Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dependence of indicators

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Dependence of indicators'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dependence of indicators"

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DAWSON, DEBORAH A. "Consumption indicators of alcohol dependence." Addiction 89, no. 3 (March 1994): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00901.x.

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Freebairn, D. M., and C. A. King. "Reflections on collectively working toward sustainability: indicators for indicators!" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 3 (2003): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00195.

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A variety of indicators have been developed and applied by farmers and scientists for the northern cereal belt. A general overview is presented of 'What are we trying to monitor?' followed by some example concepts; erosion hazard, salinity hazard, nutrient balance, production efficiency and participatory learning. These examples illustrate the complexity of indicator application and their dependence on context, purpose and scale. Emphasis is given to providing a rationale for developing indicators that focus on 'soft' system status (e.g. behaviour) as well as 'hard' system status. The propositions put forward are that indicators need to be integrated with the development of improved management systems, and that land managers (and community) as a collective, are key to this process. Some frequently asked questions about indicator development and application are responded to. Some 'Indicators for Indicators' that we have found useful in aiding indicator development, particularly in participatory fora are presented.
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Khrushchev, S. E. "ON THE EXTREMAL DEPENDENCE COEFFICIENTS OF GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTIONS." Vestnik NSUEM, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/2073-6495-2021-1-161-167.

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The paper considers a way to represent the relationship between indicators in the form of copulas. Copulas are popular mathematical tools. This is due to the fact that, on the one hand, the marginal distributions of indicators are divided in the copulas, and on the other hand, the structure of the relationship between these marginal distributions is divided, which makes it possible to very effectively study the connections that arise in real populations. Special attention in the work is paid to extremal dependence coefficients - important numerical characteristics of the connection in conditions of extreme small or extremely large values of indicators. It is shown that even under conditions of close correlation between the indices for a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution, the lower and upper coefficients of the extreme dependence take zero values. This indicates the impossibility of predicting the values of one indicator when fixing too small or too large values of another indicator. This work shows that the relationship between the number of COVID-19 coronavirus infections per 100,000 people and the number of deaths from COVID-19 coronavirus infection per 100,000 people in the regions of the Russian Federation can be represented in the form of a Gaussian copula.
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Tugashova, L. G., and A. V. Zatonskiy. "DEVELOPING AN INTEGRAL INDICATOR OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS DEVELOPMENT." Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Computer Technologies, Automatic Control & Radioelectronics 21, no. 1 (February 2021): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ctcr210108.

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Currently, the issue of determining the rating and scientific significance of journals remains very important. It provides a review of the methods for assessing the quality of Russian and foreign journals. Purpose of work. The aim of the study is to develop mathematical models allowing to simulate and predict the dynamics of an integral indicator of the scientific development of a journal. Materials and methods. The paper defines the set of scientometric indicators for assessing the scientific significance of journals. The independence of factors was investigated using a matrix of matching correlation coefficients. A method for obtaining a mathematical dependence that reflects the relationship between the selected scientometric indicators and the integral indicator, based on the application of the multidimensional average method, is proposed. The ranking of factors is performed by the expert method. The weight coefficients were calculated using the Fishburne method. As the source data, we used available information from the scholarly e-library. The results of the study. Using the formula obtained, the values of the integral indicator for 7 years have been calculated from the source data using the example of the Journal 1. Using a similar technique, we derived the dependence of the integral indicator on key indicators of the Journal 2, for which the Science Index indicator has not been defined. The forecast of bibliometric indicators (factors) and the integral index of the journal for the next three years is made. To predict the nature of the change in factors (number of citations), anquadratic and cubic dependence is selected. The influence of joint change of factors on the integral indicator is investigated. Discussion and conclusions. The developed mathematical models can be used to analyze changes in the complex of scientometric indicators over time when designing a development strategy for scientific journals and making managerial decisions.
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Beranová, Michaela, Marcela Basovníková, and Dana Martinovičová. "Association between values of the Index IN 99 and the EVA indicator." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 2 (2011): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159020025.

