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Blaney, Joseph E., Jennifer M. Matro, Brian R. Murphy, and Stephen S. Whitehead. "Recombinant, Live-Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Virus Vaccine Formulations Induce a Balanced, Broad, and Protective Neutralizing Antibody Response against Each of the Four Serotypes in Rhesus Monkeys." Journal of Virology 79, no. 9 (May 1, 2005): 5516–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.9.5516-5528.2005.
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ABSTRACT Three tetravalent vaccine (TV) formulations of previously described monovalent dengue (DEN) virus vaccine candidates were compared to a tetravalent formulation of wild-type DEN viruses (T-wt) for replication in SCID mice transplanted with human liver cells (SCID-HuH-7) or for replication and immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys. TV-1 consists of recombinant DEN1, -2, -3, and -4, each with a 30-nucleotide deletion in the 3′ untranslated region (Δ30). TV-2 consists of rDEN1Δ30, rDEN4Δ30, and two antigenic chimeric viruses, rDEN2/4Δ30 and rDEN3/4Δ30, both also bearing the Δ30 mutation. TV-3 consists of rDEN1Δ30, rDEN2Δ30, rDEN4Δ30, and a 10-fold higher dose of rDEN3/4Δ30. TV-1 and TV-2 were attenuated in SCID-HuH-7 mice with minimal interference in replication among the virus components. TV-1, -2, and -3 were attenuated in rhesus monkeys as measured by duration and peak of viremia. Each monkey immunized with TV-1 and TV-3 seroconverted to the four DEN components by day 28 with neutralization titers ranging from 1:52 to 1:273 and 1:59 to 1:144 for TV-1 and TV-3, respectively. TV-2 induced low antibody titers to DEN2 and DEN3, but a booster immunization after 4 months increased the neutralizing antibody titers to greater than 1:100 against each serotype and elicited broad neutralizing activity against 19 of 20 DEN subtypes. A single dose of TV-2 induced protection against wild-type DEN1, DEN3, and DEN4 challenge, but not DEN2. However, two doses of TV-2 or TV-3 induced protection against DEN2 challenge. Two tetravalent formulations, TV-2 and TV-3, possess properties of a successful DEN vaccine and can be considered for evaluation in clinical trials.
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Guirakhoo, F., J. Arroyo, K. V. Pugachev, C. Miller, Z. X. Zhang, R. Weltzin, K. Georgakopoulos, et al. "Construction, Safety, and Immunogenicity in Nonhuman Primates of a Chimeric Yellow Fever-Dengue Virus Tetravalent Vaccine." Journal of Virology 75, no. 16 (August 15, 2001): 7290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.16.7290-7304.2001.
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ABSTRACT We previously reported construction of a chimeric yellow fever-dengue type 2 virus (YF/DEN2) and determined its safety and protective efficacy in rhesus monkeys (F. Guirakhoo et al., J. Virol. 74:5477–5485, 2000). In this paper, we describe construction of three additional YF/DEN chimeras using premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes of wild-type (WT) clinical isolates: DEN1 (strain PUO359, isolated in 1980 in Thailand), DEN3 (strain PaH881/88, isolated in 1988 in Thailand), and DEN4 (strain 1228, isolated in 1978 in Indonesia). These chimeric viruses (YF/DEN1, YF/DEN3, and YF/DEN4) replicated to ∼7.5 log10 PFU/ml in Vero cells, were not neurovirulent in 3- to 4-week-old ICR mice inoculated by the intracerebral route, and were immunogenic in monkeys. All rhesus monkeys inoculated subcutaneously with one dose of these chimeric viruses (as monovalent or tetravalent formulation) developed viremia with magnitudes similar to that of the YF 17D vaccine strain (YF-VAX) but significantly lower than those of their parent WT viruses. Eight of nine monkeys inoculated with monovalent YF/DEN1 -3, or -4 vaccine and six of six monkeys inoculated with tetravalent YF/DEN1-4 vaccine seroconverted after a single dose. When monkeys were boosted with a tetravalent YF/DEN1-4 dose 6 months later, four of nine monkeys in the monovalent YF/DEN groups developed low levels of viremia, whereas no viremia was detected in any animals previously inoculated with either YF/DEN1-4 vaccine or WT DEN virus. An anamnestic response was observed in all monkeys after the second dose. No statistically significant difference in levels of neutralizing antibodies was observed between YF virus-immune and nonimmune monkeys which received the tetravalent YF/DEN1-4 vaccine or between tetravalent YF/DEN1-4-immune and nonimmune monkeys which received the YF-VAX. However, preimmune monkeys developed either no detectable viremia or a level of viremia lower than that in nonimmune controls. This is the first recombinant tetravalent dengue vaccine successfully evaluated in nonhuman primates.
