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Books on the topic 'Dense networks'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 January 2025

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1

Hurter, Fabian Peter. GNSS meteorology in spatially dense networks. Zürich, Switzerland: Schweizerische Geodätische Kommission, 2014.

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2

Duong, Trung Q., Xiaoli Chu, and Himal A. Suraweera. Ultra-dense Networks for 5G and Beyond. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119473756.

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Chen, Shanzhi, Fei Qin, Bo Hu, Xi Li, Zhonglin Chen, and Jiamin Liu. User-Centric Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61201-0.

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4

Denise, Pumain, and Saint-Julien Thérèse, eds. Urban networks in Europe: Réseaux urbains en Europe / édité par Denise Pumain and Thérèse Saint-Julien. Montrouge, France: J. Libbey Eurotext, 1996.

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5

Zhang, Haijun, Jemin Lee, Tony Q. S. Quek, and Chih-Lin I, eds. Ultra-dense Networks. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108671323.

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6

Sun, Wen. Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks. CRC Press LLC, 2022.

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7

Wong, Lawrence Wai-Choong, Haibin Zhang, Wen Sun, Chao Shen, and Nan Zhao. Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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8

Wong, Lawrence Wai-Choong, Haibin Zhang, Wen Sun, Chao Shen, and Nan Zhao. Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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9

Wong, Lawrence Wai-Choong, Haibin Zhang, Wen Sun, Chao Shen, and Nan Zhao. Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks. CRC Press LLC, 2022.

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10

Wong, Lawrence Wai-Choong, Haibin Zhang, Wen Sun, Chao Shen, and Nan Zhao. Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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11

Zhang, Haijun, Chih-Lin I, Jemin Lee, and Tony S. Quek. Ultra-Dense Networks: Principles and Applications. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.

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12

Ding, Ming, and David López-Pérez. Fundamentals of Ultra-Dense Wireless Networks. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2022.

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13

Zhang, Haijun, Tony Q. S. Quek, Chih-Lin I, and Jemin Lee. Ultra-Dense Networks: Principles and Applications. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.

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14

Fundamentals of Ultra-Dense Wireless Networks. Cambridge University Press, 2022.

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15

Hu, Bo, Xi Li, Zhonglin Chen, Shanzhi Chen, Fei Qin, and Jiamin Liu. User-Centric Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G. Springer, 2017.

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16

Meshram, Chandrashekhar, and Lakshmanan Muthukaruppan. Security and Privacy Schemes for Dense 6G Wireless Communication Networks. Institution of Engineering & Technology, 2023.

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17

Imoize, Agbotiname Lucky, Chandrashekhar Meshram, Dinh-Thuan Do, Seifedine Kadry, and Lakshmanan Muthukaruppan, eds. Security and Privacy Schemes for Dense 6G Wireless Communication Networks. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pbse021e.

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18

Meshram, Chandrashekhar, and Lakshmanan Muthukaruppan. Security and Privacy Schemes for Dense 6G Wireless Communication Networks. Institution of Engineering & Technology, 2023.

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19

Chu, Xiaoli, Trung Q. Duong, and Himal A. Suraweera. Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond: Modelling, Analysis, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2019.

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20

Chu, Xiaoli, Trung Q. Duong, and Himal A. Suraweera. Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond: Modelling, Analysis, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2019.

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21

Chu, Xiaoli, Trung Q. Duong, and Himal A. Suraweera. Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond: Modelling, Analysis, and Applications. Wiley, 2019.

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22

Chu, Xiaoli, Trung Q. Duong, and Himal A. Suraweera. Ultra-Dense Networks for 5G and Beyond: Modelling, Analysis, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2019.

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23

Pfeffer, Jürgen. Visualization of Political Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.13.

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Network visualization and political networks have a long history, and some of the earliest and most effective network visualizations have been about power and influence. Now as in the past, network visualization is one of the most effective tools for both exploratory analysis and the communication of scientific results. This chapter discusses the rhetorical, technical, and aesthetic principles that underlie successful network visualizations. The chapter covers automated layout algorithms as well as layouts resulting from the substance of the network. Aspects of visualizing multivariate network data are also discussed. The use of additional visual elements such as color and size is deliberated. The various topics of this chapter are contrasted with issues resulting from human perception and with frequently encountered visualization challenges, such as those encountered when working with dense networks.
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24

Sheaff, Rod, and Jill Schofield. Inter-Organizational Networks in Health Care. Edited by Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery, and Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.29.

