Academic literature on the topic 'Densification verticale'
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Journal articles on the topic "Densification verticale"
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Arpit Kumbhar and Dr. Ajay Radke. "Vertical Extension and Retrofitting of the Existing R.C.C. Commercial Building – A review." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 2, no. 03 (March 20, 2024): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0081.
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This study explores the feasibility of vertically extension of existing buildings as a sustainable solution to urban densification, particularly focusing on the structural implications and potential benefits of such extensions. Through structural analysis using advanced software like ETAB, and SAFE. as well as examination of cost-effectiveness, the research evaluates the viability of vertical extensions in different contexts. Case studies from various regions, illustrate the technical challenges and benefits associated with vertical extension projects. The analysis encompasses considerations such as structural stability of existing building after floor extensions, and cost implications, offering insights into the most efficient methods for extending buildings vertically. This research underscores the importance of vertical extension as a sustainable urban development strategy and calls for greater awareness and adoption of this approach within the construction industry. It emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts among stakeholders and proposes a development process to streamline the implementation of vertical extension projects.
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Douša, Jan, and Pavel Václavovic. "Results of GPS reprocessing campaign (1996-2011) provided by Geodetic observatory Pecný." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 9 (December 22, 2012): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.9.7.
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The paper presents the GOP first reprocessing results, which officially contributed to the EPN-repro1 project. It also describes the 15-year GOP cumulative solution providing station coordinates, velocities and their discontinuities over the period of 1996-2011. Repeatabilities estimated from cleaned long-term coordinate time-series reached 1-2 mm and 4-6 mm in horizontal and vertical component, respectively. We then showed the exploitation of GOP reprocessing results in the assessment of the EUREF ITRF2005 densification and the latest ITRS realization, ITRF2008. We identified and confirmed the North-South tilt (≈ 2mas) in the currently available European reference frame based on the EPN cumulative solution updated in GPS week 1600. The study showed a historical development of the tilt and its close relation to a weak velocity datum definition of this realization, which is very important for a long-term datum prediction. Selected EPN station coordinates, velocities and discontinuities of the latest ITRS realization (ITRF2008) were also assessed. Specific problems for some EPN stations were identified in the global reference frame. This emphasized further necessity to check all the stations before their use for datum definition for regional densifications.
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Zheng, Siqi. "Feasibility study on infilling of horizontal wells with difficult to recover reserves in Fuyu reservoir." E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901042.
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Aiming at the inter well drive immobile remaining oil in Fuyu oil layer of block 1 due to the non densification of surface village coverage, taking into account the undeveloped reserves that can not be produced by vertical wells due to being located in the wetland protection area along the river, the feasibility study of layered densification of horizontal wells in the main oil layer with good reservoir development is carried out to explore a new densification mode of horizontal wells in Fuyu tight oil reservoir.
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Zhong, Ji Xiang. "Subgrade Compaction Boundary Layer Detection Method and Detection System." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 1259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.1259.
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At present, the degree of compaction is the main criterion for subgrade compaction quality.It is the relative expression of the compacted density,Just average.It does not adequately reflect the subgrade compaction layer vertical compaction density distribution law. Compaction boundary layer micro-unit compression pressure on in the process of pressure transmission decreases gradually until they reach the critical formation pressure dense layer. Compaction by detecting the boundary layer vertical zone layer densification, to calculate the boundary thickness, to draw isodense of densification. a clear reproduction of the compacted layer vertical compaction density distribution law. This paper describes the detection principles and detection methods of the compaction boundary layer. describes in detail functional structure and system design of the vehicle automatic detection system used to detect compaction boundary layer of each vertical zone.
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Denies, N., J. Canou, J. N. Roux, and A. Holeyman. "Vibrocompaction properties of dry sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51, no. 4 (April 2014): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0436.
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The fundamental understanding of the behaviour of dry sand as it is being vibrated is necessary to properly address a number of engineering issues, such as the vibrocompaction process. The present paper first summarizes experimental works focusing on the effects of vibrations on the volume change of dry cohesionless soils. Original experiments characterizing the behaviour of dry sand subjected to vertical vibration are then presented. The volume change and the motion pattern displayed by vertically vibrated sand particles are discussed. When cohesionless soil, placed in a cylindrical container, is vertically vibrated under the gravitational field (g), experiments performed on dry Fontainebleau sand allow the distinction between three types of dynamic behaviours depending on the acceleration amplitude (a): the densification behaviour (a/g < 1), the instability surface behaviour (a/g ≈ 1), and the vibrofluid behaviour (a/g > 1). In the densification range, the sand simply settles. When the acceleration amplitude is increased beyond 1g, granular convection is observed and there is an instability in the sand mass leading to the emergence of an inclined free surface. If the acceleration amplitude is further increased, the free surface progressively flattens. There is an impressive dilatation of the whole sample and grain saltation is observed. The sand becomes fully vibrofluidized. The efficiency of the vibrocompaction process is finally discussed especially with regard to these dynamic behaviours.
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An, Xizhong, Fei Huang, Kejun Dong, and Xiaohong Yang. "DEM simulation of binary sphere packing densification under vertical vibration." Particulate Science and Technology 36, no. 6 (March 31, 2017): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2017.1292335.
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Mirza Gheitaghy, Amir, René H. Poelma, Leandro Sacco, Sten Vollebregt, and Guo Qi Zhang. "Vertically-Aligned Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tube Pillars with Various Diameters under Compression: Pristine and NbTiN Coated." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061189.
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In this paper, the compressive stress of pristine and coated vertically-aligned (VA) multi-walled (MW) carbon nanotube (CNT) pillars were investigated using flat-punch nano-indentation. VA-MWCNT pillars of various diameters (30–150 µm) grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition on silicon wafer. A conformal brittle coating of niobium-titanium-nitride with high superconductivity temperature was deposited on the VA-MWCNT pillars using atomic layer deposition. The coating together with the pillars could form a superconductive vertical interconnect. The indentation tests showed foam-like behavior of pristine CNTs and ceramic-like fracture of conformal coated CNTs. The compressive strength and the elastic modulus for pristine CNTs could be divided into three regimes of linear elastic, oscillatory plateau, and exponential densification. The elastic modulus of pristine CNTs increased for a smaller pillar diameter. The response of the coated VA-MWCNTs depended on the diffusion depth of the coating in the pillar and their elastic modulus increased with pillar diameter due to the higher sidewall area. Tuning the material properties by conformal coating on various diameter pillars enhanced the mechanical performance and the vertical interconnect access (via) reliability. The results could be useful for quantum computing applications that require high-density superconducting vertical interconnects and reliable operation at reduced temperatures.
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Solovev, S. A., O. V. Soloveva, I. G. Akhmetova, Y. V. Vankov, and R. Z. Shakurova. "Numerical investigation of the thermal conductivity of a composite heat-insulating material with microgranules." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 24, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2022-24-1-86-98.
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THE PURPOSE. To consider the problems that arise when creating a composite heatinsulating material, including a layer of microspherical granules. Numerical modeling of a composite material with different volume content of microspheres and different options for the formation of voids. Determination of the influence of the presence of zones not occupied by microgranules on the insulating properties of the composite material. Determination of the influence of the volume content of microspherical granules on the heat flux through the composite material.METHODS. Numerical simulation was carried out by creating models of elementary cubic cells of a composite with a package of 27 microspheres in the ANSYS Fluent 19.2 software package. The evaluation of the insulating properties was carried out by measuring the thermal conductivity coefficient.RESULTS. The article investigates the influence of the presence of zones not occupied by microspherical granules on the thermal insulation properties of a composite material. Models of elementary cubic cells with different volume content of microgranules are constructed. Models of elementary cells are built with various options for the formation of voids, such as the removal of a vertical or horizontal row of granules and the compaction of granules vertically or horizontally.CONCLUSION. The removal of microgranules has a significant effect on the insulating properties of the composite. The lowest thermal conductivity coefficient was obtained for a simple cubic cell with a volume content of microgranules φ = 40%. The presence of voids in the material contributes to large heat losses, and in the case of a vertical through channel, the heat losses are greater than for a horizontal through channel. In the case of densification of spheres, heat losses in the zone not occupied by microgranules are compensated by a decrease in the heat flux in the area with densification of spheres.
