Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dependency on communist countries

Academic literature on the topic 'Dependency on communist countries'

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Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Dependency on communist countries"

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Wu, Yu-Shan, and Tsai-Wei Sun. "Four Faces of Vietnamese Communism: Small Countries' Institutional Choice Under Hegemony." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 31, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 381–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(98)00018-x.

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Since 1975, Vietnamese communism has changed face three times. These frequent and radical institutional permutations have been unprecedented among communist countries. This paper argues that hegemonic dependence, domestic economic imperative, and elite idealism are the three main factors that determine Vietnam's institutional configuration. Among the three, dependence on a hegemon means the dominance of the developmental model and institutional preferences of that hegemon. Only when there is no hegemonic dependence do domestic economic imperative and elite idealism emerge as the crucial factors in determining institutional arrangements. Historically there have been four developmental stages for Vietnam's communist regime: independent socialism (1975–1977), orthodox socialism (1978–1985), glasnost socialism (1986–1990), and market socialism (1991–now). Among the four stages, orthodox socialism and glasnost socialism are the direct result of Hanoi's dependence on Moscow. After examining Vietnam's historical experience, we conclude that small countries' institutional choice under hegemon is extremely limited, but they regain latitude when hegemonic dependence is removed.
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Ptáček, Pavel. "Institutional framework and typology of economic transition in post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: the role of Bretton Woods institutions." Journal for Geography 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/rg.3.1.3132.

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Departing from the concept of transformation and transition, this article highlights some main directions and problem areas of this process. It starts with description of transitory architecture in countries of Central and Eastern Europe based mostly on the concept of “Washington consensus” as the main method being used during the first stages of transition in many post-communist countries. Firstly we start with description of “Washington consensus” and its application in different countries in transition – from Latin America to the region of post-communist countries. After this theoretical part we start with concrete examples from particular countries where the key transitional processes will be described. Main focus will be put on the privatisation process in the Czech Republic in comparison to other post-communist countries. Typology of transitory processes in particular countries from “shock therapy” to “gradualist” ones will be placed. Than alternative approaches to transition will be introduced, focusing on the concept of path dependency, network analysis, regulation theory and their approaches to state socialism and post-communist transformations. Summarisation of main findings and the counterbalance to neo-liberal approach will be discussed. Is there some “post-Washington consensus” which has learnt from previous mistakes?
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Iacobută, Andreea-Oana, and Gabriel Claudiu Mursa. "Social Dependency Mentality in Romania – Consequence of Path Dependence or Result of Social Protection Policies?" Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tjeb-2018-0002.

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Abstract This paper discusses whether the social dependency mentality in Romania is a consequence of path (past) dependence (that is, the country’s cultural and historical inheritance), or of the failure of social protection policies implemented after 1990. By taking a deductive approach and using data from Eurobarometers and several international databases, as well as by conducting several statistical analyses, we first identify the socio-economic and institutional factors associated with social dependency mentality in former communist countries, today members of the EU. Drawing on the results obtained, we then characterize the situation in Romania and provide explanations on two levels: dependence mentality as cultural inheritance - hypothesis supported by sociological, psychological and cultural-anthropological studies - and dependence mentality as a consequence of the implemented social protection policies which did not solve the issue of poverty but rather speak about incoherence, lack of vision, populism etc. We conclude that social dependency mentality is associated with the burden of the past, but also with the level and quality of education and the government strength to implement policies and provide incentives for individual responsibility in a free market. The limitations in terms of data coverage do not allow us to establish the exact weight each of the factors has in explaining social dependency mentality and, consequently, further studies are necessary considering the importance this issue currently has in poverty reduction.
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Michalski, Tomasz, and Joanna Stępień. "Ageing in European post-communist countries – is it a threat to the welfare system?" Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2021-0011.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to diagnose the current and projected pace of ageing in the societies of European post-communist countries from the point of view of its being an increasing economic burden on the economically active population. The analysis covered the years 1990–2050. Ageing is already visible and, according to the forecast, the process will accelerate even more. The old-age dependency ratio (OADR) is expected to exceed 50 in half of the countries in the study by 2050. This will result in major threats to the further development of these countries and will lead to poverty and social exclusion of the elderly. In order to slow down the ageing process, the authorities of these countries should take a number of actions, the most important of which are the implementation of an effective and efficient pro-natal policy (so that the total fertility rate would increase above 2.1), and a well-thought-out migration policy.
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Ivanov, Laurentiu. "A Study Of The Agriculture Of Poland And Romania In Post-Communist Period." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 10 (April 29, 2016): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n10p470.

