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Journal articles on the topic 'Depolymerization of cellulose fibres'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Pang, Suh Cem, Lee Ken Voon, and Suk Fun Chin. "Controlled Depolymerization of Cellulose Fibres Isolated from Lignocellulosic Biomass Wastes." International Journal of Polymer Science 2018 (July 19, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6872893.

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Various types of lignocellulosic biomass wastes (LBW) had been successfully converted into cello-oligomers with different chain lengths via a controlled depolymerization process. Cellulose fibres isolated from LBW samples were dissolved with room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) in the presence of an acid catalyst, Amberlyst 15 DRY. The effects of reaction time on the degree of polymerization and yields of water-insoluble cello-oligomers formed were studied. Besides, the yields of water-soluble cello-oligomers such as glucose and xylose were also determined. The depolymerization of cellulose fibres isolated from LBW was observed to follow both second-order and pseudo-second order kinetics under specific conditions. As such, cello-oligomers of controllable chain lengths could be obtained by adjusting the duration of depolymerization process under optimized conditions.

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2

Kashcheyeva, Ekaterina I., Yulia A. Gismatulina, Galina F. Mironova, Evgenia K. Gladysheva, Vera V. Budaeva, Ekaterina A. Skiba, Vladimir N. Zolotuhin, Nadezhda A. Shavyrkina, Aleksey N. Kortusov, and Anna A. Korchagina. "Properties and Hydrolysis Behavior of Celluloses of Different Origin." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183899.

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The present paper is a fundamental study on the physicochemical properties and hydrolysis behavior of cellulose samples differing in origin: bacterial, synthetic, and vegetal. Bacterial cellulose was produced by Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 in an enzymatic hydrolyzate derived from oat-hull pulp. Synthetic cellulose was obtained from an aqueous glucose solution by electropolymerization. Plant-based cellulose was isolated by treatment of Miscanthus sacchariflorus with dilute NaOH and HNO3 solutions. We explored different properties of cellulose samples, such as chemical composition, degree of polymerization (DP), degree of crystallinity (DC), porosity, and reported infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy results. The hydrolysis behavior was most notable dependent on the origin of cellulose. For the bacterial cellulose sample (2010 DP, 90% DC, 89.4% RS yield), the major property affecting the hydrolysis behavior was its unique nanoscale reticulate structure promoting fast penetration of cellulases into the substrate structure. The study on enzymatic hydrolysis showed that the hydrolysis behavior of synthetic and Miscanthus celluloses was most influenced by the substrate properties such as DP, DC and morphological structure. The yield of reducing sugars (RS) by hydrolysis of synthetic cellulose exhibiting a 3140 DP, 80% DC, and highly depolymerization-resistant fibers was 27%. In contrast, the hydrolysis of Miscanthus-derived cellulose with a 1030 DP, 68% DC, and enzyme-accessible fibers provided the highest RS yield of 90%. The other properties examined herein (absence/presence of non-cellulosic impurities, specific surface, pore volume) had no considerable effect on the bioconversion of the cellulosic substrates.

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3

Byrne, Nolene, Jingyu Chen, and Bronwyn Fox. "Enhancing the carbon yield of cellulose based carbon fibres with ionic liquid impregnates." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 38 (2014): 15758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04059g.

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We report the use of ionic liquids as novel impregnates to enhance the carbon yield of cellulose based carbon fibres. It was found that ILs which contain a phosphate anion improved the carbon yield the most, with a 50% increase in carbon yield reported. Additionally the use of the ionic liquid impregnate lowered the depolymerization temperature by 70 °C, which reflects significant potential saving in the energy costs of carbonization.

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4

Trinh, Hue Thi Kim, and Mai Hương Bùi. "The Improving properties of Viscose fabric by water repellent finish." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v4i1.788.

