After irradiation, the study of the C-K and Al-K near-edge fine structures in Ti3AIC2 evidences that Ti6C octahedra layers are very resistant to irradiation damage and on the contrary, aluminium layers are strongly disordered. A similar behavior is suggested for Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN and also partly for Cr2AlC. Though titanium based materials are still crystalline after irradiation at high fluence, chronium based compounds rapidly amorphize. It is evidenced that the initial crystalline structure is recovered after post-irradiation annealing
Delmotte, Franck. "Dépôts de films minces SiNx assistés par plasma de haute densité. Etudes corrélées de la phase gazeuse, de l'interface SiNx/InP et de la passivation du transistor bipolaire à hétérojonction InP." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00430327.
Full textMontero, Suárez Laura. "Tailoring Surfaces to improve Biomaterials performance: piCVD & iCVD approaches." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84178.
Full textSe han depositado capas delgadas de hidrogel para lamodificación superficial y mejora del comportamiento de los biomateriales. Dos de las técnicasmás comunes de deposición química en fase vapor se han estudiado para llevar a cabo estas modificaciones. La deposición química foto-iniciada en fase vapor (piCVD) es un método simple, rápido y no agresivo que permite depositar films de hidrogel. Es un método que se inicia en la superficie de la muestra y que permite recubrir de manera homogénea superficies tridimensionales como es el caso de las micro-partículas. El piCVD ofrece un abanico muy amplio de hidrogeles con capacidad de absorber agua, incorporando co-monomeros con diferentes propiedades. Los hidrogeles se pueden diseñar para que la reactividad se localice a nivel superficial, mejorando de esta manera la funcionalización química de los hidrogeles. Así mismo, un nuevo método se ha utilizado para micro-estructurar las superficies durante la deposición vía piCVD para obtener hidrogeles con comportamientos especiales. Los hidrogeles termo-sensibles se han obtenido vía deposición química iniciada en fase vapor (iCVD). Se ha desarrollado una librería de hidrogeles termo-sensibles, los cuales exhiben una temperatura de transición muy marcada. La microbalanza de cuarzo con disipación (QCM-D) se ha utilizado para analizar la transición de este film. La combinación de las propiedades que ofrecen los films termo-sensibles da la posibilidad de diseñar una plataforma para prevenir la formación de biofilms.
Thin hydrogel films have been deposited to modify surface properties and improve biomaterials performance. Two of the most common chemical vapor deposition techniques have been studied to carry out these modifications. Photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition piCVD has been developed as a simple, not aggressive and easy method for the deposition of thin hydrogel films. This method follows a versatile surface-driven reaction process that allows homogeneous coating of both 2D and 3D geometries, such as microspheres. piCVD offers the possibility to fabricate a wide range of swellable thin films, incorporating co-monomers with different properties, such as amine-reactivity, suitable for further modification. The hydrogels can be designed by nano-confining the reactivity to the near surface region, improving the chemical functionality of hydrogels. In addition, a new method to create micro-patterned surfaces can be applied during piCVD deposition to design surfaces having special behavior. Thermo-responsive thin hydrogel films have also been obtained via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). A library of thermo-sensitive films exhibiting controlled lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) has been generated. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation analysis has been used to analyze the phase-transition of these films. The intrinsic properties of thermo-sensitive hydrogels, such as tunable surface hydrophilicity or release of film-entrapped molecules, open the possibility to design systems for controlling biofilm formation.
Valente-Feliciano, Anne-Marie. "Development of SRF monolayer/multilayer thin film materials to increase the performance of SRF accelerating structures beyond bulk Nb." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112254/document.