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Lebed, Iryna, and Khrystyna Bilohrats. "HEADINGS OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE MEDIA ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NEWSPAPER “DENʹ” AND MAGAZINE “KRAYINA”." Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University. Series: Journalistic sciences 2020, no. 4 (June 2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sjs2020.01.063.
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Tomia, Amalan, and Rosmila Tuharea. "Dengue Virus Detection Using Rt-Pcr Method In Ternate City, North Maluku, Indonesia." International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) 2, no. 4 (August 7, 2022): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijhp.v2i4.98.
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The Dengue disease is caused by a virus from the family Flaviviridae and there are four distinct, but closely related, virus serotypes that cause dengue (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4). Dengue virus detection is very important to determine the virus serotype that develops in an area. There are several methods to detect dengue virus based on different targets, namely nucleic acids, viral antigens, and antibodies. This study aims to determine the type of dengue virus serotype in four working areas of the Public Health Center in Ternate City. The sample in this study was the eggs of Aedes sp mosquitoes caught in the homes of DHF sufferers and the houses around them. Collection of mosquito eggs Ae. Aegypti was carried out in four Puskesmas working areas in Ternate City. Ovitrap installation was carried out in 200 houses, with a total of 400 ovitraps. Rearing eggs and dengue virus detection were carried out at the Microbiology Laboratory, LITBAGKES Banjarnegara. The method used in this research is the RT-PCR test. The data analysis of the research results was carried out descriptively. Based on the identification results, the mosquito used in this study was the Aede aegypti mosquito. The results of electrophoresis produced viral RNA with a base length of 100 bp, while the target RNA that had been determined were Den1 = 342 bp, Den2 = 251 bp, Den3 = 538 bp. Den4 = 752 bp. The results of the RT-PCR examination showed that the Ae. aegypti in the four working areas of the Puskesmas did not contain the dengue virus (virus negative).
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Real-Cotto, Jhony Joe, Mary Ernestina Regato Arrata, Virginia Elisa Burgos Yépez, and Eduardo Tarquino Jurado Cobeña. "Evolución del virus dengue en el Ecuador. Período 2000 a 2015." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 78, no. 1 (May 16, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v78i1.13018.
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Introducción. Actualmente la infección por virus dengue constituye una de las arbovirosis más importantes y de amplia distribución en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del planeta. Objetivo. Determinar la evolución del virus dengue circulante en el Ecuador durante el periodo 2000 a 2015. Diseño. Estudio no experimental, transversal, de tipo descriptivo y correlacional; Lugar. Unidades de salud del Ecuador. Participantes. Muestras tomadas a sospechosos de dengue con menos de 5 días de iniciada su enfermedad. Resultados. En el año 2000 se tuvo la presencia de los 4 serotipos, con predominio del DEN3 durante 2001 al 2006, coincidentes con los incrementos de casos del 2000, 2001 y 2005; en el año 2004 reapareció el virus DEN1 y los años siguientes su presencia predominó entre 2007 y 2012, coincidiendo con el incremento de casos en el 2010. Del año 2011 al 2015 se presentaron 3 virus circulantes a la vez (DEN1, DEN2 y DEN4), en 2014 y 2015 hubo la presencia del virus DEN3, con predominio del virus DEN2 en 2013 y 2014 y virus DEN1 en 2015; y ha sido la provincia del Guayas la de mayor relación con los virus. Conclusiones. La presencia de varios serotipos de virus dengue circulando a la vez y su permanencia se debería a otros factores que están influenciando en el comportamiento del virus, con una variabilidad de los cuatro serotipos. Se debe fortalecer la vigilancia molecular de la circulación de serotipos, genotipos y linajes del virus dengue.