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In terms of size of territory and population, Poland and Romania are the largest former socialist countries, now, members of the European Union. In the last 25 years of transition to a market economy, Poland has excellent managed its natural potential and is, now, an economic model for other former socialist countries, including Romania. Poland has not experienced economic recession; its positive economic evolution was completely different from the evolution of the largest European economies, many of them facing distressful situations for long periods of time. The question to be addressed in this paper is: „How could we explain the present success of Polish agriculture? Could the present economic realities be partially influenced by the historical evolution of a country? “ In an attempt to provide an answer to this question, the present paper will highlight the economic developments in Romania and Poland in relation to developed countries for the last about 100 years in terms of “path dependency theory” and will conduct a comparative analysis between the two countries.
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Lebediuk, Vitalii. "Determinants of political stability: explanation of the process of institutional change in post-communist countries (1990-2020)." Wschód Europy. Studia humanistyczno-społeczne 7, no. 1 (October 6, 2021): 13–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/we.2021.7.1.13-43.

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This article examines the institutional changes in 22 post-communist countries during the 1990-2020 period. The objective of the study was to find out why some countries achieved democracy while others failed to establish or strengthen democratic institutions, and what factors influenced the political stability of post-communist countries. During the study, available statistical information on the functioning of the main institutions was collected and processed. The analysis shows that the most significant institutional changes were observed among the non-democratic countries and those that fell into the category of hybrid political regimes. The correction of the initially chosen form of government is evidence in support of the theory of endogenous change, indicating “path-dependency”. The influence of endogenous factors determines the quality of democratic change and the level of political stability in post-communist countries. Democratic changes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe were associated with a commitment to rapid reform in the early stages, and Euro-Atlantic integration only supported the democratic quality of the institutions. The institutional framework of the countries, that embarked on the path of European integration, was relatively stable during the period under the study, and did not deal with changes in the system of power distribution. While the countries of the former Soviet Union most often resorted to changes in the primary law of the country, and these changes were related to the redistribution of powers between the branches of power and the extension of the time in the office of the President. In addition to the overall level of democratization of the country, the level of emancipatory values and the weight of presidential power have the greatest impact on political stability.
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Czyżewski, Andrzej, and Jakub Staniszewski. "Changes in the production factor’s structures in agriculture in the light of price adjustments. A case study of selected EU countries." Management 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/manment-2015-0019.

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Summary The conducted research concerns the issue of the impact of the prices on the volume and the productivity of labour and capital factors. The purpose of the article is to compare to what extend changes in the structures of agricultural production factors in the agriculture of selected EU countries (Poland, Hungary, Italy) in years 1999-2013 are the consequence of adaptation to price conditions on the agricultural products markets and production factors markets. The studies prove the low elasticity of production factor structures relative to the price scissors index in the all countries. However, in the case of Hungary and Poland it is particularly low, which can be connected with low capitalization of agriculture in those countries, on the one hand, and the “path dependency” effect in the context of communist past of these countries, on the other.
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Suwandy, Dhanico, Triesanto Romulo Simanjuntak, and Roberto Octavianus Cornelis Seba. "HUBUNGAN LINTAS SELAT TAIWAN DAN TIONGKOK TERKAIT KETERGANTUNGAN DAGANG PADA PEMERINTAHAN TSAI ING-WEN." BHUVANA: Journal of Global Studies 1, no. 2 (October 3, 2023): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59408/bjgs.v1i2.66.

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Taiwan and China are two countries that have a long history of ideology, government, and territory. The two countries have been at war since 1920 between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang until the ROC government finally moved to the island of Taiwan. Since then, cross-strait relations politically have not been good. On the other hand, trade between the two countries is very good, especially after the formation of the ECFA trade agreement in 2010 which made exports and imports easier. In trade expectations theory, this research analyzes the existence of a “peaceful trade” relationship between the two countries through trade and investment. China has trade dependence on Taiwan in integrated circuit commodities because Taiwan can produce good quality integrated circuits. Based on the principle of dependency, trade relations create “peaceful trade” conditions for cross-strait relations in unstable political conditions. Integrated circuits are also needed by many countries so that Taiwan can control 60% of trade in the global market. Taiwan also has dependence on China for FDI. The value of Taiwan’s FDI to China in 2021 is 46 times higher than integrated circuit exports to China in 2021. This research looks at cross-strait relations between Taiwan and China in ECFA cooperation regarding cross-border trade during the Tsai Ing-wen administration. The qualitative method used in this research took data from the Ministry of Finance of Taiwan. This research analyzes the trade relations between the two countries from exports, imports and FDI as the main findings so that the dependence of the economies of the two countries to date has created conditions for cross-strait relations.
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Zarycki, Tomasz. "Crises of the communist and neoliberal orders 30 years later: A structural comparison between 1975 and 2019 Poland." Social Science Information 59, no. 3 (September 2020): 484–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018420951668.

