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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dental assistants

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Academic literature on the topic 'Dental assistants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Dental assistants"

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Mahdi, Syed Sarosh, Zohaib Ahmed, Raheel Allana, Francesco Amenta, Daniyal Agha, Mohammad Wasay Latif, Umer Daood, and Carina Mehanna. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Dental Assistants regarding Dental Asepsis and Sterilization in the Dental Workplace." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (June 16, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5574536.

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Aims and Objectives. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and perceptions of dental asepsis and sterilization among dental assistants in Pakistan. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out. A 27-item prepilot tested close-ended questionnaire was designed and administered online to collect data on knowledge of asepsis, sterilization, instrument handling, disinfection, hand-hygiene practices, dental practice, age, education, and experience level from March 2020 to June 2020. Results. Out of 70 dental assistants, the majority were aged between 21 and 29 years (44.30%), more than two-thirds (85.41%) of the dental assistants were working in a hospital, while 14.29% were working in private clinics, only 7.1% had a diploma in the dental assistant program, and 74% had more than 2 years of experience in practice. Dental assistants working in private practice (76.30) had a higher mean knowledge scores compared to those working in hospital (74.25), while those with less than 2 years of experience (75.61) had a higher scores compared to those with 2–5 years of experience (73.96). Conclusion. Better compliance with recommended infection control and waste management practices is needed for all dental assistants. Continuing education programs targeting such awareness are vital to improve the management of hazardous waste practices among dental assistants.

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Antonova, Cvetelina, and Krassimira Yaneva-Ribagina. "ADVANTAGES OF DENTAL TEAMWORK." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 3663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2021272.3663.

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PURPOSE: To compare the opinion of dentists and dental assistants about the advantagesf teamwork. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted an anonymous survey of 110 dental practitioners and 108 dental assistants in four cities in Bulgaria. The questionnaires for the two groups include several identical questions that allow the respondents' opinions to be compared. The methods used are sociological (poll) and statistical (alternative analysis). RESULTS: The majority of dental assistants - 75% are convinced that every dentist should work with an assistant, while 58.6% of the doctors are of the same opinion. Almost the same number of surveyed doctors and dental assistants - mentioned as a strength of the teamwork a relief of the doctor's work (80.90 and 79.63%), an increase in the volume (68.18 and 57.40%) and quality (53.63 and 54.62%) of the medical activity and a reduction in working time (54.54 and 55.62 %). For dentists, the most important factors for creating a goodeam are observing rights and obligations (68.5%), mutual respect (67.6 %) and a relaxedork atmosphere (56.8%). For dental assistants, the most important factors for effective teamwork are mutual respect (74.1%) and the professionalualities of the dentist (72.2%). CONCLUSION: The results show a positive attitude of dental doctors and assistants to teamwork, albeit with varying degrees of conviction.

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Berlin, Vilija, Alina Pūrienė, and Greta Dulkė. "Assistance For Dentists In Lithuania." Sveikatos mokslai 26, no. 6 (January 19, 2017): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2016.108.

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The study objectives were to investigate the preference of Lithuanian dentists to work with or without an assistant and to identify the most significant predictors for the preference. As well, we aimed to explore the education of practicing dental assistants in Lithuania. The information was collected by a postal questionnaire survey which was carried out among all practicing general dental practitioners and dental specialists in Lithuania (n=2971). The final response rate was 67.6% corresponding to 2,008 respondents. The results show that most dentists in Lithuania always or sometimes work without an assistant. Each third dentist of those who work with an assistant employ non-certified dental assistant. This may be done on purpose due to financial reasons. Dentists should be educated how efficient, ergonomic practice with a qualified dental assistant can be; inclusion of contemporary four-handed practice subject in applicants resume could improve employment of certified dental assistants in the long term.

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Bishop, M. G. H. "Dental surgery assistants' handbook." Journal of Dentistry 17, no. 4 (August 1989): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(89)90099-7.

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Yaneva-Ribagina, Krassimira, and Cvetelina Antonova. "DENTAL ASSISTANTS IN THE TEAMWORK." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 27, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 3643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2021271.3643.

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Purpose: The aim of the study was to establish the socio-demographic and professional characteristics of the sample of dental assistants and their contributions to the efficiency of dental teamwork. Material and methods: An anonymous inquiry was conducted among 108 dental assistants working in dental offices in 4 Bulgarian cities. The questionnaire consisted of 18 questions about socio-demographic and professional characteristics of the sample and their opinion about obligations, positives and negatives in the workplace, and efficiency of teamwork. The methods used in the survey were sociological (poll) and statistical (alternative analysis). Results: The socio-demographic and professional characteristics of the surveyed dental assistants were established, such as: gender and age distribution, work in active working age/pension, types of working places, location of practices, types of education and number of dentists working with over the period of their work experience. All respondents reported that they assisted the physicians in the treatment process and the majorityf them (70.37- 85.19%) cleaned, disinfected and sterilized the instruments, the workplace and the premises of the practice. Only 4.6% dealt financialelations with the patients and worked directly in their mouths. The opinion of the respondents for building a well-functioning dental team was that both the personal and professional qualities of the team members were essential. Conclusions: Dental assistants were convinced of the benefits of their assistance; between 79.6% and 58.3% of them believed that they had contributed for quicker and better job of the doctor and to patient'somfort.

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Brocklebank, L. M. "Radiology for dental hygienists and dental assistants." Journal of Dentistry 18, no. 6 (December 1990): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(90)90143-3.