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Calvert, Amanda E., Claire Y. H. Huang, Richard M. Kinney, and John T. Roehrig. "Non-structural proteins of dengue 2 virus offer limited protection to interferon-deficient mice after dengue 2 virus challenge." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81256-0.
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Chimeric (D2/WN) viruses containing the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of West Nile virus (WN virus) and the capsid (C) and non-structural proteins of dengue 2 (DEN2) virus were used to evaluate the protective immunity elicited by either the flaviviral E protein or non-structural proteins. AG129 interferon-deficient mice, previously shown to be protected against lethal DEN1 or DEN2 viral infection after vaccination with a wild-type or candidate vaccine strain of DEN1 or DEN2 virus, respectively, were immunized with chimeric D2/WN virus and then challenged with DEN2 virus. D2/WN chimeric viruses were non-pathogenic in AG129 mice. These viruses elicited little anti-DEN E antibody, high levels of anti-DEN NS1 antibody and no or very low levels of DEN2 virus-neutralizing antibodies. Only 15 % of D2/WN-immunized mice survived challenge with DEN2 virus. However, their mean survival time increased by 11–14 days over non-immunized controls. These results suggest that, whilst the non-structural proteins were able to enhance mean survival times of AG129 mice, this protection was not as effective as protection mediated by the E protein.
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Whitehead, Stephen S., Barry Falgout, Kathryn A. Hanley, Joseph E. Blaney,, Lewis Markoff, and Brian R. Murphy. "A Live, Attenuated Dengue Virus Type 1 Vaccine Candidate with a 30-Nucleotide Deletion in the 3′ Untranslated Region Is Highly Attenuated and Immunogenic in Monkeys." Journal of Virology 77, no. 2 (January 15, 2003): 1653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.2.1653-1657.2003.
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ABSTRACT The Δ30 deletion mutation, which was originally created in dengue virus type 4 (DEN4) by the removal of nucleotides 172 to 143 from the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR), was introduced into a homologous region of wild-type (wt) dengue virus type 1 (DEN1). The resulting virus, rDEN1Δ30, was attenuated in rhesus monkeys to a level similar to that of the rDEN4Δ30 vaccine candidate. rDEN1Δ30 was more attenuated in rhesus monkeys than the previously described vaccine candidate, rDEN1mutF, which also contains mutations in the 3′ UTR, and both vaccines were highly protective against challenge with wt DEN1. Both rDEN1Δ30 and rDEN1mutF were also attenuated in HuH-7-SCID mice. However, neither rDEN1Δ30 nor rDEN1mutF showed restricted replication following intrathoracic inoculation in the mosquito Toxorhynchites splendens. The ability of the Δ30 mutation to attenuate both DEN1 and DEN4 viruses suggests that a tetravalent DEN vaccine could be generated by introduction of the Δ30 mutation into wt DEN viruses belonging to each of the four serotypes.
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N., Ravindra B., Lipika Das, Darshan J. C., Sayantan Ghosh, Berlin P. Kurian, Prolay Paul, Meghana A. Reddy, and Satish Kumar B. P. "Community transmission of a virus: a global pandemic overview." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210856.