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This article proposes to look at the current moment in the recent history of the so-called Central-European countries, with Poland as a critical case study, through a structural comparison with an earlier historical cycle, that is one of the first three decades of the communist rule in the region. Thus, I propose to compare the social and economic situation in Poland of circa 1975 with that of 2019, so 30 years after the establishment of a new given political order (30 years after 1945 and 1989 respectively). The paper will offer a general overview of the trajectory of Poland in the post-war era, based primarily on the perspective of the world-system theory and that of the critical sociology of elites, one which will also point to the essential structural contexts of the post-communist dynamics of society. This paper will be based on a basic observation: even if both the 1970s and late 2010s can be considered as periods of relative political stabilization and economic growth for the region as such, and Poland in particular, these countries are, at the same time, subjected to a considerable and even increasing economic dependence on the Western core. In the conclusions, it is argued that the proposed comparative approach, taking into account both an earlier historical cycle and the broader structural dependency of the region, may allow to cast a new light on the nature of current dynamics in Polish politics as well as on the possible future trajectories of the country.
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Dewi, Nevy Rusmarina. "Pendekatan Rational Choice Pada Reformasi Ekonomi (Doi Moi) Di Vietnam." POLITEA 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/politea.v1i2.4327.

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<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><span lang="EN-GB">The development of world globalization after the end of the Cold War made many countries in the world adapt to the changes in the existing world constellation. The countries that were most affected were those who supported the Eastern Bloc with communist ideology. Some countries in Asia with communist ideology, such as China, Vietnam, and Laos, have had to face such rapid changes in the world. The conflict between maintaining ideology by adopting the values of globalization is a very important issue. China strives not to be trapped in the entanglement of the globalization of the world by changing the pattern of thinking for the achievement of its economy through economic reform. Economic reform by opening up the economy in welcoming world free trade to take advantage of world trade, but still maintaining communist ideology is the solution for China. China's success in its economic reforms was taken into consideration for Vietnam, its communist ally, to adopt the same steps. With very bad economic conditions after the end of the Vietnam War and its limitations in carrying out reconstruction, real action was greatly needed by Vietnam amid the end of dependence on the Soviet Union. The economic reform movement through "Doi Moi" took effect since 1986 to overcome economic turmoil and efforts to carry out reconstruction reconstruction. The ideology he embraced made it a barrier for the international community to provide assistance to Vietnam. Globalization cannot be rejected because it provides an opportunity for the development and economic growth of a country.</span></p>
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dependency on communist countries"

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Gondwe, Carlton H. M. "Dependency, economic integration and development in developing areas : the cases of EAC, ECOWAS and SADCC." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66066.

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Nazarov, M. S. "Democratic transit in post communist countries." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26084.

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Hitrov, Todor Stoyanov. "Civil-Military relations in post-communist countries." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Mar%5FHitrov.pdf.

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Kim, Doo Sik. "A cross-national study on economic development, economic dependency, cultural dependency, and internal structural mechanisms : modernization or dependency /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487325740717624.

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Javidan, Darugar Mohammad Reza. "International Economic Dependency and Human Development in Third World Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278243/.

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This study empirically tested the two competing development theories--modernization and dependency/world-system. Theoretical and methodological approaches suggested by these two paradigms offer opposing interpretations of the incorporation of the Third World countries into the world capitalist system. Therefore, they provide conflicting and, at times, confusing guidelines on the ways available to enhance the well-being of the general populations in these countries. To shed light on the subject matter, this study uses a few specific indicators of economic growth and human development by comparing the outcomes based on the two conflicting paradigms. The comparative process allows us to confirm the one theoretical approach that best explains human conditions in Third World settings. The study focuses on specific aspects of foreign domination--foreign investment, foreign trade, foreign debt, and the resulting disarticulated national economies. The main arguement, here, conveys the idea that as far as Third World countries are tied in an inescapable and unilaterally benefitial (to the core countries of course) economic and political relations, there will be no hope for any form of sustainable economic growth. Human well-being in Third World countries might very well depend on their ability to develop self-reliant economies with the least possible ties to the world capitalist system.
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Reynolds, Michael. "Relationships matter : the aid relationship in low-income post-communist countries." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15943/.

