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1

Walker, Robert, and Meg Huby. "Escaping Financial Dependency in Old Age." Ageing and Society 9, no. 1 (March 1989): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00013349.

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ABSTRACTOne of the principal motives behind pension reform in Britain in the post-war era has been to reduce dependence on means-tested assistance. Alternating attempts have been made to attain this objective through State and occupational collectivism but with only partial success. The present Government has shifted the emphasis away from collective provision towards individual saving promoted in the form of portable pensions. However, recent research has underlined the importance of structural determinants of dependency on means-tested assistance in retirement and of other factors over which individuals have little if any control. In the light of these findings questions are raised about the potential effectiveness of portable and occupational pensions as mechanisms for reducing future dependency on means-tested supplementation.
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2

Baltes, Margret M. "Dependency in Old Age: Gains and Losses." Current Directions in Psychological Science 4, no. 1 (February 1995): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770949.

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3

Evans, Linda, and John B. Williamson. "Old Age Dependency in Historical Perspective." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 27, no. 2 (September 1988): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/r52w-d67y-7lwl-ecpj.

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In recent years much has been written about old age dependency and the need for greater emphasis on individual and familial responsibility for supporting elderly persons as opposed to state responsibility. We argue that old age dependency is not a new problem and that there was communal responsibility—as opposed to strictly privitized responsibility—for elderly persons in the past.
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4

Dant, Tim. "Dependency and Old Age: Theoretical Accounts and Practical Understandings." Ageing and Society 8, no. 2 (June 1988): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00006759.

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ABSTRACTThe concept of dependency is involved in two strands of the literature on old age, and is used in each with a different effect. In the literature on ‘structured dependency’ the concept is used to describe and criticise a relationship between elderly people and the state that is determined by social policy. In the literature on ‘dependency scales’ the concept is used as a basis for categorising elderly people for research, planning and service purposes. More recent commentary on the role of the concept in relation to elderly people suggests that dependency needs to be understood in a fuller way if it is to be useful in understanding the situation of elderly people in contemporary society. This paper develops the idea that dependency refers to a form of relationship characterised by an unequal distribution of power.
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Higgs, Paul. "Citizenship and Old Age: The End of the Road?" Ageing and Society 15, no. 4 (December 1995): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00002890.

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AbstractThis paper is concerned with the interlinked issues of citizenship and the structured dependency of older people within Social Gerontology. It argues that implicit in much British Social Gerontology is a strategy of advancing the wellbeing of elderly people through the extension of citizenship rights. Absence of these rights leads to poverty, exclusion and ageism being commonplace experiences of large sections of the older population. This approach draws heavily on the ideas regarding social citizenship of T. H. Marshall who has influenced much mainstream social policy in Britain since 1945. Changes to the Welfare State since 1979 have seriously questioned the validity of this approach and many of these criticisms apply to the structured dependency approach. Recent work on citizenship can help us to see how the relationship between old age and citizenship has changed and how far theory in social gerontology needs to change to take account of these new circumstances.
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Stoner, Charlotte R. "Positive psychiatry/psychology for older adults: a new and important movement but robust methodology is essential." International Psychogeriatrics 31, no. 2 (February 2019): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610218002223.

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Positive psychiatry and the related positive psychology are offering a much needed alternative framework through which to view the psychology of old age (Jeste et al., 2015). Traditional models of old age tend to approach the subject from a negative view point where themes of dependency and decline can be common (Cumming and Henry, 1961). In contrast, positive psychiatry and psychology refer to the scientific study of strengths and capabilities that contribute to well-being (Seligman, 1998). Some of these can be thought of as character strengths and evidence suggests that concepts such as hope, humour, integrity, and gratitude are universal, with examples documented in at least 54 nations across the world (Park et al., 2006). Researchers aligned to these theoretical models seek to explore complex approaches to measuring and improving mental health, recognizing that well-being is often a dynamic interplay between positive and negative psychological processes and outcomes (Lomas and Ivtzan, 2016).
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Rodríguez Ruzafa, Mónica, Juan Pablo Carrasco Picazo, Gema Junquera Fernández, and Eduardo Jesús Aguilar García-Iturrospe. "EUROLD: preliminary results of the ecological study on suicide and its associated socioeconomic variables in people over 85 in Europe." International Psychogeriatrics 34, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610222000072.

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AbstractThe present study aims to compare the suicide rates in people over 85 years of age in relation to overall suicide rates in different European countries. In addition, the study aims to perform a preliminary analysis of which socioeconomic factors could explain higher suicide rates in this age group in Europe. An analysis of the Eurostat database has been made. In this pilot phase, certain socioeconomic variables representative of people over 85 years of age were chosen based on criteria of suitability, according to the bibliography available for other regions and availability of the information provided. The conditional suicide rate in this age group with respect to the overall suicide rate in each country has been calculated. Furthermore, Spearman correlations between the suicide rates in this age group and the chosen socioeconomic factors were performed. Conditional suicide rates in people over 85 years of age show a marked difference between southern and northern European countries. In the correlational analysis, suicide in this age group was associated with different economic ratios, the old-age dependency ratio, and the self-perceived health ratio. After performing a multivariate regression, the model that best explained the differences between the European countries included the variables "old-age dependency ratio" and "economic impossibility to buy new clothes ratio.” Different socioeconomic factors, specifically poverty and economic inequality, added to the old-age dependency ratio, could explain huge differences between the suicide rates in people over 85 years of age in the different European countries.
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8

Covey, Herbert C. "A Return to Infancy: Old Age and the Second Childhood in History." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 36, no. 2 (March 1993): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3fny-20em-7l4y-5fgm.

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Throughout Western history scholars and writers have characterized old age as a period of a second childhood and childish behavior. The second childhood stereotype has endured and finds expression in numerous works of literature, in a variety of historical contexts including ancient through contemporary times. Explanations for this stereotype were linked to the humoral theory of aging, the perceived and actual dependency of older people for care, dementia, and other ties between childhood and old age. The second childhood was also interpreted as a stage of life where the lifecycle returned to its beginning. The stereotype, while predominantly viewed as negative, may also be viewed in a positive light and underscores the duality and ambiguity that characterized the way older people have been viewed in Western history. The stereotype, while enduring, may have been more prevalent during certain periods, such as those periods when older people were devalued. Cultural representations and more importantly interpretations have also varied within historical context.
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9

Wenger, G. Clare. "Care in the Community." Ageing and Society 5, no. 2 (June 1985): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00011491.

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ABSTRACTThis paper reports on a longitudinal study of old people over the age of sixty-five living in rural Wales. Particular attention is paid to those who were over eighty in 1983, compared with the 1979 over-eighties. Whilst the findings demonstrate increased inputs of statutory domiciliary support with increased dependency, such support is clearly supplementary to the role of informal services. The paper shows that despite increased levels of dependency amongst the old elderly, levels of domiciliary services have not kept pace. Rationing mechanisms appear to focus services on the over-eighty-fives so that levels of support to younger age groups are essentially reduced.
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10

KOREN, CHAYA. "The intertwining of second couplehood and old age." Ageing and Society 35, no. 9 (April 8, 2014): 1864–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x14000294.

