Academic literature on the topic 'Deportee(s)/deportation(s)'

Introduction. The publication highlights a special period in the history of Kalmykia still insufficiently studied by anthropologists ― that of the Great Patriotic War and nation’s deportation to Siberia (1943–1956) ― introducing memories and narratives thereof. It consists of an introduction, two interviews, commentaries, and a bibliography. The presented narratives belong to individuals who had met the trials of deportation with different life experiences: front-line soldier, Lieutenant L. T. Dordzhiev ― and Elista schoolgirl, daughter of the front-line soldier E. S. Basanova. Goals. The paper seeks to identify and clarify the meanings of everyday practices, details of life that were vital for the generation of our fathers and mothers, so that they remain understandable to the generation of children and grandchildren. Another goal is to understand what construction patterns in deportation narratives can be traced, what images and plots are significant, what verbal formulas and stable expressions are used by storytellers in spontaneous narration, and what assessments of past events and what expressions they give. Materials and Methods. Both the interviews will be explored through narrative analysis. The materials are presented in the form of transcribed spontaneous interviews received by the author from L. Dordzhiev in 2005, and from E. Basanova in 2018. Textological analysis and the method of text deconstruction were employed. Results. The front-line experience of L. Dordzhiev is interesting enough not only for his individual but for his collectivist strategy too, as well as for his participation in Operation Lentil (Russ. Chechevitsa). Male strategies of resistance to a repressive regime show legal literacy and the ability to speak Bolshevik (S. Kotkin) as means of self-defense, as well as a willingness to defend their dignity physically. The woman’s interview shows how the generation of Kalmyk children indoctrinated by Soviet ideology had to live with the values of Soviet society and loyalty to Kalmyk identity. Both the interviews are concrete examples of private memories of the war and deportation years ― first-person memories. The interview texts will be of interest to all researchers of the Kalmyk Deportation and memory of this period. The discursive strategies of these two narratives speak of their positive nature (J. Alexander).

Introduction. The proposed publication consists of an introduction, texts of two biographical interviews and comments thereon. Both the conversations took place in Elista (2004, 2017) as part of the research project ‘Everyone Has One’s Own Siberia’ dedicated to the important period in the history of Kalmykia though not yet sufficiently explored by anthropologists and sociologists — the deportation of Kalmyks to Siberia (1943–1956) and related memories. Goals. The project seeks to show the daily survival practices of Kalmyks in Siberia. In the spontaneous biographical interviews focusing on the years of Kalmyk deportation, not only the facts cited are important — of which we would otherwise stay unaware but from the oral narratives — but also the introduced stories of inner life: feelings and thoughts of growing girls. Methods. The paper involves the use of textual analysis and the method of text deconstruction. Results. The transcribed texts show survival and adaptation strategies employed by the young generation of ‘special settlers’ in places of forced residence. For many Kalmyks of that generation, high school was a ‘glass ceiling’, a limitation in life choices. In the narrative of R. Ts. Azydova, we face a today unthinkable social package for KUTV students with children — this illustrates how the korenization policy for indigenous populations in the USSR worked, and provides insight into daily practices of pre-war Elista. The story of T. S. Kachanova especially clearly manifests the ‘language of trauma’, first of all, through the memory of the body, vocabulary of death and displays of laughter. The texts of the interviews shall be interesting to all researchers of Kalmyk deportation and the memory of that period.

The proposed scientific exploration of the author traces the course of unprecedented 1930’s repression and genocide of national minorities in the USSR, including Poles who were the first nation to go through in this tragic Stalinist experiment. It should be stressed, that these problems are sure to be given an objective and ideologically unprejudiced consideration. According to the author, such approach will considerably facilitate better understanding and embracing of the so-called ‘rough and tough issues’ of shared history of the two neighboring nations. What is more, the problem under study is investigated through the prism of the causes and the course of mass deportations of Poles from the USSR to Kazakhstan. Keywords: Deportation, genocide, displacement, border, international relations, Polish people, minority, Ukrainian-Polish relations

During times of war or political crisis such as the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 in the United States, minorities that share the same ethnic or religious background as the “enemy” of the state are subject to backlash. This backlash takes several forms. First, members of the majority population may engage in scapegoating of the targeted population (i.e., acts of intimidation, harassment, verbal abuse, and physical violence against persons and/or property). Extreme forms of such behavior (e.g., murder, arson) are categorized by law as “hate crimes.” Second, pre-existing, or newly created, negative stereotypes of the targeted group(s), propagated in the media, often fuel the actions of the hatemongers. Third, the state responds to perceived threats to the nation’s security and sovereignty by targeting members of the ethnic/religious group(s) for scrutiny and repression, allegedly because they constitute a fifth column, or have the potential to become a fifth column, within its borders. Government reprisals in American history have included internment, detention, deportation, mandatory identification cards, surveillance, and prosecution (Bozorgmehr and Bakalian, “Post-9/11”). While the state may not condone citizens’ vigilante actions, its own policies are likely to send a different message.