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The modern indicators of the performance of business entity are based on an economic conception of profit. It means that alternative costs and risks are taken into account in construction of these indicators. Moreover, the modern indicators would also enable to clearly and digestedly identify the links on each level of management, and therefore to support the value-based management. The one of these modern indicators is Economic Value Added. This indicator has been introduced by Stewart Stern & Co. in the early nineties. As some Czech authors state (e.g. Synek, 2007), domestic alternative of the EVA indicator are the IN indexes which has been developing since the middle of the nineties as overall indexes of company’s financial health especially because the indexes coming from abroad had not a good differentiation ability with regard to specifics of the Czech economic environment. The objective of this article is to define the relations between the values of EVA indicator and the values of the index IN 99 while the analysis is focused on agricultural companies of mixed farming. The authors base their work on differences in constructions of these two indicators and on ­differences in interpretations of their results. Primarily, basic correlation of values of these indicators has been observed. The calculation of Pearson correlation coefficient has been applied on the set of fifty business entities, and the calculated result of 0.669 shows relatively stronger linear dependence. Consequent test has verified a statistical significance of this dependence. Then in this article, the authors are focused on causations of this dependence which is rather strong in spite of a different logic of these two indicators. Other consequences of overall view on company’s economic performance are discussed in the article as well.
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Verkhovod, Irina, and Vladimir Petrenko. "Analysis of Dependence in Ukrainian Enterprises’ Economic Indicators from Measure of their Innovation Activism." ECONOMICS & SOCIOLOGY 7, no. 3 (September 20, 2014): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2014/7-3/6.

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Maume-Deschamps, Véronique, Didier Rullière, and Khalil Said. "Impact of Dependence on Some Multivariate Risk Indicators." Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 19, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 395–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11009-016-9489-4.

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Thampi, Anjana. "The Impact of the Public Distribution System in India." Indian Journal of Human Development 10, no. 3 (December 2016): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703016685792.

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In the context of the recent evidence of a revival of the PDS in certain states, its impact between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 on the nutritional indicators of children aged 7–19 years was studied by state. This exercise showed that the PDS has had a significant impact on the longer-term nutritional indicator in three of the four functioning states and on the short-term indicator in two reviving states. This indicates that the revival has begun to translate into nutritional gains and catch-up growth of children in some states. Two sets of indicators were used to understand the mechanisms through which these gains were attained. One considered the dependence on the calories provided by PDS commodities; this showed a high dependence on PDS for sufficient intake of calories in functioning states and increasing dependence in certain reviving states. The second indicator was an index of dietary variety. This followed a pattern of higher dietary diversity in beneficiary households in most of the functioning and reviving states. These are encouraging results which offer scope for further reforms.
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Wanic, Maria, Magdalena Jastrzębska, Marta K. Kostrzewska, and Janusz Nowicki. "Analysis of weeds communities using selected biological indicators." Acta Agrobotanica 58, no. 1 (2012): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2005.026.

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The paper analyses the weeds community in oats cultivated at different position in two crop rotations: after potato (in the rotation system with 25% share of oats) and twice after oats (with its 75% share) during the years 1990-2000, using the diversity of species indicators (by Simpson and by Shannon-Wiener), homogeneity of species by Simpson and communities similarity ratios. The dependence of biological indicators on the weather conditions and the dependence of oats grain yield on the number and diversity of species were assessed. Diversity and homogeneity of species in communities of weeds in the field of oats showed high differences from year to year of studies and dates of measurements (stage of oats tillering, end of its vegetation). To a lesser degree they changed under the influence of the position in the rotation system. With the passage of years the number of weeds during the spring period gradually increased. The analyzed parameters showed the differentiated dependence on the weather conditions. The communities form years with similar weather conditions did not show analogy in individual density and species. No significant dependence between the yield and the diversity of weeds was confirmed.
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Palát, Milan, and Alois Kunc. "Alternative indicators of living standards and household consumption expenditure in a global perspective." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 2 (2013): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020437.

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The paper deals with identifying relationships between the household consumption expenditure and the human development index (HDI) on the sample of countries of the world. It provides an analysis of the HDI and the household consumption expenditure and on the basis of available statistic data carries out evaluation of the correlation analysis between household consumption expenditure and HDI in six groups of countries: developed countries, countries of the former eastern bloc, countries of the Near East, countries of South East Asia, Latin American countries and African countries. With respect to results of the analysis, statistically significant dependences were found between the development of household consumption expenditure per capita and HDI. At countries of the former eastern bloc, the dependence is always statistically significant but it does not reach such intensity. At African and some Latin American countries, the dependence is already statistically insignificant. Thus, we can summarize that with decreasing GDP per capita the dependence of the household consumption expenditure development on HDI weakens. In this respect, the validity of a hypothesis is also verified that household consumption expenditure is correlated to the HDI development at the global comparison on the more heterogeneous sample of countries than any other analyses published so far.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dependence of indicators"

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Peterson, Diane Michelle 1960. "The Arab Gulf: Indicators of economic dependence on migrant communities." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291485.