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ABSTRACTSecond couplehood in old age is a growing phenomenon alongside increases in life expectancy. Lately, a shift has occurred in that individual diversity of ageing is perceived to depend on the physical and social contexts in which older persons experience change. Thus, the purpose of the study on which this paper reports was to examine second couplehood in the context of old age and old age in the context of second couplehood using an existential-phenomenological theoretical orientation. Twenty couples were recruited using criterion-sampling: men aged 65+ and women aged 60+, with children and grandchildren from a lifelong marriage that had ended in widowhood or divorce, living in second couplehood – married or not – in separate houses or co-habitating. Forty individual semi-structured interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed according to phenomenological tradition. Five sub-themes emerged, demonstrating couplehood and old age intertwining: (a) enjoying life while still possible; (b) living with health-related issues; (c) relationships with adult children: autonomy versus dependency; (d) loneliness: living as a couple is better than living alone; (e) self-image: feeling young–feeling old. Findings support the existence of positive and negative aspects of old age. Our discussion suggests the need to replace perceptions of old age as either a negative burden or a positive asset towards a period of balancing between gains and losses. Furthermore, we acknowledge the role of second couplehood in older peoples’ wellbeing on the personal–micro level through love, the familial–mezzo level through care-giving and the social–macro level by reducing prejudice.
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11

TRAN, VAN-DAT, and NGOC DOAN TRANG HUYNH. "EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOCIAL BENEFITS, ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORK DEPENDENCY, SATISFACTION, AND YOUTH?S HABIT FORMATION." Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology 15, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v15i3.177.

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Online social network is one of the biggest Internet phenomenon, which has attracted the interest of many marketers and psychologists who wanted to understand social network users? behavior. Recognizing the lack of theoretical and empirical attention that has been given to this field, especially in Vietnam market, this study was conducted to examine the relationships among social benefits, online social network dependency,satisfaction, and youth?s habit formation in the context of Facebook. The findings of the study of 200 Facebook users indicated that the interrelationship among four factors of social benefits, online social network dependency, satisfaction, and habit formation affect each other. Indeed, dependency on online social network among the youth whose age ranged from 16 to 24 years old is significantly affected by social benefits factor and leads to the formation of habit. In addition, satisfaction plays a role in determining habitual Facebook use. This paper discusses theoretical and practical implication in marketing and psychology field.
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12

Kornadt, Anna E., and Klaus Rothermund. "Preparation for old age in different life domains." International Journal of Behavioral Development 38, no. 3 (December 10, 2013): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413512065.

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We investigated preparation for age-related changes from a multidimensional, life span perspective and administered a newly developed questionnaire to a large sample aged 30–80 years. Preparing for age-related changes was organized by life domains, with domain-specific types of preparation addressing obstacles and opportunities in the respective domains. Preparing for a third (focusing on activities, leisure, work, fitness, appearance) and a fourth age (focusing on emergencies, dependence/independence, housing, financial arrangements) emerged as superordinate categories of preparation. Different age gradients were obtained for the factors, the former peaking around the age of 65, whereas the latter increased linearly up to the age of 80. Furthermore, preparation factors were characterized by distinct personality profiles. The findings attest to the importance of a differentiated view on preparation for age-related changes and its relevance across the life span.
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13

McLeod, Bill. "An Examination of Development Trends in Field Dependence among Age Groups of 13 to 21 Years of Age." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 1 (February 1987): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.1.117.

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Three groups of 120 male and female students each, aged 13 to 15 yr., 16 to 18 yr., and 19 to 21 yr., were tested on Oilman's portable rod-and-frame apparatus to assess field dependence. Analysis indicated that the 16- to 18-yr.-old group was more field independent. Developmental trends indicated decreased field-dependence into late adolescence, and then a reversal indicating an increase in field-dependence beginning in early adulthood (19- to 21-yr.-old group).
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14

Pianese, Augusto, Anna Attias, and Zoltàn Varga. "Dynamic immigration control improving inverse old-age dependency ratio in a pay-as-you-go pension system." Decision Support Systems 64 (August 2014): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2014.04.009.

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15

Bliwise, Donald L. "Epidemiology of Age-Dependence in Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Old Age: The Bay Area Sleep Cohort." Sleep Medicine Clinics 4, no. 1 (March 2009): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.11.004.

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16

Corcoran, Eleanor, Alice Guerandel, and Margo Wrigley. "The day hospital in psychiatry of old age – what difference does it make?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 11, no. 3 (September 1994): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700014762.

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AbstractObjective: Two day hospitals were established in North Dublin in 1989 to play a key role in the first old age psychiatry service in the Republic of Ireland. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and needs of day hospital attenders, to carry out a preliminary evaluation of the role of the day hospitals in meeting these needs, and make recommendations for future developments. Method: All 237 regular attenders between March 1989 and 1992 were included. Demographic, social, medical and psychiatric data including CAGE questionnaire, Folstein mini-mental state, and Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly survey version, were recorded at initial assessment. Data on duration and outcome of attendance, use of inpatient, general hospital and community care services were collected from a retrospective study of records and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The average age was 78 years (SD 6yrs); 139 (59%) patients had organic and 98 (41%) had functional psychiatric disorders; 198 (84%) patients had a medical problem. In the functional group, 24 (25%) required acute admission; 70 (71%) patients were managed in the community. Twenty eight (29%) patients required residential care or had died on average 8 months after initial contact. In the group with dementia 104 (75%) had CAPE scores C/D/E at initial assessment, indicating high dependency. Eighty eight (63%) patients were in residential care or dead on average 8 months later. Conclusions: Day hospital treatment enabled elderly patients with functional psychiatric illness to be treated in the community with low usage of beds. It provided only short/medium term care for patients with dementia, who had little support from statutory services. A comprehensive network of services is necessary to support highly dependent patients in the community.
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FEALY, GERARD, MARTIN McNAMARA, MARGARET PEARL TREACY, and IMOGEN LYONS. "Constructing ageing and age identities: a case study of newspaper discourses." Ageing and Society 32, no. 1 (March 4, 2011): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000092.

