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1

Cause, M. L. Queensland timbers: Their nomenclature, density, and lyctid susceptibility. Queensland: Dept. of Forestry, 1989.

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2

Pong, W. Y. Harvesting overstocked stands of small diameter trees. [Portland, OR]: Biomass and Energy Project, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986.

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3

Pong, W. Y. Wood density-moisture profiles in old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1986.

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4

Pong, W. Y. Wood density-moisture profiles in old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock. [Portland, Or.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986.

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5

Pong, W. Y. Wood density-moisture profiles in old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1986.

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6

Pong, W. Y. Wood density-moisture profiles in old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1986.

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7

Pong, W. Y. Wood density-moisture profiles in old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1986.

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8

Pong, W. Y. Wood density-moisture profiles in old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1986.

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9

Amman, Gene D. Mountain pine beetle in ponderosa pine: Effects of phloem thickness and egg gallery density. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1986.

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10

Seidel, Kenneth W. Growth and yield of western larch in response to several density levels and two thinning methods: 15-year results. Portland, Or.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1986.

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11

Seidel, Kenneth W. Growth and yield of western larch in response to several density levels and two thinning methods: 15-year results. [Portland, Or.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1986.

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12

Pong, W. Y. Stem densities of trees from overstocked mixed conifer stands of western hemlock, douglas-fir and western redcedar. [Portland, OR]: Biomass and Energy Project, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.

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13

United States. Forest Service. Northern Research Station, ed. Differences between standing and downed dead tree wood density reduction factors: A comparison across decay classes and tree species. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2011.

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14

Fetting, Christopher J. Sampling methods for forest and shade tree insects of North America. Morgantown, W. Va: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, 2010.

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15

W, Carr William. Nutritional and soil compaction aspects of establishing forest cover on winter landings in the Fort St. James area. Victoria, B.C: Canadian Forestry Service, 1988.

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16

Yamasaki, Mariko. Effects of clearcutting, patch cutting, and low-density shelterwoods on breeding birds and tree regeneration in New Hampshire northern hardwoods. Newtown Square, PA: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2014.

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17

Miller, Richard E. Laminated root rot in a western Washington plantation: 8-year mortality and growth of Douglas-fir as related to infected stumps, tree density, and fertilization. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2006.

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18

Abdel-Gadir, Abdelazim Yassin. Intra-ring variations in mature Douglas-fir trees from provenance plantations. 1990.

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19

Abdel-Gadir, Abdelazim Yassin. Intra-ring variations in mature Douglas-fir trees from provenance plantations. 1990.

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20

Reducing stand densities in immature and mature stands, Applegate Watershed, Southwest Oregon. [Portland, Or.] (319 S.W. Pine St., Portland 97208-3890): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1996.

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21

British Columbia. Forest Practices Branch., ed. Guidelines for developing stand density management regimes. Victoria: British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, Forest Practices Branch, 1999.

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22

Southern Forest Experiment Station (New Orleans, La.), ed. Seasonal and cumulative loblolly pine development under two stand density and fertility levels through four growing seasons. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1994.

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23

Southern Forest Experiment Station (New Orleans, La.), ed. Seasonal and cumulative loblolly pine development under two stand density and fertility levels through four growing seasons. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1994.

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24

Southern Forest Experiment Station (New Orleans, La.), ed. Seasonal and cumulative loblolly pine development under two stand density and fertility levels through four growing seasons. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1994.

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25

GENGYM: A variable density stand table projection system calibrated for mixed conifer and ponderosa pine stands in the Southwest. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1991.

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26

1968-, Wulder Michael A., and Pacific Forestry Centre, eds. Calculating the risk of mountain pine beetle attack: A comparison of distance- and density-based estimates of beetle pressure. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 2007.

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27

R, Bamsey C., and Alberta Alberta Environmental Protection, eds. Proceedings: Stand density management : planning and implementation, a conference held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, November 6 &7, 1997. Edmonton: Clear Lake Ltd., 1998.

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28

Sampling methods for forest and shade tree insects of North America. Morgantown, W. Va: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, 2001.

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29

Newman, Mark. Mathematics of networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0006.

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An introduction to the mathematical tools used in the study of networks. Topics discussed include: the adjacency matrix; weighted, directed, acyclic, and bipartite networks; multilayer and dynamic networks; trees; planar networks. Some basic properties of networks are then discussed, including degrees, density and sparsity, paths on networks, component structure, and connectivity and cut sets. The final part of the chapter focuses on the graph Laplacian and its applications to network visualization, graph partitioning, the theory of random walks, and other problems.
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30

Woody detritus density and density reduction factors for tree species in the United States: A synthesis. Newtown Square, PA: USDA Forest Service, 2008.