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The word ‘pandemic’ was originally a derivative from two Greek words “pan” referring “all” and “demos” “people”. “An epidemic arising over a very diverse area, crossing the global margins, and typically affecting a huge number of people” is defined as a pandemic. Therefore pandemics are recognized by their topographical scale instead of severity of ailments. Even though the term “pandemic” has not been clearly defined, wide geographic extension, disease movement, novelty, severity, high attack rates and explosiveness, minimal population immunity, infectiousness and contagiousness can be considered as some of the key features of this term. Till today, globe has encountered several notable pandemics caused by virus such as Spanish flu, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), smallpox, SARS, Ebola and Nipah disease whose causative organisms are H1N1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Variola virus, DEN-1/DEN2/DEN3/DEN4, coronavirus, Ebola virus (Zaire/Sudan/Tai/Cote D’ivoire), and Nipah virus (NiV) respectively. This review includes detailed data regarding various viral pandemics. Analyzing the history, clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, management and precautions of several viral pandemics which will promote and spread the awareness among the public as well as the healthcare system.
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Umareddy, Indira, Kin Fai Tang, Subhash G. Vasudevan, Shamala Devi, Martin L. Hibberd, and Feng Gu. "Dengue virus regulates type I interferon signalling in a strain-dependent manner in human cell lines." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 3052–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/001594-0.
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Outbreaks of dengue disease are constant threats to tropical and subtropical populations but range widely in severity, from mild to haemorrhagic fevers, for reasons that are still elusive. We investigated the interferon (IFN) response in infected human cell lines A549 and HepG2, using two strains (NGC and TSV01) of dengue serotype 2 (DEN2) and found that the two viruses exhibited a marked difference in inducing type I IFN response. While TSV01 infection led to activation of type I antiviral genes such as EIF2AK2 (PKR), OAS, ADAR and MX, these responses were absent in NGC-infected cells. Biochemical analysis revealed that NGC but not TSV01 suppressed STAT-1 and STAT-2 activation in response to type I IFN (α and β). However, these two strains did not differ in their response to type II IFN (γ). Although unable to suppress IFN signalling, TSV01 infection caused a weaker IFN-β induction compared with NGC, suggesting an alternative mechanism of innate immune escape. We extended our study to clinical isolates of various serotypes and found that while MY10245 (DEN2) and MY22713 (DEN4) could suppress the IFN response in a similar fashion to NGC, three other strains of dengue [EDEN167 (DEN1), MY02569 (DEN1) and MY10340 (DEN2)] were unable to suppress the IFN response, suggesting that this difference is strain-dependent but not serotype-specific. Our report indicates the existence of a strain-specific virulence factor that may impact on disease severity.
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McGee, Brady K., Warren B. Ballard, and Kerry L. Nicholson. "Swift Fox, Vulpes velox, Den Use Patterns in Northwestern Texas." Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i1.396.
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Predator avoidance may be a reason why Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) are one of the most burrow-dependent canids in North America. Typically Swift Foxes have multiple dens, which they frequently move among. As part of a larger study to reduce Coyote (Canis latrans) related mortalities on Swift Foxes, we installed artificial escape dens in areas occupied by Swift Foxes on Rita Blanca National Grassland, Dallam County, Texas. For this paper, our objective was to determine the effects of artificial escape dens on Swift Fox den use patterns. From January 2002 to August 2004 we captured, radio-collared, and monitored 55 Swift Foxes. We documented annual number of dens used, rate of den use (fidelity), distance between dens, den area, and den sharing. We compared treated (artificial dens installed) and untreated (no artificial dens) areas but found no differences in annual number of dens (P = 0.64; mean = 8), rate of den use (P = 0.96; mean = 35%), mean distance between dens (P = 0.99; mean = 2,311 m), den area (P = 0.55; mean = 5.72 km2), or den sharing (P = 0.46; mean = 42% of time). We did not observe an effect of artificial escape dens on Swift Fox den use patterns probably because artificial escape dens were designed for temporary escape cover rather than diurnal den use.
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Zimmerling, Todd N. "The Influence of Thermal Protection on Winter Den Selection by Porcupines, Erethizon dorsatum, in Second-Growth Conifer Forests." Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i2.100.