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Endo, Yasoichi, Yuji Kominami, and Shouji Niwano. "Dependence of new-snow density on slope angle." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-14-18.
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The mass per unit horizontal area, vertical height and density of new snow accumulated on various slopes of 0° to 75° were measured. Although the mass of new snow on these slopes was nearly the same, vertical height increased and density decreased with increase of slope angle. Differences in heights and densities of new snow due to slope angle were explained by considering both accumulation and densification processes on the slopes.
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Endo, Yasoichi, Yuji Kominami, and Shouji Niwano. "Dependence of new-snow density on slope angle." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500014464.
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The mass per unit horizontal area, vertical height and density of new snow accumulated on various slopes of 0° to 75° were measured. Although the mass of new snow on these slopes was nearly the same, vertical height increased and density decreased with increase of slope angle. Differences in heights and densities of new snow due to slope angle were explained by considering both accumulation and densification processes on the slopes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Densification verticale"
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Chalencon, Elodie. "Les possibilités d'une densification verticale à l'ile de la Réunion : de la kaz atèr à la kaz atèr anlèr." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH007/document.
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Face au contexte particulier du territoire réunionnais, avec un climat tropical cyclonique, une surface habitable réduite de plus en plus en proie à un étalement urbain grandissant, un foncier rare et cher, des matériaux pour la plupart importés, une main d'œuvre peu qualifiée, une dépendance énergétique extérieure, une demande croissante de logements, des revenus plus bas que la moyenne nationale ainsi qu'une population qui ne cesse d'augmenter, le défi architectural à relever est de proposer de nouvelles formes d'habitat économique et écologique qui soient différentes de la kaz créole traditionnelle consommatrice d'espace tout en étant respectueuses des us et coutumes réunionnaisesFacing the context of the territory of Reunion island, with its tropical and cyclonic climate, a restricted inhabiting surface that is more and more exposed to a growing urban spreading out, a rare and costly land property, building material which are mainly imported, a low-qualified man power, an outer energetic dependence, a growing demand for housing, wages that are lower than the national average and a population which never get up increasing, the architectural challenge consists in proposing new shapes of low-cost and ecological habitat that could be different from the traditional Creole cabin very consuming of space while being respectful of the ways and customs of inhabitants of Reunion
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Bouchet-Blancou, Géraldine. "Densifier et rénover à l'échelle urbaine par la surélévation ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAG031.
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La thèse examine le potentiel de la surélévation à répondre aux attentes des politiques urbaines de densification verticale, par l’étude de trois métropoles européennes : Paris, Genève et Barcelone. Face aux enjeux de lutte contre l’étalement urbain, de rénovation thermique du parc bâti, de mixité sociale, de détente de la pression foncière et de valorisation du patrimoine architectural remarquable et ordinaire, la surélévation est perçue depuis le début des années 2000 comme une solution ayant fait ses preuves à l’échelle du bâti et exploitable maintenant à plus vaste échelle : celle de la métropole. Faire la ville sur la ville serait alors la solution aux maux urbains actuels. Mettre en oeuvre à grande échelle une typologie si fortement liée à l’existant n’est cependant pas si simple et les résultats sont parfois même contre-productifsThe thesis examines the potential of roof stacking to meet the expectations of urban densification policies, by studying three European cities : Paris, Geneva and Barcelona. Faced with the challenges of fighting against urban sprawl, thermal renovation of the building stock, social mix, easing of land pressure and enhancing the remarkable as the ordinary architectural heritage, roof stacking has been perceived since the early 2000’s as a proven solution on the building scale and now usable on a larger scale : that of the metropolis. Making a new city above the city would then be the solution to current urban ills. However, implementing a typology so strongly linked to the existing isn’t so simple and the results are sometimes even counter productive
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Bivrin, Julia, and Frida Carlsson. "Vertikal förtätning med tredimensionellfastighetsbildning : En undersökning av förutsättningarna." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254282.
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Invånarantalet i Sverige ökar och bristen på bostäder likaså. Mark att bebygga minskar och förtätning är något som det pratas mycket om. Tredimensionell fastighetsbildning infördes år 2004 och ett motiv till det var för att underlätta vid på- och nybyggnation på befintliga byggnader. Detta har dock inte skett i så stor utsträckning och man kan fråga sig varför? I detta arbete kommer svårigheter och möjligheter med vertikal förtätning att undersökas och även varför möjligheten inte används i så stor utsträckning. Arbetet är en kvalitativ studie som grundar sig på en fallstudie, litteraturstudie och intervjuer. Examensarbetet är begränsat till vertikal förtätning med tredimensionell fastighetsbildning och de fastighetsjuridiska frågor som kan uppstå. Förtätning innebär att man bygger nya byggnader eller utökar befintliga byggnader på höjden inom redan befintlig bebyggelse. Fördelarna med vertikal förtätning är att det är yteffektivt och inga grönytor tas i anspråk. Genom tredimensionell fastighetsbildning skapas en egen fastighet som avser endast påbyggnationen. Tre påbyggnadsprojekt har undersökts och utretts varav två ligger i centrala Stockholm och ett projekt ligger i centrala Jönköping. En genomgång av detaljplaner, lantmäteriförrättningar och informationsunderlag samt intervju med fastighetsbildningskonsulter och lantmätare har legat till grund för resultatet. Även en genomgång av möjliga platser för andra liknande projekt presenteras. Projekten har många likheter men också skillnader gällande rättighetslösningarna, storlek och omfattning. Svårigheter som uppmärksammats är rättighetslösningar, planändring, samverkan mellan olika ägare samt okunskap om processen och tredimensionell fastighetsbildning. De möjligheter som uppmärksammats är att vertikal förtätning sparar på grönområden då man bygger på befintliga byggnader. Då påbyggnationen leder till fler människor inom samma område kan bland annat infrastrukturen användas mer effektivt. Vid användning av tredimensionell fastighetsbildning vid påbyggnationen kan vi få en mer blandad stad genom att få in flera typer av användningar och upplåtelseformer i samma hus. Detta kan leda till att tryggheten ökar och att segregationen minskar. Varför det inte byggs mer genom vertikal förtätning är bland annat för att många aktörer ser för många osäkerheter i processen. Analysen har identifierat avgörande faktorer för att projekt ska påbörjas. Den första är konstruktionen, andra är planändringen som kräver tid och resurser samt den tredje som är samverkan mellan fastighetsägarna och de boende. Nyckeln till påbyggnadsprojekt är ekonomin. Har man en hållbar ekonomi och tror på bra avkastning på sin investering kommer man ta sig an riskerna som medföljer.The number of people is increasing in Sweden and the shortage of housing too. Land to build on is decreasing and densification is something that is talked about a lot. Three-dimensional property formation was introduced in 2004 and one motive for this was to simplify the construction on existing buildings. However, this has not happened to that great extent and one can ask why? In this work, difficulties and opportunities with vertical densification will be investigated and also why the possibility is not used. The work is a qualitative study based on a case study, literature study and interviews. The degree project is limited to vertical densification with three-dimensional property formation and the real estate law issues that may arise. Densification means constructing new buildings or expanding buildings on the top of already existing buildings. The advantage of vertical densification is that it is surface-efficient and no green areas are used. Through three-dimensional property formation, a separate property is created that relates only to the extension. Three vertical densification projects have been studied and investigated, two which are located in Stockholm city centre and one project in Jönköping city centre. A review of local plans, cadastral survey information and information bases, as well as interviews with real estate formation consultants and surveyors, have formed the foundation for the result. A review of possible places for other similar projects is also presented. The projects had many similarities but also differences regarding the rights solutions, size and magnitude. Difficulties that have been noticed are rights solutions, plan changes, collaboration between different owners and ignorance of the process and three-dimensional property formation. The possibilities that have been highlighted are that vertical densification saves green areas when building on the roof of existing buildings. As the extension leads to more people in the same area can among other thing, the usage of infrastructure can be more efficient. When using three-dimensional property development during the extension, we can get a more mixed city by getting several types of uses and forms of tenure in the same building. This can lead to increased security and a decrease in segregation. Why it is not built more through vertical densification is because many actors see too many uncertainties in the process. The analysis has identified crucial factors for projects to be started. The first is the construction, others are the plan change that requires time and resources and the third is the collaboration between the property owners and the residents. The key to extension projects is the economy, if you have a sustainable economy and believe in a good return on your investment, you will take on the risks that come with it.