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Viscose as cellulosic origin, the cheapest of all cellulosic fabrics could be the best alternative. Viscose is manufactured from regenerated cellulose. In order to manufacture viscose, pulp of bamboo is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form alkali cellulose. This alkali cellulose is then treated with carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate. The xanthate is then dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide and allowed to depolymerize. After depolymerization, rayon fiber is produced from the ripened solution. Viscose is primarily employed in apparels, upholstery fabric, industrial clothing, and medical hygiene. Apparels, upholstery fabric, and industrial clothing segments account for key share of the viscose market. The medical hygiene segment is anticipated to expand during the forecast period. Demand for viscose fiber is anticipated to increase significantly in the near future due to the rise in global population, increase in standard of living, and growth in disposable income. Viscose is an eco-friendly product; thus, increase in awareness about eco-friendly products and decrease in production of cotton are estimated to augment the demand for viscose fiber. Viscose fabric exhibits some similar properties compared to cotton except its poor wet strength due to higher moisture regain. In this study, chemical finishes by different cross-linkers were applied to improve the wet strength of the viscose fabric. For this purpose, water repellent finishes were applied. Water repellent finish helped in reducing the molecular barrier around the individual fibres that lowered the surface tension of the fabric. It reduces the absorbency of viscose fabric hence leads to higher wet strength. Therefore, the treated viscose fabric exhibited better wet strength after applying water repellent finishes on it. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the surface of the fabric treated with chemicals. Tensile strength of viscose was increased 24.6%.

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5

Wardhono, Endarto, Hadi Wahyudi, Sri Agustina, François Oudet, Mekro Pinem, Danièle Clausse, Khashayar Saleh, and Erwann Guénin. "Ultrasonic Irradiation Coupled with Microwave Treatment for Eco-friendly Process of Isolating Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals." Nanomaterials 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8100859.

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The isolation of crystalline regions from fibers cellulose via the hydrolysis route generally requires corrosive chemicals, high-energy demands, and long reaction times, resulting in high economic costs and environmental impact. From this basis, this work seeks to develop environment-friendly processes for the production of Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals (BC-NC). To overcome the aforementioned issues, this study proposes a fast, highly-efficient and eco-friendly method for the isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from Bacterial Cellulose, BC. A two-step processes is considered: (1) partial depolymerization of Bacterial Cellulose (DP-BC) under ultrasonic conditions; (2) extraction of crystalline regions (BC-NC) by treatment with diluted HCl catalyzed by metal chlorides (MnCl2 and FeCl3.6H2O) under microwave irradiation. The effect of ultrasonic time and reactant and catalyst concentrations on the index crystallinity (CrI), chemical structure, thermal properties, and surface morphology of DP-BC and BC-NC were evaluated. The results indicated that the ultrasonic treatment induced depolymerization of BC characterized by an increase of the CrI. The microwave assisted by MnCl2-catalyzed mild acid hydrolysis enhanced the removal of the amorphous regions, yielding BC-NC. A chemical structure analysis demonstrated that the chemical structures of DP-BC and BC-NC remained unchanged after the ultrasonic treatment and MnCl2-catalyzed acid hydrolysis process.

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6

Keskiväli, Laura, Pirjo Heikkilä, Eija Kenttä, Tommi Virtanen, Hille Rautkoski, Antti Pasanen, Mika Vähä-Nissi, and Matti Putkonen. "Comparison of the Growth and Thermal Properties of Nonwoven Polymers after Atomic Layer Deposition and Vapor Phase Infiltration." Coatings 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091028.

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The growth mechanism of Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) on polymeric surfaces differs from growth on inorganic solid substrates, such as silicon wafer or glass. In this paper, we report the growth experiments of Al2O3 and ZnO on nonwoven poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), polyethersulphone (PES) and cellulose acetate (CA) fibres. Material growth in both ALD and infiltration mode was studied. The structures were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), attenuated total reflectance-fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were used to explore the effect of ALD deposition on the thermal properties of the CA polymer. According to the SEM, STEM and ATR-FTIR analysis, the growth of Al2O3 was more uniform than ZnO on each of the polymers studied. In addition, according to ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, the infiltration resulted in interactions between the polymers and the ALD precursors. Thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) revealed a slower depolymerization process and better thermal resistance upon heating both in ALD-coated and infiltrated fibres, more pronounced on the latter type of structures, as seen from smaller endothermic peaks on TA.