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ABSTRACTPublic discourses concerning older people are available in a variety of texts, including popular media, and these discourses position older people with particular age identities. This study examined discursive formations of ageing and age identities in print media in Ireland. Constituting a single media event, newspaper texts concerned with revised welfare provision for older people were subjected to critical discourse analysis and revealed particular ways of naming and referencing older people and distinct constructions of ageing and age identities. The use of nouns and phrases to name and reference older people positioned them as a distinct demographic group and a latent ageism was discernible in texts that deployed collective names like ‘grannies and grandads’ and ‘little old ladies’. Five distinct identity types were available in the texts, variously constructing older people as ‘victims’; ‘frail, infirm and vulnerable’; ‘radicalised citizens’; ‘deserving old’ and ‘undeserving old’. The discourses made available subject positions that collectively produced identities of implied dependency and otherness, thereby placing older people outside mainstream Irish society. The proposition that older people might be healthy, self-reliant and capable of autonomous living was largely absent in the discourses. Newspaper discourses betray taken-for-granted assumptions and reveal dominant social constructions of ageing and age identity that have consequences for older people's behaviour and for the way that society behaves towards them.
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Welmer, Anna-Karin, Yajun Liang, Sara Angleman, Giola Santoni, Zhongrui Yan, Chuanzhu Cai, and Chengxuan Qiu. "Vascular Risk Factor Burden, Atherosclerosis, and Functional Dependence in Old Age: A Population-Based Study." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 21, no. 4 (September 21, 2013): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12529-013-9352-8.

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19

Mayer, Karl Ulrich, and Michael Wagner. "Socio-Economic Resources and Differential Ageing." Ageing and Society 13, no. 4 (December 1993): 517–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00001355.

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ABSTRACTThe Sociology and Social Policy Research Unit of the Berlin Aging Study focuses on four substantive areas: (1) life course antecedents and generational experiences, (2) later phases of the family life course, (3) action resources and social participation, and (4) economic situations and the provision of care. This paper reports results on the relationship between social and economic inequality and differential ageing, using the BASE multidisciplinary Intake Assessment (N = 360). The socio-economic position of older people is measured along three dimensions: economic resources, social status and prestige, and cultural status. Several ageing outcomes are considered, including functional physical health, cognitive functioning and mental health, overall subjective well-being, social autonomy and dependency. First, we show that old people as a group are neither socially nor economically homogeneous: very old women possess unusually low economic resources; and cohort differences in educational attainment are carried into old age. Second, cognitive functioning and mental health are positively correlated with socio-economic resources, while functional physical health is not. For women, socio-economic resources slightly affect overall subjective well-being, and are linked to the likelihood of living in a nursing home. We speculate that the wide availability of compulsory health insurance reduces social differentials in physical health and that these inequalities may determine who survives into old age.
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Hepworth, Mike. "‘William’ and The Old Folks: Notes on Infantilisation." Ageing and Society 16, no. 4 (July 1996): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00003615.

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AbstractCritical concern with infantilisation practices—i.e. the tendency to treat older people as if they are dependent children—has for the most part concentrated on the negative associations between infantilisation and dependency in later life. Infantilisation is usually defined as an unwelcome imposition on older men and women who are often portrayed as relatively powerless to resist. Whilst the negative consequences of enforced infantilisation must not be ignored there are also occasions when infantilisation may be regarded as a voluntary or chosen mode of resistance on the part of older people to the decrements and external impositions of later life. The concept of infantilisation may therefore be enlarged to include modes of resistance involving processes of mutual identification of the old with the young; in certain instances even as a form of conspiracy between these two age groups against the wider society. This paper therefore pursues fictional images of such rapport as they occur in a selection of the ‘William’ stories written by Richmal Crompton during the period from 1919 up to her death in 1969, and with an appeal which continues up to the present day. The argument is that these stories of alliances between boyhood and ‘elders’ may be regarded as vivid examples (a repository of positive images) of what may be described as ‘positive infantilisation’: that is to say, of consciousness of the independence of subjective selfhood from the ageing body in the face of the misperceptions and misleading stereotypes of the ‘mature’ adult world.
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Besser, Avi, and Beatriz Priel. "INTERPERSONAL RELATEDNESS AND SELF-DEFINITION IN LATE ADULTHOOD DEPRESSION: PERSONALITY PREDISPOSITIONS, AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 33, no. 4 (January 1, 2005): 351–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.4.351.

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This study addresses depression in late adulthood within the context of Blatt's (1974; 1991) theory of development and vulnerabilities to depression. Participants were a sample of 237 Israeli community-dwelling old adults (age 65–75) in good health and functioning well. The authors assumed that in this developmental period, normally beset with questions about self-identity and interpersonal relatedness, the associations among Self-criticism, the Neediness component of dependency, and depressive symptomatology are moderated by participants' perceived social support as well as by their fear of death. As expected, the correlational results confirmed that depression in late adulthood is associated with Self-criticism, Neediness, fear of death, and low perceived social support. Additional results illustrated the protective role of Efficacy and Connectedness, as well as the buffering roles of social support and low fear of death in the relation between vulnerabilities to depression and depressive symptoms in late adulthood. The overall findings highlight the relevance of personality vulnerability factors in depression in late adulthood and the need to consider a range of moderating factors that may serve to protectively buffer or exacerbate the impact of personality vulnerability factors.
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Reche, Cristina, Cristina De Francisco, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez, and Almudena Ros-Martínez. "Relationship among sociodemographic and sport variables, exercise dependence, and burnout: a preliminary study in athletes." Anales de Psicología 34, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.2.289861.

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<p align="left">The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of exercise dependence and athlete burnout and their relationship between them and among demographic and sport characteristics in 449 athletes, 320 males and 129 females (Age: <em>M</em>= 19.71, <em>SD</em>= 6.62). All of them replied the Spanish versions of Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R) and reduced version of Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). The results showed a risk of exercise dependence in 8.7% of the athletes, with statistically significant differences in age (a greater exercise dependence was found in athletes under the age of 18 years old), not in gender, sport dedication and type of sport. Regarding burnout, measured through its three dimensions, the data showed 4% for emotional/physical exhaustion (EFE) and 4.9% for sport devaluation (SD) and reduced sense of accomplishment (RSA). Men and team-sport athletes showed a greater RSA. Men and athletes over the age of 18 also showed more DS. As for sport dedication, participants who spent less time training had higher levels of RSA, whereas those who dedicated more time, had higher levels of EFE. Finally, the relationship between exercise dependence and burnout showed that all dimensions of burnout correlated positively with exercise dependence. </p>
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Lagergren, Mårten. "Allocation of Care and Services in an Area-Based System for Long-Term Care of Elderly and Disabled People." Ageing and Society 14, no. 3 (September 1994): 357–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0000163x.

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ABSTRACTIn order to analyse the allocation of public care services in the city of Solna, Sweden, and how they changed in response to a rapid growth of the number of elderly people, a comparison was made between two surveys, 1985 and 1991.The surveys comprised all citizens of Solna who, on the day of the survey, were receiving long-term public medical and/or social care services. Living arrangements and services received were registered together with assessments of social support and disability/dependency. The latter was measured according to a special scale (the ASIM index) and – for 1991 – the Katz index of ADL. The assessments were made by the ordinary staff. The analysis showed that older and non-married persons were more likely to become clients of the public care system. Institutionalisation was also more common among the non-married – especially for men.Connected to the rapid increase in the number of the very old in the context of limited resources was a sharp decline during the period 1985–1991 in the proportion of the Solna population that received public care services in some form. This decline concerned all age-groups of both sexes, married as well as non-married, but the married were more affected than the non-married – especially among the women. The reductions in the proportion of the population that received care in the home affected mostly married persons in the oldest age group. Reductions in institutionalisation had most impact on very old, non-married men – partly counteracted by increases in the provision of home help. Multivariate analysis showed functional disability – in 1991 dependency in ADL according to Katz - and living arrangements to be the most important variables in explaining the allocation of home help in domiciliary care and sheltered housing.
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Datan, Nancy. "Androgyny and the Life Cycle: The Bacchae of Euripides." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 4, no. 4 (June 1985): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/t8fc-uj0f-pk01-hp64.