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Following the 1973 rise in the price of oil, the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations of the Middle East became hosts to hundreds of thousands of foreign workers taking part in the economic development of the region. From the beginning, the employment of migrant workers was seen as a temporary measure, necessary to compensate for the small indigenous populations in the Gulf. The numbers of foreign workers has become so great, that the migrants now constitute a majority of the population in several of the GCC countries. The relative permanence with which foreign workers have now established themselves is of great concern to the host governments. It appears that the insufficient skill-levels and sizes of the national workforces, together with the position the extensive and growing migrant communities hold in the growing Gulf economies point to the continued presence of large foreign populations for some time to come.
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Hufnagel, Anna [Verfasser], and Norbert [Akademischer Betreuer] Wodarz. "Recovery from alcohol dependence: do smoking indicators predict abstinence? / Anna Hufnagel ; Betreuer: Norbert Wodarz." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172071713/34.

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Gnadt, Bonnie. "Religiousness, current substance use, and early risk indicators for substance abuse and dependence among nursing students." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4661/.

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The purposes of this study were to examine the prevalence of current substance use and early risk indicators for substance abuse and dependence, and to investigate the relationships among religiousness, current substance use, and early risk indicators among nursing students at seven Seventh-day Adventist colleges. Data for this descriptive study were collected through Efinger's Alcohol Risk Survey (EARS) (Efinger, 1984), the CAGE Questionnaire ( Ewing , 1984), and the Intrinsic/Extrinsic-Revised Scale (Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989). Participants were 241 nursing students enrolled in their first year of nursing courses at seven colleges and universities located across the United States . Findings indicated that 42% of students scored higher than the EARS mean; 24% reported current substance use; and 15% scored in the probable abuse/dependence category of CAGE. Students who reported current substance use and those scoring in the probable substance abuse/dependence category were significantly more likely to score above the EARS median. Intrinsic religiousness demonstrated a significant inverse relationship with current substance use. Significantly lower rates of current substance use were associated with higher rates of attendance at religious services. Respondents who indicated that their religion prohibited alcohol consumption reported significantly lower rates of current substance use than those who answered "No" or "I don't know" to their religion's prohibition of alcohol consumption. A substantial number of nursing students were found to have high numbers of early risk indicators for substance abuse and dependence that warrant intervention. The majority of students who scored in the probable substance abuse/dependence category also had higher EARS scores, thereby increasing their risk for substance impairment. Religious variables appear to have had a mediating influence on current substance use with this sample. Prevention programs should be aimed at risks that are modifiable, thus enabling students to make healthy decisions about using substances.
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Rocha, Paloma de Sousa. "Fiscal and economic performance of the municipality cearà second selected indicators." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9949.

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nÃo hÃ
ItÂs the aim of this work to shed light on the mayors administration in Ceara concentrating on what they do e.g for social areas and/or building environments but also it analyzes the financial autonomy of the city and the town hall accounts concerning the period from 2006 to 2010. Four signs are sketched in order to combine statics exercises trough panel data to make sure the following: tax increasing contributes to improve the financial autonomy of the cities especially afterwards but also to reduce their dependence to the Federal Union and the States; the search for the tax increasing badly affects the future investments mainly in social areas (education and health), on the other hand it becomes the futures investments more realizable.
O trabalho avalia a gestÃo dos prefeitos cearenses a partir de seus investimentos em Ãreas sociais e de infraestrutura bem como no processo de autonomia financeira municipal considerando os balanÃos das prefeituras entre 2006 e 2010. Quatro indicadores sÃo elaborados e exercÃcios de estatÃstica descritiva combinados a estimaÃÃes em painel permitem constatar que: i) o superÃvit fiscal contribui com o aumento da autonomia financeira municipal nos perÃodos subseqÃentes e ainda com a reduÃÃo da dependÃncia municipal em relaÃÃo à transferÃncia de recursos da UniÃo e dos estados; ii) a busca pelo superÃvit fiscal afeta negativamente os investimentos futuros em Ãreas sociais como educaÃÃo e saÃde mas, por outro lado; iii) o superÃvit fiscal viabiliza os investimentos futuros em infraestrutura das prefeituras.
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Vivian, Katherine. "High frequency exercisers : the roles of locus of control and locus of causality as indicators of exercise dependence /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17672.pdf.

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Frank, Karen Ann. "Twenty-five Years of Giving: Using a National Data Set to Examine Private Support for Higher Education." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5373.