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7

Baty, John William, and Michael L. Sinnott. "The kinetics of the spontaneous, proton- and AlIII-catalysed hydrolysis of 1,5-anhydrocellobiitol Models for cellulose depolymerization in paper aging and alkaline pulping, and a benchmark for cellulase efficiency." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-168.

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The kinetics of the spontaneous, proton- and AlIII-catalysed hydrolyses of the C1O4′ bond in 1,5-anhydrocellobiitol have been measured at elevated temperatures (125.0220.0 °C). Data for the first two processes extrapolate to the expression k = (8.6 ± 2.1 × 1016) + (1.4 ± 0.2 × 109-pH) s1 at 25 °C. These room-temperature figures were used to model cellulose depolymerization by the af Ekenstam equation. The spontaneous process is too slow to contribute to loss of paper strength on aging, and even the acid-catalysed process is significant only below ~pH 4.0. However, the spontaneous hydrolysis readily accounts for the reduction of cellulose degree of polymerization (DP) during alkaline (e.g., kraft) pulping of cellulose fibres. Efficient electrophilic catalysis by AlIII was observed at 150.0 °C in 0.1 mol/L succinate buffers of room temperature pH 3.05 and 3.35 (k2 = 8.1 ± 0.4 × 103 and 4.2 ± 0.2 × 103 (mol/L) 1 s1, respectively). The apparent activation energy of the AlIII-catalysed process was 31 ± 4 kJ mol-1, lower than that of the proton-catalysed path, suggesting the electrophilic catalysis increases in importance as the temperature approaches ambient. Consequently, it appears that the culprit in the impermanence of “rosin-alum” -sized paper is AlIII, directly acting as a Lewis acid, not the AlIII hydration sphere as a Brønsted acid. Conservation measures should either address this or be generic (e.g., low-temperature storage). Key words: cellulose, hydrolysis, kraft pulping, paper conservation, rosin-alum sizing.

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8

Fouad, H., Lau Kia Kian, Mohammad Jawaid, Majed D. Alotaibi, Othman Y. Alothman, and Mohamed Hashem. "Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolated from Conocarpus Fiber." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 2926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122926.

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Conocarpus fiber is an abundantly available and sustainable cellulosic biomass. With its richness in cellulose content, it is potentially used for manufacturing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a cellulose derivative product with versatile industrial applications. In this work, different samples of bleached fiber (CPBLH), alkali-treated fiber (CPAKL), and acid-treated fiber (CPMCC) were produced from Conocarpus through integrated chemical process of bleaching, alkaline cooking, and acid hydrolysis, respectively. Characterizations of samples were carried out with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared-Ray (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). From morphology study, the bundle fiber feature of CPBLH disintegrated into micro-size fibrils of CPMCC, showing the amorphous compounds were substantially removed through chemical depolymerization. Meanwhile, the elemental analysis also proved that the traces of impurities such as cations and anions were successfully eliminated from CPMCC. The CPMCC also gave a considerably high yield of 27%, which endowed it with great sustainability in acting as alternative biomass for MCC production. Physicochemical analysis revealed the existence of crystalline cellulose domain in CPMCC had contributed it 75.7% crystallinity. In thermal analysis, CPMCC had stable decomposition behavior comparing to CPBLH and CPAKL fibers. Therefore, Conocarpus fiber could be a promising candidate for extracting MCC with excellent properties in the future.

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9

Voon, Lee Ken, Suh Cem Pang, and Suk Fun Chin. "Regeneration of cello-oligomers via selective depolymerization of cellulose fibers derived from printed paper wastes." Carbohydrate Polymers 142 (May 2016): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.027.

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10

Mafa, Mpho S., Brett I. Pletschke, and Samkelo Malgas. "Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks." Catalysts 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11111343.