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Iyogun, Amanele Fidelia. "Opportunities for third world industrialization : dependency theory and the newly industrializing countries." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42006.

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This study is an exploration of dependency theory and the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs). The issues which are addressed are threefold: 1. An exploration of dependency theory, especially the variant of it that is advocated by Frank, Amin and Wallerstein. These authors have constantly maintained that growth is not possible in the Third World as long as the region is integrated into the world capitalist economy. The NICs, particularly Taiwan and South Korea are testimonies that that assumption is not entirely valid because they are incorporated and have also witnessed impressive economic growth. 2. An examination of the debate over the character of the NICs. An analysis of Taiwan and South Korea shows that they have experienced considerable economic growth. However, there is limited transformation in the standard of life of the citizens. 3. The factors that are responsible for the economic growth of Taiwan and South Korea are hypothesized. These factors are both external and internal to these countries. They are (a) a strongly polarized international ideological atmosphere which made these countries client states of the United States of America, (b) an inflow of massive aid from the U.S to these states and (c) the presence of a strong state apparatus in these countries. The state institutions combined internal creativity with the opportunities provided by the international scene to initiate and implement good strategies for their industrial transformation. The lessons other Third World countries can learn from Taiwan and South Korea is that East and West rivalry can create opportunities for strategic countries in the region of conflict. But the internal dynamics of the countries have to be responsible for seizing the chance and for utilizing it well.
Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate
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Demetropoulou, Leeda. "The Europeanisation of the Balkans (EU membership aspiration and institutional adaptation in the Balkan countries)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364420.

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Wu, Tian. "Democratization in Post-Communist Countries Lessons from the experiences of Poland and Ukraine." Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1259958972.

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Horne, Cynthia Michalski. "Are NMEs our enemies? : non-market economies and western trade policies /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10703.

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Books on the topic "Dependency on communist countries"

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Crilly, Kieran. Maastricht, the economic pitfalls: The effects of European economic and monetary union on the Irish economy. Dublin: National Platform for Employment, Democracy, Neutrality, 1992.

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Maʻhad al-Waṭanī lil-Dirāsāt al-Istirātījīyah al-Shāmilah (Algeria)., ed. La dependance alimentaire =: Food dependency. al-Jazāʼir: al-Maʻhad al-Waṭanī lil-Dirāsāt al-Istirātījīyah al-Shāmilah, 1988.

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Ying-hsien, Pi. Communist China's relations with East European communist countries. [Taipei, Taiwan]: World Anti-Communist League, China Chapter, 1986.

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Ateljević, Jovo, and Jelena Budak, eds. Entrepreneurship in Post-Communist Countries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75907-4.

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Chang, Yao-chʻiu. Communist China's strategy toward ASEAN countries. [Taipei]: World Anti-Communist League, China Chapter, 1986.

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Norkus, Zenonas. Post-Communist Transformations in Baltic Countries. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39496-6.

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Qayyum, Unbreen. Institutional quality, conflict and aid dependency. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2013.

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1951-, Petersen Hanne, and Poppel Birger, eds. Dependency, autonomy, sustainability in the Arctic. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 1999.

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Adjangba, Moise A. Inequality and a new maritime order: Theories and issues of dependent development. Tampere: University of Tampere, 1985.

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Santos, Theotonio dos. A teoria da dependência: Balanc̜o e perspectivas. Rio de Janeiro: Civilizac̜ão Brasileira, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dependency on communist countries"

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Radu, Roxana, and Daniel Pop. "New Forms of Dependency in Central and Eastern Europe? Reflections on State—Third Sector Relations in Public Service Provision in Post-Communist Countries." In Manufacturing Civil Society, 96–115. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137351630_6.

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Nove, Alec, and Desmond Donnelly. "The East European Countries." In Trade with Communist Countries, 131–46. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243328-17.

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Nove, Alec, and Desmond Donnelly. "The Soviet Union." In Trade with Communist Countries, 117–30. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243328-16.

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Nove, Alec, and Desmond Donnelly. "Organisational Structure of the Sverdlovsk Sovnarkhoz." In Trade with Communist Countries, 87. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243328-11.