Full textThe minimization of cost and energy consumption of future particle accelerators, both large and small, depends upon the development of new materials for the active surfaces of superconducting RF (SRF) accelerating structures. SRF properties are inherently a surface phenomenon as the RF only penetrates the London penetration depth λ, typically between 20 and 400 nm depending on the material. When other technological processes are optimized, the fundamental limit to the maximum supportable RF field amplitude is understood to be the field at which the magnetic flux first penetrates into the surface, Hc₁. Niobium, the material most exploited for SRF accelerator applications, has Hc₁~170 mT, which yields a maximum accelerating gradient of less than 50 MV/m. The greatest potential for dramatic new performance capabilities lies with methods and materials which deliberately produce the sub-micron-thick critical surface layer in a controlled way. In this context, two avenues are pursued for the use of SRF thin films as single layer superconductor or multilayer Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor structures: Niobium on copper (Nb/Cu) technology for superconducting cavities has proven over the years to be a viable alternative to bulk niobium. However the deposition techniques used for cavities, mainly magnetron sputtering, have not yielded, so far, SRF surfaces suitable for high field performance. High quality films can be grown using methods of energetic condensation, such as Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) Nb ion source in UHV which produce higher flux of ions with controllable incident angle and kinetic energy. The relationship between growth conditions, film microstructure and RF performance is studied. Nb films with unprecedented “bulk-like” properties are produced. The second approach is based on the proposition that a Superconductor/Insulator/Superconductor (S-I-S) multilayer film structure deposited on an Nb surface can achieve performance in excess of that of bulk Nb. Although, many higher-Tc superconducting compounds have Hc₁ lower than niobium, thin films of such compounds with a thickness (d) less than the penetration depth can exhibit an increase of the parallel Hc₁ thus delaying vortex entry. This overlayer provides magnetic screening of the underlying Nb which can then remain in the Meissner state at fields much higher than in bulk Nb. A proof of concept is developed based on NbTiN and AlN thin films. The growth of NbTiN and AlN films is studied and NbTiN-based multilayer structures deposited on Nb surfaces are characterized. The results from this work provide insight for the pursuit of major reductions in both capital and operating costs associated with future particle accelerators across the spectrum from low footprint compact machines to energy frontier facilities
Alkazaz, Malaz. "Synthèse de films minces de phases MAX par recuit thermique - Application à la formation de contacts ohmiques sur SiC." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2328/document.
Full textMAX phases are a family of ternary carbides or nitrides which properties are generally described as an exceptional combination of the best properties of metals and ceramics. Thin films of MAX phases being considered as good candidates for ohmic contacts on SiC substrates for power microelectronics devices, thin films of Ti2AlN and Ti3(Si,Ge)C2 were synthesized by using original approaches. Highly textured Ti2AlN thin films were so obtained by thermal annealing at 750°C of (Ti+Al)/AlN multilayers whereas epitaxial thin films of Ti3SiC2 on 4H-SiC were achieved after an annealing at 1000°C of TixAly or TixGey layers. Good ohmic contact behaviors of Ti3SiC2 layers were confirmed in this work whereas Ti2AlN thin films behave as Schottky barriers
De, Bruyne Anne. "Contribution à l'étude de la formation et des propriétés des films de poly-2-vinylpyridine et de polypyrrole obtenus par électropolymérisation en solutions aqueuses." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212438.
Full textLe but de ce travail a été l'étude de la technique d'électropolymérisation en vue d'obtenir les meilleurs films possibles pour l'application de protection contre la corrosion de métaux non nobles, par formation à leur surface de films de polymères.
Une étude bibliographique des divers cas déjà envisagés dans la littérature nous a permis de nous faire une opinion sur les composés susceptibles de présenter un intérêt et de choisir ceux que nous allions étudier. Cette étude bibliographique est assez volumineuse, de nombreux cas ayant été abordés par divers groupes de chercheurs partout dans le monde. Chacun des laboratoires s'est attaché à l'étude d'une propriété ou d'un paramètre particulier et il est assez difficile de synthétiser ces résultats. Nous avons relevé la liste des paramètres importants ayant une influence tant au point de vue des propriétés de conductivité des dépôts obtenus qu'en ce qui concerne leurs propriétés mécaniques, leur morphologie et leur adhérence au substrat. Ces paramètres comprennent la nature du substrat sur lequel on réalise l'électropolymérisation, le type de solvant, le type et la concentration en électrolyte support dans la solution, la concentration en monomère, les conditions de synthèse (mode potentiostatique, intensiostatique ou balayage en potentiel, durée de maintien du potentiel ou de la densité de courant, valeur de ce potentiel ou de cette densité de courant ou encore vitesse du balayage en potentiel, température), etc. Il faut d'ailleurs signaler qu'il existe bien entendu des influences croisées, entre autres entre la morphologie, la conductivité, la couleur et le taux de dopage.
Le choix d'un composé doit se faire en tenant compte des propriétés intrinsèques et de l'usage que l'on veut faire du polymère obtenu. Le choix des paramètres de synthèse devra résulter d'un compromis puisque plusieurs propriétés des films sont influencées en sens divers par ces paramètres. Par exemple, une structure plus régulière, et donc a priori plus conductrice, semble être obtenue par augmentation de la taille du contre-ion dopant dans le cas du pyrrole, mais le changement de nature du contre-ion peut également faire varier le taux d'insertion de ceux-ci dans le polymère, facteur qui aura aussi un effet sur la conductivité et sur la morphologie du film formé. Le type de substituant et sa position sur le monomère sont aussi à prendre en considération.