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The concept of androgyny appears in social psychology as an adaptive mixture of masculine and feminine traits unlinked to any age-specific schedule of development. The life cycle developmental view of androgyny is that sex-typed behavior is found early in the life cycle, in response to the “chronic emergency of parenthood,” but that in later life each sex recaptures the prerogatives surrendered earlier in adulthood—women recovering managerial, assertive traits, and men becoming more responsive to their needs for nurturance and dependency. This article proposes a reconciliation of social and developmental models of androgyny based on an analysis of Greek tragedy. The Bacchae, written by Euripides in his old age, suggests that the androgynous individual is advantaged throughout the life cycle, as social psychologists would claim today. However, the fate of Pentheus at the hands of Dionysus suggests that anxieties over the androgynous potential of the self may be heightened in young adulthood and ebb later in life, consistent with developmental observations of sex-typed behavior in young adulthood which gives way to the “normal unisex of later life.” A review of androgyny in psychoanalytic theory and literary criticism shows that recognition of androgyny is not new, but that each recognition has been short-lived—a problem in the sociology of knowledge which suggests that the fear of androgyny reaches into the scientific community.
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Lövheim, Hugo, Per-Olof Sandman, Kristina Kallin, Stig Karlsson, and Yngve Gustafson. "Relationship between antipsychotic drug use and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in old people with cognitive impairment living in geriatric care." International Psychogeriatrics 18, no. 4 (July 31, 2006): 713–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610206003930.

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Background: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) commonly occur among cognitively impaired people in geriatric care. BPSD are often managed with antipsychotic drugs, despite the associated serious health risks. The aim of the present study was to discover factors associated with the use of antipsychotics.Methods: A cross-sectional study in all geriatric care units in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden, which included 2017 residents aged 65 years and over with cognitive impairment (mean age was 83.5 years). Data were collected from prescription records and observations made by care staff of BPSD among residents during the preceding week. A multivariate regression model was con-structed to find factors independently associated with antipsychotic drug use.Results: Eleven factors were independently associated with the use of antipsychotics. Aggressive, verbally disruptive and wandering behavior, hallucinatory and depressive symptoms, male sex, living in a group dwelling for people with dementia, imposed mental workload, the ability to rise from a chair, activities of daily living (ADL) dependency and lower age all correlated significantly.Conclusions: Antipsychotic drug treatment of old people with cognitive impairment in geriatric care is common, and determined not only by the patient's symptoms but also by factors related more closely to the caregiver and the caring situation. These findings raise important questions about the indications for drug treatment in relation to the patient's quality of life.
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Li, Li, and Qing Feng. "INFLUENCING FACTORS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF THE CHANGE OF POPULATION DEPENDENCY RATIO IN YUNNAN PROVINCE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EMOTIONAL REGULATION OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): A85—A86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac032.116.

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Abstract Background After China entered an aging society and gradually implemented the two child and three child policy, the population dependency ratio and population structure of Yunnan Province have changed. According to the data of the seventh national census, the age structure of the population in Yunnan Province is unreasonable, the aging process is accelerated, and there are intergenerational conflicts and contradictions in the upbringing relationship between the elderly and young people, especially negative factors, which also have a significant impact on the social and economic development of Yunnan Province. Research Objects and Methods In order to understand the new changes and their causes, this paper uses the population data of Yunnan Province from 1999 to 2019, as well as variables such as total population dependency ratio, resident happiness index, natural population growth rate, unemployment rate, average life expectancy, urbanization rate, child birth rate, birth rate, social security and employment expenditure, which are selected from the perspective of positive psychology. Through the preprocessing, correlation and multicollinearity test of time series data, the ADL model is established to analyze the changes of population dependency ratio and structure in Yunnan Province, and explore the influencing factors and degree from the perspective of positive psychological emotion regulation. The life satisfaction scale is the life satisfaction scale (SWLS) compiled by dinner et al. There are five items in the scale, which are scored by Likert 7 points. 1 ~ 7 represent “very disagree” to “very agree” respectively. Calculate the average score of the five items. The higher the score, the higher the degree of life satisfaction. The internal consistency of life satisfaction scale in this study α the coefficient is 0.820. Results Through the intuitive analysis of the population data of Yunnan Province from 1999 to 2019, the results showed that the dependency ratio of the total population in Yunnan Province decreased slowly. The dependency ratio of children decreased rapidly, while the dependency ratio of the elderly increased slowly. Yunnan may enter the dilemma of “getting old before getting rich”. Whether now or in the future, it will pose great challenges to economic, social and public governance, especially to the establishment of harmonious family intergenerational relations. Through the analysis of ADL model, the results show that the changes of population dependency ratio and population structure in Yunnan Province are affected by factors such as residents' happiness index, unemployment rate, life expectancy and urbanization rate. The impact of residents' happiness index on population dependency ratio is long-term. The simple effect analysis of interaction found that for the non depressed population, there were significant differences in the emotional state of the subjects in the frustration inducing stage among the control group, conscious distraction group and unconscious distraction group (f (2,51) = 11.98, P &lt; 0.001), η p2=0.52). Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that the scores of PA in conscious attention dispersion group (P &lt; 0.001) and unconscious attention dispersion group (P &lt; 0.05) were significantly higher than those in control group (M = 25.03, SD = 4.14), while there was no significant difference between unconscious attention dispersion group (M = 36.13, SD = 7.47) and conscious attention dispersion group (M = 37.33, SD = 6.93) (P = 0.67). It can be further seen from Figure 5 that both conscious and unconscious attention dispersion can effectively improve the positive mood of non depressed people. For depressed people, there was significant difference in emotional state among control group, conscious attention dispersion group and unconscious attention dispersion group after frustration induction (f (2,51) = 7.02, P &lt; 0.05, η p2= 0.39). Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that the score of PA in unconscious attention dispersion group (M = 33.17, SD = 7.41) was significantly higher than that in control group (P &lt; 0.05) and conscious attention dispersion group (P &lt; 0.05), while there was no significant difference in emotional state between control group (M = 22.94, SD = 3.85) and conscious attention dispersion group (M = 27.29, SD = 6.73) (P = 1.00). It shows that only unconscious attention dispersion can effectively improve the positive emotion of depressed people. Similarly, ANOVA was performed on the negative emotion index Na of Panas. The results showed that group (f (2111) = 8.41, P &lt; 0.05, η the main effect of P2 = 0.18) was significant, the main effect of population (f (1111) = 1.98, P = 0.17) was not significant, and the interaction of group * population was not significant (f (2111) = 2.60, P = 0.08). After the scores of trait anxiety, state anxiety, expression inhibition, acceptance and action scale were included in the covariates, only the main effect of the group was significant (f (2107) = 11.73, P &lt; 0.001), η p2=0.32). Bonferroni's post hoc analysis of the main effect of the group showed that the scores of Na in conscious attention dispersion group (P &lt; 0.001) and unconscious attention dispersion group (P &lt; 0.001) were significantly lower than those in the control group (M = 27.21, SD = 8.49), while there was no significant difference between conscious attention dispersion group (M = 20.16, SD = 7.26) and unconscious attention dispersion group (M = 19.19, SD = 5.11) (P = 0.62) This shows that both conscious and unconscious attention dispersion can effectively reduce the self-assessment intensity of negative emotions, and their regulatory effects are similar for depressed and non depressed people. Conclusion Therefore, from the perspective of positive psychology, this paper puts forward the ways to improve the effect of young and middle-aged childbearing age in Yunnan Province from the aspects of developing individual positive psychological quality, improving family members' subjective well-being and improving the effect of young and middle-aged childbearing age in Yunnan Province. Create harmony between man and social environment. It aims to help Yunnan society, families and families establish harmonious parent-child relations for generations and promote the coordinated development of social economy in Yunnan Province. Acknowledgements Supported by a project grant from national Innovation and entrepreneurship training program (Grant No. DCXM165002).
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Calvet, Benjamin, Marion Péricaud, Matthieu Parneix, Adrien Jouette, Magali Bricaud, and Jean-Pierre Clément. "Age and Sex Differences in Temperament and Character Dimensions in a French Nonclinical Population." Journal of Individual Differences 37, no. 3 (July 2016): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000203.