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Resource dependencies have increased substantially at colleges and universities over the years due to economic declines, recessionary periods, and decreased funding from state allocations. The purpose of this study was to advance an understanding of private support for higher education as a source of supplementary funding. As the environment continues to become more competitive for outside resources, institutions of higher education can benefit from more substantive and objective research on private voluntary support to better meet their growing needs for additional resources. Effective financial management requires a greater understanding of the expected size of financial contributions to assist with strategic planning and managing expenditure demands. This is especially true during periods of broad economic downturn when many institutions' revenue sources simultaneously suffer economic shocks through reduced endowment earnings; reductions in state appropriations; and external pressures by students, parents, and other stakeholders to keep tuition rates low. The same economic pressures that affect institutional revenue sources also affect the receipt of charitable contributions. Thus, the relationship between charitable donations and the economy is central to understanding whether these contributions help to stabilize the volatility of institutional revenues. This study examined private giving data reported to the Council for Aid to Education's annual Voluntary Support of Education survey from 1987 to 2012. Only gifts contributed by alumni, foundations, corporations, other individuals, and parents to public and private baccalaureate, master's, and doctoral institutions were considered. Giving data were adjusted through the Consumer Price Index, standardized by enrollment, and correlated with three economic indicators: Average Duration of Unemployment, Employees on Nonagricultural Payrolls, and the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Price Index. The statistical analysis selected to examine each of the four research questions was multiple linear regression used to discover to what relationships exist between economic indicators and private giving to higher education by institutional type, institutional classification, and giving source. This study revealed that differences in private giving exist when correlated to economic indicators. Based on these results, it appears that charitable funding directed to support higher education institutions are based to some extent on resource providers' ability to expend support at particular times in the economic environment. As observed throughout all four research questions, the Average Duration of Unemployment indicator had a larger impact on charitable giving to higher education than did the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Price Index indicator. The results of the Fisher's r to z transformations indicated that the regression model for alumni giving to public higher education institutions was determined to be the statistically strongest prediction model, followed by the regression model for foundation giving to public institutions. While fundraising continues to be only one source of additional funding, it cannot be ignored that the generosity of private donors since the earliest days of this country has helped to create, support and sustain the vital functions of colleges and universities. While the pursuit of private support may have been left primarily to the private institutions over the years, more recent developments in state and government funding patterns to higher education make the constant search for additional support sources a reality for today's public higher education institutions as well. Academic leadership must be cognizant that fiscal flexibility in times of economic prosperity as well as in times of economic downturns can be supplemented by the philanthropic intent of those interested in not only an institution's presence or prestige but also by its impact on students, families, communities, customers, and the economy. Institutions of higher education and their institutional advancement programs can greatly benefit from research studies that provide additional substantive and objective research.
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Rudén, Mathilda. "Dependence of HIV drug resistance on the early warning indicator drug stock out, especially in middle-income countries." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35654.

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Background: HIV drug resistance is presumed to be inevitable due to the error-prone nature of the virus. However, poor adherence to the antiretroviral drugs is proven to be an impending factor for HIV drug resistance development. Of these two explanations, which is the most common reason for HIV drug resistance?Method: A total of 40 published studies about HIV drug resistance, were retrospectively collected in Pubmed (May 2017), from 36 different countries for this paper. From each study was participants, percentage of HIV drug resistance and HIV-1 subtype extracted for analysis. All studies were than classified by either high-income, middle-income or low-income, based on a country income status, defined by the World Bank. HIV drug resistance was tested against: continents, HIV-1 subtypes, number of study participants, income levels, GDP per capita and EWI’s. All statistical analysis was performed in R: The R project for statistical computing.Result: This paper show, that HIV drug resistance primarily is caused by poor adherence which is closely associated with drug stock out. Highest HIV drug resistance levels was found in middle-income countries. However, number of participants enrolled per study was important for the outcome and this indicates that HIV drug resistance would be higher in low-income countries if larger studied had been carried out in these settings. This means that there is a large unrecorded prevalence of HIV drug resistance in low-income countries.
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Hodulíková, Eva. "Uplatnění statistických metod při posuzování vybraných ukazatelů společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443122.

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The diploma thesis deals with the application of statistical methods in assessing selected indicators of the company ABC, Ltd. This work is divided into three parts. The first part explains the terms related to financial indicators, macroeconomic indicators, regression and correlation analysis and also, this part of the work explains the matters of time series. The second part contains an analysis of the current state. Individual analyses of indicators and their predictions are performed in it. Also, there is a research concerning the influence of macroeconomic indicators on the financial performance of ABC, Ltd. In The last part of this diploma thesis, changes are proposed that should lead to the improvement of the current situation of the company.
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Gooch, Diane S. "Tourism Dependency and its Correlation to Selected Socioeconomic Indicators in Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 1990. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4043.