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Lignocellulose has economic potential as a bio-resource for the production of value-added products (VAPs) and biofuels. The commercialization of biofuels and VAPs requires efficient enzyme cocktail activities that can lower their costs. However, the basis of the synergism between enzymes that compose cellulolytic enzyme cocktails for depolymerizing lignocellulose is not understood. This review aims to address the degree of synergism (DS) thresholds between the cellulolytic enzymes and how this can be used in the formulation of effective cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. DS is a powerful tool that distinguishes between enzymes’ synergism and anti-synergism during the hydrolysis of biomass. It has been established that cellulases, or cellulases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), always synergize during cellulose hydrolysis. However, recent evidence suggests that this is not always the case, as synergism depends on the specific mechanism of action of each enzyme in the combination. Additionally, expansins, nonenzymatic proteins responsible for loosening cell wall fibers, seem to also synergize with cellulases during biomass depolymerization. This review highlighted the following four key factors linked to DS: (1) a DS threshold at which the enzymes synergize and produce a higher product yield than their theoretical sum, (2) a DS threshold at which the enzymes display synergism, but not a higher product yield, (3) a DS threshold at which enzymes do not synergize, and (4) a DS threshold that displays anti-synergy. This review deconvolutes the DS concept for cellulolytic enzymes, to postulate an experimental design approach for achieving higher synergism and cellulose conversion yields.

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11

Javaid, Rehman, Aqsa Sabir, Nadeem Sheikh, and Muhammad Ferhan. "Recent Advances in Applications of Acidophilic Fungi to Produce Chemicals." Molecules 24, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040786.

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Processing of fossil fuels is the major environmental issue today. Biomass utilization for the production of chemicals presents an alternative to simple energy generation by burning. Lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) is abundant and has been used for variety of purposes. Among them, lignin polymer having phenyl-propanoid subunits linked together either through C-C bonds or ether linkages can produce chemicals. It can be depolymerized by fungi using their enzyme machinery (laccases and peroxidases). Both acetic acid and formic acid production by certain fungi contribute significantly to lignin depolymerization. Fungal natural organic acids production is thought to have many key roles in nature depending upon the type of fungi producing them. Biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is beneficial over physiochemical processes. Laccases, copper containing proteins oxidize a broad spectrum of inorganic as well as organic compounds but most specifically phenolic compounds by radical catalyzed mechanism. Similarly, lignin peroxidases (LiP), heme containing proteins perform a vital part in oxidizing a wide variety of aromatic compounds with H2O2. Lignin depolymerization yields value-added compounds, the important ones are aromatics and phenols as well as certain polymers like polyurethane and carbon fibers. Thus, this review will provide a concept that biological modifications of lignin using acidophilic fungi can generate certain value added and environmentally friendly chemicals.

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12

Czaban, B. B., and A. Forer. "The kinetic polarities of spindle microtubules in vivo, in crane-fly spermatocytes. II. Kinetochore microtubules in non-treated spindles." Journal of Cell Science 79, no. 1 (November 1, 1985): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.79.1.39.

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We determined the kinetic polarities of chromosomal spindle fibre microtubules in vivo: either the kinetochore or pole ends of chromosomal spindle fibres were irradiated with near-ultraviolet light to prevent depolymerization by colcemid. Irradiations began either just before or just after colcemid addition; cells were continually irradiated and continuously immersed in colcemid. Irradiations of kinetochore ends of chromosomal spindle fibres prevented depolymerization; irradiations of pole ends did not. Therefore, since colcemid acts by binding to the ‘on’ (assembly) ends of microtubules, the on ends of chromosomal spindle fibre microtubules are at the kinetochores. That is, in untreated chromosomal spindle fibres in vivo tubulin monomers add to kinetochore microtubules at the kinetochore ends. Tubulin diffused from the irradiation sites: irradiations of the cytoplasm sometimes prevented depolymerization of chromosomal spindle fibres. Prevention of chromosomal spindle fibre depolymerization was dependent on the distance of the irradiated region from the nearest chromosome; the longer the distance the less likely was it that the irradiation prevented depolymerization. On the other hand, prevention of chromosomal spindle fibre depolymerization was not dependent on the distance from the irradiated spot to the nearer pole. This analysis, too, we argue, strongly suggests that the kinetochore ends of the chromosomal spindle fibres are the on ends.