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Abstract. The authors examined age and sex trends on the seven dimensions and 25 facets assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) collected between 2006 and 2014. This cross-sectional study sought to better understand personality differences according to age and sex cohorts in a French nonclinical community sample (1,181 participants). Our results show significant differences in age groups in Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Harm Avoidance, and Self-Transcendence. Women scored higher than men in Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Cooperativeness. Men between 18 and 29 years old reported higher Novelty Seeking whereas older women had higher Harm Avoidance. Among all the dimensions of the TCI, only Self-Directedness presents a consistent Gender × Age interaction. Our study confirmed that there were personality-specific features in men and women. In addition, there were personality changes with age in both temperament and character dimensions. Our research highlighted the need to take into account both age and gender of subjects in the future analyses and interpretations of findings from the temperament and character inventories.
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Samp, Jennifer A., and Leslie Abbott. "An Examination of Dependence Power, Father Involvement, and Judgments About Violence in an At-Risk Community Sample of Mothers." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26, no. 18 (August 22, 2011): 3682–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260511403746.

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Individuals sometimes remain in dysfunctional, and even violent, relationships due to a perceived dependence on a partner. We examined the influence of dependence power judgments (defined by a combined assessment of mother commitment, perceived father commitment, and perceived father alternatives) in a community sample of mothers potentially bound to a relationship with the father of her child. We also considered the influence of perceived father involvement in the child’s life on judgments related to dependence power. Using a survey design with a sample of 100 mothers (age: 16-43, M = 29.16, SD = 7.17 years old) enrolled in a local Early Head Start/Head Start program, we observed that a mother’s perceived father involvement was positively associated with judgments of her dependence power. Furthermore, we observed that her assessment of dependence power was negatively associated with her tolerance for both physical and psychological violence as well as the use of destructive child discipline tactics.
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TOWNSEND, JEAN, MARY GODFREY, and TRACY DENBY. "Heroines, villains and victims: older people's perceptions of others." Ageing and Society 26, no. 6 (October 19, 2006): 883–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005149.

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This paper examines older people's contrasting images of older people as ‘those like us’ and as ‘others’. It draws on data from a qualitative study about the experience of ageing that was undertaken in partnership with two local groups of older people in England. Whilst the informants acknowledged their chronological age, changes in appearance and physical limitations, most did not describe themselves as old. They challenged the idea of older people as being ‘past it’. Older people who personified their own values of inter-dependence, reciprocity and keeping going were seen as ‘heroines’ of old age, but negative stereotypes were ascribed simultaneously to others, ‘the villains’. Aspects of behaviour which evoked censure were ‘giving up’; ‘refusal to be helped’ and ‘taking without putting back’, and were usually attributed to acquaintances known only at a distance. The victims of old age were primarily people with dementia, who were perceived as ‘needing to be looked after’ and objects of pity and concern. The paper explores the ways in which these various images of old age related to people's self-identity and management of the ageing process; especially in a society that has ambivalent conceptions of old age. The findings contribute to an understanding of how people's values underpin their conception of ‘a good old age’ and how they shape their interpretation of societal stereotypes. They also indicate the importance of considering whose voices are heard in the context of exploring the identity and contributions of older people to achieve a more inclusive society.
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Moral-García, José E., Daniel Orgaz García, Sergio López García, Mario Amatria Jiménez, and Rubén Maneiro Dios. "Influencia de la actividad física en la autoestima y riesgo de dependencia en personas mayores activas y sedentarias." Anales de Psicología 34, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.1.294541.

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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">The objective of the study was to know how the practice of physical activity influences self-esteem and the level of risk dependence in old age, differentiating between the control group (sedentary) and experimental group (active). Participants were 168 people over 65 years of age, 84 of whom were classified as active and the remaining 84 were completely sedentary. To analyze self-esteem, Rosenberg’s Personal Self-Esteem Scale was used whereas Barber's helped to assess the risk of dependence. Positive self-esteem is higher in the active (GE: 3.25 ± .45 vs. GC: 3.14 ± .47) but negative in the sedentary group (GC: 2.23 ± .48 vs. GE: 2.20 ± .52). There were significant differences (<em>p</em> ≤ .001) between the subjects of the CG (2.93 ± 1.67) and those of the EG (1.65 ± 1.03), with the latter showing a lower risk of dependence. There was a positive association between physical activity and positive self-esteem (<em>r</em> = .244; <em>p</em> ≤ .01), as well as between physical activity and the Barber index (<em>r</em> = -.425; <em>p</em> ≤ .001). In conclusion, regular physical activity should be encouraged to improve the level of self-esteem and minimize the risk of dependence on older people.</span></p>
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CAMARGOS, MIRELA CASTRO SANTOS, CARLA JORGE MACHADO, and ROBERTO NASCIMENTO RODRIGUES. "Sex differences in healthy life expectancy from self-perceived assessments of health in the City of São Paulo, Brazil." Ageing and Society 28, no. 1 (January 2008): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x07006277.