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This paper investigates the relationship between tourism and well being, or quality-of-life, within eighteen counties in Utah. To evaluate the relationship, comparisons of the counties' differing l evel s of tourism versus their levels of welfare are necessary. To make these comparisons, three basic steps were followed. First, a social ordering model was derived. The proposed social ordering model was based upon Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of human needs. By utilizing his theory, both economic and noneconomic indicators were identified, and a basis was provided upon which to judge the differing positions of well-being. Factor analysis was applied to this model in order to aggregate the indicators and derive a single quality-of-life index. Second, measurement of tourism was developed. A direct measurement of the level of tourist activity was not available. An indirect indicator of tourism was estimated by taking the proportion of total gross taxable revenue earned by eating and drinking establishments and taxable room sales. The derived indirect variable was more reflective of comparative tourism dependency levels than of the actual level of tourism. Therefore, the variable was renamed touri sm dependency. Third, the correlation between quality-of-life and tourism dependency was calculated. A Pearson correlation coefficient test was performed from which initial results sugge sted a potentially strong negative relationship between the particular qualifiers of well-being used here and tourism. It was apparent that thE two variables that could be defined by certain available indicators were not perfect measurements of the proposed variables, but aspects or components of the desired variables . Each reflected certain attributes of the proposed variables, but not the total concept. A possible explanation for the strong inverse relationship between the qualifiers of quality of life and tourism in this study may be each county's potential for economic diversification. Other studies have shown that areas that are dependent upon a single resource may experience higher levels of economic, demographic, and social instability as compared to those areas with a more diverse economic base. These factors, which in this model would lead to lower values for the calculated quality -of- life indicator in those counties, were estimated to be more tourist dependent .
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Nigge, K. M. "Life cycle assessment of natural gas vehicles : development and application of site-dependent impact indicators /." Berlin : Springer, 2000. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3540672737.

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Books on the topic "Dependence of indicators"

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Barton, Paul E. Welfare: Indicators of dependency. Princeton, N.J: Educational Testing Service, 1998.

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Nigge, Karl-Michael. Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Gas Vehicles: Development and Application of Site-Dependent Impact Indicators. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000.

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Lamonte, Jean R. Aromatase inhibitors: Types, mode of action and indications. New York: Nova Biomedical Books, 2009.

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Welfare dependency: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Social Security and Family Policy of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, March 4 and 8, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services, ed. Indicators of welfare dependence: Annual report to Congress. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1997.

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Lensink, Robert, and Howard White. Aid Dependence. Issues and Indicators (Expert Group on Development Issues, 1998, 2). Almquiest & Wiksell Intl, 1998.

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Thurner, Paul W., and Wolfgang C. Müller, eds. Comparative Policy Indicators on Nuclear Energy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747031.003.0003.

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This chapter provides an overview of the relevance of nuclear energy worldwide and especially in Europe (EU-27 + Switzerland) in the most recent decades. It presents the number of reactors currently connected to the grid and under construction as well as their capacities. It differentiates between nuclear energy’s contribution to gross inland energy consumption and to electricity production. These patterns are contrasted with the import dependency of countries. Counter-intuitively, it can be shown that import dependency does not explain the observed extent of the usage of nuclear energy. Rather there seem to be positive feedback processes between enhanced nuclear power usage, economic growth, and further reliance on external resources.
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Krzywdzinski, Martin. Consent. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806486.003.0003.

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This chapter deals with the dependent variable of the study: consent. It analyses workplace consent in Russia and China using three indicators that refer to the core requirements of the production systems in automotive companies regarding employee behavior: first, standardized work; and second, compliance with expectations in terms of flexibility, cooperation, and a commitment to improving processes. The third indicator of consent (or the lack of it) is the absence or presence of open criticism, resistance, and labor disputes. The chapter reveals significant and unexpected differences between the Chinese and Russian sites on all three indicators. While the Chinese factories exhibit (with some variance between the companies), a relatively high level of consent, the Russian plants have problems with standardized work, the acceptance of performance expectations, and to some extent with labor disputes.
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Sapiro, Gisèle. Field Theory from a Transnational Perspective. Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.7.

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This chapter provides a new reading of field theory from a transnational perspective in light of the criticism taking issue with its alleged “methodological nationalism.” The field is an abstract concept that allows for the methodological autonomization of a space of activity defined in relational terms, provided that this autonomization is historically and sociologically grounded. As a result, fields are not necessarily limited to the perimeters of the nation-state. After reviewing the process of differentiation of fields and the phenomena of dependence and embeddedness, the chapter addresses the phenomena of nationalization and the role of the state in the formation of fields, then analyzes different modes and strategies of internationalization in relation to the structure of international power struggles, and to the tensions between state, market, and field borders. Finally, indicators of the emergence of transnational fields are proposed. In conclusion, the chapter comes back to the question of comparativism.
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Jackson, Kristina M., and Carolyn E. Sartor. The Natural Course of Substance Use and Dependence. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.007.