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Ullermo, Jimmy. "Vertikal förtätning, ett alternativ till en tätare stadskärna." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-20410.
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Med en ökande befolkning och viljan att bo i centrala lägen, kan en vertikal förtätning genom påbyggnationer i centrala stadsområden vara ett alternativ som möter efterfrågan. I dag placeras ofta nybyggnation i utkanter av städer vilket bidrar till en glesare stadsbild. Vertikal förtätning är en komplicerad strategi och påverkar ett antal faktorer i staden. Den största faktorn är att ingen ny mark tas i anspråk men samtidigt kan det leda till problem med skuggning och förändring av offentliga platser. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka för- och nackdelar med en vertikal förtätning och att genomföra en sol- och skugganalys. Studien genomfördes på Drottninggatan 18 i de centrala delarna av Gävle. Analysen ämnar att undersöka hur en höjning av byggnader påverkar de omkringliggande öppna platserna genom att utgå ifrån solstudier.Resultatet visar fyra stycken exempel på hur en vertikal förtätning kan se ut vid en förhöjning av våningsplan och hur det påverkar omgivningen. Slutsatsen av examensarbetet visar att en vertikal förtätning är ett alternativ för Gävle, men att kompromisser är nödvändiga om staden ska kunna förtätas. Angående var gränsen ska dras för en vertikal förtätning är svår att sätta, men att bostäder behöver byggas i Gävle är ett faktum och då är det självfallet bättre att bygga på redan exploaterad mark om det görs på ett sådant sätt att omgivning inte påverkas.With an increasing population and the desire to live in central locations, a vertical densification through building in central urban areas could be an option that meets demand. In today’s cities new construction is often placed in the outskirts of cities, which contributes to a less dense cityscape. Vertical densification is a complicated strategy and affects a number of factors in the city. The biggest factor is that no new land is required but at the same time it can lead to problems with shading and changes in public places. The purpose of the study is to examine the advantages and disadvantages of vertical densification and implementing a sun- and shadow analysis. The study was conducted on Drottninggatan 18 in the central parts of Gävle. The analysis aims to examine how an increase in buildings affects the surrounding open spaces by using sun studies.The results show four examples of how a vertical densification can look at an elevation of floor and how it affects the environment. The conclusion of the thesis shows that a vertical densification is an option for Gävle, but that compromises are necessary for the city to be able to densify. Regarding where to draw the lines for a vertical densification is difficult to do, but that homes need to be built in Gävle is a fact, and then it is obviously better to build on already developed land if it is done in such a way that the environment is not affected greatly.
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Wiborg, Theres, and Malin Sundén. "Problematiska områden vid vertikal förtätning - och hur de kan avhjälpas med hjälp av lättbyggnadselement." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-68827.
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För att få plats med alla nya bostäder behöver städer växa. Många städer har ökat i area vilkethar lett till att grönmark försvunnit och att behovet av transporter ökat. Ett annat sätt att lösastädernas tillväxt är att förtäta dessa. Förtätning innebär att den mark som redan är bebyggdexploateras ytterligare. Detta kan göras på flera olika vis. Befintliga byggnader kan rivas föratt ge plats åt bättre planerade, eller högre byggnader. Befintliga byggnader kan byggas tilleller byggas på. Ett annat sätt att förtäta är att ändra användandet av gamla byggnader frånexempelvis lagerlokaler till bostäder, eller riva hela områden av gamla byggnader för attåteruppbygga dessa med tätare och högre bebyggelse.Detta examensarbetet fokuseras på vertikala förtätningen som innebär att stadens befintligasilhuett förhöjs. Befintliga byggnader byggs på på höjden, källare och vindar inreds tillbostäder eller befintliga byggnader rivs och ersätts med nya högre byggnader. Precis som vidall typ av förtätning uppkommer vissa problem vid vertikal förtätning. Syftet med dennarapport är att definiera problemen vid vertikal förtätning samt hur dessa problem undviksgenom att använda lättbyggnadselement.Dagsljuskraven som finns i BBR styr när nya byggnader skall projekteras. En viss tillgång tilldagsljus skall finnas i alla rum där man vistas mer än tillfälligt. När nya högre byggnaderuppförs ändras tillgången på dagsljus för intilliggande byggnader och områden vilket kan blimycket problematiskt då det inte finns regelverk som styr detta.Vidare innebär högre hus att ljudet från staden kommer studsa och spridas annorlunda äninnan. Flera människor och funktioner på samma ställe, vilket blir en naturlig förlängning aven förtätning, gör också att bullernivåerna ökar.Vertikal förtätning av städerna medför nya utmaningar även vad gäller brandskyddet. När husbyggs på inryms inte bara fler människor utan ibland även nya verksamheter, vilket leder tillatt nya krav rörande brandsäkerheten måste tillgodoses. Att bygga på nya våningar på redanbefintliga byggnader ger större brandtekniska utmaningar än om ett nytt hus byggs på marken.De fastigheter som skall byggas på uppfördes ofta när andra brandkrav gällde, varför ävendessa måste anpassas för att möta de nya brandskyddskraven.Även tillgängligheten i byggnader är en viktig aspekt att ha i beaktning när påbyggnationerskall göras. Om en byggnad överstiger tre våningar krävs att hiss finns för att rullstolsburnaskall ha tillgång till byggnaden. Dessa regler gäller både vid uppförande av nya byggnader,likväl som vid ändring av befintliga byggnader. De nya våningsplanen måste uppfyllasamtliga krav som ställs i BBR avseende tillgänglighet.Ett problem som blir uppenbart när ytterligare våningar ska byggas ovanpå redan befintligahus är hur den befintliga byggnaden skall klara att bära upp de nya våningarna. Därför måstealltid en rigorös utredning av detta göras innan en påbyggnad påbörjas. För att minskabelastningen på befintlig byggnation kan påbyggnad göras med hjälp av lättbyggnadselement.Rörande de olika problemområden som framkommit kan ses att det egentligen endast är ihänseendet statik de olika påbyggnadsmetoderna skiljer sig nämnvärt åt. I de flesta områdenses ingen större skillnad alls.In order to accommodate all new homes, cities need to grow. Many cities have increased inarea, which has led to the disappearance of parks and fields and increased the need fortransport. Another way to solve urban growth is to densify them. Densifying means that theland already built is further exploited. This can be done in several different ways. Existingbuildings can be demolished to accommodate better planned or higher buildings. Existingbuildings can be increased in both horizontal and vertical measures. Another way to densify isto change the use of old buildings from, for example, warehouses to homes, or demolishentire areas of old buildings to rebuild them with denser and higher settlements.This report is focused on the vertical densification means that the city's existing silhouette isenhanced. Existing buildings are built on at the heights, basement and attics are furnished tohomes or existing buildings torn and replaced with new higher buildings. As with any type ofdensification, some problems occur in vertical densification. The purpose of this report is todefine the problems of vertical densification and how to avoid these problems by usinglightweight elements.The daylight requirements contained in BBR must be taken under consideration when newbuildings are to be planned. There are supposed to be a certain amount of daylight in allrooms in an apartment where you stay more than temporary. When new higher buildings arebuilt, the availability of daylight for adjacent buildings and areas changes, which can be veryproblematic as there are no regulations that control this. Moreover, higher houses mean thatthe noise from the city will bounce and spread differently than before. Several people andfunctions in the same place, which will be a natural extension of a densification, will alsoincrease noise levels.Vertical densification of cities poses new challenges even regarding the fire protection. Whenhouses are built higher, not only more people but sometimes even other businesses is situatedinto the building which often entails new requirements regarding fire safety must be met.Building on new floors on existing buildings gives greater fire-tech challenges than if a newhouse is being built on the ground. The properties to be built on were often imposed whenother fire requirements applied, so even these must be adapted to meet the new fire protectionrequirements.The accessibility of buildings is also an important aspect to be taken under considerationwhen constructions are to be made. If a building exceeds three floors, a lift is required forwheelchair users to have access to the building. These rules apply to the construction of newbuildings as well as to the alteration of existing buildings. The new floor plan must meet allrequirements set by BBR regarding accessibility.One problem that becomes apparent when additional floors are to be built on top of existinghouses is how the existing building will be able to carry the new floors. Therefore, a rigorousinvestigation of this must always be done before a build-up is commenced. In order to reducethe load on existing construction, construction can be made using lightweight constructionelements. Regarding the various problem areas that emerged can be seen that it is only in theproblem regarding how the existing building is supposed to carry the extra weight where thedifferent methods of building differ greatly. In most areas no, big difference is seen at all.