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31

A, Mata S., and Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), eds. Stand density and mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality in Ponderosa Pine stands. [Fort Collins, Colo.?]: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1992.

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32

Schmid, J. M. Stand density and mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality in ponderosa pine stands. 1992.

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33

A, Mata S., and Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), eds. Stand density and mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality in Ponderosa Pine stands. [Fort Collins, Colo.?]: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1992.

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34

Campbell, I. D., and T. M. Varem-Sanders. Dendroscan: A Tree-Ring Width and Density Measurement System (Special Report / Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry). Canadian Government Publishing, 1997.

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35

Hoag, Michael Lynn. Measurement of within tree density variations in Douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) using direct scanning X-ray techniques. 1988.

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36

Speicher, Roland. Random banded and sparse matrices. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.23.

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This article discusses some mathematical results and conjectures about random band matrix ensembles (RBM) and sparse matrix ensembles. Spectral problems of RBM and sparse matrices can be expressed in terms of supersymmetric (SUSY) statistical mechanics that provides a dual representation for disordered quantum systems. This representation offers important insights into nonperturbative aspects of the spectrum and eigenfunctions of RBM. The article first presents the definition of RBM ensembles before considering the density of states, the behaviour of eigenvectors, and eigenvalue statistics for RBM and sparse random matrices. In particular, it highlights the relations with random Schrödinger (RS) and the role of the dimension of the lattice. It also describes the connection between RBM and statistical mechanics, the spectral theory of large random sparse matrices, conjectures and theorems about eigenvectors and local spacing statistics, and the RS operator on the Cayley tree or Bethe lattice.
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37

Macdonald, David W., and Chris Newman. Musteloid sociality: the grass-roots of society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0006.

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Excluded from the pursuit predator niche by better-adapted early felids and canids, the musteloids exploited other hunting strategies as grasslands proliferated in the Oligocene. Unconstrained by specialised running limbs, lineages evolved to excavate prey (badgers) and enter burrows (polecats). Others took to tree-climbing (martens, procynoids) and even swimming (otters). While some species specialised in rodent hunting (weasels) others became more generalist omnivores. In-turn the dispersion of these food types dictated socio-spatial geometries, allowing insectivorous, piscivorous and frugivorous species to congregate with varying degrees of social cohesion, often unified within subterranean burrows – a basis to group-living distinct from the pack-hunting felids and canids. Induced ovulation and delayed implantation feature in the mating systems of several species, evolved to ensure breeding success amongst low-density, solitary ancestors. Group-living musteloids exhibit degrees of reproductive suppression, allo-parental care and other cooperative behaviours, thus this contrarian superfamily provides unique insights into the basis of carnivore societies.
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38

Laminated root rot in a western Washington plantation: 8-year mortality and growth of Douglas-fir as related to infected stumps, tree density, and fertilization. Portland, Or: U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2006.

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39

Fletcher, Roland, Brendan M. Buckley, Christophe Pottier, and Shi-Yu Simon Wang. Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries AD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0010.

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Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia, was the most extensive low-density agrarian-based urban complex in the world. The demise of this great city between the late 13th and the start of the 17th centuries AD has been a topic of ongoing debate, with explanations that range from the burden of excessive construction work to disease, geo-political change, and the development of new trade routes. In the 1970s Bernard-Phillipe Groslier argued for the adverse effects of land clearance and deteriorating rice yields. What can now be added to this ensemble of explanations is the role of the massive inertia of Angkor’s immense water management system, political dependence on a meticulously organized risk management system for ensuring rice production, and the impact of extreme climate anomalies from the 14th to the 16th centuries that brought intense, high-magnitude monsoons interspersed with decades-long drought. Evidence of this severe climatic instability is found in a seven-and-a-half century tree-ring record from tropical southern Vietnam. The climatic instability at the time of Angkor’s demise coincides with the abrupt transition from wetter, La Niña-like conditions over Indochina during the Medieval Warm Period to the more drought-dominated climate of the Little Ice Age, when El Niño appears to have dominated and the ITCZ migrated nearly five degrees southward. As this transition neared, Angkor was hit by the double impact of high-magnitude rains and crippling droughts, the former causing damage to water management infrastructure and the latter decreasing agricultural productivity. The Khmer state at Angkor was built on a human-engineered, artificial wetland fed by small rivers. The management of water was a massive undertaking, and the state potentially possessed the capacity to ride out drought, as it had done for the first half of the 13th century. Indeed, Angkor demonstrated just how powerful a water management system would be required and, conversely, how formidable a threat drought can be. The irony, then, is that extreme flooding destroyed Angkor’s water management capacity and removed a system that was designed to protect its population from climate anomalies.
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