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Inter-organizational networks have proliferated in health systems, as has network research, but coherent explanations relating the varieties of health network to their respective structures, activities and outcomes remain lacking. Focusing on their core productive processes and their governance structures, this chapter contrasts care networks with program networks. It compares these concepts with findings from some primary research on NHS health networks during 2005–10, and notes some implications for network theory and research. NHS networks’ dense, flat structures reflect these networks’ dual function as both care and as program networks. These findings are relevant to the “integrated care” networks developing in many health systems. The development of these networks appears, partly, to be a workaround for the obstacles that market and quasi-market health systems place in the way of coordinating complex care across multiple separate providers.
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25

Performance Analysis of Protocol Independent Multicasting-Dense Mode in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks. Storming Media, 2003.

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26

Tazzara, Corey. Brokering Trade in the Central Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791584.003.0007.

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Chapter 6 offers a quantitative examination of the commercial development of Livorno, showing how it plugged local and regional exchange networks into the currents of global commerce. Livorno was at the epicenter of the reorganization of maritime trade in the Tyrrhenian and throughout the Mediterranean. Despite dense connections between north-central Italy and the free port, however, international commerce did not substantially affect productive relations in the hinterland. North-central Italy remained an autonomous region; rather than a colonial outpost subservient to northern capitalism, Livorno was a large marketplace connecting otherwise distinct economies. The Tuscan city’s success in organizing trade eventually provoked a competitive response by neighboring ports.
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27

Morawetz, Klaus. Historical Background. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0001.

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The historical development of kinetic theory is reviewed with respect to the inclusion of virial corrections. Here the theory of dense gases differs from quantum liquids. While the first one leads to Enskog-type of corrections to the kinetic theory, the latter ones are described by quasiparticle concepts of Landau-type theories. A unifying kinetic theory is envisaged by the nonlocal quantum kinetic theory. Nonequilibrium phenomena are the essential processes which occur in nature. Any evolution is built up of involved causal networks which may render a new state of quality in the course of time evolution. The steady state or equilibrium is rather the exception in nature, if not a theoretical abstraction at all.
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28

Renewable Energy Powered Sustainable 5G Network Infrastructure : Opportunities, Challenges and Perspectives: 5G Mobile Network Energy Sustainability Renewable Energy Ultra-Dense Network Smart Grid Ene. Independently Published, 2021.

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29

Rush Smith, Nicholas. Contradictions of Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847180.001.0001.

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Despite being one of the world’s most vibrant democracies, vigilantism is regularly practiced in South Africa. In any given year, police estimate between 5 percent and 10 percent of the country’s murders result from vigilante violence—four to five times the percentage from gang violence. Vigilantism is also frequent in other democracies across Latin America, Asia, and Africa. High rates of vigilantism are particularly puzzling in South Africa, though, given that it underwent a celebrated transition to democracy, has a lauded constitution, and enacted massive reforms of the state’s legal institutions following democratization. Contradictions of Democracy asks why vigilantism is prevalent in South Africa, asks what South Africa reveals about vigilantism in other emerging democracies, and uses vigilantism to explore contradictions of democratic state formation generally. Where most scholars explain vigilantism as the result of state or civic failure, the book argues the opposite. Based on nearly twenty months of ethnographic and archival research, it shows vigilantism is a response to processes of democratic state formation—specifically the extension of rights—and thrives in dense civic networks.
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30

Pugh, Jeffrey D. The Invisibility Bargain. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538692.001.0001.

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In an era of mass migration and restrictive responses, this book seeks to understand how migrants negotiate their place in the receiving society and adapt innovative strategies to integrate, participate, and access protection. Their acceptance is often contingent on the expectation that they contribute economically to the host country while remaining politically and socially invisible. These unwritten expectations, which this book calls the “invisibility bargain,” produce a precarious status in which migrants’ visible differences or overt political demands on the state may be met with a hostile backlash from the host society. In this context, governance networks of state and nonstate actors form an institutional web that can provide access to rights, resources, and protection for migrants through informal channels that avoid a negative backlash against visible political activism. This book examines Ecuador, the largest recipient of refugees in Latin America, asking how it has achieved migrant human security gains despite weak state presence in peripheral areas. The key finding is that localities with more dense networks composed of more diverse actors tend to produce greater human security for migrants and their neighbors. The argument has implications beyond Ecuador for migrant-receiving countries around the world. The book challenges the conventional understanding of migration and security, providing a fresh approach to the negotiation of authority between state and society. Its nuanced account of informal pathways to human security dismantles the false dichotomy between international and national politics, and it exposes the micropolitics of institutional innovation.
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31

Ģēģere, Lilita. Research on Next Generation Fiber Optical Amplifiers and Their Evaluation in Dense Communication Systems. RTU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934226878.