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Soldemyr, Niklas, and Andreas Dahlberg. "ETT GESTALTNINGSFÖRSLAG FÖR NYA BOSTÄDER GENOM VERTIKAL FÖRTÄTNING : Utifrån lämplighetsanalys för vertikal förtätning, gestaltningspriciper samt plats- och mikroklimatsanalyser." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64404.
Full textAbstract:
Den befolkningstillväxt som sker idag skapar utmaningar för det befintliga bostadsbeståndet och vår bostadsförsörjning. För att klara tillväxten bygger vi våra städer tätare och högre vilket skapar både möjligheter och utmaningar. Ett sätt att effektivisera redan exploaterad mark kan vara att genom vertikal förtätning skapa fler bostäder på befintlig bebyggelse. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att belysa hur våningspåbyggnad i en urban miljö kan gestaltas och vilken påverkan den kan ha på mikroklimatet. För att undersöka huruvida det är lämpligt att förtäta ett utvalt objekt genomfördes en lämplighetsanalys baserat på ett tidigare examensarbete av Larsheim (2007), vilken behandlar inventering av fastighetsbestånd för vertikal förtätning. Denna metod har bearbetats i samråd med planarkitekt på Luleå kommun innan den tillämpades på det utvalda förtätningsobjektet vilket renderade i att byggnaden kunde anses lämplig att förtäta på. För att beskriva byggnaden och dess närområdes arkitektoniska karaktär utfördes en analys enligt Thiis-Evensen (1994) metod. Med hjälp av Pena och Parshalls (2001) metod ”Problem seeking” syntetiserades den arkitektoniska karaktärsanalysen tillsammans med förtätningsteori och teori om mikroklimat. Syntesen gav ett förslag till gestaltningsprogram för hur våningspåbyggnaden skulle kunna gestaltas. Examensarbetet resulterade i ett gestaltningsförslag se del 6. Gestaltningsförslaget. Påbyggnaden består av 45 lägenheter som är placerad ovanpå ett befintligt parkeringshus i Luleå, bostäderna är fördelade på tre plan vilka vilar på en förlängd pelarstomme. Påbyggnaden öppnar upp för nya möjligheter till ett attraktivt boende i innerstaden och har dessutom kvalitativa grönytor för lek och socialt umgänge samt odlingsbara ytor i ett växthus. I syfte att positivt kunna påverka de förändringar som kan ske då stadens tak bebyggs har mikroklimatsanalyser utförts utifrån faktorerna sol, vind, luftkvalitet, ljud, snö samt fenomenet ”Urban heat islands”. Analyserna som utförts har påverkat val av form och material för det i del 6. presenterade gestaltningsförslaget. Det presenterade gestaltningsförslaget bör i ytterligare steg undersökas av annan part då detta inte kunnat utföras under examensarbetets gång. Den lämplighetsanalys som testats i detta examensarbete bör valideras och utformas i närmre samarbete med intressenter och kommun för att säkerställa att rätt kriterier och tillvägagångssätt används då lämplighet för påbyggnad ska bestämmas.The current ongoing population growth creates challenges for the existing housing stock and our housing supply. To handle this population growth, our cities are being constructed higher and more densely, which creates new opportunities and challenges. One way to make use of the already exploited land could be by using the principle of vertical densification to raise the existing building height and thereby being able to create new housing opportunities. The purpose of this master thesis is to illustrate how a rooftop extension could be configured into an urban environment and what impacts this configuration might have on the microclimate for the subjected area. To study the eligibility for a densification on the selected object, a method of eligibility analysis was carried out. The method used is based on a previous degree project by Larsheim (2007), which deals with stocktaking and assessing property stocks for vertical densification. The redesigned method was before being used on the selected object for densification drafted in consultation with planning architect at Luleå municipality. The final usage of the method resulted in the building being considered suitable for densification. A site analysis was conducted with regards to the existing building and its vicinity with a method written by Thiis-Evensen (1994). The method is focused on describing the architectural nature of the site. This analysis, together with the selected theory of densification and microclimate, was synthesized using Pena and Parshall's (2001) method "Problem seeking", which rendered a suggestion of a program for how the building could be configured. This master thesis resulted in a design proposal for a rooftop extension, see part 6. Gestaltningsförslaget. The extension is located on top of an existing multistory car park building in the centre of Luleå. The rooftop extension contains 45 apartments and consists of three elevated planes that resides on an extended pillar construction. A large green open area on the inner courtyard unlocks new opportunities for an attractive accommodation in the inner city. It also give the residents a room for social play and interaction as well as the opportunity to use cultivable surfaces in a new greenhouse. A microclimate analysis was carried out based on solar, wind, air quality, sound, snow, and the phenomenon of Urban heat islands in order to positively change the impact that might occur when the city’s rooftops are being extended. The analysis carried out influenced the selection of form and material in the design stage for the design proposal presented in part 6. The design proposal presented should be further investigated by another party. The eligibility analysis conducted in this master thesis should be validated and designed in close collaboration with stakeholders and municipalities to ensure that the correct criteria and approaches are being used when the eligibility of the rooftop extension is to be determined.
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Huynh, Mai, and Linnea Bengtsson. "VERTIKAL BOSTADSUTFORMNING I FRAMTIDENS FÖRTÄTNING AV STÄDER." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41180.