Le premier composé envisagé dans la partie expérimentale est la 2-vinylpyridine. Ce cas a été choisi parce qu'il s'agissait d'une électropolymérisation par réduction, méthode qui nous paraissait intéressante puisqu'elle présente l'avantage d'éviter tout risque d'oxydation du substrat lors de la formation du film. La réaction secondaire de dégagement d'hydrogène simultanée à la formation du film nous a cependant conduit à la conclusion que ce procédé n'offrait pas que des avantages.
Les films de poly-2-vinylpyridine formés semblent être constitués de polymères à assez faible degré de polymérisation et relativement adhérents au substrat métallique, mais présentent l'inconvénient d'être poreux et irréguliers du fait du dégagement d'hydrogène gazeux au cours du processus de synthèse. Ils sont constitués principalement de carbone et d'azote, et ce dans un rapport proche de celui du monomère. D'après les comparaisons des spectres infrarouge et ultraviolet de ces films avec ceux de poly-2-vinylpyridines obtenues par voie chimique, il s'agirait bien de ce composé. Bien que notre but n'était pas de déduire le mécanisme conduisant à la formation du polymère, nous avons pu déterminer que la réduction conduisant à la formation de ces dépôts nécessitait un échange d'un électron par molécule de monomère présente dans la chaîne polymérique. La conductivité électronique des films est faible. Leur croissance aurait plutôt lieu par un mécanisme ionique dans lequel des molécules de monomère pourraient diffuser au travers de la couche polyédrique déjà formée et qui, une fois chargées, pourraient soit se combiner à d'autres monomères au niveau du substrat, soit diffuser dans le film et aller former du polymère à sa surface, au contact de la solution d'électropolymérisation.
Parmi les composés qui peuvent être obtenus lors d'une électropolymérisation par oxydation, nous avons choisi le pyrrole qui nous a semblé particulièrement intéressant pour une application de protection vis-à-vis de la corrosion de l'acier doux. Ce dérivé hétéroaromatique possède en effet, par rapport à ses homologues thiophène et furanne, un potentiel d'oxydation relativement peu élevé, c'est-à-dire peu anodique. Il est de plus bien soluble dans des milieux aqueux et possède de bonnes propriétés d'adhérence pour autant qu'il soit formé en présence d'électrolyte conduisant à la passivation du fer. Son électropolymérisation n'est pas inhibée par la présence d'eau comme c'est le cas du thiophène. Les propriétés mécaniques du polypyrrole, meilleures que celles de la polyaniline qui est également obtenue par oxydation électrochimique, constituent également un élément en sa faveur.
Parmi les solutions dignes d'intérêt pour la polymérisation électrochimique de ce monomère, le cas de la solution aqueuse d'acide oxalique s'est révélé particulièrement intéressant. Elle permet en effet la formation d'un film passivant d'oxalate de fer sur le substrat, suivie d'un dépôt polymérique très adhérent, noir et conducteur.
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
JIANG, Yan Mei. "Pulvérisation cathodique assistée par ordinateur." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002739.
Full textSaliba, Raphaël. "Croissance électrochimique d'or à l'interface air/liquide." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819707.
Full textBourquard, Florent. "Ablation laser femtoseconde assistée d’une mise en forme temporelle pour le dépôt de couches minces et la synthèse de nanoparticules." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STET4022/document.
Full textThis work explores the control of ultrafast laser ablation plume composition and kinetics by temporal shaping of femtosecond laser pulses. The goal is the optimization of thin films and nanoparticles deposition. Chapter 1 is a synthesis of the literature on femtosecond laser deposition of thin films. The focus is on Diamond-Like Carbon films and nanoparticles. The impact of laser temporal pulse shaping on the ablation mechanisms is developed. Ablation plume diagnostic methods are detailed. Chapter 2 describes the experimental setup for temporal pulse shaping and plasma diagnostic. The latter is done through space and time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy and extinction spectroscopy. Chapter 3 reports on the impact of doubles pulses and long pulses on aluminium and boron ablation plumes. Ion yield enhancement in aluminium ablation plasma is explained through hydrodynamics simulations. In chapter 4, various temporal pulse shapes are used for graphite ablation and Diamond-Like Carbon thin films deposition. The control of the plume kinetics is reached by selectively populating the various plume speed components: molecules, atoms, ions. Even though the deposited Diamond-Like Carbon structure is unaffected, it has been observed an improvement of the thin films surface. Chapter 5 shows the efficiency and sensitivity of optical extinction spectroscopy for in situ measurement of nanoparticles size distribution in femtosecond laser ablation plumes