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I investigated den type selection by Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum), in relation to the thermal cover provided by the den type, over a period of four winters. Porcupines used log dens, stump dens and rock dens in proportion to the thermal cover provided by each den type. Based on behavioural observations of Porcupines, I assumed that the lower critical temperature for porcupines in my study area was -4°C. Both stump and rock dens provided adequate thermal protection, under most ambient conditions, to allow Porcupines to maintain their body temperature, without increasing basal metabolic rate. In most cases rock and stump dens maintained den temperatures above -4°C until ambient temperatures reached -12°C or lower. In contrast log dens provided poor thermal protection, even in years of thick snowcover. When ambient temperatures dropped below -4°C, den temperatures within log dens were also recorded below -4°C. Log dens were used least often by Porcupines, whereas stump and rock dens were used most often. Despite the large number of potential dens available to Porcupines within the study area, den use was generally limited to three dens per porcupine per winter. The limited use of dens by an individual porcupine during winter may be related to the energetic cost of finding a new den or it may be related to specific selection criteria used by Porcupines.
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Ramadhani, M. Thohirin, Aryati Aryati, and M. Vitanata Arfijanto. "IgA ANTI-DENGUE PROFILE IN SAMPLES WITH POSITIVE DENGUE PCR OR NS1." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 25, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v25i1.1483.
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Dengue Virus Infection (DVI) causes several clinical manifestations and requires varied diagnostic instruments. IgA anti-dengue as one of the diagnostic markers of DVI is suspected to have a shorter lifespan and greater sensitivity in detecting secondary infections compared to IgM anti-dengue. This study was conducted using 34 sera with positive RT-PCR or NS1 dengue virus. Samples were examined by a reverse flowimmunochromatographic method using AIM Dengue IgA Assure Rapid Test and will be analyzed its profile toward the day of fever, serotype, severity, platelet count, and type of infection. The overall sensitivity of IgA anti-dengue was 61.76% (n=34); in which IgA anti-dengue detected 14.29% primary and 66.67% secondary cases. IgA anti-dengue detected DEN1, DEN2, DEN3, and Mixed DEN1 – DEN3 virus serotype respectively 55.56%, 22.22%, 16.67%, and 5.56% (n=20). The day of fever was dominated by day-4 and day-5 respectively 28.57% (n=21). IgA anti-dengue was detected in DD, DHF grade I, II, and III 42,86%, 28.57%, 19.05%, and 9.52% (n=21) respectively. IgA anti-dengue detected in all levels of platelet count, it detected 60% in < 50,000 cell/mm3, 30% in 50,000 - 100.000 cell/mm3 and 10% in > 100,000 cell/mm3 platelet count sample (n=20). In conclusion, IgA anti-dengue showed a good performance, applicable as a diagnostic marker of DVI.
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Carter, Andrew, Gary W. Luck, and Ben P. Wilson. "Ecology of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in an agricultural landscape. 1. Den-site selection." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 2 (2012): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11038.
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Foxes concentrate their activities around den sites during the breeding period and regularly visit dens at other times of the year, meaning den location is an important consideration in efforts to control foxes and protect native prey species. We investigated factors that influence den-site selection by foxes to improve information on potential interactions with prey species, and assess the usefulness of targeting den sites for fox control. We measured 76 earthen and non-earthen fox dens on farmland in south-eastern Australia and compared these with paired random sites in relation to vegetation/land-use type, soil clay content, and proximity to landscape features (tree, water, fence and road). Most dens were earthen and primarily located in open farmland, whereas non-earthen dens were mostly found in roadsides. The proportion of non-earthen dens located by landholders (7.8% of 51 dens) was substantially lower than the proportion of non-earthen dens identified with radio-tracking (77.8% of 18 dens). The average clay content at earthen dens was significantly lower than that at non-earthen dens (t′ = –5.192, P < 0.001) and random sites (t′ = –5.196, P < 0.001). Soil texture was a key factor influencing fox den location, and this information should greatly improve fox control in agricultural landscapes for the benefit of native and non-native prey.