Full textAbstract:
Syfte: Den svenska befolkningen urbaniserar, invånare flyttar från landsbygden till tätbebyggda områden. Bostadsutformningen blir en viktig del för att vara yt-effektiv utan att försämra levnadsstandarden för de boende. De styrande regelverken utvecklas ständigt för att möta samhällets och teknikens utveckling. Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka hur ökad höjd i en mindre lägenhet kan påverka livsmiljökvalitet. De styrande frågeställningarna som ska leda fram till målet är: (1) Vilka faktorer påverkar livsmiljökvalitet när det gäller mindre bostäder? (2) Hur förändras rummet om man strävar efter minsta möjliga golvyta till förmån för vertikal rumsutformning? (3) Till vilken grad kan man tillfredsställa kraven/föreskrifterna i BBR och SIS med koppling till vertikal rumsutformning? Metod: För att erfara kunskap användes litteratursökning inom förtätning, livsmiljökvalitet, de fysiskt påverkande faktorerna och bostadspreferenser. Dokumentanalys gjordes på referenslägenhetens planlösning och regelverken. En observation av referenslägenheten gjordes och experiment där olika parametrar som takhöjd, golvavtryck, förvaring och fast inredning förändrades. Resultat: De avgörande parametrar som påverkar livsmiljökvalitet när det kommer till bostäder är; möjlighet för arbete, matplats, förvaring, öppenhet och luftighet, genomblick och axialitet, möblerbarhet, originalitet, trivsamhet, funktionalitet och generalitet. Vid begränsad yta går det att kompensera upp detta med en annan parameter från listan på livsmiljökvalitet. Minskas de mätbara och funktionella värdena kan går det att väga upp med de omätbara och estetiska värdena. Tillgänglighetskraven försvårar sammanfallandet av bostadsfunktioner och kräver generellt en större yta. Konsekvenser: Genom att utforma bostäder med högre takhöjd och minskad golvyta men bibehålla livskvalitén går det att koncentrera bostäderna i framtidens förtätning. Genom att tillåta integrering av bostadsfunktioner på höjden blir det möjligt att bygga lägenheter med mindre golvyta innehållandes samtliga basfunktioner för en bostad. Begränsningar: Denna rapport behandlar mindre bostäder om högst 35m2 för en person Vid benämning av rumsupplevelse så menas den rumsliga upplevelsen av lägenheten, vilket huvudsakligen är rumsgeometrin och den fasta inredningen. De regelverk som beaktas är BBR och SIS. Konstruktion och kostnad beaktas inte. Resultat: Genom att utforma bostäder med högre takhöjd och minskad golvyta men bibehålla livskvalitén går det att koncentrera bostäderna i framtidens förtätning. Genom att tillåta integrering av bostadsfunktioner på höjden blir det möjligt att bygga lägenheter med mindre golvyta innehållandes samtliga basfunktioner för en bostad. De avgörande parametrar som påverkar livsmiljökvalitet när det kommer till bostäder är; möjlighet för arbete, matplats, förvaring, öppenhet och luftighet, genomblick och axialitet, möblerbarhet, originalitet, trivsamhet, funktionellt vs. generellt. Vid begränsad yta går det att kompensera upp detta med en annan parameter från ovanstående lista. Minskas de mätbara och funktionella värdena går det att väga upp med de omätbara och estetiska värdena. Tillgänglighetskraven försvårar sammanfallandet av bostadsfunktioner och kräver generellt en större yta.Purpose: The Swedish population is urbanizing, residents move from the countryside to densely populated areas. Housing design becomes an important part of being surface efficient without impairing living standards for residents. The governing rules limit how to build. As they are constantly evolving to meet the development of society and technology, more reliefs of housing design requirements have been made. This thesis aims to investigate how increased height in a smaller apartment can affect habitat quality. The governing questions are: (1) what factors affect residential quality in terms of smaller housing? (2) How does the room change if one strives for the minimum floor space in favor of vertical room design? (3) To what extent can you satisfy the requirements / regulations of BBR and SIS in relation to vertical room design? Method: In order to gain knowledge of the subject, literature search was used in densification, habitat quality, the physically influencing factors and housing preferences. Document analysis was made on a reference apartment plan solution and the governing rules. An observation of the reference apartment was performed as well as experiments in which different parameters such as room height, floor imprint, storage and fixed furnishing were changed. Findings: The crucial parameters that affect habitat quality when it comes to housing are; opportunity for work, dining space, storage, openness and airiness, transparency and axiality, the possibility to furnish, originality, comfort, functionality and generality. A limited floor space can be compensated by another parameter from the list of habitat quality parameters. If the measurable and functional values are reduced, it is possible to compensate with the immeasurable and aesthetic values. Accessibility requirements aggravate the convergence of housing functions and generally require a larger floor area. All SIS requirements can be met, even when combining housing functions. Implications: By designing apartments with increased height and reduced floor space but at the same time maintaining the habitant quality, it is possible to concentrate housing in the future densification of cities. By allowing the integration of residential functions at the height, it is possible to build apartments with less floor space containing all basic functions for a home. Limitations: This work aims to investigate smaller apartments up to 35m2 for one person. When mentioning the term “residential quality” it refers to the spatial perception of the apartment, which is mainly the geometry of the room and the permanent furnishing. The regulations considered are BBR and SIS. Construction and cost are not considered.
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Houssemand, Jean. "Conceptualisation et évaluation d'une typologie de lotissement vertical pour un aménagement urbain durable." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCH001.
Full textAbstract:
Le processus de développement urbain actuel est le produit d’une situation paradoxale. D’un côté, les ménages préfèrent l’habitat individuel, qui trouve dans les périphéries des villes les conditions favorables à son déploiement, tout en souhaitant bénéficier de services qui sont plutôt le corrélat des centralités urbaines denses. De l’autre côté, pour lutter contre les coûts environnementaux, sociaux et économiques de l’étalement urbain et tendre vers une ville plus durable, les projets de renouvellement urbain et de ville compacte imposent des densité que seul l’habitat collectif permet d’atteindre. L’équation « maîtrise de l’étalement urbain, satisfaction de la demande résidentielle et ville durable » apparaît donc insoluble, notamment par l’absence d’une offre d’habitat en mesure de conjuguer les singularités du pavillon et les besoins de densité urbaine. Deux tandems « habitat / territoire et mobilité induite » relativement étanches en découlent : la maison individuelle, dépendante de l’automobile, est principalement localisée dans les espaces périurbains, alors que l’habitat collectif, peu plébiscité par les ménages, se concentre dans les centres avec des alternatives multiples à l’automobile. Dans ce contexte, à travers le concept central de « lotissement vertical », ce travail de recherche doctorale pose l’hypothèse qu’un élargissement du prisme d’analyse des mobilités et des espaces urbains doit permettre l’émergence de solutions nouvelles, intégrant les caractéristiques de l’habitat et des territoires de manière pluridisciplinaire et multiscalaire. Pour valider cette hypothèse, la méthodologie s’articule en deux temps. Premièrement, une revue de la littérature architecturale a permis de définir le « concept de lotissement vertical » comme une réponse innovante à l’équation aujourd’hui insoluble ; l’histoire de l’architecture nous renseigne en effet abondamment sur les opportunités d’un urbanisme vertical jusqu’ici inexploité, qui autorise la création de terrains artificiels suspendus pour bâtir des maisons individuelles en étages. Deuxièmement, l’état de l’art a permis de cerner les principaux déterminants de l’attractivité résidentielle en confrontant les deux tandems classiques au concept de « lotissement vertical » et d’en proposer un modèle théorique adaptable à différents cas de figure. Le modèle a fait l’objet d’une triple évaluation. Premièrement, les informations recueillies lors d’une enquête par photo-élicitation permettent de valider a posteriori les choix architecturaux et de s’assurer de leur pertinence en termes de préférences résidentielles. Deuxièmement, une évaluation juridique montre qu’une évolution des dispositions réglementaires améliorerait le déploiement opérationnel du modèle, mais que ce dernier peut néanmoins immédiatement satisfaire la demande tout en luttant contre l’étalement urbain. Troisièmement, une évaluation géographique, confrontant le déploiement du modèle à la réalité des terrains disponibles et à la localisation des aménités et des infrastructures de transport, montre qu’il permettrait concrètement de densifier la ville et ses périphéries selon une logique proche du Transit Oriented Development. Trois résultats majeurs découlent de cette évaluation. Le concept semble en effet (i) correspondre aux choix résidentiels d’une part significative des ménages français, (ii) pouvoir être immédiatement autorisé et géré par le cadre légal et réglementaire existant, (iii) bénéficier d’un potentiel de développement conséquent à l’échelle de l’Eurométropole de Strasbourg. Par ailleurs, à l’heure où les démarches pluridisciplinaires et multiscalaires sont questionnées, ce travail de thèse, qui couple une approche architecturale à l’échelle de l’habitat et une approche géographique à l’échelle de l’agglomération, offre un exemple concret de formalisation de nouvelles formes d’habitat, fondée sur le principe original d’un découplage entre « typologies d’habitat » et « territoires »The current urban development process is the result of a paradoxical situation. On the one end, families prefer individual housing, which finds the favourable conditions to its spreading in the more or less distant from towns outskirts, while wishing to benefit from services (proximity to amenities, public transport offers, etc…) which are rather the corelate of dense urban centralization. On the other hand, in order to fight against environmental, social and economic costs of urban sprawl, and also aim towards a more sustainable city, the urban renovation and compact city projects lead to some density levels that only collective housing enables to reach. So, the equation - control of the urban sprawl, satisfaction of the house request and sustainable city - seems to be unsolvable, especially due to the lack of a housing offer being able to combine the particularities of the detached house and the needs of urban density. Two relatively separate tandems “housing/territory and induced mobility” result from it : individual housing, which is dependent on cars, is mainly situated in peri-urban areas, whereas collective housing, which is not approved by most families, gather in the town centers with many alternatives to cars. In such a context, through the main concept of “vertical housing development”, this doctoral research work arises the hypothesis that the enlargement of the prism of the mobilities and urban areas analysis should enable the emergency of new solutions, which will include the housing and territories specifications in a multidisciplinary and multiscale way. In order to confirm this hypothesis, the methodology hinges on two steps. First, a review of the architectural literature allowed to define the “vertical housing concept” as an innovative answer to the equation which is insolvable nowadays : indeed, the history of architecture informs us profusely on the opportunities of a vertical urbanism unexploited until now ; this enables the creation of hanging artificial grounds to build in floors detached houses. In second place, the state of the art allowed to identify the main determinants of housing attractiveness while confronting the two classical tandems to the concept of “vertical housing development” and suggests a theoretical model adaptable to different cases. The model has been evaluated three times. Firstly, the information gathered during a photo-elicitation inquiry allow to validate the architectural choices a posteriori and make sure of their suitability in terms of residential preferences. Secondly, a legal evaluation shows that a development of the current regulatory measures is indeed partially necessary to the operational development of the model, but the latter can nevertheless quickly fulfill the demand while fighting against urban sprawl. Thirdly, a geographical evaluation which compares the deployment of the model with the reality of available grounds and the localization of amenities and transport infrastructure, shows that it would concretely allow to densify the town and its outskirts according to a logic close to the Transit Oriented Development. Three major results arise from this evaluation. Indeed, the concept seems (i) to match with the residential choices from a significant part of the French families, (ii) to be immediately authorized and managed by the current legal and regulatory framework, (iii) to benefit from a consequent potential of development at the level of the Strasbourg-Eurometropolis. Moreover, at a time when multidisciplinary and multiscale approaches are questioned, this thesis work, which links an architectural approach at the housing level and a geographical approach at the city level, gives a specific example of new types of housing formalization, based on the original principle of a decoupling between “housing types” and “territories”
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Bergström, Jessica, and Fredrika Holm. "Bygg på miljonen! : Våningspåbyggnad på miljonprogramshus." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174188.