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13

Shrotri, Abhijit, Hirokazu Kobayashi, and Atsushi Fukuoka. "Cellulose Depolymerization over Heterogeneous Catalysts." Accounts of Chemical Research 51, no. 3 (February 14, 2018): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00614.

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14

Zhou, Lipeng, Xiaomei Yang, Jiaolong Xu, Meiting Shi, Feng Wang, Chen Chen, and Jie Xu. "Depolymerization of cellulose to glucose by oxidation–hydrolysis." Green Chemistry 17, no. 3 (2015): 1519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc02151g.

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An oxidation–hydrolysis strategy was developed for depolymerization of cellulose. The method needs no additional catalyst. Part of the hydroxymethyl groups on glucose units were oxidized to carboxyl groups during the preoxidation treatment, and the generated acid sites act as the catalytic active centers for the following depolymerization of cellulose.

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15

Wallwork, J. A. "Dyeing Cellulose Acetate Fibres." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 51, no. 12 (October 22, 2008): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1935.tb01853.x.

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16

Melle, Jürgen, Micheal Mooz, and Frank Meister. "Nanoparticle Modified Cellulose Fibres." Macromolecular Symposia 244, no. 1 (December 2006): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200651215.

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17

Fan, Jiajun, Mario De bruyn, Vitaliy L. Budarin, Mark J. Gronnow, Peter S. Shuttleworth, Simon Breeden, Duncan J. Macquarrie, and James H. Clark. "Direct Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Depolymerization of Cellulose." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 32 (August 2013): 11728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja4056273.

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18

vom Stein, Thorsten, Philipp Grande, Fabrizio Sibilla, Ulrich Commandeur, Rainer Fischer, Walter Leitner, and Pablo Domínguez de María. "Salt-assisted organic-acid-catalyzed depolymerization of cellulose." Green Chemistry 12, no. 10 (2010): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0gc00262c.

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19

Mortha, Gérard, Jennifer Marcon, David Dallérac, Nathalie Marlin, Christophe Vallée, Nadège Charon, and Agnès Le Masle. "Depolymerization of cellulose during cold acidic chlorite treatment." Holzforschung 69, no. 6 (August 1, 2015): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0270.

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Abstract A cold holocellulose treatment (cHolT) was studied on a bleached kraft pulp (BKP) of Eucalyptus to observe the degradation of polysaccharides in pulp by chlorite at room temperature under conditions of slightly acidic pH and high chlorine charge (313% of active chlorine on BKP). Based on literature data, cellulose depolymerization is expectable by chlorite treatments at 70°C and reinforced chlorite charge, while the addition of dissolved lignin could protect cellulose. In the present study, polysaccharide degradation was followed by TAPPI viscosity, size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multidetectors, pulp yield, kappa number, elemental sugar analysis of pulps, and total organic carbon detection in filtrates. cHolTs were repeated several times without significant polysaccharide degradation, but the insertion of a caustic extraction stage at 70°C induced little degradation. This study opens the way to the setup of inert delignification procedures to be applied on raw or processed lignocellulosic samples from biorefinery studies.

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20

Mansfield, S. D., E. De Jong, and J. N. Saddler. "Cellobiose dehydrogenase, an active agent in cellulose depolymerization." Applied and environmental microbiology 63, no. 10 (1997): 3804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.63.10.3804-3809.1997.

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21

Milichovsky, Miloslav, Tomáš Sopuch, and Jaroslav Richter. "Depolymerization during nitroxide-mediated oxidation of native cellulose." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 106, no. 6 (December 15, 2007): 3641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.24540.

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22

Ahn, Yongjun, Seung-Yeop Kwak, Younghan Song, and Hyungsup Kim. "Physical state of cellulose in BmimCl: dependence of molar mass on viscoelasticity and sol-gel transition." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 3 (2016): 1460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06616f.