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Abas, Nurul Asniza, Munirah Mohd Adnan, and Normastura Abd Rahman. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Infection Control amongst Dental Assistants in Private Dental Clinics in Kelantan: A Cross Sectional Study." Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine 6, S1 (November 12, 2022): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/ajmb.2022.6.s1.550.

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Dental assistant plays an important role in dental practice, performing both clinical and clerical duties to ensure the operation of dental clinic run smoothly and efficiently. As their daily tasks frequently involve the handling and cleaning of instruments contaminated with blood and saliva, they pose a significant risk to contracting infectious diseases due to the nature of their job[1]. A disparity exists in the educational qualifications of dental assistants working in various public and private dental facilities[2]. The knowledge related to infection control was questionable while the attitude and compliance towards practicing infection control measures need to be assessed. The study aimed to determine the mean score of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards infection control among dental assistants working in private dental clinics in Kelantan. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 89 dental assistants who worked in the private dental clinics at all districts in Kelantan. The knowledge, attitude, and practice towards infection control were assessed using a newly developed questionnaire. The questionnaire was content and face validated, with CVI and FVI scores of 0.9 and 0.99, respectively. The questionnaire was administered to the dental assistants as a Google form. The maximum scores of knowledges, attitude, and practice were 33, 25 and 210, respectively. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 26.0. Result showed that the mean age was 28.7(SD=6.98). All of them were Malay and more than a third of respondents (34.8%) completed secondary school. The mean (SD) scores of knowledges, attitude, and practice towards infection control were 25.4(3.10), 23(2.25), and 176.2(14.77), respectively. This study revealed that dental assistants in private dental clinics have limited knowledge at certain aspects of infection control. It is recommended that continuous training should be done regularly to maximize and enhance the compliance of dental assistants towards implementing infection control measures in the dental clinics. As employers, the dentists are responsible to ensure that their employees have adequate knowledge and continuous training in infection control procedures.

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Ahmed, Yasmine, Cristalle Soman, Soad AlQahtani, and Alya Almahdi. "Knowledge and Awareness of Radiation Hazards and Safety among Dental Hygienists, Dental Assistants and Dental Assistant Interns in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 35, no. 22 (October 20, 2023): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i225263.

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Introduction: X-ray plays a significant role in the field of dentistry and has a variety of uses in dental practice from diagnosis of tooth decay, periodontal diseases and bone defects to more sophisticated applications such as precision implant planning. The dental staff personnel use different modalities of X-rays on daily basis such as intra-oral radiography and cone beam computed tomography, although diagnostic X-rays have low quantum of ionizing radiation safety measures should be taken into consideration. All health care personnel are trained regrading radiation hazard and safety measures. Aim: To identify the level of Knowledge and awareness about radiation hazards and safety practices among dental hygienists, dental assistants and dental assistant interns in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A survey based on cross sectional study was conducted among (n=321) dental hygienists, dental assistants and dental assistant interns in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed using mixed methods as handout papers and online mediums. The questionnaire comprised of 14 questions (the total of demographic data was four (4) questions and for knowledge and awareness was ten (10) questions. Results: From the (321) participants (75.7 %) responses had expected correct answers. The majority of participants (86%) considered dental x-rays to be harmful to all types of patients. Conclusion: Within limitations of this study, dental assistants, dental hygienists and dental assisting interns had adequate knowledge and awareness of radiation hazards and safety measures, however, there is a need for continual teaching of ALARA principle and radiation safety protocols during pregnancy to ensure maximum safety.

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An, So-Youn, Byung-Hoon Kim, Min-Su Kim, and Youn-Soo Shim. "Nursing Assistants' Perception of Students in Dental Hygiene for Revision of Dental Assistance Law." Korean Journal of Health Service Management 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12811/kshsm.2020.14.3.243.

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Holzgreve, Fabian, Yvonne Haas, Antonia Naser, Jasmin Haenel, Laura Fraeulin, Christina Erbe, Werner Betz, et al. "Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Germany—A Comparison between Dentists and Dental Assistants." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 6956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156956.

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Background: Dental professionals suffer frequently from musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Dentists and dental assistants work closely with each other in a mutually dependent relationship. To date, MSD in dental assistants have only been marginally investigated and compared to their occurrence in dentists. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of MSD between dentists and dental assistants by considering occupational factors, physical activity and gender. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. A Germany-wide survey, using a modified version of the Nordic Questionnaire and work-related questions, was applied. In total, 2548 participants took part, of which 389 dentists (240 females and 149 males) and 322 dental assistants (320 females and 2 males) were included in the analysis. Data were collected between May 2018 and May 2019. Differences between the dentists and dental assistants were determined by using the Chi2 test for nominal and the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U test for both ordinal and non-normally distributed metric data. Results: A greater number of dental assistants reported complaints than dentists in all queried body regions. Significant differences in the most affected body regions (neck, shoulders, wrist/hands, upper back, lower back and feet/ankles) were found for the lifetime prevalence, annual prevalence and weekly prevalence. Data from the occupational factors, physical activity and gender analyses revealed significant differences between dentists and dental assistants. Conclusions: Dental assistants appear to be particularly affected by MSD when compared to dentists. This circumstance can be explained only to a limited extent by differences in gender distribution and occupational habits between the occupations.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dental assistants"

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Mills, Erin. "Rinse and spit gender identity and the everyday work life of dental assistants /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0001/MQ36836.pdf.

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Pronschinske, Marsha Marie. "An analysis of competencies taught in the Chippewa Valley Technical College Dental Assisting Degree Program." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003pronschinskem.pdf.

