Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dépôt sec de gaz'
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Adon, Attoh Marcellin. "Étude des concentrations de gaz atmosphériques et estimation des flux de dépôt sec à l'échelle des principaux écosystèmes africains." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1356/.
Full textThis research, conducted as part of IDAF (IGAC/DEBITS/AFrica*) program, is a contribution to the study of atmospheric constituent deposition on the surface of the earth, in tropical Africa. It concerns the study of atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen gases (ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid), sulfur dioxide and ozone, and their dry deposition in West and Central Africa. The gases were measured on a monthly basis by the technique of passive samplers over a ten year period (1998-2007) at seven remote sites within the framework of the IDAF network. The sites are located to represent a transect of African ecosystems, i. E. , dry savanna-wet savanna - forest. The validation and the analysis of the decadal IDAF database of " IDAF gases " allowed to establish (1) the levels of surface gaseous concentration characteristic of each major ecosystem and (2) to study their monthly, seasonal, annual and interannual mean variations on the transect of ecosystems. Dry deposition fluxes were estimated by the inferential method based on dry deposition velocities (Vd) calculated using the "big leaf" model of Zhang et al. (2003b). In the model of deposition, surface and meteorological conditions specific to IDAF sites have been adapted and validated in order to simulate Vd representative of major African ecosystems. The monthly, seasonal and annual mean variations of gaseous dry deposition fluxes (NO2, HNO3, NH3, O3, and SO2) are analyzed. A budget of total nitrogen atmospheric deposition (dry + wet) is proposed at the African ecosystem scale. The total nitrogen deposition estimated is around 6-9 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1, 7-10 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 and 13 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 respectively in dry savannas, wet savannas and forests, with a relative contribution of dry deposition in the gaseous form to the total nitrogen deposition between 46 and 71% for all ecosystems. We have also established an emission-deposition budget of oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds for each IDAF station. This budget shows that the total emission flux have the same order of magnitude of annual mean nitrogen deposition for the savannas ecosystems but is lower in the forested ecosystem. Finally, a comparative analysis between IDAF measurements of nitrogen deposition and (1) a global multi-model exercise and (2) critical loads of eutrophication is presented over the African tropical ecosystems
Adon, Marcellin. "Etude des concentrations de gaz atmosphériques et estimation des flux de dépôt sec à l'échelle des principaux écosystèmes africains." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00650079.
Full textAl-Ourabi, Hammoud. "Etude expérimentale de gaz azotés, du dioxyde de soufre et de l'ozone à l'échelle des écosystèmes de l'Afrique tropicale : application à l'estimation des dépôts secs gazeux dans le cadre du réseau IDAF." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30126.
Full textPetroff, Alexandre. "Etude mécanistique du dépôt sec d'aérosols sur les couverts végétaux." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011658.
Full textL'objectif de cette étude est d'améliorer la modélisation du dépôt sec d'aérosols sur les couverts végétaux. Cette amélioration passe par une description plus fine de la captation des aérosols par la végétation. Cela requiert une caractérisation des surfaces sur lesquelles le dépôt est réalisé (en termes de forme, d'orientation et de répartition spatiale) ainsi que des grandeurs aérodynamiques de l'écoulement porteur. Les mécanismes de dépôt pris en compte sont la diffusion brownienne, l'impaction inertielle, l'impaction turbulente, la sédimentation et l'interception. L'approche proposée s'appuie sur la description mécanique des dépôts sur chaque élément foliaire, la captation à une échelle supérieure d'organisation (rameau ou couvert) étant déduite par l'introduction d'une méthode statistique. Cette démarche est appliquée aux processus de dépôt et des expressions pratiques des taux de captation sont déduites. Le modèle est appliqué à des campagnes de mesures de la littérature, d'abord à l'échelle de rameau, puis à celle d'un couvert végétal. Dans la configuration d'un rameau de conifère, il est montré que l'ensemble des processus de dépôt est correctement pris en compte par le modèle, à l'exception de l'interception dans les conditions particulières de vitesse amont faible et de granulométrie entre 0,5 et 2 microns environ. Dans la configuration plus générale d'un couvert entier, le modèle n'est pas mis en défaut par les mesures lorsque les informations concernant le couvert et la granulométrie de l'aérosol sont accessibles. En particulier, le modèle reproduit de façon très satisfaisante les mesures de dépôt sur couvert artificiel, faiblement rugueux et collant, et ce pour des tailles de particules très variées (entre 0,1 et 20 microns environ). L'accord sur couvert d'herbes naturelles, dont les caractéristiques sont peu décrites, reste acceptable, même s'il semble que la non prise en compte du rebond par le modèle induise pour les particules les plus massives une sur-estimation du dépôt calculé. En forêt, le modèle reproduit de façon qualitativement correcte le dépôt de gouttelettes de brouillard. Dans le cas du dépôt d'un aérosol d'accumulation, la comparaison des résultats expérimentaux et de modélisation ne permet pas de conclure quant à la pertinence du modèle, la granulométrie de l'aérosol n'étant pas connue de façon assez précise. D'autres essais sont souhaitables afin d'étendre la validation du modèle sur forêt.