The formation process of the Crimean Tatar theater can be divided into the following periods: medieval – folk theater (the initial round dance and toy puppet theater of shadows “Karagoz”, the theater of one actor “meddah”, the arena theater “orta oyuny”); Khan`s theater in the middle of the XVIII century (penetration into the Crimea of European theater traditions in the era of the Crimean Khan Crym Girey I); the revival of traditions of the Crimean Tatar theater late XIX–XX centuries (the activities of a theater-goers group of the Jadidist Crimean Tatar youth–followers of I. Gasprinsky, under the leadership of J. Meinov – the efforts of the Crimean Tatar noblewoman-myrzachkas under the leadership of A. Taiganskaya; organization of a professional Simferopol Tatar theater troupe under the People’s Commissar of Education of the Crimean ASSR in 1921 and creation and activities of the Crimean Tatar Drama Theater, headed by A. Taigan, and the Crimean Tatar amateur movement in the Crimea, and among the Crimean Tatar foreign diaspora of 1923–1944 (Soviet pre-deportation period); recreation and current activities of the Crimean Tatar theater in the Crimea,1989 (post deportation period). In this article, for the first time in the art history, is revealed the so-called Khan`s period in the formation of the Crimean Tatar theater, discussed the revolutionary activity in the field of Crimean Tatar art, the ascetic activity of the Crimean Khan Crym Girey I to promote the ideas of European theater traditions and create a classical theater in the Crimea. The picture of the actions undertaken by the Crimean ruler in the construction of theater business in the Crimea, as well as his thoughts and statements about the theater, was recreated according to the text published in the XVIII century, memories of personal meetings and conversations with Crym Girey I of European authors: German – von der Goltz, Polish – Pilshtynova, Russian – Nikiforov, Frenchman – de Tott, Austrian – Kleeman. Based on these recollections is built a clear and explicit picture of a role of Crym Girey I as a pioneer in bringing European theater traditions and creation of a classical theater in the culture of the Crimea, the Turkic and Muslim worlds.

In 1988, at the beginning of the Palestinian Intifada, a deportation case came before the Israeli Supreme Court (sitting as a High Court of Justice). The facts of the case presented no great difficulty, but the Court took the opportunity to declare the law governing the previously uncertain residence status of East Jerusalem Palestinians. The judgment of the Court was given by Barak J. In a remarkable passage, the learned judge not only examined the legislatively defined conditions for the loss of permanent residence, but went on to discuss the subsistence and expiry of this status in more fundamental terms, focusing on the “reality” of the licence-holder's presence in Israel. The case thus introduced a second, judge-made test for the loss of permanent residence, which appears to exist in uneasy parallel with the test provided by the legislature. This essay questions the propriety and the quality of Barak J.'s innovation, and examines some of its consequences.

The article is devoted to the study of the works of foreign authors, which deal with the issues of adaptation of the peoples of the North Caucasus, forcibly relocated to Kazakhstan in the 40s of the twentieth century. Among the problems that can be called key ones on this topic, we can name the problems of everyday adaptation of special settlers in new places of resettlement, identifying the scope of their labor skills, social arrangement, and others. In the course of the analysis and evaluation of the works of foreign authors, an attempt was made to determine the degree of objectivity and impartiality in the study of the identified problem. It should be noted that in the period from the late 40’s to the 70’s. XX century, a large number of monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, etc. was written by immigrants from the USSR, who for one reason or another emigrated abroad. At the same time, in the second half of the 20th century, the topic of deportation to the USSR was also studied by foreign authors, who, in particular, were characterized by the absence of a large number of sources, primarily archival ones on the topic under study. A number of works analyzed in the article were written in recent decades, which indicates that this topic continues to be relevant today and has not been fully explored. The works of foreign authors have not lost their relevance to the present day for historical science.