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Tane, Helen Rose, and n/a. "The role of the dental therapist in New Zealand's public health system." University of Otago. Dunedin School of Medicine, 2004. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070507.114703.

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This study examines aspects of how dental therapy began and developed, since it was introduced as one of the first public health occupations in New Zealand, in 1921. Dental therapy began as dental nursing, and was introduced by visionary dentists in order to treat widespread dental disease within the New Zealand population. The occupation gained international recognition. Dental nurses performed their tasks under the direct supervision and direction of a public health dentist and the occupation was restricted to females and child-patients. Investigating issues that have influenced the development of dental therapy is critical in today�s climate. Background research in the thesis reveals an interplay of issues relating to gender, professional development and measures of how successful the occupation has been in relation to oral health need. The latter is particularly questionable for our indigenous people in New Zealand. How has the role of the dental therapist in New Zealand been utilised? Has the delivery of care been based on sound knowledge and dental need? Has the role progressed in order to provide effective and appropriate care within a publicly funded system? These issues are important issues, particularly when New Zealand�s dental therapy profession becomes one of the many health professions that will be affected by the new Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act when it is implented over the following year. In order to improve oral health for the population, it is vital that the dental therapist is appropriately and effectively utilised. How oral health workers perceive the past role and future role in achieving oral health gain is investigated in this study by using interviews and postal surveys, and the results are discussed. The findings show that the dental therapist has not always been utilised and developed using sound epidemiological evidence. Elements of professional protection by the dental profession coupled with depleted health funding rather than dental need have appeared as driving factors. Furthermore, the dental therapy profession has remained in a sub-ordinate role to the dental profession. The findings of this study show that a large number of the current dental therapy workforce do not feel that they are ready to provide dental care autonomously. Information in the thesis argues that past legislation and subordination to the dental profession has largely affected the development of dental therapy, and whether this has always assisted in improving oral health for the New Zealand population is questioned in this work. With a depleted number in the workforce, the role has become focussed on a reparative form of care, not one that promotes and improves oral health. This is not acceptable in a publicly funded system. Implementing changes to the dental therapy role must be undertaken, but undertaken with caution and based on progressive health-promoting ideology.

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LeGallee, Bunny L. "A comparative study of trends in dental assistant utilization among dentists in Grand Rapids, Michigan and Boston, Massachusetts." Thesis, Boston University, 1985. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/37818.

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Thesis (M.Sc.)--Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Graduate Dentistry, 1985 (Dental Public Health).
Includes bibliographical references: (leaves 70-74).
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the changes currently evolving in the delivery of dental care are affecting the way in which dental assistants are being utilized and, if so, whether the training offered in accredited dental assisting programs is meeting the needs and demands of　the system. It was intended that the results of this study would be useful in determining future directions for dental assisting as a career, and in invoking changes in dental assisting education to improve satisfaction of both dentists and dental assistants. The research was conducted via survey questionnaires which were mailed to 300 randomly selected dentists in Grand Rapids, Michigan and Boston, Massachusetts.　The survey items focused on the dentists’ backgrounds and attitudes toward dental assistant utilization; numbers and credentials of dental assistants employed; and current utilization patterns of dental assistants. The results were summarized with descriptive statistics, frequencies and distributions, and analyzed using chi-square and tests of correlation. It appeared　that　changes in dental education and in modes of delivery of dental services had little effect on patterns of dental assistant utilization and, moreover, that the emphasis of the A.D.A. accreditation standards for dental assisting education programs was congruent with the demands of　the surveyed dental practitioners. It was further apparent that although dentists had positive attitudes　toward dental assistant utilization, they appeared to be unaware of the status of state regulations governing utilization of dental auxiliaries, and generally underutilize the skills of trained assistants. This paper addresses these and other issues of concern to dental assistants, dental assisting educators and dentists.　The results of　this study provide a foundation for many areas of future research.

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Rimkuvienė, Jūratė. "Attitudes towards infection control among dental health care professionals." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110630_133927-98023.

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The oral flora is one of the most ecologically diverse microbial populiations known to man. It has been proved that any dental intervention: dental preparation, professional oral hygiene, extraction of teeth, regular prophylactic examination of patient‘s mouth is related with a possible spread of infection. Therefore, one of the most important tasks for the dental care professionals is to prevent the spread of infection and create safe environment for a patient, the dentist himself and other dental staff The aim of the present study is to identify and evaluate the attitudes of Lithuanian dental health care professionals towards infection control and carried out infection control procedures, and to determine vaccination frequency against hepatitis B among dental health care professionals. The study highlighteningt the dental health care professionals‘ attitude towards infection control and infection control procedures as well as incompliance of infection control procedures with the valid normative documentation was conducted at the Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University in 2008-2010. All 2,235 Lithuanian dentists, registered in the Lithuanian Dental Chamber Registry in 2008 and carrying general practice dentist‘s license, all 1,814 dental assistants and all 370 dental hygienists registered in 2010 (according to the database of the Lithuanian Dental Chamber Registry) were invited to take part in the investigation. The participants of the study survey... [to full text]
Burna yra viena labiausiai infekuotų žmogaus organizmo sričių. Įrodyta, kad bet kuri odontologinė intervencija – dantų preparavimas, profesionali burnos higiena, dantų šalinimas, įprastinė profilaktinė paciento burnos apžiūra – yra susijusi su galimu infekcijų plitimu. Todėl vienas iš svarbiausių odontologine praktika besiverčiančių asmenų uždavinių yra užkirsti kelią infekcijų plitimui ir sudaryti saugią aplinką pacientui, gydytojui odontologui ir kitam personalui. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti ir įvertinti Lietuvos odontologinės sveikatos priežiūros specialistų požiūrį į infekcijų kontrolę ir atliekamas infekcijų kontrolės procedūras, išsiaiškinti vakcinacijos nuo hepatito B apimtį tarp Lietuvos odontologinės sveikatos priežiūros specialistų. Odontologinės sveikatos priežiūros specialistų požiūrio į infekcijų kontrolę, atliekamas infekcijų kontrolės procedūras, infekcijų kontrolės procedūrų neatitikimus galiojantiems norminiams dokumentams tyrimas atliktas 2008 – 2010 metais Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Odontologijos institute. Tyrime buvo pakviesti dalyvauti visi 2235 Lietuvos gydytojai odontologai, 2008 metais registruoti Lietuvos odontologų rūmuose ir turintys bendros praktikos gydytojo odontologo licenciją ir visi 1814 gydytojų odontologų padėjėjai bei visi 370 burnos higienistai, registruoti 2010 metais (pagal Lietuvos odontologų rūmų duomenų bazę). Tyrimo dalyviams buvo išsiųsti anoniminiai klausimynai. Odontologinės sveikatos priežiūros specialistų požiūris... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Drew, Claudine Paula. "Developmental instructional strategies support and assist academically-challenged students in allied dental curriculum /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1994. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11624644.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1994.
Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Lee Knefelkamp. Dissertation Committee: Harvey Kaye. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 384-407).