Full textAbstract:
Storstadsregionernas växande befolkning, viljan att förtäta förorterna, samt miljonprogrammets stora utbud av standardiserade flerbostadshus i ytterstaden leder oss fram till examensarbetets innehåll: en studie om våningspåbyggnad på miljonprogrammets flerbostadshus. Syftet med examensarbetet är utreda miljonprogrammets potential för en vertikal förtätning. Vertikal förtätning innebär att redan befintlig bebyggelse kompletteras med ytterligare våningsplan. Syftet är även att underlätta för kommande påbyggnadsprojekt genom att lyfta fram svårigheter som ett påbyggnadsprojekt kan medföra, samt beskriva hur en våningspåbyggnad kan utföras. För att nå rapportens syfte ska följande frågeställningar besvaras: 1. Varför ska vi bygga ovanpå miljonprogrammets flerbostadshus? 2. Hur utformas en våningspåbyggnad lämpligast med avseende på stommaterial, byggmetod och installationer? 3. Vad bör särskilt beaktas vid en våningspåbyggnad? Examensarbetet kommer att studera miljonprogrammets potential för en vertikal förtätning i främst Stockholms stads förorter. Flerbostadshusens byggtekniska förutsättningar lyfts fram. Utöver det studeras lämpliga byggmetoder, stommaterial och installationslösningar för en påbyggnad. Examensarbetet avslutas med att belysa vad som särskilt bör beaktas i ett påbyggnadsprojekt. Resultatet av examensarbetet visar att miljonprogrammets flerbostadshus har god potential för en vertikal förtätning. Våningspåbyggnaden utformas lämpligast med planelement av betong om den befintliga konstruktionen tål en tung påbyggnad utan förstärkning. I annat fall konstrueras påbyggnadens stomme lämpligast av planelement av trä för miljonprogrammets flerbostadshus. För att fritt kunna utforma våningspåbyggnadens planlösning bör en balkgrund eller ett installationsgolv installeras. Där kan de nya installationerna till påbyggnaden dras. För att undvika störningar under projektets gång är områdets förutsättningar minst lika viktiga att beakta som den befintliga konstruktionens byggtekniska förutsättningar. Hyresgästernas åsikter och skyddsrumsreglerna ska även beaktas tidigt i ett våningspåbyggnadsprojekt.The growing population in most Swedish conurbations, the desire to densify housing in the suburbs, as well as the suitability of the so called ”the Million Programme” wide range of standardized apartment buildings in the suburbs, led us to the thesis content: a study on storey extension for “the Million Programme” apartment buildings. The aim of the thesis is to facilitate the concept development phase for future storey extension projects and overall, to investigate ”the Million Programme” buildings’ potential for vertical densification. . Vertical densification means supplying additional floors on already existing buildings. To address the purpose of the report, the following questions will be answered: 1. What are the incentives for building on top of ”the Million Programme” apartment buildings? 2. How should a storey extension be designed conveniently concerning construction methods, selection of structural bearing materials and HVAC? 3. What should be considered especially during a storey extension project? The thesis will investigate potential of the buildings of ”the Million Programme” for a vertical densification, mainly in Stockholm’s suburbs. The residential buildings’ technical conditions will be highlighted. In addition, the study will also consider suitable construction methods and structural bearing materials, as well as HVAC solutions for storey extension. The thesis is rounded off by highlighting what should be considered especially during the storey extension project work to avoid or minimize disturbances during the project. The result of the thesis proves that the ”million programme” apartment buildings have good potential for a storey extension. If the existing building allows a massive storey extension without revetments, the storey extension should be made of plan elements of concrete. Otherwise the most appropriate alternative is proven to be plan elements of wood on the “million programme” apartment buildings. To freely be able to design the plan arrangements in the storey extension, an appropriate alternative is to build a beam floor or an installation floor that creates a space between the existing floor and the new floor. This space can be used for the new installations for the storey extension. Our result also proves that the area qualifications are at least as important to observe as the technical qualifications of the existing buildings. Also the opinions of the tenants in the area and shelter regulations are important things to investigate early in the project.
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Fernandes, Cristiana Barbosa Lopes. "Three-dimensional electro-responsive carbonreinforced hydrogels for neural tissue engineering." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/33108.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of the present work consists of the optimization of the
production of three-dimensional electro-responsive carbon-reinforced hydrogels,
to study their cytocompatibility with neural stem cells (NSCs) for neural tissue
engineering.
For that matter, initially vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) with two
different patterns were prepared by thermal chemical vapor deposition (T-CVD):
(1) VA-CNTs dense forest and (1) VA-CNTs micropillars. Furthermore, the
substrates previously described were studied after acetone vapor treatment,
resulting in a cellular and “flower-like” pattern morphology, respectively.
Structural characterization of the respective samples was made using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the
measurement of the water contact angle (WCA). The integration with gelatinmethacryloyl
(GelMA) -based hydrogels were explored in the different studied
samples.
The influence of the different VA-CNTs prepared patterns was studied by the
evaluation of the cell behavior with resort to NSCs. By immunocytochemical
staining, cell viability assays and SEM, it was observed the cells affinity for the
diverse carbon structures, in comparison to the silicon (Si) substrate. Besides, it
was also verified the suitability of the VA-CNTs platforms for cell viability and
proliferation. The collapsed VA-CNTs substrate made evident the tendency for
cell differentiation into neurons, possibly due to their superficial roughness at the
nanoscale, which favors this biological mechanism.
The results obtained demonstrated that VA-CNTs based structures favors the
proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, making them promising as future threedimensional
electroresponsive structures with excellent performances for neural
tissue engineering.O principal objetivo do presente trabalho constituiu na otimização da produção de estruturas tridimensionais eletro-estimuláveis à base de nanoestruturas de carbono/hidrogel, estudando a sua citocompatibilidade com células estaminais para engenharia de tecido neuronal. Nesse sentido foram primeiramente preparados dois padrões de nanotubos de carbono verticalmente alinhados (VA-CNTs) por deposição química em fase vapor (T-CVD): (1) floresta densa de VA-CNTs e (2) micropilares de VA-CNTs. Além disso, foram também estudados os substratos anteriormente descritos após tratamento por vapor de acetona, resultando na formação de VA-CNTs e micropadrões colapsados, apresentando uma morfologia com um padrão celular e uma semelhante a uma "flor", respetivamente. As respetivas amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrónica de varrimento (SEM), de transmissão (TEM) e foi medido o ângulo de contacto com a água (WCA). As diferentes amostras estudadas foram exploradas na integração com hidrogéis à base de gelatina metacrilada (GelMA). A influência dos diferentes padrões de VA-CNTs preparados foi estudada através da avaliação do comportamento celular com o recurso a células estaminais neurais (NSCs). Por ensaios de imunocitoquímica, viabilidade celular e SEM, foi observada a afinidade das células para com as diversas estruturas de carbono, em comparação com o substrato de silício (Si). Para além disso foi também verificada a aptidão das diversas estruturas baseadas em VA-CNTs como plataformas para proliferação e diferenciação de NSCs. Os substratos de VA-CNTs colapsados evidenciaram uma propensão para induzir a diferenciação celular em neurónios, possivelmente devido à sua rugosidade superficial à nanoescala favorecer este mecanismo biológico. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as estruturas baseadas em VA-CNTs favorecem a proliferação e diferenciação das células estaminais neurais, podendo futuramente ser aplicados como estruturas tridimensionais eletroestimuláveis com elevado desempenho para engenharia de tecido neural.