LOUBET, Benjamin. "Modélisation du dépôt sec d'ammoniac atmosphérique à proximité des sources." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003250.
Full textPetroff, Alexandre. "Etude mécaniste du dépôt sec d'aérosols sur les couverts végétaux." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22026.pdf.
Full textThe dry deposition of aerosols onto vegetated canopies is modelled through a mechanistic approach. The interaction between aerosols and vegetation is first formulated by using a set of parameters, which are defined at the local scale of one surface. The overall deposition is then deduced at the canopy scale through an up-scaling procedure based on the statistic distribution of these parameters. This model takes into account the canopy structural and morphological properties, and the main characteristics of the turbulent flow. Deposition mechanisms considered are Brownian diffusion, interception, inertial and turbulent impaction, and gravitational settling. The model is validated on existing measurement campaigns, initially with coniferous branches and then with entire canopies of different roughness, such as grass, crop field and forest
Calec, Nevenick. "Dépôt sec des aérosols submicroniques sur une surface liquide en mouvement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4770/document.
Full textWhether by chronic or accidental releases, the impact of a nuclear installation on the environment mainly depends on atmospheric transfers; and as the accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima show, affect the contamination of surfaces and impacts on the environment and the population. This work focuses on the characterization and modeling of dry deposition of submicronic aerosols on liquid surfaces in motion such as rivers. The evaluation of dry deposition is based on the estimation of flux modeling as the product of particle concentration and deposition velocity. Due to the lack of data on the dry deposition of submicronic aerosols on a liquid surface in motion, the approach was based on two axes: 1) the acquisition of experimental deposition velocities and 2) the analysis and interpretation of results through modeling. The experiments were performed with uranine aerosols released into the IOA-IRPHE wind tunnel. These experiments have given many dry deposition velocities for different configurations characterized according to wind, current, ambient temperature and relative humidity, the liquid surface deformations (measured significant wave height) and size distribution of aerosols released. The modeling part was to adapt the model to resistance. Slinn and Slinn (1980). The main adjustments made by this work have been to take specific account of the different classes of particle size distribution, the spectrum variation as a function of hygroscopicity, and mechanisms of aggregation. It is integrated mechanisms of diffusiophoresis and thermophoresis, respectively produced by the evaporation of water and the temperature gradient at the air-water interface
Stella, Patrick. "Modélisation des flux d’ozone sur les couverts agricoles : prédiction et partition des dépôts stomatique, cuticulaire et sol." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066593.
Full textEscande, Joël. "Caractérisation d'un écoulement de gaz sec ou de gaz humide en conduite à l'aide de techniques ultrasonores." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ESAE0026.
Full textGuion, Antoine. "Droughts and heatwaves in the Western Mediterranean, impact on ozone pollution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS056.
Full textDroughts and heatwaves are extreme events able to affect both vegetation and atmospheric chemistry, notably through surface-troposphere interactions. The objective of this thesis is to assess their effects on biomass, fire activity and ozone pollution in the western Mediterranean. This study is mainly based on regional numerical models of the land surface (hydrology and vegetation) and the atmosphere (meteorology and atmospheric chemistry). In addition, several datasets of in situ and satellite observations are used.Identifying droughts and heatwaves over the period 1979-2016 (WRF-ORCHIDEE), I highlighted their spatial and temporal distribution. Based on observations (MODIS), I demonstrated that the decline in vegetation activity (decrease in biomass) is mainly attributable to droughts, while the increase in fire intensity results from a synergy between droughts and heatwaves. Finally, these events both lead to an increase in surface ozone concentration including simulated (CHIMERE) and observed (AQ e-Reporting) pollution peaks. This is explained by an increase in precursor emissions, a decrease in dry deposition in the canopy and favourable meteorological conditions for photochemistry
Lauque, Pascal. "De la couche sensible au système :dépôt par plasma froid et capteurs de gaz." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00428567.
Full textAamir, Tazeem. "Diagnostic spectroscopique d'un procédé de dépôt de couche diamant assiste par plasma a pression atmosphérique." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0051.
Full textThe deposition of diamond films with inductively coupled plasmas at atmospheric pressure permits the attainment of high growth rates. On-line spectroscopic control of this process has been studied with the objectives of real time control of the process. The diagnostic principle is based on the utilization of atomic and molecular spectra in the plasma, where deposition precursors are produced in the neighborhood of the substrate and also in the boundary layer. The main precursors used to control the process under the corresponding deposition conditions are the atomic hydrogen, and the radicals such as C2, CH, and CN. To access the concentration of these precursors, the precise value of the temperature of medium is required. The main difficulty resides in the values of temperatures obtained from different spectra: atomic, vibrational, and rotational. The principle followed consists in the simulation of molecular spectra and to apply these spectra for different techniques to measure the temperature and validate the results. Lt has been shown that the precise simulation requires a rigorous selection of spectroscopic constant. All the interferences must be taken into account, including those due to the plasma gas. A rigorous calculation of the transfer function of spectrometer is essential. Under these conditions, one can determine the bands and lines of each molecule and the methods to access a precise and reliable value of temperature. Under such conditions, the difference in the values of the temperatures determined from excitational, rotational and vibrational spectra are not significant. One important consequence is that the hypothesis of the local thermodynamic equilibrium in the plasma appears to be utilizable for the development of new chemical processes, and greatly facilitates their application
Cadier, Muriel. "Nickelage chimique : analyse électrochimique en vue d'augmenter la vitesse de dépôt." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10244.
