Academic literature on the topic 'Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro (Ma bamboo)'

Most bamboos die after flowering, and the molecular mechanisms responsible for flowering is poorly understood. The MIKCc-type MADS-box family gene is involved in the flowering process. To explore the mechanism of the MIKCc-type MADS-box gene and phytohormone regulation in the flowering of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro (D. latiflorus), characterized by extremely rapid growth and widely cultivated woody bamboo, we initially did a genome-wide analysis of the MIKCc-type MADS-box gene in D. latiflorus. In the meantime, transcriptome analysis was performed using the floral organs. A total of 170 MIKCc-Type MADS-Box genes were identified and divided into 15 categories. The cis-acting element analysis in promoters regions revealed that MIKC-type MADS-box family genes were associated with hormones, including auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA) and jasmonic acid (JA), which was found at 79, 476, 96, 486 sites and cover 61, 103, 73, 128 genes. Genome synteny analysis showed subgenome AA and BB were better than CC and obtained 49, 40, 39 synteny genes compared with Oryza sativa (O. sativa). In transcriptome analysis of floral organs, the enriched pathway from DEGs included circadian, vernalization and gibberellin pathways associated with the flowering process. We found that the jasmonic acid synthesis gene is highly expressed in the pistil, which may be the cause of Ma bamboo pollen abortion. The expression profile showed that most MIKC-type MADS-box genes exhibited high expression in flower organs. The consequences of this study will provide insight into the irregular flowering and low pollen counts of Ma bamboo.

Abstract There is a growing need to characterize the mechanical properties of single bamboo fibers with their high potential in commercial applications. In this paper, an improved microtensile technique has been applied to measure the tensile strength of fibers isolated from Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) as an important commercial bamboo species in China. The property variation with respect to the age and locations within a culm was in focus. Ma bamboo fibers had superior stiffness and strength data compared with those of softwood fibers. Four-year-old Ma bamboo fibers are stiffer and stronger than 1-year-old fibers. Their in-trunk variation is rather small both in radial and longitudinal directions. This is due to the relatively constant microfibrillar angle in bamboo culms. Accordingly, the large variations in the bulk mechanical properties of bamboo are mainly attributable to fiber distribution density in the culm rather than the fiber itself.

Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) is a major bamboo species cultivated in southern China with high economic, ecological, and social value. However, highly dense forests and reasonable structures in bamboo forests have unclear and adverse effects on light transmittance and forest productivity that are not adequately understood. Here, we investigated varied light-intensity treatments during different phases of shoot emergence and development on Ma bamboo shoots. The amount of total chlorophyll, carotenoids, gas exchange indicators, and biosynthetic products were also compared to explore the response mechanism of shoot germination on downstream biochemical pathways. We found that compared to the L0 treatment (full sunlight), the number of germinated bamboo shoots under the L1 treatment (40% light) increased significantly by 44.07% and 101.32% in the shooting initial-phase and metaphase, respectively (p < 0.05). Additionally, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) during the shooting initial-phase and metaphase was the highest in the L1 treatment, while the L4 (10% light) and L0 treatments inhibited chlorophyll synthesis. Further, the accumulation of leaf carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) was higher in the L1 treatment than in other treatments. Ma bamboo showed rich carbohydrate contents under L0 and L1 treatments in the shooting initial-phase and metaphase. Principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed that the L1 treatment positively correlated with bamboo shoot germination and biochemical activity during the shooting periods. Ultimately, our data suggest that the L1 treatment is the most optimal for promoting bamboo shoot germination, providing a scientific basis for cultivating shoot-used bamboo forests in southern China.