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Nove, Alec, and Desmond Donnelly. "The Framework of Internal Trade." In Trade with Communist Countries, 13–27. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243328-3.

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Nove, Alec, and Desmond Donnelly. "Discrimination in External Trade." In Trade with Communist Countries, 33–37. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243328-5.

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Nove, Alec, and Desmond Donnelly. "Problems of Trading with Communists." In Trade with Communist Countries, 107–16. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243328-15.

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Nove, Alec, and Desmond Donnelly. "The Limitations on External Trade." In Trade with Communist Countries, 39–45. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243328-6.

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Nove, Alec, and Desmond Donnelly. "The Relations between External Trade and Internal Planning." In Trade with Communist Countries, 29–32. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243328-4.

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Nove, Alec, and Desmond Donnelly. "The Prospects for East-West Trade." In Trade with Communist Countries, 159–62. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003243328-20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dependency on communist countries"

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Tunçsiper, Bedriye, Emine Fırat, and İnci Mine Özkan. "Renewable Energy Sources in Perspective of Sustainable Development." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01927.

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It is one of the most important issues of our time that meeting the energy needs for developing countries. Especially in recent years, the developed and developing countries emphasize the importance of resorting to current and renewable energy sources in order to be able both to feed them and to show sensitivity to the environment. It is an important tool in reducing external dependency that increased use of those resources in countries which is a country in an advantageous position in terms of renewable energy sources. From past to present with increased production and consumption and the point where the environmental problems reach, renewable energy sources is shown as a solution to this problem. Sustainable development makes an important contribution not only in quantity but also in quality to the economy. It is provided that enhancing human capital by performing technological development and sustainability of the environment by raising awareness of the environmental community and reducing of energy imports by applying renewable energy in energy production. It can be reduced its dependence on foreign energy with sustainable energy policies and R&D activities for the use of renewable energy sources where countries have the potential to be an ample supply. In light of this, it has been demonstrated that introduction of renewable energy sources should not be delayed in achieving sustainable development in economic, social and environmental dimensions. In this study, the strengths and weaknesses are evaluated in terms of sustainable development of renewable energy sources.
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Worsham, Elizabeth K., and Genesis d. Vargas Esposito. "Powering the Pearl: A Study of Cuba’s Energy Autonomy." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7198.

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Cuba’s national pride comes from their projected autonomy as a communist country, although they have been dependent on other countries to supply them with resources since the revolution. However, Cuba has a high capacity for various forms of renewable energy. This study analyzes the impacts of Cuba’s decline in petroleum use and the rise of renewable energy. There is a lack of primary research on Cuba’s energy infrastructure because of government censorship and availability of reliable data, so this study utilizes accounts from Cuban citizens as well as first-hand observations of the country. Research was conducted through interviews, observations, and written accounts of life in Cuba. The decline of Cuba’s use of petroleum has led to an emphasis on sustainability, affecting people’s lifestyles and the economy. The inability to produce enough electricity has created an inequality between those who are involved in tourist industries and those who are not. However, the dawn of renewable energy is helping to close that gap while protecting Cuba’s energy independence and preventing another Special Period.
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"Transition Factors in Former Communist Countries' Property Markets." In 20th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2013. ÖKK-Editions, Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2013_93.

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Bran, Florina, Victor Marian Dumitrache, Amelia Diaconu, and Victor Adrian Troacă. "Digital Skills Levels in 8 EU Ex-Communist Countries." In 7th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption. Editura ASE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/basiq/2021/07/119.

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Ichim, Vasile-Liviu. "Corruption constrains on business environment in ex-communist countries." In The 6th International Scientific Conference "Business and Management 2010". Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2010.081.

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Indrasari, Fenita. "Exploring automobile dependency of housing estate residents and kampung dwellers in suburban Bandung, Indonesia." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/kkek5453.