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23

Wan Fathilah, Wan Farahhanim, and Rizafizah Othaman. "Electrospun Cellulose Fibres and Applications." Sains Malaysiana 48, no. 7 (July 31, 2019): 1459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4807-15.

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24

Belgacem, Mohamed Naceur, and Alessandro Gandini. "Surface modification of cellulose fibres." Polímeros 15, no. 2 (June 2005): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-14282005000200010.

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25

Gindl, Wolfgang, Johannes Konnerth, and Thomas Schöberl. "Nanoindentation of regenerated cellulose fibres." Cellulose 13, no. 1 (November 16, 2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-005-9017-0.

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26

Chippindale, E. "Low Acetylation of Cellulose Fibres." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 50, no. 5 (October 22, 2008): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1934.tb01826.x.

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Rout, Prasant Kumar, Ashween Deepak Nannaware, Om Prakash, and Ram Rajasekharan. "Depolymerization of Cellulose and Synthesis of Hexitols from Cellulose Using Heterogeneous Catalysts." ChemBioEng Reviews 1, no. 3 (June 2014): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cben.201300004.

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28

Pasquini, Daniel, Eliangela de Morais Teixeira, Antonio Aprigio da Silva Curvelo, Mohamed Naceur Belgacem, and Alain Dufresne. "Surface esterification of cellulose fibres: Processing and characterisation of low-density polyethylene/cellulose fibres composites." Composites Science and Technology 68, no. 1 (January 2008): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.05.009.

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29

Manian, Avinash Pradip, Barbara Paul, Helene Lanter, Thomas Bechtold, and Tung Pham. "Cellulose Fibre Degradation in Cellulose/Steel Hybrid Geotextiles under Outdoor Weathering Conditions." Polymers 14, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 4179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194179.

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Risks from rockfall and land sliding can be controlled by high-tensile steel nets and meshes which stabilise critical areas. In many cases, a recultivation of the land is also desired. However, high-tensile steel meshes alone are not always sufficient, depending on the location and the inclination of the stabilised slope, to achieve rapid greening. Cellulose fibres exhibit high water binding capacity which supports plant growth. In this work, a hybrid structure consisting of a nonwoven cellulose fibre web and a steel mesh was produced and tested under outdoor conditions over a period of 61 weeks. The cellulose fibres are intended to support plant growth and soil fixation, and thus the biodegradation of the structure is highly relevant, as these fibres will become part of the soil and must be biodegradable. The biodegradation of the cellulose fibres over the period of outdoor testing was monitored by microscopy and analytical methods. The enzymatic degradation of the cellulose fibres led to a reduction in the average degree of polymerisation and also a reduction in the moisture content, as polymer chain hydrolysis occurs more rapidly in the amorphous regions of the fibres. FTIR analysis and determination of carboxylic group content did not indicate substantial changes in the remaining parts of the cellulose fibre. Plant growth covered geotextiles almost completely during the period of testing, which demonstrated their good compatibility with the greening process. Over the total period of 61 weeks, the residual parts of the biodegradable cellulose web merged with the soil beneath and growing plants. This indicates the potential of such hybrid concepts to contribute a positive effect in greening barren and stony land, in addition to the stabilising function of the steel net.

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30

Jeong, Myung-Joon, Sinah Lee, Kyu-Young Kang, and Antje Potthast. "Changes in the structure of cellulose aerogels with depolymerization." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 67, no. 4 (August 2015): 742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.67.742.

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31

Cheng, Chao, Junaid Haider, Pi Liu, Jianhua Yang, Zijian Tan, Tianchen Huang, Jianping Lin, Min Jiang, Haifeng Liu, and Leilei Zhu. "Engineered LPMO Significantly Boosting Cellulase-Catalyzed Depolymerization of Cellulose." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, no. 51 (December 8, 2020): 15257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05979.

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32

Bouchard, J., S. Lacelle, E. Chornet, P. F. Vidal, and R. P. Overend. "Mechanism of Depolymerization of Cellulose by Ethylene Glycol Solvolysis." Holzforschung 47, no. 4 (January 1993): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1993.47.4.291.