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ABSTRACTWhether life is spent in good health or disability has a critical influence on the use of health-care services. It is also known that average healthy life expectancy differs by sex. This paper reports estimations of healthy and unhealthy life expectancy in old age using self-reported health assessments for the City of São Paulo, Brazil in 2000–01. The data derived from the Health, Well-being and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean Project (SABE), and from population censuses and mortality statistics. Sullivan's estimation method was used. It combines the age-specific schedule of the current probabilities of death with the prevalence of self-perceived ‘poor’ and ‘good’ health. The paper also reports multivariate analyses of the factors associated with variations by age group and sex in self-perceived health. The findings revealed that, at all ages, women live longer than men and for more years in a healthy state. Among men, those aged 60, 65 and 70 years were expected to live a higher percentage of their remaining life than women in a healthy state, but among those aged 75, 80 and 85 years, the opposite held. Among women, the percentage of remaining years that were unhealthy did not increase as age increased, which differs from previous findings. The multivariate analyses showed that with increasing age, for women the number of chronic diseases decreased but dependency increased, and for men the opposite held. This finding indicated that the percentage of life spent in poor self-perceived health more accurately predicts mortality in men than women.
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Serna, Cristina, Joan García-Perales, and Isabel Martínez. "Protective and Risk Parenting Styles for Internet and Online Gambling Addiction." Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2023 (July 11, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6674541.

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This study analyzes the relationship of the four parenting styles, authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful, with Internet addiction and online gambling addiction. Study sample was 512 adolescents aged between 16 and 21 years (63.9% females, M = 18.7 , SD = 1.8 ). A 4 × 2 × 2 MANOVA was applied for the outcome variables of Internet addiction (loss of control, emotional need and dependence) and gambling (anticipation, desire, and relief) with parenting style (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful), sex (boy vs. girls), and age (16-18 years old vs. 19-21 years old) as independent variables. The results provide evidence of the relationship between parenting styles and technological addictions, showing that parenting characterized by the use of practices of involvement and acceptance (authoritative and indulgent parenting) can act as protective factors for Internet addiction and online gambling addiction. On the contrary, authoritarian parenting, characterized by the use of strictness and imposition practices, would act as a risk factor for Internet addiction and online gambling addiction. The protective and risk effects of parenting styles over adolescents’ technological addictions take place irrespective of their sex and age.
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Larson, Eric B. "Prospects for delaying the rising tide of worldwide, late-life dementias." International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 8 (July 1, 2010): 1196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210001080.

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ABSTRACTWorldwide, lifespan is lengthening. Concomitantly, late-life dementias are increasingly common, challenging both personal and public health internationally. After age 65, rates of dementia tend to double every five years in developed countries and every seven in developing ones. The late-life dementias, particularly Alzheimer's disease, have profound effects on aging individuals and their caregivers. Multidisciplinary research has explored the potential for various approaches to prevent or delay the onset of late-life dementias. Outlining that research, including our team's Adult Changes in Thought and Kame studies, this review concludes that delaying the onset of these dementias appears feasible, although absolute prevention may not be. Today, the most promising methods appear to include controlling vascular risk factors like hypertension and engaging in physical exercise – and possibly mental exercise. If people can delay the onset of dementias, they can lead more fulfilling lives for longer, spending less time suffering from dementia and letting their families spend less time coping with the disease. It is possible that trends toward more knowledge-based societies, where cognitive health is so vital, may increasingly exert evolutionary pressure favoring larger and healthier brains – and a “compression of cognitive morbidity” – well into old age. Public health's great triumph, increased lifespan, should give more of the world's people the reward of many years of dementia-free life. Rather than the personal difficulties and public health burdens of many years of functional impairment, dependency, and suffering with dementia, some interventions may delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.
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Rodríguez-Díaz, M. Teresa, M. Nieves Pérez-Marfil, and Francisco Cruz-Quintana. "Coexisting with dependence and well-being: the results of a pilot study intervention on 75–99-year-old individuals." International Psychogeriatrics 28, no. 12 (September 8, 2016): 2067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216001277.

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ABSTRACTBackground:The objective of this study is to design and implement an intervention program centered on preventing functional dependence.Methods:A pre/post quasi-experimental (typical case) design study with a control group was conducted on a group of 75–90-year-old individuals with functional dependence (n = 59) at three nursing homes in Madrid (Spain). The intervention program consists of two types of activities developed simultaneously. Some focused on emotional well-being (nine 90-minute sessions, once per week), whereas others focused on improving participants’ physical condition (two 30-minute sessions, twice per week). The simple randomized participants included 59 elderly individuals (Intervention Group = 30, Control Group = 29) (mean age 86.80) [SD, 5. 19].Results:Fifty-nine participants were analyzed. The results indicate that the program is effective in improving mood, lowering anxiety levels (d= 0.81), and increasing both self-esteem (d = 0.65) and the perception of self-efficacy (d= 1.04). There are improvements in systolic pressure and functional dependence levels are maintained. Linear simple regression (independent variable pre-Barthel) shows that the pre-intervention dependence level can predict self-esteem after the intervention.Conclusion:We have demonstrated that the program is innovative with regard to bio-psychosocial care in elderly individuals, is based on actual practice, and is effective in increasing both self-esteem and self-efficacy. These variables positively affect functional capabilities and delay functional dependence.
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Nishiyama, Shinichi, and Kent Smetters. "Financing Old Age Dependency." Annual Review of Economics 6, no. 1 (August 2014): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-041304.

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LLOYD, LIZ. "Mortality and morality: ageing and the ethics of care." Ageing and Society 24, no. 2 (March 2004): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x03001648.

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This paper focuses on the circumstances of death and dying in old age. It considers the ways in which social policies and social gerontology reflect the values of independence, autonomy and citizenship, and it considers the implication of these values for older people who are dependent on others for care and support at the end-of-life. It discusses the complexity of the relationship between ageing and dying, by exploring recent research from the fields of social gerontology and the sociology of death and dying. Arguing that a long-term perspective is required to understand fully the circumstances of older people's deaths, it analyses the third age/fourth age dichotomy as a conceptual model. The task of developing knowledge about the links between ageing and dying requires consideration of moral and ethical principles. The article examines the conceptual frameworks developed by feminists who argue for an ethics of care as a central analytic referent in social policy. The feminist ethics-of-care approach provides a powerful critique of the moral framework of independence and autonomy as characterised in contemporary policies and practices. Feminist ethicists argue that the inter-relatedness of human beings and the importance of the social context have been overlooked in the preoccupation with individual rights – as reflected more generally in policies and social life. It is argued in the paper that the need for care at the end-of-life highlights these shortcomings. The feminist ethics of care has considerable potential to illuminate our understanding of dependency and care, and to generate both new approaches to policy and practice in health and social care and theoretical perspectives in gerontology.
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Blaikie, Andrew. "The Emerging Political Power of the Elderly in Britain 1908–1948." Ageing and Society 10, no. 1 (March 1990): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00007832.