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In recent years, the information technology sector has developed rapidly and there has been a rapid increase in the amount of information transmitted. The demand for larger telecommunication network capacities is growing, therefore it is necessary to increase the number of channels and transmission speed in wavelength division multiplexed transmission systems. Various optical amplifiers can be used to compensate for the attenuation of the accumulated signal (over a wide wavelength range). The Doctoral Thesis did research on the use of EDFA, Raman, FOPA and combined optical amplifiers in wavelength division multiplexing systems. In the work, special emphasis is placed on erbium and ytterbium alloy fibers with the study of computer modeling of optical amplifiers in cladding pumping technology.
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32

Kynes, Will. The Intertextual Network of Job and the Selective Nature of Genre. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777373.003.0006.

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The Wisdom Literature category has never been able to contain Job’s vast intertextual potential, and the category’s exclusive application distorts the book’s meaning through canonical separation, theological abstraction, and hermeneutical limitation. Job is embedded in a dense intertextual network. Appreciating the book’s distinctiveness requires reading it in relationship to as many literary groupings as its content and form justify. These include pre-modern genre designations, such as poetry, prophecy, and drama, as well as those produced by ancient Near Eastern parallels, such as the exemplary-sufferer texts. In recent scholarship, some of these have been resurrected, along with proposed adapted genres, such as dramatized lament or metaprophecy, and meta-genres, such as parody and polyphony. As selective perspectives, each of these proposed textual groupings underscores some salient feature of the book and thus combining them reveals the complexity and nuance of its meaning.
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33

Chakravorty, Sanjoy. Clusters and Regional Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.124.

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Industrial clusters have existed since the early days of industrialization. Clusters exist because of the fact (or perception) that competing firms in the same industry derive some benefit from locating in proximity to each other. These benefits are external to the firm and accrue to similar firms in proximity. Examples include the cotton mills of Lancashire, automobile manufacturing in Detroit, and information technology firms in Silicon Valley. At the firm level, the presence of firms in the same industry, which are located in proximity (in the same region), are expected to increase internal productivity. At the industry level, it is possible to see quantifiable localized benefits of clustering which accrue to all firms in a given industry or in a set of interrelated industries. The sources of this productivity increase in regions where an industry is more spatially concentrated: knowledge spillovers, dense buyer–supplier networks, access to a specialized labor pool, and opportunities for efficient subcontracting. At the metropolitan area level, productivity increases from access to specialized financial and professional services, availability of a large labor pool with multiple specializations, inter-industry information transfers, and the availability of less costly general infrastructure. At the interregional scale, these gains are expected to lead to industry concentration in metropolitan and other leading urban regions. To obtain a complete picture of clustering, one must also consider its absence. If manufacturing and service clusters are associated with regional economic growth, the absence of productive clusters suggests the absence of growth and lagging regions.
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34

Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. The architecture of the addiction lobby. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.003.0003.

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This chapter uses social network analysis to explore the web of influence of the four ‘addictive’ industries examined in the book: alcohol, tobacco, food, and gambling. The data are used to paint an overall picture before taking a closer look in subsequent chapters. The four industries form more or less separated clusters, and whereas the alcohol and food industries are very well interconnected, the gambling and tobacco industries are only loosely tied to the others. The network also shows that advertising and marketing sectors and think tanks often act as connecting hubs between the industries. The closer look at the clusters of the four industries shows some important differences. The food cluster is more heterogeneous than the others are; the alcohol cluster contains product-related subclusters; and gambling, as well as tobacco, is smaller and less dense compared with the other two.
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35

Geue, Tom, and Elena Giusti, eds. Unspoken Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108913843.

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Latin literature is a hotbed of holes and erasures. Its sensitivity to politics leaves it ripe for repression of all sorts of names, places and historical events, while its dense allusivity appears to hide interpretative clues in a network of texts that only the reader's consciousness can make present. This volume showcases innovative approaches to the field of Latin literature, all of which are refracted through this prism of absence, which functions as a fundamental generative force both for the hermeneutics and the ongoing literary aftermath of these texts. Reviewing and working with various influential approaches to textual absence, the contributors to Unspoken Rome treat these texts as silent types, listening out for what they do not say, and how they do not speak, whilst also tracing the ill-defined borders within which scholars and modern authors are legitimized to fill in the silences around which they are built.
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36

Trudgill, Peter. The Anthropological Setting of Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.13.