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Housing and transportation has become a pair of factors when it comes to decision of buying a house for the middle-income. This particular group of society is unique as they are aspired to luxury yet with limited affordability, particularly in the developing countries such as Indonesia. In many cases, housing estates are built in the form similar to gated community. Built in the suburban when usually the new housing estates are located quite in far distance to facilities, the residents are forced to own private vehicle(s) to conduct their daily activities. This situation shows the tendency of automobile dependence (Newman & Kenworthy, 1996; 1999). It has also been reflected in the vehicle ownership statistics figures and the notorious traffic congestion of Indonesian cities. The middle-income housing and their gated community has not only impacted their own travel pattern but also the residents living in kampung adjacent to their housing estate. Kampung dwellers have also reflected the middle-income characteristics with their lifestyle and automobile dependence. It has become eminent in suburban Bandung where pockets of kampung are found to be hidden amidst the housing estates whilst cars are parked on the roadsides. This is problematic in terms of affordability where they cannot really afford to own a car or motorbike as well as to rent a parking space since they usually live in small houses at kampung. To understand the above phenomenon, this paper tries to explore the extent of automobile dependency of the residents living at housing estate and its adjacent kampung at three locations. Data collected from questionnaires and group interviews are descriptively analysed. Results have shown that most residents travel in far distance to reach their job location but do not travel in far distance to conduct their shopping, studying, and exercise activities though some of them own a motorbike. The latter is due to the presence of mobile green grocers, warung, traditional markets, good quality schools, sport facilities and open spaces within walking distance to their houses. However, these nearby facilities are regularly visited mostly because the residents can travel within shorter distance through access points made available for public use. These access points help to create a network of alleys and streets connecting kampung and these facilities through the housing estates. When these access points are restricted or non-existed, the travel pattern would differ as has been uttered by the kampung dwellers. In one of the cases, the following disconnections between the kampung alleys and streets of housing estates have made the kampung dwellers altered either the location or the transportation mode of their activities. There are lessons to be learned from these travel patterns. Housing estate development shall always have access to the kampung that have existed and vice versa. Such spatial connections may contribute to a change of travel behaviour from automobile dependence to active travel. However, it should be kept in mind that these results may not be generally applicable to other places with different socio-economic and spatial characters. Further work in the field may be benefited from more cases and larger population sample.
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Isaxanli, Hamlet. "Education Facing Globalization in Post-communist Country: Azerbaijan." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8384.

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Contemporary education, especially, the development of higher education is tightly bound with globalization and is also one of those indications characterizing the globalization. The impact of globalization on higher education is very wide and complex in post-communist countries. This research paper looks at the main characteristics of globalization as a whole, its influences on post-Soviet societies: the refusal and acceptance of the trends brought by globalization in post-communist countries, its impacts on education systems of less developed and developing countries, import of features of long-established education systems from abroad. The weaker education systems’ vulnerability before those powerful, well-established and long-standing education systems and the hard competition conditions encountered by them have been touched upon in this article. Subsequently, Azerbaijan, the pathways of its education history beginning from Russian Empire and Soviet Union, the language and alphabet changes, and aftermath the modern education system of Azerbaijan, newly established universities such as Khazar University, their local and international achievements and challenges and the overall situation of higher education in the country have been discussed as the case study.
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Avcı, Ülcay Ecenur, and Aslı Cansın Doker. "The Role of Women on the Economic Development as the “Secondary” Production Factor: An Analysis on Nuts-2." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01871.

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In underdeveloped societies, in both the reflection of the limitations on the position of women in social life, as a result of business life is also restricted. However, optimum use of production factors is essential at the forefront of the elements of sustainable development. The reflections of economic exclusion of women are the increase of dependency and the deepening of poverty. According to data, it is observed that labor force participation rates of women in Turkey are relatively inadequate and unbalanced. Women are not able to participate in employment because of low education, professional skills and qualifications, etc. and therefore are more exposed to poverty and social exclusion risk. Moreover, global economic crises in Turkey and similar countries are accompanied by a high unemployment rate resulting from the shrinkage of the markets. On the other hand, new emerging micro-entrepreneurship, which began in Turkey, which counts more than 8 million poor women for "a contribution to the family income," but in fact it is seen as a way to stay alive. Through this initiative developing self-esteem of women, family and community is growing in reputation. Additionally, quality of the human capital, which is the most important source of the countries, passes through the family institution. In the study, social policy will be made by subjecting micro-credits to comparative analysis of regional development, poverty, nature of women's employment and role of women in social life in the light of face-to-face interviews on five families using micro-credit and data on poverty in NUTS-2.
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Apopii, Constantin. "Comparative analysis of the tax system in EU countries." In Conferința științifică internațională studențească „Provocările contabilității în viziunea tinerilor cercetători”, ediția VII. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/issc2023.14.