Full textPellerin, Geoffrey. "Quantification des vitesses de dépôt par temps sec et documentation des processus d’émission des aérosols sur couvert naturel : du nanomètre au micron." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1086/document.
Full textThe particles emitted into the atmosphere during chronic or accidental release by the nuclear plants can be subjected, after dispersion, to vertical flows by dry weather: dry deposition and resuspension. Vertical flows in dry weather are characterized by the vertical transfer rate, which is the ratio between the particle flux and the atmospheric concentration of the aerosol in the vicinity of the surface. When this speed is positive, it is a dry deposition rate (Vd in m.s-1) and conversely, when it is negative, it is a transmission rate. It is important to study their dry deposition in a prairial environment. Indeed, the products resulting from this environment are a component of the human food chain via livestock. For particles less than 1 μm, there is a lack of experimental data, which results in uncertainty about the results of the models, which can reach up to two orders of magnitude. In addition, there are no in situ deposition rate measurement data available for particles less than 10 nm. These particles are derived from the gas / particle conversion (nucleation) and may relate to certain radionuclides such as iodine (129, 131I).After their deposition, these radionuclides can be resuspended under the effect of the stress submitted by the wind on the canopy. Such a phenomenon is suspected around the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The aerosol resuspension processes are characterized by the vertical transfer rate (m.s-1) but also by the re-suspension coefficient (Ks in m-1) which is the ratio of atmospheric concentration to surface concentration of particles. Relative uncertainties of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude on the resuspension coefficients exist. The resuspension concerns all the particles present on the canopy, whether they are inert or living (fungi, bacteria, yeasts, etc.). Unlike inert particles, these living particles can assimilate and concentrate radionuclides. However, there is very little data on the resuspension of microorganisms and bacteria in particular. In this context, the objectives of the thesis are to quantify the dry deposition rate as a function of the particle size and the main micrometeorological parameters in the range 1.5 nm - 1.2 μm. The second objective is to document the processes of emission of the bacteria
Carnide, Guillaume. "Procédé de dépôt couplant un réacteur-injecteur et un plasma basse pression : vers le dépôt de couches minces multifonctionnelles pour l'aéronautique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30321.
Full textIn the aeronautic industry, icing appears over the airplane's surfaces at ground or in flight is a major problematic. One solution could be a passive solution by the use of antiicing coatings. One material wich could allow these properties and be sustainable for aeronautics is the nanocomposite. Nanocomposite (NC), i.e. coatings with nanoparticles (NP) embedded in a matrix develop multi-functional properties. This thesis develops and studies a novel, flexible and secure approach for the formation of nanocomposite coatings. Indeed, this process combines a reactor-injector and a plasma process. The reactor-injector is a liquid/gaz injection device in which is form small ZnO NP (Ø : < 10 nm) from the hydrolysis of an organometallic precursor. Hence, the control of the chemical reagents and the injection's parameters allows to form non-aggregates NP with small quantity of stabilizing agent. This technology called "reactor-injector" has been patented. For the formation of the nanocomposite coatings, the reactor-injector is combined with a low pressure plasma process. The plasma process will interact with the matrix precursor injected to form an embedment coating for the nanoparticles. The impact of the pulsed pressure injection over the low pressure plasma has been studied to understand the mechanics of the NP transport during the process. Thus, this process permits to limit the interaction between the user and the nanoparticles from their synthesis to their embedment. The characterisation of these coatings shows well dispersed and small ZnO nanoparticles with the combination of hydrophobicity and abrasion-resistant properties. Finally, this process is flexible and depending on the precursors allows the formation of differents NP (CuOx, WOx...) or matrix (a-CH,SiOx)
Rouspard, Pierre. "Etude phénoménologique du dépôt sec d'aérosols en milieu urbain : Influence des propriétés des surfaces, de la turbulence et des conditions météorologiques." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845215.
Full textNing, Ning. "Simulation atomistique des collisions entre des agrégats de silicium hydrogéné et leur dépôt sur un substrat de silicium cristallin dans un réacteur plasma." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPXX0038.
Full textBocquet, Pascal. "Etude numérique et expérimentale d'un réacteur de dépôt sur fibre par voie PVD." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112324.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of a triode cathodic tubular sputtering device with a magnetic confinement. This facility, designed by the ONERA, is used for the online production of titanium alloy coat on silicon carbide (SiC) fibres for the industrial manufacture of metal matrix composites (MMC). The work reported in this thesis is based on the study of the argon plasma used in the reactor. It aims at answering the two following questions: how this production tool is working? and what is about its limitations? Concurrently with the experimental studies, we developed and used a particles simulation code (MCC-PIC) of the coating chamber. It gives access to some plasma parameters hardly measurable because of the tubular geometry of the device. The comparison between the coatings produced with static and running fibres, the spectroscopy measurements and the numerical results allow us to understand the major part of the physical phenomena observed in the discharge. .