La problématique de la déportation ou des déportés d’Afrique de l’Ouest, durant l’ère coloniale, n’est pas assez prise en charge par l’historiographie africaine d’expression française et même anglaise qui s'est davantage appesantie plus sur les guerres, les résistances et leurs différentes formes. Ce faisant, une réalité d’un pan de l’histoire coloniale reste plus ou moins méconnue. C'est pourquoi nous voudrions étudier le thème suivant, qui a été et demeure d’une actualité brûlante: « Les déportés de la Sénégambie et du Soudan : entre résistances et répressions dans un espace colonial de 1840 à 1946 ». Les acteurs de cette histoire des déportés sont des figures emblématiques et/ou de simples anonymes, qui ont voulu défendre la terre de leurs ancêtres, diriger les destinées de leurs peuples, lutter pour le maintien des valeurs et des traditions africaines. L’histoire de « ces soldats du refus » – à savoir les chefs religieux, les combattants au service de l’islam et des valeurs ou croyances ancestrales et les chefs politiques auxquels s’ajoutent les aliénés mentaux, les bandits sociaux et délinquants, les hommes de presse, les partisans et/ou disciples des chefs et même les tirailleurs sénégalais – mérite d’être examinée. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans les questionnements d’une histoire coloniale attentive aux enjeux de la répression et du maintien de l’ordre. Face au refus manifeste des meneurs de troupes ou créateurs d’émotions de se résigner au diktat colonial, la réponse donnée par les autorités coloniales était, entre autres, de les déporter/emprisonner, les assigner en résidence surveillée, leur interdire de séjour, pour leur couper toute forme de communication, tout contact avec leur entourage et les mettre ainsi hors d’état de nuire. Dans de nombreux cas, il s'agissait d'une forme d'emprisonnement, ce qui nous conduit à l'étude du milieu carcéral qui dévoile les formes d’évitement, les conditions de vie des déportés, l’architecture liée aux questions sécuritaires, etc. L’application de cette technique de répression, entrant dans la logique des politiques de sécurité, était une manière de freiner l’élan des chefs et d’anéantir toutes les résistances coloniales. L'étude que nous souhaitons conduire vise surtout à cerner la place déterminante de la déportation dans le dispositif de répression coloniale, dans le maintien de l’ordre sécuritaire, de mainmise politique, de contrôle des hommes et des espaces, pour l’exploitation des colonies. La trame chronologique que ce travail tente d’éclairer va de 1840 à 1946, une période charnière de l’histoire coloniale en Afrique de l’Ouest, particulièrement en Sénégambie et au Soudan, en ce sens qu’elle est marquée par des transformations rapides à tous les niveaux (politique, économique, social et culturel). La déportation était-elle si fondamentale, si nécessaire pour la réalisation du projet colonial, le maintien de l’ordre sécuritaire ? Dans quelle mesure les déportés constituaient-ils un réel obstacle, une entrave à l’implantation et à l’imposition du pouvoir colonial ? Quel a été le rôle des acteurs de l’ordre dans le processus de déportation ? Cette thèse explore des thématiques majeures telles que les contextes de déportation, les abus de pouvoir des administrateurs coloniaux, l’Indigénat et la justice indigène, les motivations de la déportation, les multiples réponses des indigènes, leur arrestation et déportation, la place des agents/acteurs (armée, gendarmerie et police coloniales) dans le maintien, le rétablissement et/ou la protection de la stabilité et les conséquences politico-économiques d’une telle « technique de pouvoir»
The problem of deportation or deportees from West Africa during the colonial era is not sufficiently addressed by French- and even English-speaking African historiography, which has focused more on wars, resistances and their different forms. In doing so, a reality of a part of colonial history remains more or less unknown. That is why we would like to study the following theme, which has been and remains of burning topicality: "The deportees of Senegambia and Sudan: between resistance and repression in a colonial space from 1840 to 1946". The actors in this story of the deportees are emblematic figures and/or simple anonymous, who wanted to defend the land of their ancestors, direct the destinies of their peoples, fight for the maintenance of African values and traditions. The history of "these soldiers of refusal" – namely religious leaders, fighters in the service of Islam and ancestral values or beliefs and political leaders to which are added the mentally insane, social bandits and delinquents, men of the press, supporters and/or followers of leaders and even Senegalese riflemen – deserves to be examined. This thesis is part of the questions of a colonial history attentive to the issues of repression and the maintenance of order. Faced with the manifest refusal of the leaders of troops or creators of emotions to resign themselves to the colonial diktat, the response given by the colonial authorities was, among other things, to deport/imprison them, to house arrest, to prohibit them from staying, to cut them off all forms of communication, any contact with their entourage and thus put them out of harm's way. In many cases, it was a form of imprisonment, which leads us to the study of the prison environment that reveals the forms of avoidance, the living conditions of the deportees, the architecture related to security issues, etc. The application of this technique of repression, part of the logic of security policies, was a way of slowing down the momentum of the leaders and annihilating all colonial resistance. The study we wish to conduct aims above all to identify the decisive place of deportation in the system of colonial repression, in the maintenance of security order, political control, control of people and spaces, for the exploitation of colonies. The chronological framework that this work attempts to illuminate goes from 1840 to 1946, a pivotal period in colonial history in West Africa, particularly in Senegambia and Sudan, in that it is marked by rapid transformations at all levels (political, economic, social and cultural). Was deportation so fundamental, so necessary for the realization of the colonial project, the maintenance of security order? To what extent did the deportees constitute a real obstacle, an obstacle to the establishment and imposition of colonial power? What was the role of law enforcement actors in the deportation process? This thesis explores major themes such as the contexts of deportation, the abuse of power by colonial administrators, indigénat and indigenous justice, the motivations of deportation, the multiple responses of indigenous people, their arrest and deportation, the place of agents/actors (army, gendarmerie and colonial police) in maintaining, restoring and/or protecting stability and the politico-economic consequences of such a "technique of power"

Mope is able to spend two months in England with Vera, before having to return to the Soviet Union. He is given provisional residency papers, allowing him to spend four weeks in Britain twice a year. Mope’s German passport becomes invalid, the British authorities grant him a “stateless document” that allows him to return to Russia. His work visa is subject to renewal every few months, meaning that Mope lives in fear of his possible deportation. Vera receives a small pay rise, is assigned to work at the M&S camp again, and is forced to surrender her German passport to the German Embassy in London as her citizenship is revoked. Mope’s mother is allowed to leave Germany and live in England.