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A sociolinguistically oriented study of polysynthesis literature reveals one rather striking observation. Varieties often cited as being incontrovertibly polysynthetic include languages from many different language families and different areas of the world. But many of these languages have a number of social characteristics in common: they are spoken in relatively small, traditional, non-industrialized communities, over relatively small territories. This chapter suggests that this is not a coincidence. There seems to be considerable agreement in the literature, for instance, that polysynthetic languages are ‘highly’, ‘extremely’, or ‘extraordinarily’ complex. And the literature on polysynthesis abounds in descriptors referring to their complexity as ‘exuberant’, ‘unusual’, ‘spectacular’, ‘baroque’, ‘rich’, ‘daunting’, and ‘startling’. This tallies nicely with the suggestion (Trudgill 2011) that linguistic complexity is particularly associated with relatively small, isolated, stable communities which have dense social-network structures; and is relatively unlikely to be found in large, high-contact (for example urban, colonial, standard) language varieties.
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37

Lenman, Bruce P. Conclusion: Servicing Early-Modern European Sovereignties. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861209.003.0013.

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To assess the significance for European states of the impressive range of activities undertaken by early-modern military engineers one has to look at two historical debates. The first is what is meant by ‘the state’ in this era. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, populist nationalisms used state structures to compete for territory with one another. They also used the coercive capacity of the state to impose a particular sense of national identity on the populations they controlled, eradicating alternative identities, and propagating myths that projected their sense of identity back to remote antiquity. The Chief End of Man was seen as the creation and extension of a centralised, interventionist state designed to defend the interests, redress the wrongs, and reinforce the identity, rightly understood, of ‘the nation’. Tempted by reductionism, historians have concentrated on a few states seen conventionally as ‘first-class powers’ and precursors of modern nation states, despite the fact that early-modern Europe was a dense network of sovereignties, some tiny; others like Venice or Bavaria never leading European powers but significant ones within specific contexts....
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38

Lau, Dorothy. Celebrity Activism and Philanthropy in Asia. Amsterdam University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720090.

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Recent years have witnessed the increasing visibility of Asian celebrities in activism, advocacy, diplomacy, philanthropy, and ambassadorship but this phenomenon is under-explored. This volume provides a critical intervention in celebrity activism and philanthropy by examining the civic imaginaries and mobilisations of Asian celebrities-turned-activists or philanthropists, alongside an array of significations and tensions involved. The analysis anchors on a roster of high-profile Asian icons including Bollywood star Aamir Khan, K-pop sensation BTS, Cantopop singer Denise Ho, and Chinese live-streamer Weiya, who exhibit universal morals while underscoring local or regional affiliations as propelled by expansive media networks. Adopting cosmopolitics as the methodological frame, this volume suggests “muliversal consciousness,” a staple to code the star-powered goodwill in times of disjuncture and rupture. To its critical ends, this book attempts to disrupt the Eurocentric tendency in the discursive construction of celebrity-cause dynamics, disentangling the complexities of Asian power, global citizenship, and techno-capitalist logics.
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39

Careless, Eleanor. Incarceration in the Poetry of Anna Mendelssohn. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350421806.

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The first full-length study of the poet, artist and activist Anna Mendelssohn (1948-2009), this book consolidates Mendelssohn’s reputation as one of the most important avant-garde British poets of her generation and explores her contribution to the powerful tradition of women writing enclosure and escape. Mendelssohn was herself incarcerated in Holloway women’s prison between 1971-76, and her bold and inventive poetry foregrounds and subverts, but does not triumphantly overcome, conditions of constraint. Informed by extensive original archival research, this book reads her highly experimental lyric alongside the poetry of her forerunners and contemporaries, including Nancy Cunard, Muriel Rukeyser and Denise Riley, restoring to view a lost network of radical, Jewish and feminist modernism. With chapters on the poetry of the Spanish Civil War, the legacy of the Holocaust, the Women’s Liberation Movement, the transformation of HMP Holloway in the 1970s and prison abolitionism,Incarceration in the Poetry of Anna Mendelssohnilluminates the historical, political and literary contexts that shape this work and argues that Mendelssohn advances a poetics not of emancipation, but of abolition.
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40

Dasgupta, Ushashi. Charles Dickens and the Properties of Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859116.001.0001.