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Roth, Ulli. "“RUDIMENTA REUCHLINIANA”." Daphnis 35, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2006): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-90000970.
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Dieser Aufsatz untersucht, wie stark der franz�sische Humanist Faber Stapulensis auf die hebraistischen Schriften Johannes Reuchlins zur�ckgreift, und gew�hrt damit einen Einblick in die Werkst�tten der Philologie der Renaissancezeit. Dazu wird vor allem die Rezeption des bedeutenden Hebr�ischlehrbuches De rudimentis hebraicis (1506) in Fabers Psalmenkommentar Quincuplex Psalterium (1509/1513) verfolgt. Dabei zeigt sich, da� Faber viel st�rker als bisher angenommen Reuchlins Werk benutzt und in Fragen zum hebr�ischen Psalmentext von ihm abh�ngt. Zugleich wird die Eigenart der Denk- und Arbeitsweise der beiden Renaissancephilologen herausgearbeitet, denn Faber bleibt im Umgang mit den theologischen Autorit�ten und der traditionellen Auslegung der Heiligen Schrift viel bed�chtiger und vorsichtiger als Reuchlin.
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Cypher, Brian L., James D. Murdoch, and Alex D. Brown. "Artificial dens for the conservation of San Joaquin kit foxes." California Fish and Wildlife Journal, CESA Special Issue (July 6, 2021): 416–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.cesasi.25.
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San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) are federally endangered and California threatened, primarily due to profound habitat loss. Kit foxes are obligate den users and in some locations den availability may be limited due to natural or anthropogenic factors. We conducted a study during 2001–2004 to determine whether kit foxes would use artificial dens, and if so, whether they exhibited a preference for den designs or construction materials. We tested six different den designs, four different construction materials, and two different chamber types. We constructed 34 dens in 12 locations in Bakersfield, CA. We conducted 9,271 den checks and detected kit foxes or their sign on 1,198 of those checks. Kit foxes may not have found one of the locations, but kit foxes used (i.e., entered) 29 of the 31 dens at the other 11 locations. Kit foxes did not exhibit preferential use of any designs, materials, or chamber types. Internal conditions (i.e., temperature and relative humidity) within artificial dens can provide thermoregulatory and moisture conservation benefits to foxes, although these benefits were not as strong as those provided by natural dens. At least nine other species were documented using the artificial dens, including some that might compete with kit foxes. San Joaquin kit foxes readily used artificial dens and clearly such dens can be used to mitigate den losses or to enhance habitat for kit foxes. Due to lower cost and ease of installation, we recommend installing two-entrance dens constructed of high-density polyethylene plastic with an irrigation valve box for a subterranean chamber.
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Anthony, R. Michael. "Den use by arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in a subarctic region of western Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-072.
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Distribution, abundance, and use of arctic fox dens located in coastal tundra communities of the Yukon–Kuskokwim delta were determined in studies from 1985 to 1990. Dens were denser and less complex than those described in studies conducted above the Arctic Circle. Eighty-three dens of varying complexity were found in the 52-km2 study area. Nineteen dens were used by arctic foxes for whelping or rearing pups. Three females relocated litters to multiple dens; a maximum of four dens were used concurrently by pups from one litter. Although red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were common in the region, their use of dens in the study area was minimal. Differences in vegetation at den sites and nearby unoccupied sites were minimal. Furthermore, den sites could not be distinguished from non-den sites during aerial surveys.
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Kitchen, Ann M., Eric M. Gese, and Sarah G. Lupis. "Multiple Scale Den Site Selection by Swift Foxes, Vulpes velox, in Southeastern Colorado." Canadian Field-Naturalist 120, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i1.242.