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Substance use and substance use disorders show normative epidemiological age-related trends, with typically onset in the late adolescent to young adult years, manifesting peak prevalences in emerging adulthood, and decreasing thereafter. Although less prevalent in older adults, substance misuse is more consequential when present and thus represents a public health concern. Careful examination of the population-based empirical literature indicates the necessity of viewing substance involvement in the context of development, with unique developmental factors associated with its onset, course, and resolution. Many individuals who suffer from a substance use disorder appear to “recover” without formal treatment. Despite normative age-related trends, there is considerable individual course variation, and modern statistical techniques have identified several distinct prototypic courses that appear to differ in their determinants and consequences. Research using a lifespan perspective on substance use and misuse has powerful implications for the design of effective, developmentally informed prevention and intervention programs.
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Book chapters on the topic "Dependence of indicators"

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Morávková, Jana. "Dependence of VAT Revenues on Other Macroeconomic Indicators." In New Trends in Finance and Accounting, 231–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49559-0_21.

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Antonenkov, D., and P. Matrenin. "Determination of the Dependence of the Power Consumption of Drilling Rigs on Production Indicators." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 316–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71119-1_32.

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Jankovic, Dragana. "Shrinkage Coefficient: Drying Microcrack Indicator." In Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, Volume 2, 177–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06980-7_22.

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Verbruggen, Harmen. "On the paradigmatic and spatial dependency of indicators." In Theory and Implementation of Economic Models for Sustainable Development, 229–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3511-7_11.

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Al-Sharrah, Ghanima, and Haitham M. S. Lababidi. "Dependent Indicators for Environmental Evaluations of Desalination Plants." In Measuring and Understanding Complex Phenomena, 119–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59683-5_9.

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Arratia, Argimiro, Gustavo Avalos, Alejandra Cabaña, Ariel Duarte-López, and Martí Renedo-Mirambell. "Sentiment Analysis of Financial News: Mechanics and Statistics." In Data Science for Economics and Finance, 195–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66891-4_9.

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AbstractThis chapter describes the basic mechanics for building a forecasting model that uses as input sentiment indicators derived from textual data. In addition, as we focus our target of predictions on financial time series, we present a set of stylized empirical facts describing the statistical properties of lexicon-based sentiment indicators extracted from news on financial markets. Examples of these modeling methods and statistical hypothesis tests are provided on real data. The general goal is to provide guidelines for financial practitioners for the proper construction and interpretation of their own time-dependent numerical information representing public perception toward companies, stocks’ prices, and financial markets in general.
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Nigge, Karl-Michael. "Site-Dependent Impact Indicators for Human Health Effects of Airborne Pollutants." In Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Gas Vehicles, 41–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59775-6_3.

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Popoli, M., S. Mori, S. Garbini, C. Vocaturo, J. Perez, and G. Racagni. "cAMP-and Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Phosphorylation in the Action of Antidepressant Drugs: Early Action of Venlafaxine." In New Therapeutic Indications of Antidepressants, 26–31. Basel: KARGER, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000061357.

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Valenzuela, J. L., A. Sánchez, and L. Romero. "Physiological plant age dependent biochemical indicators and physiological parameters of iron nutrition." In Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants, 107–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3294-7_13.

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García López, Javier, Raffaele Sisto, Julio Lumbreras Martín, and Carlos Mataix Aldeanueva. "A Systematic Study of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Interactions in the Main Spanish Cities." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 69–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_5.

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AbstractIn October 2018, the Spanish SDSN Network, REDS, launched the SDG Spanish Cities Index report summarizing the progress of 100 Spanish cities toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This study, developed in collaboration with the Technical University of Madrid, follows the methodology used by the Global SDG Index and Dashboards and the US Cities Index, which SDSN co-produces annually to assess SDG performance at both the national and international levels. This study, previously developed by the same researchers, identifies the most suitable indicators, metrics and urban data to measure the commitment and degree of compliance with SDG 17 for a selection of Spanish cities. It provides, through a set of 85 indicators, a unique vision of their sustainable development and allows monitoring the implementation of the SDGs at the local level in the Spanish context. In this paper, the analysis of their interactions using this dataset has been systematized. This is an innovative first step in defining the path toward urban sustainable development to make policies happen: dependencies among the goals in terms of potential interactions need to be evaluated in the Spanish context. Those results, improvements and applicability are presented and discussed in the following to identify action priorities and raise awareness of local governments and policymakers. It concludes that major efforts are required to increase sustainability and suggests an open framework that can be gradually improved as more data become available.
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Conference papers on the topic "Dependence of indicators"

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Tian, Zhigang. "An Evaluation of Wave Impact Indicators." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79732.