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It is important to mention some differences between certain fees and taxes, but also their values within the European Union, as well as their evolution over the years, but especially those differences between the more developed states, versus the states on the eastern side that they went through the communist period. The purpose of this analysis is to make us aware that the passage of 40-50 years through a totalitarian system produced certain unfavorable effects for the economies of those countries, with lagging behind the most democratic ones, through analyzes of some public statistics, but also the closeness of some from former communist countries to more developed countries. We also show that state taxes are also related to taxed incomes, as such in more developed countries the proportions may be higher, compared to those left behind. It is obvious the value added tax, as being the largest, but also the contribution for pensions, so those for income or profit tax, but also the contribution for health have lower percentages. From another point of view, another element that worked and continues to work, are those political visions of the various governments that were or are in the EU countries, and the measures that they ordered in different periods or in those of management of the crises that affected the 27 EU countries in certain periods.
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Șancariuc, Delia-Raluca, and Dragoș Cosmin-Lucian Preda. "Initial Conditions and Monetary Freedom in Former Communist Countries: An Instrumental Variable Approach." In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2021.27.

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Economic literature has widely discussed the importance of insti­tutions in general, and that of monetary freedom in particular, for economic growth in post-communist countries, yet less is known about the determi­nants of institutional quality in these countries. While some studies argued that initial social conditions matter for institutional building, not much em­pirical work has been done to econometrically demonstrate their influence. The present paper fills this void by using regression analysis in order to assess the impact of the strength of civil society right after the fall of communism on monetary freedom in subsequent years, on a sample of former commu­nist countries. As a simple OLS regression is prone to endogeneity problems, the author uses an instrumental variable approach, instrumenting the ini­tial strength of civil society through the number of victims of terror during communism. The paper proves that the initial strength of civil society has a positive, significant and sizeable impact on monetary freedom 5-6 years after the transition process has begun.
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Reports on the topic "Dependency on communist countries"

1

Kageyama, Junji. Why do women in former communist countries look unhappy? A demographic perspective. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, November 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2009-032.

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Shattuck, Paul. Evaluating Modernization and Dependency Explanations of the Unequal Distribution of Income in Developing Countries. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7264.

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Abramitzky, Ran, Travis Baseler, and Isabelle Sin. Persecution and Migrant Self-Selection: Evidence from the Collapse of the Communist Bloc. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29310/wp.2022.07.

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How does persecution affect who migrates? We analyze migrants’ self-selection out of the USSR and its satellite states before and after the collapse of Communism using census microdata from the three largest destination countries: Germany, Israel, and the United States. We find that migrants arriving before and around the time of the collapse (who were more likely to have moved because of persecution) were more educated and had better labor market outcomes in the destination than those arriving later. This change is not fully explained by the removal of emigration restrictions in the Communist Bloc. Instead, we show that this pattern is consistent with more positive self-selection of migrants who are motivated by persecution. When the highly educated disproportionately forgo migrating to enjoy the amenities of their home country, persecution can induce them to leave.
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Becerra, Oscar, Eduardo A. Cavallo, and Carlos Scartascini. The Politics of Financial Development: The Role of Interest Groups and Government Capabilities. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010996.

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Although financial development is good for long-term growth, not all countries pursue policies that render full financial development. This paper builds on an extensive political economy literature to construct a theoretical model showing that the intensity of opposition to financial development by incumbents depends on both their degree of credit dependency and the role of governments in credit markets. Empirical evidence for this claim is provided, and the results suggest that lower opposition to financial development leads to an effective increase in credit markets development only in those countries that have high government capabilities. Moreover, improvements in government capabilities have a significant impact on credit market development only in those countries where credit dependency is high (thus, opposition is low). This paper therefore contributes to this rich literature by providing a unified account of credit market development that includes two of its main determinants, traditionally considered in isolation.
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Goreczky, Péter. Decoupling or diversification? Dilemmas of India, Japan, and Australia in shaping economic relations with China. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.e-2021.29.

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US allies in the Indo-Pacific region, India, Japan and Australia are all making considerable efforts to reduce economic dependence on China. In the case of India, border clashes boost the political motivations of the trend, while in the economic sense the country’s trade deficit, the import of the pharmaceutical and automotive industries, and the determinative role of Chinese capital in the tech sector result in a unique dependency. As for Japanese companies, China remains a key manufacturing base and market, and therefore Tokyo is interested in the diversification of supply chains and manufacturing locations instead of downsizing the relationship completely. Regarding Australia, the overwhelming weight of China in the country’s export is considered a major exposure; however, in the case of iron ore, which is a key item in bilateral trade, the dependency also exists on China’s side. Although for all three countries it is a reasonable goal to enhance the resilience of supply chains and diversify economic relations, the “China plus one” strategy seems to be more beneficial for the future than cutting off economic relations with China across the board.
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Baxter, Sasha, Mariana Salazni, Cherran O'Brien, Inder J. Ruprah, Stevonne Nugent, Dillon Clarke, Musheer O. Kamau, et al. The Caribbean Region Quarterly Bulletin: Volume 2: Issue 4: October 2013. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008092.