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Predation by Coyotes (Canis latrans) is a major source of mortality in Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) populations. Year-round den use by Swift Foxes is likely to be a predator avoidance strategy. Due to the importance of denning to Swift Fox ecology, we recorded den site selection of Swift Foxes in southeastern Colorado. Den site selection was recorded at two scales: microhabitat characteristics at the den and den placement within the home range. The number of den entrances, height and width of each entrance, aspect, hill position, slope, percent rock in soil, vegetative cover, and horizontal foliar density of 42 Swift Fox dens were examined during December 1999 – April 2000. This was compared to the same microhabitat characteristics at 42 random sites within Swift Fox home ranges to determine if Swift Foxes were using site characteristics according to their availability. Our results indicated that Swift Foxes were not highly selective of den sites based on the microhabitat characteristics evaluated in this study, although Swift Foxes selected areas of intermediate rock percentages. In addition, Swift Foxes were radio-tracked throughout the sample period and the location and frequency of use of known dens were recorded. Within the core area of home ranges, Swift Foxes used more dens (mean = 3.51 ± 1.70 (SD)), and had a higher frequency of use of dens (mean = 8.20 ± 6.01) than in the mid-range area (number of dens, mean = 0.90 ± 0.94; frequency, mean = 1.27 ± 2.12) and the boundary area (number of dens, mean = 0.34 ± 0.53; frequency, mean = 0.45 ± 0.93) of the home range. We discuss our results in terms of the importance of dens in facilitating escape from Coyotes. These results illustrate the need for examining den site selection at multiple scales to determine all selection factors, and to provide information useful for recovery and management efforts for this species.
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Cowan, PE. "Denning Habits of Common Brushtail Possums, Trichosurus Vulpecula, in New Zealand Lowland Forest." Wildlife Research 16, no. 1 (1989): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890063.
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Fifty-five T. vulpecula were radio-tracked to 182 den sites on 1987 occasions in the podocarp and mixed hardwood forest of the Orongorongo Valley, near Wellington. Most dens (92%) were above ground in trees, particularly in large trees with many clumps of perching epiphytes; the remainder were under fallen logs or trees or in dense tangles of gorse. Melicytus ramiflorus was the most commonly used living tree species. Others used commonly were Knightia excelsa, Elaeocarpus dentatus, Laurelia novaezealandiae [L. novae-zelandiae] and Podocarpus totara. Use was not dictated solely by availability. Trees without perching epiphytes were hardly ever used. Each possum used 11-15 den trees/yr, most only occasionally; the 3 most commonly used den trees accounted for 60-75% of observations. Males used more dens than females, and the sexes differed in their frequencies of the use of the various tree species, though not in the species used. Possums changed dens frequently, on average 2 nights in 3. Den sharing was uncommon, but many dens, including those on the ground, were used sequentially by several (up to 9) different possums. Dens on the ground were used mostly in autumn and winter, by possums in poor condition or after prolonged heavy rain. The implications of den site choice and use by possums are discussed, particularly in relation to den sites as a limiting resource, and the role of dens in the transmission of bovine tuberculosis. There was about a 50% chance that a den would be occupied by different possums within the probable survival period of deposited tuberculosis bacilli.
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Okamoto, Kenta, Hitomi Kinoshita, Maria del Carmen Parquet, Muhareva Raekiansyah, Daisuke Kimura, Katsuyuki Yui, Mohammed Alimul Islam, Futoshi Hasebe, and Kouichi Morita. "Dengue virus strain DEN2 16681 utilizes a specific glycochain of syndecan-2 proteoglycan as a receptor." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.037853-0.
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Dengue virus (DENV) causes fever and severe haemorrhagic symptoms in humans. The DEN2 16681 strain, derived from a dengue haemorrhagic fever patient, has been widely used in studies related to DENV pathogenesis, such as mouse and non-human primate haemorrhagic models and human vascular endothelial-cell permeability. To clarify the entry mechanism of the 16681 strain, we characterized a novel cell receptor for this strain. Our two major findings were as follows: firstly, the SDC2 membrane protein was an effective DEN2 16681 receptor in a cloned K562 cell line. Secondly, a heparan sulfate (HS) glycochain (of four glycochains in SDC2) is the specific binding site of DENV and seems to be involved in tissue-culture adaptation. Our findings present an entry mechanism that could be implicated for DENV adaptation and HS-mediated DENV infection.