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Wave impact on offshore structures has been the focus of several studies, due to its significant effect on offshore operations. We evaluate several parameters (wave impact indicators) which can be adopted to indicate the possibility of wave impact on offshore structures due to extreme waves. The indicators can be estimated quickly with given sea states, and thus may provide useful information to offshore structure designers at early design phases. Definitions of three wave impact indicators are presented and discussed. The first indicator, Ψ, is proposed by Stansberg (2008). The second one considered is a wave breaking parameter, μ, originally presented by Song and Banner (2002) in their construction of a wave breaking criterion. Finally, we propose a more generalized impact indicator, βn. The subscript n indicates its dependence on local wave steepness. Our study demonstrates that the three indicators are analytically related. To evaluate these indicators numerically, 2nd order random surface waves are generated with random phase method and Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (2D FFT). Hilbert analysis of the wave signal reveals that all indicators are able to identify steep and energetic waves that may potentially cause large wave impact loads. Further numerical study demonstrates that the quantitative correlation of wave impact loads to μ is less promising than that to Ψ and βn; while βn provides the best relationship to both local wave impact load and global wave load with its dependence on local wave steepness adjusted (i.e. adjusting n). The correlation is independent of sea states. Estimations and recommendations for thresholds of the two impact indicators (i.e. Ψ and βn with n = 1) are made based on model test results. With proper estimation of the thresholds, both indicators can be applied to predict wave impact and wave impact probability in given sea states.
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Kuzmich, Roman. "CORRELATION DEPENDENCE OF INVESTMENT IN FIXED CAPITAL ON FINANCIAL INDICATORS." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/hb11/s03.073.

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Starodubceva, A. A. "The dependence of aggressiveness on the indicators of thinking in older adolescents age." In Scientific trends: pedagogy and psychology. ЦНК МОАН, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sciencepublic-04-02-2020-08.

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Stavinskii, Andrey, Vyacheslav Shebanin, Elena Avdieieva, Aleksandr Tsyganov, Rostislav Stavinskiy, and Oleksiy Sadovoy. "Dependence Of The Indicators Of Three-phase Transformers With Planar Plate Magnetic Wires From Variants Of Rod Configuration." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Modern Electrical and Energy Systems (MEES). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mees.2019.8896451.

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Bruzzese, C., and E. Santini. "On the Frequency Dependence of Harmonic Current Side-Band (HCSB) based Rotor Fault Indicators for Three-Phase Cage Machines." In 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Diagnostics for Electric Machines, Power Electronics and Drives. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/demped.2007.4393100.

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Udachina, Polina. "Interconnection of self-attitude and eating behavior of women 30-35 years old in the positive period." In Safety psychology and psychological safety: problems of interaction between theorists and practitioners. «Publishing company «World of science», LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15862/53mnnpk20-31.

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The study is devoted to the problem of dependence of eating disorders in women on their psychological characteristics and indicators of self-attitude in particular. Empirical research has revealed the specificity of eating disorders and self-attitude indicators of women 30-35 years old, with children and are on maternity leave. The relationship of specific eating disorders with the components of self-attitude was also revealed.
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Золотарев, Сергей, Sergei Zolotarev, Мария Берберова, and Mariya Berberova. "NPP Risk Assessments Results Dependence Study on the Composition of the Population Living Around the NPP (on the Example of Rostov and Kalinin NPP)." In 29th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Visualization Systems and the Virtual Environment GraphiCon'2019. Bryansk State Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/graphicon-2019-2-285-289.

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Nuclear power plants, being complex technological systems, represent a source of increased risk, in particular, a specific risk of radiation exposure. Obtaining quantitative assessments of radiation risk is critical for risk reduction and accident prevention. Existing methods for assessing radiation risk do not take into account the influence of external factors, such as population composition, geographical features, anthropogenic environmental changes, etc. The result of the risk analysis is the assessment of physical and economic indicators for the Rostov and Kalinin NPPs, taking into account the age composition of the population, as the most significant parameter. Based on a comparison of the estimates obtained with the results without taking into account the age distribution, recommendations are given on the use of adjusted estimates when developing measures to reduce risk and mitigate the consequences for the most sensitive age groups of the population (1-12 years). The objective of the work is to modify the methodological approach to the calculation of radiation risk indicators of the population, taking into account the age composition and the practical application of the formulas for assessing the physical and economic indicators of damage to real objects.
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Fonseca, Cesar, Antonio Lista, Manuel Lopes, Felismina Mendes, David Mendes, Ceu Marques, Juan M. Murillo, and Jose Garcia-Alonso. "Dependence in self-care with comorbidity, indicators of nursing care and contributions to an ontology of aging: Systematic review of the literature." In 2018 13th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cisti.2018.8399236.