Rouspard, Pierre. "Etude phénoménologique du dépôt sec d’aérosols en milieu urbain : Influence des propriétés des surfaces, de la turbulence et des conditions météorologiques." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAM0007/document.
Full textAerosol dry deposition is not much known for urban areas due to the lack of data. Knowledge on this phenomenon is necessary to understand pollutant fluxes in cities and to estimate inhabitant exposition to ionizing radiation of radioactive aerosols. A data providing could enable to enhance dry deposition models for these areas. An original experimental approach is performed to study submicron aerosol dry deposition on urban surfaces. Wind tunnel coupled to in situ experiments give results to study different physical phenomen on governing dry deposition. Dry deposition velocities are measured using aerosol tracers. These data are associated to turbulent and meteorological measured conditions. This database permits to classify the principal physical phenomenon for each experiment type. Finally, different phenomenon must be considered for chronic and acute exposition of urban surfaces to atmospheric particles
Chahid, Youssef. "Application en catalyse hétérogène et en électrocatalyse d'un dépôt métallique sur une membrane céramique." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2322.
Full textBruno, Paola. "Dépôt de films carbonés par des plasmas CVD Argon/Méthane : étude du procédé et caractérisation du matériau." Paris 13, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA132045.
Full textMichou, Martine. "Modélisation du dépôt sec et des émissions d'espèces chimiques d'intérêt pour la qualité de l'air et pour la composition de la troposphère." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30170.
Full textBouchou, Paul. "Quantification et éléments de paramétrisation du dépôt sec de l'ozone à l'interface sol/végétation-atmosphère au-dessus de trois écosystèmes méditerranéens (programme ESCOMPTE)." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30051.
Full textAsad, Syed Salman. "Torche plasma micro-onde à la pression atmosphérique : application au dépôt de couches minces d'oxyde de silicium." Limoges, 2009. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/93aac550-eab7-4ab4-b1bd-62860d0c1b23/blobholder:0/2009LIMO4074.pdf.
Full textA new open air CVD process assisted by a microwave axial injection torch to deposit thin silicon oxide films has been developed. To obtain these films, in an environment and operator friendly manner, it was necessary to design and install the gas injection system and incorporate the torch in an open metallic chamber containing a mobile substrate holder, which in turn modifies the microwave-plasma energy transfer. Hence, a simulation study is carried out using CST microwave studio in order to optimize the torch parameters (waveguide length= 202 mm, base cavity depth= 13 mm) and the geometry (simple cylinder) around the torch to maximize and stabilize this energy transfer during the process. These results are confirmed by the experiments and helped improving the reactor design. Thin silicon oxide films are deposited using two different organometallic precursors (TMS, HMDSO). The parametric studies showed that transparent films at a relatively high deposition rate (450 nm. Min-1 for 1. 5 minutes) could be obtained in conditions: 500 W for microwave power, 3 10-4 L. Min-1 for precursor flow rate, 30 mm for torch to substrate distance and 15 L. Min-1 for total plasma flow (argon). A decrease in the net deposition rate from 1500 nm. Min-1 after 15 seconds to almost zero after 5 minutes and evolution of the film from transparent (< 1. 5 minutes) to powdery (> 1. 5 minutes) was observed. The increase in the substrate temperature during the process is identified to play an important role. The films and the gas phase are analyzed using different techniques allowing a simplistic vision of the possible mechanisms involved in the process
Bahlawane, Naoufal. "Dépôt par PACVD et caractérisation de films minces de SiOxCy : évaluation de la perméation aux gaz et de l'adhésion." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10140.
Full textDel, Puppo Hélène. "Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur d'oxyde de silicium dans une post-décharge micro-onde." Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMO0177.
Full textDamay, Pierre. "Détermination expérimentale de la vitesse de dépôt sec des aérosols submicroniques en milieu naturel : influence de la granulométrie, des paramètres micrométéorologiques et du couvert." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00558201.
Full textCrabos, Fabrice. "Caractérisation, évaluation et optimisation de systèmes barrière thermique industriels. Applications aux turbines à gaz." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT018G.
Full textCOMTE, CHEMIN MARTINE. "La diffusion du CO2 à travers la peau au cours des bains de gaz thermal sec utilisés dans la station thermale de Royat." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR25105.
Full textBaehr, Olivier. "Elaboration par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma (PECVD) de films minces de nitrure de bore (BN) sur phosphure d'indium (InP)." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Baehr.Olivier.SMZ9737.pdf.