The room-temperature storage modulus of 3-4 years Moso bamboo and Dendrocalamus Latiflorus Munro were tested by Q800 dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA). The outer faces of Moso bamboo and Dendrocalamus Latiflorus Munro board as laminated fabricated at different of ages were tested by INSTRON 5582.The results shows that the storage modulus of the outer layer of Moso bamboo and Dendrocalamus Latiflorus Munro under room-temperature conditions increased with aging of Moso bamboo and Dendrocalamus Latiflorus Munro. The stiffness of Moso bamboo and Dendrocalamus Latiflorus Munro increased as growing ages of Moso bamboo and Dendrocalamus Latiflorus Munro. However, The outer layer of Dendrocalamus Latiflorus Munro of 3 years or up has a storage modulus on the order of 1010Pa（10GPa）under room-temperature conditions, which is definitely qualified as the reinforcement material for the wind turbine blades composites. But the outer layer of Moso bamboo of 4 years or below may be lower than 1010Pa, which isn’t definitely qualified as the reinforcement material for the wind turbine blades composites. Generally it isn’t qualified as the reinforcement material for the wind turbine blades composites.

A viabilidade da produção, do manejo e da utilização dos colmos de bambu no Brasil, em relação às árvores de espécies florestais de eucaliptos e pinus, entre outras, foi a principal motivadora do presente trabalho. Com esse objetivo foram caracterizados os colmos de 3 espécies de bambu, consideradas prioritárias pelo INBAR, a saber Dendrocalamus asper, D. latiflorus e Guadua angustifolia da Coleção de Bambus da Área Experimental Agrícola do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Campus da UNESP, Bauru, SP. Amostras dos colmos das 3 espécies, coletadas através de método não destrutivo, foram caracterizadas em relação à estrutura anatômica macro e microscópica. Por meio da técnica de densitometria de raios X , a densidade aparente ao longo da espessura dos colmos foi determinada, e os perfis de densidade radial foram plotados em gráficos. Os resultados das análises laboratoriais evidenciaram que (i) as 3 espécies apresentam uma estrutura anatômica macro e microscópica que permite a sua identificação taxonômica e caracterização tecnológica, em relação aos tecidos de parênquima, feixes vasculares e bainha de fibras; (ii) a variação da estrutura anatômica e da densidade aparente ao longo da espessura dos colmos, relacionadas com a porcentagem e dimensões dos 3 elementos anatômicos, possibilita a sua caracterização em 3 camadas, sendo que as camadas interna e intermediária mostraram maiores diferenças em relação à externa; (iii) o modelo de variação das dimensões das fibras e da densidade aparente indicou um aumento dos dois parâmetros no sentido da camada interna para a externa dos colmos; (iv) não foi observado, para nenhuma das 3 espécies, um padrão de distinção entre a dimensão de fibras de colmos mais jovens e adultos; (v) os tipos dos feixes vasculares dos colmos das 3 espécies de bambu corresponderam aos descritos na literatura e, ainda, (vi) não foram encontradas referências da aplicação da densitometria de raios X na caracterização dos perfis de densidade aparente dos colmos de bambu e sua relação com a sua estrutura anatômica. O presente trabalho discute a aplicação dos seus resultados em relação a (i) influência das variações climáticas do ano de formação na espessura e anatomia dos colmos e (ii) aplicação tecnológica dos colmos pela análise dos perfis de densidade aparente e composição anatômica.
The feasibility of the production, management and utilization of bamboo culms in Brazil, in relation to forest species like eucalyptus, and pine trees , was the main motivator of the present work. Considering this purpose, culms of 3 bamboo species, considered priorities by INBAR, were characterized; namely Dendrocalamus asper, D. latiflorus Guadua angustifolia, all from the \"Collection of Bamboos\" owned by the Agricultural Experimental Area of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, from UNESP, Bauru Campus, SP. Samples from the 3 species stems, acquired through a non-destructive method, were characterized as for macroscopic and microscopic anatomical structure. Through the technique of X-ray densitometry, the apparent density along the stems\' thickness was determined, and the radial density profiles were plotted on. The laboratory tests results showed that (i) 3 species have macro and microscopic anatomical structures that allows its taxonomic identification and technological characterization, regarding parenchyma tissues, vascular bundles and fibers sheath; (ii) the variation of the anatomical structure and apparent density across the culm\'s cross plane, related with percentage and dimensions of the 3 anatomical elements, enables its characterization in three layers, of which the inner and intermediate layers showed major differences relative to the external one; (iii) the variation model of fiber dimensions and apparent density indicated an inner-outer layer oriented increase of these parameters; (iv) Was not observed, for any of the 3 species, a pattern of distinction between the culms fibers size regarding younger, or older individuals; (v) the bamboo vascular bundles types of the 3 species corresponded to those described in the literature and, moreover, (vi) there were no references found on the application of X-ray densitometry in the characterization of bamboo stems apparent density profiles and its relation to its anatomical structure. This study discusses the application of it\'s results in relation to (i) the growth year climatic variations influence on the thickness and anatomy of culms and (ii) the technological application of the stems by means of the apparent density and anatomical composition analysis.