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ABSTRACTDespite major shifts in the position of older people in British society during the first half of the twentieth century, accounts of the emergence of retirement pensions have ignored the role of old age pressure groups, preferring arguments which emphasise structured dependency rather than human agency. By contrast, this paper examines the political campaigns mounted by two groups – one claiming to speak on behalf of older people, the other composed of older people themselves. The failure of both groups to influence major policy decisions relates not to the passivity or ‘silent suffering’ of older people, or to ‘generational equity’ criteria which privileged younger, unemployed workers, but to the inadequacies of their different styles of campaigning. While the National Conference, in the decade after 1916, focused their moral invective around notions of thrift which failed to arouse or articulate the needs of all but the most ‘respectable aged Britishers’, the uncompromising, combative approach of the National Federation during the critical years leading up to the Beveridge legislation incurred the disdain of policymakers. In the intervening years, trade union activity was underlain by mixed motives. While the historical specificity of the movements and debates that are discussed is significant, the generationally specific lifetime experiences of the older people in question to some extent determined their character.
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38

Oslon, V. N., L. M. Prokopyeva, and U. V. Kolesnikova. "Relationship of Lifestyle Activity, Subjective Health and Subjective Well-Being of Adolescent Children in the Russia." Психологическая наука и образование 27, no. 6 (2022): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2022270609.

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<p>The article presents the results obtained within the framework of the All-Russian empirical study "Subjective well-being of older adolescent and adolescent children in the Russian Federation" (2021), in which 10626 respondents (13-17 years old) from 22 regions of the Russian Federation participated. Interest in the topic is due to anxiety for the physical and psychological health of the younger generation entering adulthood. The obtained results made it possible to prove the existence of a positive close relationship between satisfaction with one's own activity in the social and physical spheres, subjective health, comfort of the educational environment and the summary score of subjective well-being (hereinafter SB) among the study participants. The identified age and gender patterns of changes in the level of closeness of the scales with the SB, a comparative analysis of satisfaction ratings with them in dynamics indicated their dependence on puberty and adolescent crises. It is shown that girls rate their "activity" and "comfort of the educational environment" lower than boys and are less vulnerable to stress associated with leaving school. It was revealed that in informants with disabilities, the assessments of their activity and subjective health have a negative age dynamic, in contrast to conditionally healthy ones. Living in ecologically unfavorable (polluted) and hard-to-reach territories has a negative impact on respondents' assessments of activity and subjective health.</p>
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Sihvola, E., R. J. Rose, D. M. Dick, T. Korhonen, L. Pulkkinen, A. Raevuori, M. Marttunen, and J. Kaprio. "Prospective relationships of ADHD symptoms with developing substance use in a population-derived sample." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 12 (May 20, 2011): 2615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000791.

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BackgroundClinically ascertained reports suggest that boys and girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may differ from each other in their vulnerability to substance use problems.MethodA total of 1545 Finnish adolescents were assessed for DSM-IV-based ADHD symptoms by their parents and classroom teachers using standardized rating scales at age 11–12 years. At age 14, substance use disorders and psychiatric co-morbidity were assessed with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism, providing DSM-III-R/DSM-IV diagnoses for Axis I disorders. At age 17.5, substance use was assessed by multi-item questionnaire.ResultsAlthough baseline ADHD symptoms were less common among females, they were more predictive of adverse substance use outcomes once conduct disorder and previous substance use were controlled for. Only in females were baseline ADHD symptoms significant predictors of alcohol abuse and dependence and illicit drug use at age 14. At the age of 17.5, parents' reports of inattentiveness and hyperactivity were significant predictors for frequent alcohol use in both sexes, but they were more predictive of frequent alcohol and illicit drug use in girls. Impulsivity in teachers' ratings predicted frequent alcohol use and illicit drug use in boys. Parental reports of inattentiveness in their 11-/12-year-old daughters were a consistent predictor for illicit drug use across adolescence.ConclusionsInattentiveness and hyperactivity may be more predictive of alcohol use disorders and maladaptive patterns of alcohol and illicit drug use among girls than boys. The importance of these behavioural symptoms should be assessed further in the community, as they could jeopardize adolescents' successful transitioning into adult roles.
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Kaschowitz, Judith. "Health of migrant care-givers across Europe: what is the role of origin and welfare state context?" Ageing and Society 40, no. 5 (December 5, 2018): 1084–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18001599.

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AbstractAcross Europe a rising number of migrants are reaching higher ages. As old age is related to care dependency, care-giving within migrant families is becoming more important. To date, little research has focused on health outcomes for migrant care-givers. Theories and empirical evidence suggest differences in the relationship of care-giving and health between migrants and non-migrants due to differences in support, income, norms and values. Furthermore, across Europe the degree of formal care supply and the obligation to provide informal care vary considerably and presumably lead to different health outcomes of care-giving in different countries. Based on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (Waves 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (Waves 2–6), this paper studies the relationship between informal care-giving inside the household and health for migrant and non-migrant care-givers across Europe and analyses changes in health. In most countries migrant care-givers are in worse self-perceived and mental health compared to non-migrant care-givers. When controlling for important influences no differences in the relationship between health and care-giving for migrants and non-migrants can be found. Moreover, care-giving deteriorates mental health irrespective of origin. The country models showed that for non-migrants care-giving is most detrimental in Southern welfare states whereas for migrants care-giving is also burdening in Nordic welfare states.
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Karlamangla, Arun S., Sharon Stein Merkin, David M. Almeida, Esther M. Friedman, Jacqueline A. Mogle, and Teresa E. Seeman. "Early-Life Adversity and Dysregulation of Adult Diurnal Cortisol Rhythm." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 1 (August 28, 2018): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby097.

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Abstract Objectives Exposure to life stresses can lead to diminution in the capacity of stress response systems to mount a robust response to new challenges, with blunting of dynamic range—the spread between maximal attainable and minimal resting levels. We investigate the association between early-life adversity and the dynamic range of adult diurnal cortisol secretion. Method In 35- to 86-year-old adults, cortisol assayed from 16 saliva samples over 4 consecutive days was used to compute diurnal dynamic range and area under the curve (AUC). Economic adversity in childhood was indexed by recalled parental education, family welfare dependence, and perceived financial status; and childhood social adversity by parental separation, death, and abuse. Results Adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, both childhood adversities were strongly associated with smaller adult cortisol diurnal dynamic range, but not with AUC. The association with cortisol dynamic range was explained by adult social and economic variables. Discussion Early-life adversity appears to leave a long-term imprint on cortisol secretion dynamics, reducing diurnal dynamic range without increasing total secretion. This points to the importance of examining the adaptation capacity of physiological systems when studying the impact of early-life and chronic stresses on adult health.
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Babić, Dijana, Želimir Bertić, Niveska Križanec, and Ljiljana Babić. "Detecting functional disabilities in elderly persons with cardiovascular diseases using the self-reporting method." Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja 56, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/hrri.56.2.10.