Full textIn the present work, Boron Nitride (BN) thin films, which are known as being electrically insulating, chemically and thermally stable, have been proposed as gate insulator on Indium Phosphide (InP) for the realisation of metal-insulator-semiconductor field affect transistor (misfet). The important requirement for the deposition process on InP, is the use of a low substrate temperature in order to reduce surface damage and therefore to maintain good electrical metal-insulator-semiconductor (mis) characteristics. In this way, we have developed both radio-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) and microwave-PECVD. The films were characterized by several techniques, infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction. The electrical properties of the Au/BN/InP MIS structures have been evaluated by capacitance-voltage, current-voltage measurements and deep level transients spectroscopy (DLTS). The deposited layers were identified as being essentially hexagonal-Bn, with a certain amount of carbon, resulting from the boron precursor. The optical index and the optical band gap have been evaluated in the 1. 50-1. 77 and 3. 7-5. 9 eV ranges respectively, according to the PECVD technique. The BN films deposited by both RF and microwave PECVD techniques, are consistent with the results reported in the literature. These considerations show that the PECVD processes are well adapted for the growth of BN thin films. The elctrical Au/BN/InP MIS characteristics have not been improved significantly, the results being vey similar to those obtained in the literature, with more classical materials (SiO2, Si3N4. . . ) as gate insulator on InP. To date, the eeffective reduction of the interface state density on InP and consequently the industrial InP-MISFET production, seem to be compromised in a general way
Breuil, Philippe. "Elaboration de couches minces de dioxyde d'étain sensibles à l'action des gaz. Performances électriques et mécanismes réactionnels." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845136.
Full textDerkaoui, Nadira. "Etude des plasmas micro-ondes à haute densité de puissance en systèmes H₂-CH₄ et H₂-CH₄-B₂H₆." Paris 13, 2012. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/intranet/edgalilee_th_2012_derkaoui.pdf.
Full textThis thesis deals with high power density microwave plasmas of H₂/CH₄and H₂/CH₄ et H₂/CH₄/B₂H₆ mixtures used for growing intrinsic and boron-doped diamond films. The aim of this work is to understand phenomena occurring in the plasma phase and near the plasma/surface interface for high power and high pressure (high power density) in order to overcome the technological limits of the reactors in terms of growth rates for constant quality (in particular purity) and deposition area. This study is based on an approach coupling experiments and modeling that allows, on the one hand the description of the plasma physics and on the other hand, the validation of a 1D model previously developed at LSPM and adapted to the new reactor geometry that has been used for high power density conditions. Evolutions of electron, hydrogen and methyl densities as well as the gas and electronic temperatures are analyzed in relation to process parameters (flow rate, power, pressure, CH₄ %. . . ). Experimental measurements are carried out by actinometry, OES and microwave interferometry and are completed by TALIF. On the whole, comparisons between model and experiments are in good agreement but some limits of the model have been highlighted, e. G. Ionization processes. Moreover, a quasi linear relation has been established between the single diamond growth rate and the hydrogen density of the plasma. Finally, a kinetic scheme for H₂-CH₄-B₂H₆ plasmas is implemented in the 1D model, taking into account 21 reactions and 7 boron containing species, in order to study boron-doped diamond processes
Meziani, Tarik. "Développement d'une source plasma haute-densité à couplage inductif améliorée par adjonction d'un noyau magnétique : application au dépôt de couches minces de carbone adamantin." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE2056.
Full textBattle, Frédéric. "Aspects théoriques et numériques de l'amortissement interne dans les lignes d'arbre de turbines à gaz : étude de stabilité et de réponse forcée." Paris, ENSAM, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENAM0011.
Full textSagot, Benoît. "Contribution à l'étude du transfert thermophorétique, appliqué à l'intensification des processus de séparation gaz/particules en écoulement à phase dispersée." Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1903.
Full textThe present study investigates the improvement possibilities of aerosol capture efficiency, by the use of a thermophoretic effect. The liquid particles employed for measurements have diameters ranging from a few tens of nanometers to a few microns. For these particle sizes, one can note a great disparity of the thermophoretic diffusion coefficients Kth evaluated with the various models available in the literature. The first part of this study focuses on an experimental determination of the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient, in the transition regime (values of the Knudsen number in the range 0,1 < Kn < 10), and for an average value of the gas/particle conductivity ratio close to 0,1. An original experimental device was used, which is based on an evolution of the classical penetration method. With this device, a robust determination of the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient Kth is obtained, and we have shown that the most relevant model appears to be the one proposed by Beresnev and Chernyak, while Talbot’s model led to an important overvaluation of the Kth coefficient, in the transition regime. The second part of the study relates to the analysis of the classical impinging jet configuration, which is used to study experimentally the coupling possibilities between the inertial drift and the thermophoretic migration. It is noted that for any particle-size range, a deposition improvement is obtained when increasing the hot jet/cold wall temperature difference. To identify the mechanisms which produce this intensification, a semi-analytical model was proposed. This model confirmed that the intensification observed for the fine particles is due to a thermophoretic migration. For larger particle sizes, we established that a coupling between the two drift mechanisms is operating, which produces a shift of the impactor
Pech, Jérôme. "Peroxydation générée par jet de plasma d'arc soufflé. Relation entre surface, oxydation et adhérence de dépôt." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES018.
Full textChuon, Sotheara. "Simulation numérique multi-échelles du procédé de dépôt par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3031.