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Rodrigues, Vania Cantarella. ""Hepatite B no Município de Ribeirão Preto (SP): um estudo envolvendo cirurgiões-dentistas e auxiliares odontológicos"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17139/tde-27012005-170520/.

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Foi realizada uma pesquisa com cirurgiões-dentistas (CDs) e auxiliares odontológicos (AOs) das redes pública e privada, no município de Ribeirão Preto,SP Brasil, com os objetivos de: 1. avaliar a cobertura vacinal e a efetividade da vacinação contra a hepatite B; 2. verificar o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) na rotina de trabalho; 3. verificar a prevalência de marcadores sorológicos do HBV; 4. analisar possíveis associações entre marcadores sorológicos do HBV e alguns fatores de risco de infecção pelo vírus. A pesquisa contou com 338 participantes, de consultórios e clínicas odontológicas 201 CDs(26 da rede pública e 175 da rede privada) e 137 AOs (23 da rede pública e 114 da rede privada). Foi aplicado um questionário individual para obter informações referentes a características dos participantes, vacinação contra a hepatite B e fatores de risco relacionados à infecção pelo HBV. Simultaneamente, coletou-se uma amostra de 8 ml de sangue para a pesquisa dos seguintes marcadores sorológicos do HBV: HBsAg, anti-HBc e anti-HBs. Todos os exames foram feitos, através de técnicas imunoenzimáticas, no Laboratório de Sorologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP. Estavam vacinados com três doses ou mais da vacina contra a hepatite B 80,6% dos CDs (80,8% da rede pública e 80,6% da rede privada) e 24,8% dos AOS(82,6% da rede pública e 13,2% da rede privada). A prevalência de anti-HBs entre os vacinados com três doses ou mais da vacina foi de 84,3% - 84,6% entre CDs e 82,8% entre AOs. A prevalência dos marcadores sorológicos do HBV ficou assim distribuída: HBsAg, 0,5% entre CDs, não encontrado entre AOs; anti-HBc, 9,5% entre CDs (IC 95%: 5,4% - 13,5%) e 2,9% entre AOs (IC 95%: 0,1% - 5,7%);anti-HBs, 78,1% entre CDs (IC 95%: 72,3% - 83,8%) e 29,9% entre AOs (IC 95%: 22,2 - 37,6%). Os EPIs mais utilizados pelos CDs eram as luvas, com percentual de 98,0%, e a máscara, com 96,5%, no atendimento de todos os pacientes. Os CDs da rede privada utilizavam os seguintes EPIs: luvas, 97,7%; máscara, 96,0%; óculos de proteção, 70,3%; avental, 55,4%; gorro 32,6%. Os CDs da rede pública usavam os seguintes EPIs: luvas e máscaras, 100,0%; avental, 88,5%; óculos de proteção, 65,4%; gorro, 30,8%. O EPI mais utilizado pelos AOs eram as luvas, com percentual de 97,1%. Os AOs da rede pública utilizavam: luvas, 100,0%; avental, 95,7%; máscara, 78,3%; óculos de proteção; 34,8%; gorro, 17,4%. Os AOs da rede privada utilizavam: luvas, 96,5%; máscara, 37,7%; avental, 28,1%; óculos de proteção, 11,4%; gorro, 10,5%. Dos AOs da rede privada, 3,5% referiram não usar nenhum EPI. O estudo mostrou que a prevalência dos marcadores sorológicos do HBV entre CDs e AOs é semelhante à da população de pacientes de Unidades de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto e que parte dos profissionais, especialmente os AOs, negligenciam a proteção pela imunização ativa e uso de EPIs.
A survey was carried out among dentists (D) and dental assistants (DA) of the public and the private sectors in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, in order to a) evaluate the vaccine coverage as well as the effectiveness of the vaccination against hepatitis B; b) check for the presence of serological markers of the hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection; assess the use of individual protection equipments (IPE). The survey,involving 338 participants working in dentist private offices or in dental clinics, comprised 201 D (26 of the public sector and 175 of the private sector) and 137 DA(23 of the public sector and 114 of private practices). Individual survey questionnaires were used to gather information regarding the participants, the vaccination against hepatitis B, and the risk factors related to the HBV infection. Blood samples (8 ml) were collected to assess the following serological markers for the HBV infections: HBsAg, Anti-HBc, and Anti-HBs. All essays were done with the immunoenzimatic technique by the Serological Laboratory of the Hospital das Clinicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School, at Ribeirão Preto. A higher proportion of the D compared to the DA were vaccinated with three or more doses of the hepatitis B: 80.6% of the D (80.8% of the public sector and 80.6% of the private sector) but only 24,8% of the DA (82.6% of the public sector and 13,2% of the private sector). Among those vaccinated with three or more doses 84.3% (84.6% for D and 82.8% for DA) presented positive tests for the anti-HBs marker. Considering the whole population evaluated, the occurrence of serological markers for HBV infection was distributed as follows: HBsAg, 0.5% in D and zero in DA; anti-HBc, 9.5% in D (95% CI: 5.4% to 13.5%) and 2.9% in DA (95% CI: 0.1% to 5.7%); and anti-HBs, 78.1% in D (95% CI: 72.3% to 83.8%) and 29.9% in DA (95% CI: 22.2% to 37.6%). Most dentists make use of some IPE when treating patients: 98.0% wore gloves and 96.5% face masks. There was little difference in use of IPE between dentists working in the private and the public sectors: for the former 97.7% wore gloves, 96.0% face masks, 70.3% protective eyewear, 55.4% protective uniform, and 32.6% caps; for the later, 100% wore gloves and face masks, 88.5% protective uniform, 65.4% protective eyewear, and 30.8% caps. A high percentage of the DA also wore IPEs, although the numbers were lower for those of the private sector. Among the former group 100% wore gloves, 95.7% protective uniform, 78.3% face masks, 34.8% protective eyewear, and 17.4% caps. The corresponding figures for the DA of the private dental offices and clinics were: 96.5% wore gloves, 37.7% face masks, 28.1% protective uniform, 11.4% protective eyewear, and 10.5% caps. A small percentage (3.5%) of the DA working in the private sector did not report the use of any IPE. The study showed that the occurrence of serological markers for infection with HBV in dental professionals is similar to that of the population as a whole, and that part of the professionals, especially the DAs, neglect to secure protection by active immunization and use of IPEs.