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Plevokaitė, Jurgita, and Raimonda Martinkutė-Kaulienė. "Estimation of Investment Perspectives in the Baltic Stock Market." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. VGTU Technika, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibme.2015.01.

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Short analysis of stock market and stock indices of Baltic countries is presented in the article. Theoretical aspects of importance of fundamental economic analysis, presented by Lithuanian and foreign authors for investigation of investment market is analysed and presented in the research. Research of correlation analysis and stochastic dependence test between chosen stock indices and macroeconomic indicators of Baltic countries is fulfilled. After analysis of the 2004–2013 year period statistics, the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and stock indices in the long term is established. After evaluating the results of the research, macroeconomic indicators, mostly influencing the changes in Baltic stock markets are picked out and their influence on stock indices is described. Investment perspectives in the Baltic stock market are estimated in the near future using macroeconomic forecastings of every country.
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Андреев, Вячеслав, Vyacheslav Andreev, Ольга Андреева, and Olga Andreeva. "Generalization of Experimental Information and Identification of Patterns in the Behavior of Metals and Alloys under Fatigue Loading Based on the Mapping of Fatigue Curves into Reduced Spaces." In 29th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Visualization Systems and the Virtual Environment GraphiCon'2019. Bryansk State Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/graphicon-2019-2-256-260.

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The paper presents a characteristic of a fairly large sample of data on the fatigue of metals and alloys, including the coordinates of the fatigue limit and a description of the conditions under which these results were obtained. Using the reduction procedure allows us to obtain a generalized dependence of the reduced parameters of fatigue resistance, on the basis of which it is possible to develop forecasting methods. Extension of the reduction procedure to limited endurance limits allows one to obtain a generalized surface of the presented indicators of fatigue resistance and to increase the reliability of the forecasts made of indicators of fatigue resistance.
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Reports on the topic "Dependence of indicators"

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Nelson, Gena. Proportional Reasoning Interventions in Special Education Synthesis Coding Protocol. Boise State University, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18122/sped136.boisestate.

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The purpose of document is to provide readers with the coding protocol that authors used to code nine group and single case design intervention studies focused on proportional reasoning interventions for students (grades 5-9) with learning disabilities (LD) or mathematics difficulty (MD). The studies yielded intervention effects ranging from g = −0.10 to 1.87 and from Tau-U = 0.88 to 1.00. We coded all of the studies for variables in the following categories: study information, intervention features, dependent measures, participant demographics, LD and MD criteria and definitions, instructional content, study results, and quality indicators for group and single case design. The study quality indicator coding portion of this coding protocol was adapted from Gersten et al. (2005) and Horner et al. (2005). This code book contains variable names, code options, and code definitions. The mean interrater reliability across all codes using this protocol was 91% (range across categories = 82%–96%). The publication associated with this coding protocol is Nelson et al. (2020).
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Edwards, Susan L., Marcus E. Berzofsky, and Paul P. Biemer. Addressing Nonresponse for Categorical Data Items Using Full Information Maximum Likelihood with Latent GOLD 5.0. RTI Press, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.mr.0038.1809.

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Full information maximum likelihood (FIML) is an important approach to compensating for nonresponse in data analysis. Unfortunately, only a few software packages implement FIML and even fewer have the capability to compensate for missing not at random (MNAR) nonresponse. One of these packages is Statistical Innovations’ Latent GOLD; however, the user documentation for Latent GOLD provides no mention of this capability. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance for fitting MNAR FIML models for categorical data items using the Latent GOLD 5.0 software. By way of comparison, we also provide guidance on fitting FIML models for nonresponse missing at random (MAR) using the methods of Fuchs (1982) and Fay (1986), who incorporated item nonresponse indicators within a structural modeling framework. We compare both FIML for MAR and FIML for MNAR nonresponse models for independent and dependent variables. Also, we provide recommendations for future applications of FIML using Latent GOLD.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.

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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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Capturing the Digital Economy—A Proposed Measurement Framework and Its Applications: A Special Supplement to Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/fls210307-3.

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This publication sets out a framework for measuring the importance of the digital economy in national and global production processes. Amid the growing interest in the digitalization of socioeconomic activities, there is a lack of consensus on an established framework to estimate the digital economy. This report proposes a definition of the core digital economy and an input-output analytical framework to measure it. Applying this framework to selected economies and years, it finds that the digital economy and digitally dependent industries contribute a significant portion of gross domestic product. It examines key digital economy phenomena and trends in relation to sectoral links, temporal price changes, jobs, global value chains, the COVID-19 pandemic, and Industry 4.0.
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