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The Caribbean Region Quarterly Bulletin discusses recent economic developments and analyzes the topic of energy for the 6 IDB-member Caribbean countries, as well as the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). The countries are: The Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. This issue highlights fiscal developments for 2013, which may outperform expectations in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. In contrast, high fiscal deficits have forced the governments of The Bahamas, Barbados and Jamaica to adopt further expenditure cuts and new tax regimes. In Suriname, authorities remain committed to reducing the fiscal deficit, despite falling gold prices. This issue also assesses debt sustainability under different gold prices in Suriname. It also analyzes the existing energy structure in each of the Caribbean countries and discusses possible alternatives to resolve the high cost of energy and import dependency for the region as a whole.
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Sánchez, Gabriel, Patricio Valenzuela, and Eduardo A. Cavallo. Gone with the Wind: Demographic Transitions and Domestic Saving. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011730.

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This study explores the relationship between demographic factors and saving rates using a panel dataset covering 110 countries between 1963 and 2012. In line with predictions from theory, this paper finds that lower dependency rates and greater longevity increase domestic saving rates. However, these effects are statistically robust only in Asia. In particular, Latin America, which is a region that has undergone a remarkably similar demographic transition, did not experience the same boost in saving rates as Asia. The paper highlights that the potential dividends arising from a favorable demographic transition are not automatically accrued. This is a sobering message at a time when the demographic tide is shifting in the world.
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Lloyd-Sherlock, Peter, Karla Cristina Giacomin, Poliana Fialho de Carvalho, and Lucas Sempé. Programa Maior Cuidado: An Integrated Community-Based Intervention on Care for Older People. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005535.

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This report presents an overview of a novel community-based intervention for older people living in deprived neighbourhoods in the Brazilian city of Belo Horizonte: Programa Maior Cuidado (PMC). Since 2011 PMC has been jointly run by the municipal Departments of Health and Social Assistance to support dependent older people living in vulnerable families. These families receive up to 20 hours of support a week from professional family care support workers. Health centres and social assistance posts hold joint monthly case reviews and work closely with family care support workers to anticipate and respond to new problems. Between 2011 and December 2022, 3,062 families had received support or were continuing to do so. Drawing on a set of qualitative and quantitative evaluations, we show that PMC operates effectively and appears to generate a range of positive effects. These effects include enhanced health and wellbeing of older people, reducing the stress and burden of family carers and improving the efficiency of outpatient and inpatient health service use. PMC also provides a valuable livelihood opportunity for the caregivers it employs. A cost analysis estimates that the monthly per capita cost of PMC in April 2023 was 916.2 reais (US$173), which is substantially less than alternative interventions. These positive evaluations have led Belo Horizonte municipality to extend the scheme and the Federal Ministry of Health to support similar pilots in new cities. Future evaluations of these pilot schemes will add to the available evidence about PMC and its potential suitability for other parts of Brazil and similar countries.
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Behrman, Jere R., Miguel Székely, and Suzanne Duryea. Decomposing Fertility Differences across World Regions and over Time: Is Improved Health More Important than Women's Schooling? Inter-American Development Bank, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010947.

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There is a recent renewal of interest in the relation between shifts in age structures of populations and various economic outcomes. These shifts are triggered by changes in fertility and mortality that take place some years before becoming apparent in the standard age structure and that may create windows of opportunity for subsequent development. A large number of countries in the world are still experiencing, or probably about to experience, fertility declines. This paper first characterizes differences in fertility and mortality and in related dependency ratios across regions and over time. The paper then uses a panel of 96 countries covering the period 1965-1995 to decompose the differences in fertility rates between developed and developing countries and the differences in fertility between 1960 and 1995 for several developing regions and for 22 individual countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region. These decompositions indicate that the main correlates of fertility differences across space and over time are female schooling and health, with the former having larger associations with differential fertility among regions/countries at a point of time and the latter having larger associations with fertility declines over time. This suggests that the importance of associations of increased female schooling relative to those of improved health may be overstated in the literature, which is substantially based on inferring longitudinal relations from cross-sectional data.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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