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Rimkuvienė, Jūratė. "Infekcijų kontrolė odontologijoje odontologinės sveikatos priežiūros specialistų požiūriu." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110630_133915-85031.

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Burna yra viena labiausiai infekuotų žmogaus organizmo sričių. Įrodyta, kad bet kuri odontologinė intervencija – dantų preparavimas, profesionali burnos higiena, dantų šalinimas, įprastinė profilaktinė paciento burnos apžiūra – yra susijusi su galimu infekcijų plitimu. Todėl vienas iš svarbiausių odontologine praktika besiverčiančių asmenų uždavinių yra užkirsti kelią infekcijų plitimui ir sudaryti saugią aplinką pacientui, gydytojui odontologui ir kitam personalui. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti ir įvertinti Lietuvos odontologinės sveikatos priežiūros specialistų požiūrį į infekcijų kontrolę ir atliekamas infekcijų kontrolės procedūras, išsiaiškinti vakcinacijos nuo hepatito B apimtį tarp Lietuvos odontologinės sveikatos priežiūros specialistų. Odontologinės sveikatos priežiūros specialistų požiūrio į infekcijų kontrolę, atliekamas infekcijų kontrolės procedūras, infekcijų kontrolės procedūrų neatitikimus galiojantiems norminiams dokumentams tyrimas atliktas 2008 – 2010 metais Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Odontologijos institute. Tyrime buvo pakviesti dalyvauti visi 2235 Lietuvos gydytojai odontologai, 2008 metais registruoti Lietuvos odontologų rūmuose ir turintys bendros praktikos gydytojo odontologo licenciją ir visi 1814 gydytojų odontologų padėjėjai bei visi 370 burnos higienistai, registruoti 2010 metais (pagal Lietuvos odontologų rūmų duomenų bazę). Tyrimo dalyviams buvo išsiųsti anoniminiai klausimynai. Odontologinės sveikatos priežiūros specialistų požiūris... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The oral flora is one of the most ecologically diverse microbial populiations known to man. It has been proved that any dental intervention: dental preparation, professional oral hygiene, extraction of teeth, regular prophylactic examination of patient‘s mouth is related with a possible spread of infection. Therefore, one of the most important tasks for the dental care professionals is to prevent the spread of infection and create safe environment for a patient, the dentist himself and other dental staff The aim of the present study is to identify and evaluate the attitudes of Lithuanian dental health care professionals towards infection control and carried out infection control procedures, and to determine vaccination frequency against hepatitis B among dental health care professionals. The study highlighteningt the dental health care professionals‘ attitude towards infection control and infection control procedures as well as incompliance of infection control procedures with the valid normative documentation was conducted at the Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University in 2008-2010. All 2,235 Lithuanian dentists, registered in the Lithuanian Dental Chamber Registry in 2008 and carrying general practice dentist‘s license, all 1,814 dental assistants and all 370 dental hygienists registered in 2010 (according to the database of the Lithuanian Dental Chamber Registry) were invited to take part in the investigation. The participants of the study survey... [to full text]

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McLaughlan, Anthony Charles. "An overview of dental assistant utilisation (DAU) and recommendations for the establishment of an undergraduate DAU programme in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4413.