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This book explores the significance of rental culture in Charles Dickens’s fiction and journalism. It reveals tenancy, or the leasing of real estate in exchange for money, to be a governing force in everyday life in the nineteenth century. It casts a light into back attics and landladies’ parlours, and follows a host of characters—from slum landlords exploiting their tenants, to pairs of friends deciding to live together and share the rent. In this period, tenancy shaped individuals, structured communities, and fascinated writers. The vast majority of London’s population had an immediate economic relationship with the houses and rooms they inhabited, and Dickens was highly attuned to the social, psychological, and imaginative corollaries of this phenomenon. He may have been read as an overwhelming proponent of middle-class domestic ideology, but if we look closely, we see that his fictional universe is a dense network of rented spaces. He is comfortable in what he calls the ‘lodger world’, and he locates versions of home in a multitude of unlikely places. These are not mere settings, waiting to be recreated faithfully; rented space does not simply provide a backdrop for incident in the nineteenth-century novel. Instead, it plays an important part in influencing what takes place. For Dickens, to write about tenancy can often mean to write about writing—character, authorship, and literary collaboration. More than anything, he celebrates the fact that unassuming houses brim with narrative potential: comedies, romances, mysteries, and comings-of-age take place behind their doors.
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41

Anguillari, Enrico, and Branka Dimitrijević. INTEGRATED URBAN PLANNING: directions, resources and territories. TU Delft Bouwkunde, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/bookrxiv.24.

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The purpose of the book on integrated urban planning (IUP) is to present ongoing research from the universities involved in the project Creating the Network of Knowledge Labs for Sustainable and Resilient Environments (KLABS). Although sustainability and resilience have been largely explored in many complex social-ecological systems, they have only recently been applied in the context of cities. Both concepts are useful when seeking an integrated approach to urban planning as they help to look at the city as an interconnected, multi-dimensional system. Analysing the sustainability and the resilience of urban systems involves looking at environmental, social and economic aspects, as well as at those related to technology, culture and institutional structures. Sustainability, resilience as well as integrated urban development are all focused on process. Their objectives are typically defined around the ongoing operation of the process and they can change during the time. Therefore, building a sustainable and resilient city is a collective endeavor that is about mindsets just as much as about physical structures and their operation, where capacity to anticipate and plan for the future, to learn and to adapt are paramount. The papers published in this book show that the recent and current research in those institutions focuses on the directions of development of IUP, the processes that support sustainable and resilient use of natural resources and their application in the Western Balkan and some other European countries. Each essay aims to provide an overview of key aspects of the research topic. The division of the book into three parts - directions, resources and territories - underlines how the challenges that the contemporary city poses can be dealt with more effectively by integrating different paradigms, concepts and trends of urban development and governance; taking into account the numerous problems linked to the availability and exploitation of the main natural and non-natural resources; and looking at the city and the territory as systems in constant transformation, not reducible within rigid dichotomies such as urban/rural, dense/sprawled, formal/informal, etc.
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42

Lézine, Anne-Marie. Vegetation at the Time of the African Humid Period. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.530.

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An orbitally induced increase in summer insolation during the last glacial-interglacial transition enhanced the thermal contrast between land and sea, with land masses heating up compared to the adjacent ocean surface. In North Africa, warmer land surfaces created a low-pressure zone, driving the northward penetration of monsoonal rains originating from the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence, regions today among the driest of the world were covered by permanent and deep freshwater lakes, some of them being exceptionally large, such as the “Mega” Lake Chad, which covered some 400 000 square kilometers. A dense network of rivers developed.What were the consequences of this climate change on plant distribution and biodiversity? Pollen grains that accumulated over time in lake sediments are useful tools to reconstruct past vegetation assemblages since they are extremely resistant to decay and are produced in great quantities. In addition, their morphological character allows the determination of most plant families and genera.In response to the postglacial humidity increase, tropical taxa that survived as strongly reduced populations during the last glacial period spread widely, shifting latitudes or elevations, expanding population size, or both. In the Saharan desert, pollen of tropical trees (e.g., Celtis) were found in sites located at up to 25°N in southern Libya. In the Equatorial mountains, trees (e.g., Olea and Podocarpus) migrated to higher elevations to form the present-day Afro-montane forests. Patterns of migration were individualistic, with the entire range of some taxa displaced to higher latitudes or shifted from one elevation belt to another. New combinations of climate/environmental conditions allowed the cooccurrences of taxa growing today in separate regions. Such migrational processes and species-overlapping ranges led to a tremendous increase in biodiversity, particularly in the Saharan desert, where more humid-adapted taxa expanded along water courses, lakes, and wetlands, whereas xerophytic populations persisted in drier areas.At the end of the Holocene era, some 2,500 to 4,500 years ago, the majority of sites in tropical Africa recorded a shift to drier conditions, with many lakes and wetlands drying out. The vegetation response to this shift was the overall disruption of the forests and the wide expansion of open landscapes (wooded grasslands, grasslands, and steppes). This environmental crisis created favorable conditions for further plant exploitation and cereal cultivation in the Congo Basin.
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