碩士
中臺科技大學
食品科技研究所
96
This study was conducted to investigate the prebiotic effect of dietary fiber components in ma bamboo shoots from Dakerng regions on several probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium adolescentis BCRC 14606, B. bifidum BCRC 14615, B. breve BCRC 11846, B. infantis BCRC 14602, B. lactis Bb-12, B. longum BCRC 14634, Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC 14079, L. casei 01, L. plantarum BCRC 11697 and L. rhamnosus GG BCRC 53103) and to evaluate the feasibility for new prebiotic materials. Firstly, the changes of total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber contents in ma bamboo shoots during harvest season were determined. Secondly, the water extract (W) and dietary fiber (DF) of ma bamboo shoots were prepared and added to peptone yeast extract medium to examine their prebiotic effect ( the OD at 650 nm; OD value), fractooligosaccharide (F) was used as reference material. Meanwhile, they were evaluated by prebiotic activity score. The highest growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were then assayed for fermentation and cold storage in skim milk with W or DF. Finally, the effect of W on the sensitivity of probiotic bacteria in the presence of simulated gastric juice and bile salt were investigated. Results showed that the contents of dietary fiber components in ma bamboo shoots were different with harvest seasons. Especially, the contents of total dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber in October, and soluble dietary fiber in June were the highest levels, 0.5945, 0.4348 and 0.2208g in respectively. However, the contents of these were the lowest levels in September. The prebiotic effects of DF and W from ma bamboo shoots and F showed higher than control group. Among them, the OD value of B. longum BCRC 14634 cultured in DF and W ( 0.62 and 1.17, respectively) were higher than F (0.52). Besides, the OD value of L. acidophilus BCRC 14079 grew in DF and W ( 0.94 and 1.12, respectively) were also higher than F (0.93). It’s also found that the two strains could quickly decrease the contents of carbon substrate in medium within 4-12 hours. It’s supposed that it was associated with rapidly increase of OD value during their growth. The prebiotic activity scores of these probiotic strains grown with DF, W and F were positive (＞0). The highest prebiotic activity scores were for L. casei 01 paired with DF and F (1.34 and 0.97, respectively) and for B. longum BCRC 14634 paired with W (1.26). The viable cells of B. longum BCRC 14634 and L. acidophilus BCRC14079 cultured in skim milk with W for 48 hours could reach to above 11 log cfu/ml and these were more than 8.0 log cfu/ml of control group. Moreover, their final pH decreased to 5.12 and 3.83, repectively; the titratable acidity increased to 0.61% and 1.13%, respectively. Meanwhile, survival of these two strains inoculated in skim milk with W were about 6.0 log cfu/ml after 4℃ for 4 weeks. These were more than F (5.6 log cfu/ml) and control (4.8 log cfu/ml). In order to investigate the effect of W on the simulated gastric acid and bile salt sensitivity of B. longum BCRC 14634 and L. acidophilus BCRC14079, these two strains were preincubated with W in MRS medium and then their survival determined. Results showed that the viable cells of these two strains were above 5.0 log cfu/ml after treatment at pH 2.0 for 3 hours and 7.0 log cfu/ml after treatment at 4.5% bile salt for 4 hours (p<0.05). On the other hand, in MRS medium without W under the same treatment these two strains could not survive at pH 2.0 and decreased to 6.0 log cfu/ml. Moreover, survival of these two strains with W at 4.5% bile salt for 150 mins after pre-exposure to pH 2.0 for 90 mins were more than 5.0 log cfu/ml, while in MRS medium without W these strain could not survive.