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33

Benoit, Maud, Anthony Rodrigues, Qinghua Zhang, Elodie Fourré, Karine De Oliveira Vigier, Jean-Michel Tatibouët, and François Jérôme. "Depolymerization of Cellulose Assisted by a Nonthermal Atmospheric Plasma." Angewandte Chemie 123, no. 38 (August 19, 2011): 9126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201104123.

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34

Rinaldi, Roberto, Regina Palkovits, and Ferdi Schüth. "Depolymerization of Cellulose Using Solid Catalysts in Ionic Liquids." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47, no. 42 (October 6, 2008): 8047–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200802879.

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35

Benoit, Maud, Anthony Rodrigues, Qinghua Zhang, Elodie Fourré, Karine De Oliveira Vigier, Jean-Michel Tatibouët, and François Jérôme. "Depolymerization of Cellulose Assisted by a Nonthermal Atmospheric Plasma." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, no. 38 (August 19, 2011): 8964–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201104123.

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Rinaldi, Roberto, Regina Palkovits, and Ferdi Schüth. "Depolymerization of Cellulose Using Solid Catalysts in Ionic Liquids." Angewandte Chemie 120, no. 42 (October 6, 2008): 8167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200802879.

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Langston, James A., Tarana Shaghasi, Eric Abbate, Feng Xu, Elena Vlasenko, and Matt D. Sweeney. "Oxidoreductive Cellulose Depolymerization by the Enzymes Cellobiose Dehydrogenase and Glycoside Hydrolase 61." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 19 (August 5, 2011): 7007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05815-11.

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ABSTRACTSeveral members of the glycoside hydrolase 61 (GH61) family of proteins have recently been shown to dramatically increase the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass by microbial hydrolytic cellulases. However, purified GH61 proteins have neither demonstrable direct hydrolase activity on various polysaccharide or lignacious components of biomass nor an apparent hydrolase active site. Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a secreted flavocytochrome produced by many cellulose-degrading fungi with no well-understood biological function. Here we demonstrate that the binary combination ofThermoascus aurantiacusGH61A (TaGH61A) andHumicola insolensCDH (HiCDH) cleaves cellulose into soluble, oxidized oligosaccharides. TaGH61A-HiCDH activity on cellulose is shown to be nonredundant with the activities of canonical endocellulase and exocellulase enzymes in microcrystalline cellulose cleavage, and while the combination of TaGH61A and HiCDH cleaves highly crystalline bacterial cellulose, it does not cleave soluble cellodextrins. GH61 and CDH proteins are coexpressed and secreted by the thermophilic ascomyceteThielavia terrestrisin response to environmental cellulose, and the combined activities ofT. terrestrisGH61 andT. terrestrisCDH are shown to synergize withT. terrestriscellulose hydrolases in the breakdown of cellulose. The action of GH61 and CDH on cellulose may constitute an important, but overlooked, biological oxidoreductive system that functions in microbial lignocellulose degradation and has applications in industrial biomass utilization.

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Dornath, Paul, Hong Je Cho, Alex Paulsen, Paul Dauenhauer, and Wei Fan. "Efficient mechano-catalytic depolymerization of crystalline cellulose by formation of branched glucan chains." Green Chemistry 17, no. 2 (2015): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc02187h.

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Mission, Elaine G., Armando T. Quitain, Yudai Hirano, Mitsuru Sasaki, Maria Jose Cocero, and Tetsuya Kida. "Integrating reduced graphene oxide with microwave-subcritical water for cellulose depolymerization." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 21 (2018): 5434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cy00953h.

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Lindström, Tom, and Gunborg Glad-Nordmark. "Novel bulking technologies for cellulose fibres." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 37, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2021-0065.