Mestrado em Materiais e Dispositivos Biomédicos
Book chapters on the topic "Densification verticale"
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Ding, Peng, Zhiguo Liu, Hui Mao, Menglin Li, Zhichao Jiao, Weifeng Kou, Peng Lin, and Zhiyun Deng. "Experimental Study on the Influence Range of Vibroflotation Device Encryption." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde230756.
Full textAbstract:
In order to study the influence range of vibroflotation device (VD) on the formation during vibroflotation pile densification, based on the physical model test of vibroflotation pile, the relationship curve of the main key construction control parameters during vibroflotation densification was established. The analysis showed that: under the test conditions, the main influence range of the VD on the surrounding soil pressure and acceleration was about 1r in the horizontal direction (r = VD radius), and about ± 2r in the vertical direction. The influence on pore water pressure in surrounding soil was about 2r in horizontal direction and ± 3r in vertical direction. In the process of densification, the pore pressure concentration in the soil around the VD had a certain delay compared with the increase of current intensity, which was manifested as the delayed accumulation effect of pore water pressure in the vibroflotation densification. The peak acceleration was 1r ahead of the peak current intensity, which showed the effect of vibroflotation pre-densification. The research conclusions could provide useful reference for the design and construction of vibroflotation piles.
Conference papers on the topic "Densification verticale"
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Vicuña, Magdalena. "Intensive residential densification: impact on the urban morphology of Santiago de Chile." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5625.
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Santiago de Chile´s areas of growing centrality are currently under residential densification processes, which vary in degrees of intensity and forms of impact in the urban environment. As a result of a weak conduction of residential densification, the structural-radical transformation of the urban fabric has resulted in urban space degradation. However, residential densification is a form of urban growth that, well designed and planned, allows optimizing infrastructures and building a more complex and inclusive city. This work aims to understand to what extent urban morphology shapes these processes of urban transformation in 15 selected areas of 25 hectares; proposing typologies of residential densification based on the intensity of the process and the state of transformation of the urban fabric. Density (dwellings/hectare) is understood in systemic relation with those parameters that determine urban compactness and configure public space: lot subdvision composition, setbacks, building footprint and height, floor area ratio and mixed use index, among others. The impact of intensive densification on urban space would have three main effects: (1) the standardized tower radically fragments the fabric structure and skyline, to the extent multiple and dispersed vertical operations transform lot geometry, abruptly increase building height and lower land occupation; (2) triggers a "residentialization" effect, unbalancing existing diversity of activities and contributing to undermine urban vitality; and (3) impairs the quality of public space, by introducing exogenous typological elements (such as setbacks) and reducing contact between private space and the street.
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Huang, Xiaoqing, and Hui Zhang. "Hot-Zone Design of Carbon/Carbon-Metal Sandwich Structure Composite Using CVI/CVD Material Processing." In ASME 2023 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2023 17th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2023-106577.
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Abstract The sandwich structure is a composite structure that is widely used in aviation, construction, and other fields due to its superior performance. We have designed a vertical dual-temperature-zone-dual-channel chemical vapor infiltration/deposition system that includes a deposition zone and a preheating zone. Carbon fiber-reinforced matrix carbon composites are used as the inner and outer panels of the sandwich structural materials, while structurally designed metal grids are proposed as the core material. We establish flow, heat and mass transfer, and chemical reaction models to carry out optimal control of densification and the hot zone in the carbon/carbon-metal sandwich structure composite using numerical simulation methods. We use a single control variable approach, such as changing the mesh spacer size, heater temperature and length, and core-to-plate ratio, to explore the effects of different design parameters on the hot zone and densification of the carbon/carbon-metal sandwich structure composite. The results show that optimizing the heater power, the distribution of the metal grid, and other parameters can lead to lower Damkhler numbers. Consequently, higher axial temperature gradients and lower radial temperature gradients can be achieved during the densification process.
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Atmadja, Felicia, and Dushko Bogunovich. "Shaping compact cities for liveability, affordability and sustainability." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/gbmg2410.
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Rapid urban population and territorial growth is becoming a general trend across the world, driving planning policies to promote a more compact city. As an alternative to sprawling patterns of urban development, the compact city emerges as a spatial form characterized by three key elements: densification, connectivity and accessibility. All three are articulated by transit-oriented development (TOD) strategies in today’s urban context. TOD aims to encourage densification, mixed land uses, walkability and public transportation, as well as vertical housing typologies. There are now many examples around the world in which TOD has influenced the verticalization of the city, and we can expect further translations into other contexts. Auckland and Jakarta have too chosen the TOD strategy, incorporating vertical housing, to slow down the sprawl. But citizens are concerned about the quality of life in high-rise, higher density housing, as well as its price. We make a comparative assessment of TOD’s ability to achieve liveability, sustainability and affordability in two cities – Jakarta and Auckland – while using Singapore as a benchmark for both. Two case studies have shown that some of the residents’ complaints are justified. In the conclusion of the study we suggest improvements in planning and design strategies and produce further recommendations for an effective city transformation.
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Birvydienė, Rosita, Algirdas Butkus, Arūnas Būga, Ramunas Dedela, Ricardas Kolosovskis, Boleslovas Krikštaponis, Arvydas Musteikis, et al. "Final Results of Establishment of the Geodetic Vertical Second Order Network of Lithuania." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.166.
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The methodology of all kinds of geodetic measurements of the Geodetic Vertical Second Order Network, the information on the observation data received and main results of the accuracy estimation and adjustment of the network are presented. In 2006 the development of the Geodetic Vertical First Order Network of Lithuania was completed. It was the basis to adopt the Height System of Lithuania (LAS07). The densification of the Geodetic Vertical First Order Network started in 2010 by development of the Geodetic Vertical Second Order Network. The Second Order Network consists of 74 levelling lines, and total length of them is 3087 km. In the period of 2010–2013 the 16 levelling lines (814 km) were observed. Rest of levelling lines were observed in 2013–2016. Total number of benchmarks is 2099. The levelling was executed by digital levels Trimble DiNi12 and coded rods Nedo LD13. All ground benchmarks were positioned by GPS receivers Trimble 5700 and Trimble Zephyr Geodetic antennas. LitPOS stations served as fiducial points. The gravity accelerations at all benchmarks were observed by gravimeters Scintrex CG-5. The levellings of the Second Order Network carried out is characterized by high precision: the double run of one kilometre levelling RMS error does not exceeds 0.7 mm. The adjustments of the second order levelling lines applying least square method were executed separately in each region outlined by the First Order network lines and border of a country.
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Adalier, K., T. F. Zimmie, and A. Pamuk. "Seismic Behavior of Rubble-Mound Moles on Sandy Marine Sediments." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28379.
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Recent major seismic events such as Loma Prieta 1989, Kobe 1995, and Izmit 1999 earthquakes continue to demonstrate the damaging effects of liquefaction-induced loss of soil strength and associated damage to waterfront and port structures. This paper presents the experimental results from a series of dynamic centrifuge model tests performed to investigate the seismic behavior of rubble-mound moles resting on loose, clean, sandy marine deposits. Soil response during and after shaking was monitored by miniature accelerometers, pore pressure transducers, and vertical and horizontal displacement gages placed throughout the soil model. Currently, such test results offer a valuable alternative to actual full-scale dynamic response, which is virtually non-existent. It was found that catastrophic failures of even structurally-strong moles are possible if they are underlain by loose liquefiable soils. Densification and usage of a geogrid mat as liquefaction-induced hazards countermeasures are also evaluated. Both methods much improved the liquefaction induced deformations in the foundation and of the mole.