Full textCathodic magnetron sputtering is a low pressure plasma process, very employed for the synthesis of coatings by industries. Numerous researches have been focused on understanding the phenomena involved in sputtering mechanism to improve the process. Numerical simulations associated with experimental results allow today a better understanding of the plasma discharge phenomena and thus to predict evolutions of the system in order to optimize the operating conditions of the process.The goal of this thesis is to build a multiscale model of magnetron sputtering process by coupling fluid approach with microscopic approach based on Molecular Dynamics (MD).The first part studies the solving of the fluid model of a DC planar magnetron discharge from the theoretical model of Costin, in order to determine the input parameters for the molecular dynamics simulations.The results of the magnetic field and the electric potential are in good agreement with those presented by Costin. Nevertheless, the calculation of the particle transport showed limitations.The second part is interested in the sputtering of titanium (Ti) by argon ions (Ar+) for three considered energies (200, 300 and 400 eV) in neutral atmosphere and in reactive atmosphere, also by mimicking hot targets (1000 and 2000 K) by MD simulations and by combining with Monte Carlo simulations.The obtained results thus allowed the determination of titanium sputtering yields and argon retention rates
Mage, Lucile. "Caractérisation d'un réacteur plasma de type résonance cyclotronique électronique à antenne longue : évaluation du réacteur pour un processus de dépôt." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30174.
Full textDelloro, Francesco. "Méthodes morphologique et par éléments finis combinées pour une nouvelle approche de la modélisation 3D du dépôt par projection dynamique par gaz froid (« cold spray »)." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0017/document.
Full textThis study on the cold spray process aimed at achieving an original coating build-up model, capable of predicting the resulting microstructure as a function of powder morphology and process parameters. The work focused on three main interrelated subjects: 3D powder characterization, simulation of individual impacts on a flat substrate by the finite element method and deposition build-up modeling.An innovative method based on microtomographical observations was used for 3D characterization of the powder. Image analysis allowed to separate single powder particles and to gather them into a 3D collection containing approximatively 18 000 objects. Their size and shape were quantitatively measured. A cluster analysis method (K-means) was then applied to this data set to divide the particles into 7 classes based on their shape.The second main research topic consisted in performing particle impact simulations on a flat substrate by the finite element method (using the commercial software Abaqus). The use of dedicated meshing tools allowed to simulate the impact of real particles, as observed by microtomography. Scripting techniques were used to carry out a large number of these simulations but, due to limited robustness of the procedure, only few of them were successfully conducted.The third research area focused on the development of a deposition build-up model (in 2D to allow a simpler implementation). Data from finite element results were interpolated and used in an iterative simulation, where impacting particles were deposited one by one. Different approaches were tested but the development of the model could not be completed in the framework of this thesis.Model validation could be performed on finite element simulations. The two kinds of splats (Ta on Cu and Ta on Ta) were considered separately. Concerning the first, direct microtomographical imaging could be applied, due to the heterogeneity of materials. Splats were observed, individually separated and gathered in a 3D collection as done before with powder particles. Simulated and observed splats could then be compared on a statistical basis. No particular discrepancy was observed, confirming the impact simulation method used. The second kind of splats (Ta on Ta) was complicated by the homogeneity of the materials, preventing the use of microtomography. The deposition (before spraying) of a contrast layer between Ta substrate and Ta particle was tried by different techniques. The only method giving exploitable results was the chemical vapor deposition of a Fe layer onto the powder particles. However, the small number of adherent particles and the weak contrast obtained in the images prevented the use of the methods already applied to powder particles and Ta splats onto Cu.The optimization of powder granulometry and shape (towards a specific application) is one of the main expected applications of the deposition build-up model, together with the simulation of composite powders (typically, metal and oxide). The involvement of phase transformation phenomena into the model could extend its application to the whole family of thermal spray processes (plasma, HVOF, etc.) or to other additive manufacturing techniques. In general, the philosophy behind our modeling approach could be applied to every manufacturing/coating technique where the supply material is in powder form and undergoes a certain transformation during the process. Finally, the coupling of such a model with homogenization techniques would allow the prediction of macroscopic properties depending on deposit microstructure (e.g. thermal or electrical conductivity)
Perry, Frédéric. "Diagnostic d'un plasma de pulvérisation cathodique magnétron : contribution à l'étude des possibilités de contrôle d'un procédé de dépôt d'alumine en conditions réactivés." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0324_PERRY.pdf.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of a reactive magnetron discharge used as an alumina deposition process by means of aluminium target sputtering in an argon-oxygen gas mixture. Though our reactor works with specifie conditions (pulsed power supply , high reactivity), the development of a multi bundle fibre optic and of an original Langmuir probe deviee with in situ renewable collector tip allows us to characterize the discharge in the whole interelectrode space using optical emission spectroscopy and electrostatic probes. From time-averaged measurements of sorne line intensities (Al, AIO), phenomenological relationships are deduced between the spectroscopie results and the stoichiometry of the deposited coating. The study of the variation of the emission lines with different parameters (space, oxygen flow rate. . . ) shows that the AIO molecule is mainly formed in the plasma bulk though it may be also sputtered from the oxidized target. Taking into account the gross evolution of the system leads us to built a new magnetron in which the drift of the treatment conditions with time are minimized. The study of the emission line intensities in the vicinity of the substrates during the transition from one steady state to another gives sorne insights into the equilibrium of the system. From these measurements, we show that the system exhibits many characteristic times with different order of magnitude to reach a stationary state. These different times are due to the change in the discharge structure and in the naturè of the reactor walls. A qualitative description of the behaviour of such a reactor working in a transient regime leads us to explain a new concept of control of the magnetron reactive sputtering process. This recently developed concept consists in a low frequency (0. 1 - 10 Hz) modulation of the electric parameters of the discharge
Bruno, Laurent. "Elaboration et caractérisation de couches minces de dioxyde d'étain obtenues par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur (CVD). Relations entre propriétés structurales et électriques. Application à la détection des gaz." Grenoble INPG, 1994. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00843714.