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At the present time in Australia (1992) there exists no undergraduate training for dental students in auxiliary utilisation. The result of this is that new dental graduates have no understanding of the concept of practicing sit-down four-handed dentistry in a comfortable and efficient manner. This compares with the United States of America (USA) where, since 1961, every dental student receives formal instruction in Dental Assistant Utilisation (DAU) and, since 1973, Training in Expanded Auxiliary Management. In this treatise the history and development of “four-handed dentistry” is presented along with a literature review of the fundamental principles of DAU. The intial pilot programmes and the subsequent federally funded national DAU programme in the USA are analysed. Four undergraduate DAU programmes from the USA and the current graduate continuing education DAU programme at Westmead Hospital Dental Clinical School are examined. Finally, guidelines for the establishment and operation of a DAU programme are outlined. The aim of this treatise therefore, is to provide the necessary information for a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and philosophy of Dental Assistant Utilisation. This information is presented in the hope that at some stage in the future training in assistant utilisation would become an integral and important part of the undergraduate dental curriculum in Australia. The purpose of this would be to fill a major void that currently exists in the undergraduate training of dental students in auxiliary utilisation.

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McLaughlan, Anthony Charles. "An overview of dental assistant utilisation (DAU) and recommendations for the establishment of an undergraduate DAU programme in Australia." University of Sydney, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4413.

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Master of Dental Surgery
At the present time in Australia (1992) there exists no undergraduate training for dental students in auxiliary utilisation. The result of this is that new dental graduates have no understanding of the concept of practicing sit-down four-handed dentistry in a comfortable and efficient manner. This compares with the United States of America (USA) where, since 1961, every dental student receives formal instruction in Dental Assistant Utilisation (DAU) and, since 1973, Training in Expanded Auxiliary Management. In this treatise the history and development of “four-handed dentistry” is presented along with a literature review of the fundamental principles of DAU. The intial pilot programmes and the subsequent federally funded national DAU programme in the USA are analysed. Four undergraduate DAU programmes from the USA and the current graduate continuing education DAU programme at Westmead Hospital Dental Clinical School are examined. Finally, guidelines for the establishment and operation of a DAU programme are outlined. The aim of this treatise therefore, is to provide the necessary information for a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and philosophy of Dental Assistant Utilisation. This information is presented in the hope that at some stage in the future training in assistant utilisation would become an integral and important part of the undergraduate dental curriculum in Australia. The purpose of this would be to fill a major void that currently exists in the undergraduate training of dental students in auxiliary utilisation.

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Books on the topic "Dental assistants"

1

G, Smith Roger, ed. Dental surgery assistants' handbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1988.

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E, Langland Olaf, ed. Radiology for dental hygienists and dental assistants. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: Thomas, 1988.

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Stephan, Eakle W., and Bird William F, eds. Dental materials: Clinical applications for dental assistants and dental hygienists. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

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Keith, Moore B., Swartz Marjorie L, and Phillips Ralph W, eds. Elements of dental materials: For dental hygienists and dental assistants. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993.

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Stephan, Eakle W., and Bird William F, eds. Dental materials: Clinical applications for dental assistants and dental hygienists. 2nd ed. Maryland Heights, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier, 2011.

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Lyre, Wolf R. De. Essentials of dental radiography for dental assistants and hygienists. 4th ed. Norwalk, Conn: Appleton & Lange, 1990.

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Lyre, Wolf R. De. Essentials of dental radiography for dental assistants and hygienists. 5th ed. Norwalk, Conn: Appleton & Lange, 1995.

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Lyre, Wolf R. De. Essentials of dental radiography for dental assistants and hygienists. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1985.

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MFGCP, Ireland Robert, ed. Advanced dental nursing. 2nd ed. Chichester, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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Johnson, Orlen N. Essentials of dental radiography for dental assistants and hygienists. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dental assistants"

1

Verschoor, M. A., and R. F. M. Herber. "Urinary Mercury Levels and Renal Function Changes in Dentists and Dental Assistants." In Archives of Toxicology, 435–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73113-6_84.

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Boesecke, R., J. Brief, J. Raczkowsky, O. Schorr, S. Daueber, R. Krempien, M. Treiber, T. Wetter, and S. Hassfeld. "Robot Assistant for Dental Implantology." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2001, 1302–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45468-3_204.

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"Instructions for dental assistants." In An Atlas of Glass-Ionomer Cements, 195–202. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780203215456-12.

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Kalra, Namita, Rishi Tyagi, and Khadeeja Kulood. "Dental Microbiology." In Handbook for Dental Chair Side Assistants Part 1, 56–84. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049695123010005.

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This chapter introduces the student to oral microbiology. Dental plaque is a known common denominator for caries and periodontal diseases. The colonization of plaque is an important concept. The microbial basis of caries is discussed in this chapter along with gingivitis, periodontics, periimplantitis, and cellulitis.

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Kalra, Namita, Amit Khatri, and Padma Yangdol. "Dental Pathology." In Handbook for Dental Chair Side Assistants Part 1, 85–125. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049695123010006.

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The chapter focuses on the dental pathology. It covers the pathology related to teeth and epithelium. Congenital defects of the oral cavity and developmental defects of teeth are also elaborated. It explains inflammation in general with an emphasis on pulp and periapical inflammation and disease. Squamous cell carcinomas are also discussed along with their etiology.

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Kalra, Namita, and Harsh Vijay Singh. "Dental Radiology." In Handbook for Dental Chair Side Assistants Part 1, 165–79. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049695123010008.

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The chapter gives an overview of radiology as practiced in a dental clinic. The radiographs are of two types, mainly periapical and bitewing radiographs. The techniques of radiology are explained in this chapter. The deleterious effects of radiation, radiosensitivity of various organs, recommended radiation dose, film speed, and radiation protection gear are discussed for providing an insight to the students.