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Abstract This paper deals with the details of preparation of three principal routes for bulking of cellulose fibres. One route is dry cross-linking/hornification using aluminium ions and other salts followed by drying/curing. The mechanisms of these reactions still remain unknown. A second route is physical grafting of fibres using carboxymethylcellulose and bringing the acidic groups into their aluminium form before forming a sheet of paper/board. Hence, curing is not necessary, and this constitutes a unique wet bulking methodology. The mechanism behind this method is believed to be an increase in the surface friction of fibres, when the electrostatic double layer is shielded together with electrostatic cross-linking with aluminium ions. The higher friction between fibres partly prevents the sheet consolidation during drying. A third route is physical grafting of fibres using carboxymethyl cellulose and ion-exchanging the acidic groups with aluminium salts before drying and curing of the fibres. A most interesting factor is that all the thermal treatment methods do not form fibre nodules due to interfibre crosslinking during the heat treatment, a commonly observed phenomena when dealing with chemical crosslinking of fibres. All routes investigated are water-based and should be fairly simple to implement in commercial operations. An inherent advantage is that the bulking is associated with lower water retention values, which should be advantageous for a higher solids content after pressing and, hence, beneficial for paper machine productivity. Bulking is, however, also associated with a loss in bond strength, which in most cases must be alleviated using various additives such as starches and microfibrillated cellulose and it has also been demonstrated in the project how the strength properties (such as z-strength) could be restored at a higher bulk.

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Lindström, Tom, and Göran Ström. "Bulking of cellulose fibres – a review." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 37, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2021-0062.

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Abstract This paper summarizes chemical technologies aimed at making bulking fibres, a technology mainly practiced in the area of tissue and hygiene products but also highly relevant for board products made by sheet stratification containing bulking layers in the middle of the board in order to improve the bending stiffness of the board. There is a long history of different ways to make bulking fibres albeit the fact that such technologies have scarcely been used for commercial stratified board (apart from a variety of different pulp types), but more in tissue and hygiene products. The objective is to review the very different approaches that may be used for the purpose of making bulking fibres.

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Bledzki, A. "Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres." Progress in Polymer Science 24, no. 2 (May 1999): 221–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6700(98)00018-5.

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Timofeyeva, G. N., and E. V. Tolkunova. "Spontaneous elongation of cellulose acetate fibres." Polymer Science U.S.S.R. 28, no. 4 (January 1986): 972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3950(86)90238-8.

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Klemenčič, Danijela, Barbara Simončič, Brigita Tomšič, and Boris Orel. "Biodegradation of silver functionalised cellulose fibres." Carbohydrate Polymers 80, no. 2 (April 2010): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.049.

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Morrissey, F. E., R. S. P. Coutts, and P. U. A. Grossman. "Bond between cellulose fibres and cement." International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 7, no. 2 (May 1985): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(85)90062-4.

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Gindl, W., and J. Keckes. "Strain hardening in regenerated cellulose fibres." Composites Science and Technology 66, no. 13 (October 2006): 2049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.12.019.

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Alberti, A., S. Bertini, G. Gastaldi, N. Iannaccone, D. Macciantelli, G. Torri, and E. Vismara. "Electron beam irradiated textile cellulose fibres." European Polymer Journal 41, no. 8 (August 2005): 1787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.02.016.

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Fitz-Binder, Christa, and Thomas Bechtold. "Ca2+ sorption on regenerated cellulose fibres." Carbohydrate Polymers 90, no. 2 (October 2012): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.023.

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Jérôme, F., G. Chatel, and K. De Oliveira Vigier. "Depolymerization of cellulose to processable glucans by non-thermal technologies." Green Chemistry 18, no. 14 (2016): 3903–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc00814c.

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This review describes the contribution of non-thermal technologies to the conversion of cellulose to processable glucans. Whenever possible, the synergy of these technologies with catalysis, their impact on the cellulose structure and reactivity are discussed on the basis of recent reports on mechanocatalysis, non-thermal atmospheric plasma and sonochemistry.

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Jiang, Zhicheng, Wei Ding, Shuguang Xu, Javier Remón, Bi Shi, Changwei Hu, and James H. Clark. "A ‘Trojan horse strategy’ for the development of a renewable leather tanning agent produced via an AlCl3-catalyzed cellulose depolymerization." Green Chemistry 22, no. 2 (2020): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc03538a.

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