Full textBunel, Margaux. "Influence du traitement thermique des poudres sur le dépôt sur projection dynamique par gaz froid (« cold spray ») d’alliage d’aluminium 2024 pour la fabrication additive." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM051.
Full textCold spray is a process where powder particles are sprayed at a high speed onto a substrate. From deformation the powder particles adhere to the substrate, which result in deposition build-up. The cold sprayed coatings show high mechanical properties, are very dense, can be thick and have a high deposition efficiency, which makes cold spray an ideal process for additive manufacturing. However, deposition efficiency for aluminum alloys such as those commonly used in different industrial sectors, are insufficient for additive manufacturing to be economically viable. In this study, a heat treatment of the powder is carried out in order to modify the properties of the powder particles to improve the deposition efficiency. The influence of the type of cold spray facilities and of spraying parameters was studied from the measurement of the particle velocity (DPV2000) and from assessing the properties of the various coatings. The coatings made of the heat treated powders compared with those made of untreated powders using similar conditions for both were used to show the influence of the modification of the particles. Additive manufacturing requires the understanding of how powder particle build-up to achieve given shapes. A model of deposition, at a macroscopic scale, based on experimental data was developed to predict the shape of the deposit. The results of these simulations were compared to experimental deposits to check thickness, shape and the surface state
Tonneau, Didier. "Cinétiques et mécanismes de dépôt de matériaux pour la microélectronique obtenus lors de l'interaction d'un faisceau laser avec une surface en présence d'un gaz." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10069.
Full textLeger, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Rôle de la microstructure sur les mécanismes de corrosion marine d’un dépôt à base d’aluminium élaboré par projection dynamique par gaz froid (« cold spray »)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM005.
Full textCold spray process is based on spraying particles carried by a gas at a supersonic speed onto a substrate. Particle deformation during impact with the substrate creates a coating. This spraying process can retain particle microstructure and produce very dense coating. This property is crucial for anticorrosion applications. The aim of this work is to understand the effect of cold spray aluminum coating microstructure on marine corrosion mechanisms. To achieve this goal, several aluminum powders (including pure aluminum, aluminum alloys and mixtures with alumina) are sprayed onto a steel substrate. Coating microstructure is studied down to a nanoscale (TEM). The coating-substrate bond strength is determined using pull-off testing. From a thorough microstructure study, various mechanisms are proposed to explain multiscale porosity formation in coatings. A numerical study using finite elements modeling complements this microstructure analysis. From particle speed (DPV-2000) and temperature (thermal camera) measurements during impact, new material models are optimized to model aluminum and alumina behavior at particle impact. Moreover, corrosion tests are conducted (including immersion and salt spray tests). The study of corroded coating microstructures is used to identify corrosion mechanisms which occur in the coating. A relationship between coating porosity and its corrosion behavior is particularly brought into light. Finally, a first approach to a technological transfer of this process to an industrial application is proposed
Soum-Glaude, Audrey. "Analyses expérimentales et simulation numérique d'un procédé PACVD pour le dépôt de couches minces à vocation mécanique." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0760.
Full textHard silicon carbide based films (a-SiC:H) grown from the plasma decomposition of a unique precursor (tetramethylsilane TMS) diluted in argon are obtained in a capacitively coupled low frequency (n= 50 KHz, DC bias = -50;-300V) PACVD device at surface temperature lower than 850K. The evolution of their microstructure (FTIR, XPS, EDS) is described in regard with the experimental parameters. Those parameters permit to check the effect of the surface reactivity, the nature of plasma reactive neutrals through gas residence time and TMS content and the energy of ions impinging the growing film through surface DC bias. The increase of gas residence time leads to a reduction of bonded hydrogen and silicon contents (Si/C vary from 1. 6 to 0. 6), Si-C band absorption decreases to the benefit of Si-(CH2)n-Si environments (FTIR). The energy of impinging ions during growth permits to control the sp3 carbon rate (C-C and C-H) over its sp2 form and C-Si bonds. Hardness (H) and Young modulus (E) of films, determined by nanoindentation, are respectively ranging from 15 to 31 GPa and 130 to 225 GPa depending on the experimental parameters. By exploiting process parameters - specifically the ion bombardment – high H3/E2 ratios are obtained. Such films are good candidates for mechanical applications under high load : aeronautics, space, precision mechanics. The tribological behaviour is correlated to the microstructure. Friction coefficients below 0. 16 are obtained in dry air against steel antagonist
Gaillard, Marine. "Reformage à sec du méthane à l’aide de catalyseurs à base de molybdène : vers la valorisation catalytique du biogaz." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10163/document.