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Sikka, Neha. "Dental Materials." In Handbook for Dental Chair Side Assistants Part 1, 216–73. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049695123010013.

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This chapter will provide an overview of various restorative and impression materials used in a dental practice. The students will be explained how to handle and manipulate various restorative materials and impression materials to attain their ideal properties. Studying this topic is essential as the assistant helps to pace up the restorative appointment by dispensing and mixing the cement bases and restorative materials required while restoring the tooth and impression materials for impression making.

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Bright, Mervyn J., and Sau-Kee Li. "Vocational trainees, assistants and associates." In Making Sense of Dental Practice Finance, 8–17. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315377339-2.

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Gupta, Shruti. "Oral and Dental Anatomy." In Handbook for Dental Chair Side Assistants Part 1, 126–64. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049695123010007.

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The chapter covers the anatomy of the tooth, the oral cavity, enamel, dentine, and pulp. It discusses the arrangement of teeth and also their individual and peculiar anatomical features. Different types of nomenclature used all over the world are discussed. It gives the student an overview of dental anatomy and introduces him to necessary details.

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Sikka, Neha. "Role of Dental Chairside Assistant in Prosthodontics." In Handbook for Dental Chair Side Assistants Part 2, 154–80. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815136470123010014.

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The importance of understanding the various procedures in a proper sequence is very vital to the assistance expected from a dental chairside assistant. Emphasis has been laid on fixed and removable prosthodontics, and denture making. The different procedures are explained in a step-by-step manner.<br><br>

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Conference papers on the topic "Dental assistants"

1

Dreher, A., R. Pietrowsky, and A. Loerbroks. "Attitudes, Stressors and Work Outcomes related to the COVID-19 Pandemic among Dental Assistants in Germany: a cross-sectional Study." In Das Soziale in Medizin und Gesellschaft – Aktuelle Megatrends fordern uns heraus 56. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sozialmedizin und Prävention (DGSMP). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731992.

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Dreher, A., R. Pietrowsky, and A. Loerbroks. "Attitudes, Stressors and Work Outcomes related to the COVID-19 Pandemic among Dental Assistants in Germany: a cross-sectional Study." In Das Soziale in Medizin und Gesellschaft – Aktuelle Megatrends fordern uns heraus 56. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sozialmedizin und Prävention (DGSMP). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731992.

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Lin, Mu-Feng, Yi-Qian Li, Tsung-Yi Chen, Yu-Lin Liu, Yuan-Jin Lin, Mei-Ling Chan, Chiung-An Chen, Kuo-Chen Li, and Shih-Lun Chen. "Dental Positioning Medical Assistance System for BW Radiograph Based on YOLOV4." In 2023 Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsipaasc58517.2023.10317168.

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Wang, Rick Yahua, Richard Kania, Udayasankar Arumugam, and Ming Gao. "A Combined Approach to Characterization of Dent With Metal Loss." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90499.

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Current in-line inspection technologies (e.g., Caliper/MFL or Combo) for mechanical damage characterization can detect dent with metal loss but with limited ability to discriminate metal loss between corrosion, gouge and crack with certainty. There are also some cases that metal loss signals were detected but not reported by ILI vendors because of either signals below threshold for reporting or other reasons. Practical experience showed that, with assistance of strain based dent analysis and strain limit damage criteria; detailed characterization of MFL tri-axial signals could effectively facilitate to discriminate metal loss features and identify potential risk of cracks or gouges in the dent. In this paper, the newly developed approach is utilized to identify the critical dents in the pipelines and discriminate those dents associated with metal loss reported by combined ILI technologies. A case study was performed with four real dent features, as an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. The details of the case study, results and findings are summarized in this paper.

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Zanini, Luiz G. K., Fátima L. S. Nunes, and Izabel R. F. Rubira-Bullen. "Identification and quantification of caries from CBCT segmented images." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Aplicada à Saúde. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbcas.2023.229376.

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Interproximal caries is a bacterial infection that occurs in the oral cavity, causing structural lesions between teeth. Diagnosis typically involves using radiographic techniques to capture images, but the use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is still under-explored. This study explores CBCT, which acquires three-dimensional radiographic images, and employs two different image acquisition protocols to identify potential lesions. We developed a set of image processing techniques to segment three dental structures and accurately identify interproximal caries. Our results using classical metrics indicate an AUC of 0.928, a sensitivity of 87.33%, a precision of 88.50%, and a Jaccard Index of 0.7037. Our method effectively identifies lesions in dental structures, with the potential for practical assistance in diagnosing this disease.

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Overstreet, Dain, Hayden Wimmer, and Rami J. Haddad. "Penetration Testing of the Amazon Echo Digital Voice Assistant Using a Denial-of-Service Attack." In SoutheastCon 2019. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/southeastcon42311.2019.9020329.

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Grischke, Jasmin, Lars Johannsmeier, Lukas Eich, and Sami Haddadin. "Dentronics: Review, First Concepts and Pilot Study of a New Application Domain for Collaborative Robots in Dental Assistance." In 2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra.2019.8794139.

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Rosenfeld, M. J., John W. Pepper, and Keith Leewis. "Basis of the New Criteria in ASME B31.8 for Prioritization and Repair of Mechanical Damage." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27122.

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Mechanical damage in the form of dents has emerged as a key safety concern for pipelines. In response, ASME B31.8, with assistance from GTI, undertook a detailed review of industry research and operating experience with respect to various forms of mechanical damage. Revised criteria for prioritizing and effectively repairing damage in natural gas pipelines were developed based on the findings. The criteria address plain dents, third-party type damage, dents that affect weldments, dents affected by corrosion, and strain levels associated with deformation of the pipe section. This paper discusses the generalities of the scientific findings and basis for the changes to the Code.