Seven agroforestry (AF) systems namely Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden (flooded gum, E), Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro (Ma bamboo, B) and Digitaria decumbens Stent (Pangola, P), and their mixed plantations (BE, BP, EP, BEP) were monitored during the initial two years of growth for their efficiency in effluent removal. The municipal effluent irrigated plantation trial was established on a 1.6 ha site in the Capricornia coastal region at Yeppoon, Queensland in June 2002. This site was monitored until June 2004 for changes in site hydrology, physical, chemical and microbial properties of soil, and for plant growth, biomass production and nutrient uptake. The residual maximum likelihood method (REML) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were extensively used to statistically compare the changes.

The plantations were irrigated at a modelled conservative irrigation rate of 1.42 ML ha^-1yr^-1. The total water use of all the AF systems was four to six times of that provided via irrigation. The mixed AF systems used more water than monoculture AF systems. During the initial two years, all the AF systems were effective in utilising effluent (both water and nutrients) due to the presence of groundflora. Over time, the efficiency and total water use may decline with reduction in groundflora and photosynthetically active canopy.

The vegetation of these AF systems accumulated six to ten times the major nutrients supplied via effluent irrigation. However, the AF systems with the exception of the E system failed to take up the supplied sodium and sulphur. Progressive build up of sodium in the soil would introduce sodicity in the soil and this may restrict the long term use of effluent disposal site. The electrical conductivity (EC_1.5) increased significantly in upper two soil layers whereas exchangeable sodium, CEC and ESP significantly increased over time in all the soil layers. Although soil compaction, reduction in infiltration rate, and increase in electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium were observed at the site, the current changes did not indicate any ecological degradation. A long term study may help determine the optional rotation age of the AF crops to avoid adverse impact to the site.

Although the build up of microbiota in the effluent irrigated site increased considerably in all the AF systems, it did not reveal any health hazard. A study in mortality rates of different enteric bacteria indicated that the pathogens died within 15 days in winter and in less than 27 days in summer upon cessation of irrigation. Restricting access to the effluent irrigated site for up to 30 days would reduce the probability of a human health hazard due to the effluent irrigation.

At the conservative rate of irrigation (1.42 ML ha^-1yr^-1), the plantations produced up to 72 tonne biomass ha^-1 (dry biomass) within 24 months. Largely, the biomass produced in the AF systems was non-woody, thus it would need non-conventional markets. Leaves were the major site of nutrient storage. Senescence of leaves and twigs may accelerate nutrient recycling and this may defeat the objective of effluent irrigation. Moreover, the plants were selective in nutrient sequestering. Not more than one kg ha^-1 of any micro-nutrients was accumulated by bamboo and groundflora. For sustainability of effluent irrigation, the plantations may have to be either harvested in short rotation or irrigation has to be regulated according to plant growth. The commercial viability of the biomass produced in the AF systems was assessed to determine local suitability of the plantation models.

Canonical variate analysis (CVA), a type of multiple variate analysis, based on the combined data of various parameters showed differences between AF systems. These differences are likely to diverge with age of the plantations. The CVA based on more than four parameters showed differences amongst the AF systems. Moreover, the CVA for the datasets of some parameters collected at different time also revealed divergence amongst the AF systems. The analysis showed that the AF systems may develop contrasting differences with maturity. Monoculture E plantation produced more biomass than other AF systems, and it also accumulated more nutrients, compared to mixed AF systems. In contrast mixed AF systems (e.g., BP and BE) used more water than the monoculture systems. Overall, at 24 months, the mixed AF systems prove to offer improved benefits for effluent irrigation in terms of technical feasibility, ecological safety, and commercial viability of the effluent irrigated plantations.