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The ability to perform basic activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) is an essential indicator of the level of functional capacity in old age. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate reliability and validity of the self - reporting method in detecting functional difficulties among elderly persons with cardiovascular diseases. The Groningen Activity Restriction Scale was used to assess the limitations in functional capacity. The sample consisted of patients over the age of 65 with hypertensive disease, angina pectoris, ischaemic heart disease, degenerative valvular disorders, peripheral arterial disease, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated for the total result. Differences in outcome with respect to age, educational level, marital status, and medical diagnoses of participants were compared by means of a t-test or one-way ANOVA. In the group of ADL, participants reported difficulties in climbing stairs (M=2.14, SD=1.07) and caring for feet and toenails (M=2.17, SD=1.27), while in the group of IADL, difficulties were present in performing heavier household chores (M=2.51, SD=1.31) as well as ironing and washing clothes (M=2.20, SD=1.29). Calculation of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient points to a high degree of internal consistency for this scale on a chosen sample (α=0.95). The use of a validated self-reporting tool may be a valuable and reliable way for assessing the functional capacity of elderly persons with chronic diseases. The findings of this study indicate the possibility of using this method for prognostic purposes in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Introduction of instrumental support measures in a timely manner has a crucial role in delaying the progression of functional dependence.
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Villani, Emanuele Rocco. "FC37: Prevalence of depressive symptoms and its association with probable sarcopenia, disability, frailty and comorbidities among older adults." International Psychogeriatrics 35, S1 (December 2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610223001357.

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Objective:Depression is the most frequent cause of emotional distress in old age and can reduce the quality of life of the elderly. Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle associated with reduced physical strength/performance. In recent years, some studies have shown correlations between sarcopenia and depression. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the association between depressive symptoms, sarcopenia, functional dependence and comorbidity in the geriatric patient at the first geriatric outpatient evaluation ever performed.Materials and Methods:older adults (>=65 years of age) at their first access to the geriatric outpatient clinic of Modena County (Italy) between October 2020 and June 2021 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All participants were evaluated validated scales in order to perform a multidimensional geriatric assessment. The symptomatologic diagnosis of depression was performed through the GDS 4-item (cut-off >=2). Frailty was evaluated through the Clinical Frailty Scale (cut-off >=5). The probability of sarcopenia was evaluated through the SARC-F (cutoff >=4). Functional dependence was assessed through the ADL scale and deemed as severe (ADL 0-2), moderate (ADL 3-5), absent (ADL 6). Comorbidity burden was assessed through CIRS.Results:229 patients (mean age 82.4±7.9 years, 67.6% female) were evaluated. Clinically significant depressive symptoms were found in 173 (75.5%) patients. Probable sarcopenia was reported in 118 (51.5%) patients while 100 (43.7%) and 64 (27.9%) patients were moderately or severely dependent, respectively. At multivariate logistic regression, probable sarcopenia (aOR 2.48, 95%CI 1.09-6.40), moderate functional dependence (aOR 2.62, 95%CI 1.17-5.87) but not severe (aOR 2.72, 95%CI 0.79-9.33) were associated with the presence of depressive symptoms. Conversely, frailty (aOR 0.97, 95%CI 0.39-2.40) was not associated with presence of depressive symptoms, while CIRS (aOR 0.79, 95%CI 0.66-0.96) was found to be protective.Discussion:the study showed that a clinically relevant depressive symptomatology is prevalent among older adults and it is associated with higher probability of sarcopenia and moderate, but not severe, functional dependence. On the contrary, there was no association between depressive symptoms and frailty.Conclusion:The prevalence of depressive symptoms is high among geriatric outpatient and can both be conditioned by and have an impact on the presence of sarcopenia and functional dependence.
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44

Blondeau, Jacques, and David Dubois. "Financing Old-age Dependency in Europe: Towards Overall Management of Old-age." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 22, no. 1 (January 1997): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.1997.5.

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45

Metz, D. "Innovation to prevent dependency in old age." BMJ 320, no. 7233 (February 19, 2000): 460–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7233.460.

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46

Kyuchukov, Hristo. "Learnability Theory and Rural Roma Children’s Knowledge of Languages: An Empirical Psycholinguistic Comparative Study." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 35, no. 1 (April 16, 2024): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2024-35-1-108-133.

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Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine Learnability Theory (Valiant, 1984) in the process of learning of L2 Bulgarian and Czech languages by preschool Roma children. Roma children grow up in a rich oral culture and learn their mother tongue from the members of extended families, but how they learn the L2 and which factors facilitate the process second language acquisition (SLA) is not clear. Methods. 20 bilingual Roma children from Bulgaria and 20 bilingual Roma children from the Czech Republic (in two age groups 4–5 and 5–6-years-old) were tested with linguistic tests on their knowledge, centering on their ability to learn new grammatical categories. The children were tested with a specially developed test, bearing in mind the peculiarities of Romani grammatical categories. The same grammatical categories were tested in the official languages of the countries where the children live – in the Bulgarian and Czech languages. Results. The findings show that the children from Bulgaria are much better in learning Bulgarian than the Roma children from Czech Republic learning Czech. There is a connection between the knowledge of the Roma children of their mother tongue and the official language. The data shows that the Bulgarian Roma children know their mother tongue much better and this helps them to better learn Bulgarian, while the Czech Roma children have a comparatively poor knowledge of Romani and they acquire the Czech ethnolect – the variety of Czech spoken by Roma, which differs from official standard Czech. Conclusions. The study showed that learning grammatical categories form a new language in early age dependence form the language knowledge and experiences of the child in their mother tongue. The new knowledge in a new language is acquired based on the old knowledge in the mother tongue. This is shown also in other studies, for example with Turkish bilingual children, that the knowledge in mother tongue helps learning a new language.
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Nawaz, Muhammad Ali, Imran Sharif Chaudhry, Muhammad Ahmed Shehzad, and Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh. "An Analysis of Age Dependency Burden and Saving Rates in Pakistan." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v4i2.154.

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This study analyzes the impact of age dependency on gross savings for the period of 1975 to 2018 by applying ARDL and Granger causality techniques. The findings of the study suggest that young-age dependency and old-age dependency have a negative impact on gross savings in the long run. Granger causality test reveals that the causality between age-dependency of young and gross savings is bidirectional while the causality between age-dependency of old and gross savings is unidirectional. The study is also equipped with policy implications.
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Jylhävä, Juulia, Miao Jiang, Andrea D. Foebel, Nancy L. Pedersen, and Sara Hägg. "Can markers of biological age predict dependency in old age?" Biogerontology 20, no. 3 (January 21, 2019): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10522-019-09795-5.

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Muszyńska, Magdalena M., and Roland Rau. "The Old-Age Healthy Dependency Ratio in Europe." Journal of Population Ageing 5, no. 3 (July 7, 2012): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12062-012-9068-6.

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50

Ediev, Dalkhat M., Warren C. Sanderson, and Sergei Scherbov. "The inverse relationship between life expectancy-induced changes in the old-age dependency ratio and the prospective old-age dependency ratio." Theoretical Population Biology 125 (February 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2018.10.001.

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