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Dos Santos, Samuel Alves, Allan Duque Dos Santos, Junio Cesar De Lima, Fabrízzio Alphonsus Alves de Melo Nunes Soares, and Gabriel Da Silva Vieira. "Tecnologia assistiva para reconhecimento de cartas de baralho utilizando aprendizado profundo." In XXXII Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sibgrapi.est.2019.8331.

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Apresentamos neste trabalho uma aplicação inclusiva que permite pessoas com deficiência visual interagir socialmente com outros indivíduos em atividades de lazer, como jogos que envolvam carteado. Para isso, foi construído um modelo generalizável, treinado para detecção e reconhecimento de cartas de baralho através do aprendizado de máquina profundo. Neste contexto, foi projetado e implementado um sistema denominado Smart Assistant, baseado na API de detecção de objetos do TensorFlow. Em um local previamente definido, as cartas são colocadas dentro do campo de visão de uma câmera digital para que possam ser detectadas e classificadas em tempo real. A API SAPI, de sintetização de texto para fala (TTS), é usada para converter os rótulos das cartas detectadas (em formato de texto) em saída de áudio. Os experimentos iniciais mostram que em situações reais de jogo, a aplicação consegue identificar e classificar cartas com alta assertividade.

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Tesfay, Hayelom D., Yuzhu Xie, Zhigang Xu, Bing Yan, and Z. C. Li. "An Experimental Study on Edge Chipping in Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Grinding of Bio-Ceramic Materials." In ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2013-1188.

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Bio-ceramics have been widely employed in dental restorations, repairing bones, and joint replacements etc. due to their high compressive strength, superior wear resistance, and natural aesthetical appearance. Abrasive machining processes such as grinding have been used to obtain a smooth surface and desired dimensions for bio-ceramic parts. However, a major technical issue resulted from abrasive machining processes is edge chipping. The edge chipping could lead to the failure of bio-ceramics and has to be removed by downstream processes. It not only increases machining cost but also introduces potential deficiencies into the bio-ceramic parts. This paper present an experimental study on the edge chipping in ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding (UVAG) of bio-ceramic materials. An innovative UVAG system is developed and employed to machine three bio-ceramic materials (Lava, partially fired Lava, and Alumina). The effect of ultrasonic vibration on the edge chipping is investigated by observing under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results show that the edge chipping can be significantly reduced with the assistance of ultrasonic vibration. For the diamond grinding, there exist a lot of edge chippings along the machined slot edge that varies from 0.3 mm to 1.2 mm, whereas for the UVAG, there are only several tiny edge chippings with size from ∼0.03 mm to ∼0.1 mm along the machine slot edge. The results indicate that the UVAG system developed has a great potential to be used in production to improve bio-ceramic materials’ surface integrity, in particular, edge chipping quality.

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Reports on the topic "Dental assistants"

1

Kiefner and Leewis. L52314 Pipeline Defect Assessment - A Review and Comparison of Commonly Used Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010440.

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There is a need in the industry in assessing the severity of a particular anomaly (dent, gouge, corrosion pit, etc.) in a pipe as to whether or not repair or removal is warranted. Along with the determination of repair there is also a need for prioritizing in-line-inspection (ILI) data, and for making remaining-life assessments of said pipe. This document catalogs analysis methods and computational tools for addressing defects and damage discovered on in-service pipelines. It includes example calculations where closed-form algorithms are available in the public domain. It lists and describes solution techniques not available in the public domain, and it provides information so that users can either acquire the relevant software or pursue assistance regarding a particular defect assessment technique.

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Zhytaryuk, Marian. Агресія росії проти України і світу. Рефлексії в контексті виправдання війни д. мєдвєдєвим та в. путіним 4 листопада 2022 р. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11744.

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In this article the author analyzes in detail the “holiday” speeches by the former president of the russian federation dmitry medvedev and the current president vladimir putin devoted to the day of national unity of russia on November 4, 2022, in which politicians justify the war, call it sacred, a struggle between Good and Evil and predict their own victory. With the help of methods of critical analysis, the refutation of historical myths, the denial, an exposure and the generalization, the falsity and cynicism of the statements made regarding the expediency and possibility of geopolitical changes are demonstrated. The civilizational war of the russian federation against the Western democratic world, which began with aggression against the disobedience of neighboring Ukraine, which chose the Western vector of development, is gaining momentum. It would seem that in the 21st century global conflicts over territories are almost impossible, it is the time for the fourth-generation of war, but we can see that russia has various means in its arsenal, including weapons of mass destruction: aerial bombs, artillery, aviation, missile attacks, nuclear blackmail, rewriting history and ordinary lies. An analysis of the kremlin leaders’ military-strategic narratives about Ukraine and the West, shows the inadequacy and detachment of moscow politicians at the highest echelon of power from reality. Their aggressive and false rhetoric based on historical manipulations and maniacal efforts to transform the world order suggests that the kremlin will not stop on its own. Someone must stop him just decisively: either Ukraine or Ukraine’s allies. Sanction policy against the russian federation, political statements and words of support for Ukraine, even assistance with military equipment and finances may not be enough, because all these are certain procedures, a waste of time, and time today is the greatest value. Key words: Ukraine, russian federation, russian aggression, dmitry medvedev, vladimir putin, geopolitics.

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Assistant mountaineering guide falls on Denali. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface98ak016.

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