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Zhan, Chi, Mingzhe Li, and Weiyi Lu. "Effect of Cell-Wall Angle on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Hierarchical Re-Entrant Honeycomb." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-93988.
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Abstract Both hierarchical and auxetic structures have shown unusual mechanical properties and draw great attention for multiple engineering applications. Recently, a triangular 2nd order of hierarchy has been successfully integrated into re-entrant honeycomb, one specific type of auxetic structures, by the emerging additive manufacturing method. The resulted hierarchical re-entrant honeycomb (H-ReH) outperforms the conventional re-entrant honeycomb (C-ReH) in stiffness, initial buckling strength, densification strain and specific energy absorption capacity (SEA). However, the optimized designs of the cell structures in H-ReH are still elusive and yet to be explored, which is critical for advanced safety applications. The mechanical performance and deformation mode of H-ReH are mainly determined by the geometric parameters of the structure, among which the cell-wall angle is one of the most critical design parameters. To this end, we designed H-ReHs with three different cell-wall angles, i.e. 60°, 75° and 90°. C-ReHs with the same three angle designs were processed through the same 3D-printing method as reference samples. The mechanical performance of the fabricated specimens was characterized by the uniaxial quasi-static compression tests. The evolution of the strain field in all the samples was measured and analyzed by the Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The results show that the angle designs have significant influences on the elastic modulus, strength, structural stability, and SEA of H-ReH. By increasing the angle from 60° to 75°, the densification strain and the SEA are increased by 60% and 75%, respectively. This is due to the altered deformation modes of the H-ReHs with different cell-wall angles. By contrast, the C-ReHs are found to be nearly inert to the angle change, due to its bending-dominated behavior regardless of the cell-wall angle change. When further increase the cell-wall angle to 90°, both H-ReH and C-ReH exhibit notable enhancement on the elastic modulus and the strength, but at a much-compromised structural stability. The vertical member of both structures buckles and fractures at a small strain. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the mechanical properties of H-ReH is sensitive to the cell-wall angle. Furthermore, the H-ReH has much better mechanical tunability over C-ReH through the angle designs due to its unique deformation mechanisms. These findings will guide the future design of H-ReH and other types of lightweight robust materials and structures.
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Rettig, Uwe, Ulrich Bast, Dinorah Steiner, and Matthias Oechsner. "Characterization of Fatigue Mechanisms of Thermal Barrier Coatings by a Novel Laser-Based Test." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-336.
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The use of high performance ceramic thermal barrier coatings in stationary gas turbines requires fundamental knowledge of their fatigue behavior under high temperature gradients and thermal cycling. An experimental method based on rapid laser heating complemented with finite-element calculations was developed in order to identify the major damage mechanisms and to obtain a data set for reliability assessment of thermal barrier coatings for temperature and stress fields similar to gas turbine conditions. The observed failures are strongly related to the pretreatment procedures such as annealing under high temperature gradients and isothermal long-term oxidation. The vertical crack patterns observed close to the top surface of the Zirconia coating are generated at the moment of rapid cooling. These cracks are induced by high biaxial tensile stresses caused by the temperature gradient and the stress reversion after relaxation of compressive stresses at high temperatures. The long-term fatigue behavior is decisively determined by two processes: (i) The porous Zirconia loses its damage tolerant properties by densification. (ii) The growth of an oxide layer at the bond coat degrades adhesion and produces localized stress fields at the interface. Cyclic loads increase the length of existing in-plane cracks and delaminations rather than enlarging their number. Misfit of the crack flanks and wedge effects are the driving forces for continued crack propagation. These experimental results are discussed in terms of fracture mechanics.
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Gaudry, Laurent, Martial Chabloz, Darius Golchan, Julien Nembrini, and Matthias Schmid. "Ecological mass timber as an answer to affordable housing in Switzerland?" In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0621.
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<p>The lightness and thermal performances of timber has led designers to consider using it for urban densification and to make it the key for a more sustainable and affordable construction industry.</p><p>This project of a timber-framed high-rise building will become one of the tallest in Switzerland to adopt a wooden construction, using a mix of two types of manufactured wood: cross-laminated timber (CLT) for structural walls and glue-laminated timber (a.k.a. glulam) combined to an upper concrete layer linked with screws for the slabs. The use of timber sourced from local forest is considered by the engineers because its abundance in Switzerland.</p><p>The concrete layer is needed to reach a high level of acoustic performance and to efficiently create horizontal diaphragms for earthquake resistance. It also enables the reduction of the thickness of the complex. The lower wooden surfaces with warm natural appearance are visible from the rooms, as well as the vertical surfaces of the CLT wall supporting them.</p><p>The project reveals the complexity for timber structures to simultaneously comply with regulations concerning structural, fire safety, acoustical and earthquake-resistance performances. Building Information Modeling (BIM) allows excellent technical installations coordination to reach a high degree of prefabrication.</p>
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Dubourg, L., R. S. Lima, and C. Moreau. "Alumina-Titania Coatings Deposited by Laser-Assisted Air Plasma Spraying: Microstructure and Mechanical Characterization." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p1133.
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Abstract Alumina-titania coatings deposited by air plasma spraying (APS) are widely used to protect components against wear at low temperatures. It is known that microstructures formed by the post-laser remelting of as-sprayed coatings exhibit a densification but also numerous macrocracks due to the rapid cooling and thermal stresses. By using the laser-assisted air plasma spraying (LAAPS), the laser beam interacts simultaneously with the plasma torch in order to increase coating surface temperature and possibly superficially remelt the coating. As a result, the microstructure is partially densified and macrocracks, which are generally produced in the post-laser irradiation treatment, can be inhibited. In addition, this hybrid spraying can be done without the post-treatment of coating. In this paper, LAAPS was performed to improve the mechanical properties of Al2O3-13%TiO2 coatings. The coating microstructure was characterized by SEM and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical characterization was done by hardness measurements, erosive wear tests and abrasion wear tests. Results showed that laser assistance may induce: (1) the disappearance of vertical and horizontal macrocracks due the laser irradiation in the coatings for a laser irradiation density lower than 34 W.mm-2, (2) an important decrease of the amount of microcracks in the deposited splats, (3) the partial transformation of the metastable γ-Al2O3 phase in the equilibrium α-Al2O3 phase, (4) a hardness increase of 11%, (5) an improvement of the erosive wear resistance by 12% and (6) an improvement of the abrasive wear resistance by 38%.
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Cuéllar, Pablo, Matthias Baeßler, and Werner Rücker. "Pore-Pressure Accumulation and Soil Softening Around Pile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84201.
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The foundation of offshore wind turbines usually involves the installation of large-diameter steel piles in the seabed, either in monopile or multi-pile configurations (jacket, tripod, etc…), which have to ensure a proper fixity of the turbine during its whole service life-time. However, such foundations raise several challenges and novel questions, partly due to the special characteristics of the offshore environment (for instance, the large numbers of load cycles from wind and waves and the possible influence of transient changes of pore water pressure around the pile) and aggravated by their large diameter, reduced slenderness and elevated ratio of lateral to vertical loads (see Fig. 1). This paper studies the effects of cyclic lateral loading on the offshore piles focusing on the possibility of a progressive accumulation of residual pore water pressure within the saturated embedding soil. As it will be shown, this can lead to significant changes of their behaviour under external loading, which can potentially compromise the foundation’s stability or serviceability. The paper will also analyse some singular effects of an irregular loading (e.g. cyclic loading with variable amplitude), in particular the so-called “order effects” and the phenomena arising during a realistic storm of moderate magnitude, and discuss their potential for transient damages to the foundation’s stiffness. All these phenomena, which can lead to a loss of serviceability of the structure, have been investigated by the authors by means of a coupled bi-phasic analytical model of the offshore foundation featuring a versatile constitutive law suitable for the soil. The constitutive model, in the frame of the theory of Generalized Plasticity, can reproduce some complex features of cyclic soil behaviour such as the tendency for a progressive densification under cyclic loading, which is responsible for the soil liquefaction phenomena in undrained conditions. Finally, some implications of these issues for the practical design of offshore monopiles will be discussed and some specific recommendations for the design procedures will be outlined.