Full textIn the worldwide current energy situation, new pathways for renewable energy production are developed. In Europe, methanisation is an alternate way widely implemented since it produces biogas that contains CH4 and CO2. The reforming of this biogas could lead to the consumption of the two main greenhouse gases for the production of syngas (H2, CO), which could be industrially attractive for the Fischer-Tropsch process, eventually setting up a promising waste-to-liquids technology. Yet, the main hurdle regarding this reaction is the presence of sulfur in the biogas which poisons the catalysts.Thus, a set of molybdenum-based catalysts has been synthesized and tested for the dry reforming of methane. The influence of several parameters has been evaluated, such as (i) molybdenum loading, (ii) the addition of promoters (Ni, Co, CeO2 and MgO) or (iii) the use of different supports (Al2O3, ZrO2, Carbone, SiO2, MgO). The catalysts have been analyzed via several characterization techniques to establish structure/activity relationships, identify the main deactivation phenomena and conclude on the most stable and active composition in presence of H2S during the catalytic runs
Donsanti, Frédérique. "Comparaison de procédés de dépôt de couches minces semiconductrices à partir de précurseurs organométalliques : cas des réacteurs à flux alternes en phase vapeur (ALCVD) et réacteur plasma diode hors équilibre (PACVD)." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066098.
Full textBejjany, Bouchra. "Oxydation par voie humide catalytique dans un réacteur à lit fixe gaz/liquide/solide de micropolluants organiques : mise en place du pilote : étude du catalyseur hétérogène." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066013.
Full textThe Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) enables to remove toxic and/or non-biodegradable water pollutants such as methyl-tert-butylether (MTBE) or pesticides (phenylureas). This technique involves heating effluent at high temperatures (generally between 130 and 250°C) for a pressure domain ranging from 20 to 50 bar. This operation is conducted by using oxygen as an oxidant source and heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysts in order to convert the organic substance into a clean gas rejection and a biodegradable liquid. This work is initially based on the design and set up of an installation, which includes a tubular reactor made of stainless steel “Uranus B6” with a height of 700 mm and 70 mm internal diameter. It is set at the centre of a furnace resistance which is surrounded by a thick layer of insulating material. A high-pressure pump enables the introduction of the feed solution into the reactor. The oxygen is supplied by a high-pressure oxygen bottle and its flow rate is controlled by a flowmeter regulator. Two condensers, one cyclone, one regulator valve and one gas regulator ensure the separation of gas and liquid at the outlet of the reactor. The whole process is equipped with temperature and pressure sensors. The installation is also versatile, since it allows the preparation of the catalysts in the reactor itself. The second part of the study focuses on the development and the understanding of the preparation of the catalysts, composed by precious metals (Ruthenium and Cerium) supported on alumina. To demonstrate its efficiency and validate the installation, the catalyst Ru(0. 3%)/Ce(3%)-Al2O3 was used for the CWAO of methyl-tert-butyleter : the target molecule has been completely transformed and a reduction of more than 90% of the total organic carbon has been obtained. The fresh catalyst was characterized to check that it had the expected qualities. The used catalyst was also characterized to ensure that there were no significant changes. In a third step, the oxidation test of pesticide (isoproturon) has been performed with 50% of total organic carbon reduction. The treated effluent contains a lot of complex sub-products of reaction, whose identification could not be totally obtained by available means. However 90% of isoproturon has been transformed
Alnot, Patrick. "Étude des mécanismes d'adsorption, de désorption et de décomposition de molécules simples (N : :(2), H::(2), D::(2), NH::(3), ND::(3), CO, NO, O::(2)) sur W(100) par la technique des faisceaux moléculaires et par photoémission." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10063.
Full textGuerrero, Jesús. "Valorisation du méthane par reformage sec en régimes stationnaire et non-stationnaire sur catalyseurs à base de nickel : mise en œuvre d'un réacteur à alimentation périodique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10162/document.
Full textNowadays the society is concerned about the greenhouse effect, and the necessity to find alternative procedures and more sustainable and durable processes to obtain the products made from petroleum. The valorization of CH4 with CO2 (dry reforming) brings the advantage of consuming gases which contribute strongly to the greenhouse effect. This reaction produces H2 and CO, which jointly or separately, are the raw materials for different processes producing energy and chemicals.Ni-Ce-O and Ni-Mg-Al-O based catalysts were successfully prepared. The influence of different parameters was studied, such as the Ni loading and the reaction temperature (600°C-800°C). The main difficulties are the formation of coke leading to rapid catalyst deactivation due to the high operating temperatures and the simultaneous presence of CO2 (reactant) and hydrogen (product) which leads, by the reverse water gas shift (RWGS), to a loss in selectivity. A process which can avoid this kind of problematics consists in exposing alternately each of the reactants. Initially the solid acts as oxygen carrier reacting with methane to form carbon monoxide (1 mole) and hydrogen (2 moles). As the solid is regenerated at each cycle, the deactivation by carbon deposition is avoided. The activity and selectivity of the solid is provided by the presence of a reducible oxide (CeO2) and a metal (Ni, Co), which cannot be reoxidized under the experimental conditions ensuring the activation of methane. Different physicochemical characterizations were performed on catalysts to find correlations between the catalytic activity and properties of the solids