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Roze, Uldis. "Denning and winter range of the porcupine." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-155.
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Long-term radiotelemetry was used to study patterns of den use and winter movement in porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) in New York. Six of eight animals used dens regularly; the rest spent most of their winters in the shelter of hemlock stands (Tsuga canadensis). Animals entered dens in October–November after minimum daily temperatures had fallen below 0 °C for 6.8 days. Before this period, animals used temporary dens in response to rain or cold weather. Dens were abandoned in April when minimum daily temperatures rose above 0 °C and snow cover melted. Animals that left dens early typically sought the shelter of hemlock stands. Animals changed dens, on average, every 23 days. A single den-using adult male changed dens every 9.3 days. Den change was stimulated by disturbance. Animals showed strong year to year den fidelity. Animals shared dens 12% of the time. In all cases where sharing animals could be identified, they constituted a male–female pair that had previously shared a summer territory. Animals denned only in ready-made cavities such as rock outcrops, live hollow trees, outbuildings, and hollow logs. Heat-conserving features of such dens and of hemlock shelters are discussed. For three of four winters of the study, winter range averaged 7.4 ha, 11.4% of the nonwinter range. During the fourth winter, when snowfall was only 40% of normal, winter range did not differ significantly from nonwinter range.
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Ines M., Garcia-Azkoaga. ""Dena dela", "dena den", "edonola ere", balio askotariko diskurtso-markatzaileak." Euskera ikerketa aldizkaria 57, no. 3 (November 30, 2013): 659–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.59866/eia.v57i3.178.
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Dena dela, dena den, edonola ere eta edozelan ere birformulatzaile urruntzaileen balioak eta erabilerak aztertzen dira lan honetan. Azterketa hurbilbide diskurtsibopragmatiko batetik egiten da. Horretarako behar diren hizkuntza ekoizpen enpirikoak eskuratzeko, euskarazko corpus zabala osatzen duten testuetatik ateratako adibideak baliatzen dira. Erabilerari erreparatuz gero, emaitzek erakusten dute, kontzesiozko eta argudiozko balioez gain, markatzaile hauek balio diskurtsibo anitz bereganatzen dituztela eta, bestalde, lau birformulatzaileek elkarren baliokide moduan funtziona dezaketela.
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Birkner, Stephanie. "Effektuale Salutogenese." Konfliktdynamik 8, no. 4 (2019): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-0147-2019-4-285.
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Interessanterweise finden sich im Kontext von Gesundheit als auch von Entrepreneurship Denk- und Handlungszugänge, die erstaunliche Parallelen in dem Streben nach Möglichkeitssinn aufweisen. Es handelt sich hierbei um die Sichtweise der Salutogenese (Gesundheit) und der Effektuation (Entrepreneurship). Der Beitrag stellt die den beiden Sichtweisen zugrundeliegenden Denklogiken überblicksartig gegenüber und diskutiert den Erklärungsbeitrag, den beide Ansätze für den Umgang mit Konflikten eröffnen. Unter dem Stichwort der effektualen Salutogenese werden Implikationen für ein Selbstverständnis der Konfliktbegleitung entworfen, das Möglichkeitssinn in den Fokus ihrer Denk- und Handlungsweisen stellt.
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Green, WQ, and JD Coleman. "Den Sites of Possums, Trichosurus-Vulpecula, and Frequency of Use in Mixed Hardwood Forest in Westland, New-Zealand." Wildlife Research 14, no. 3 (1987): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870285.
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Forty-seven common brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, were radiotracked to 282 dens on 546 occasions. Just over half of all dens were in living trees; the remainder were evenly distributed between dead standing stems (including short stumps) and logs, with a few (3%) in banks and rock fissures. Of all the den entrances, 73% were at, or below, ground level amongst root systems or in logs. Although dead standing stems (over 25 cm d.b.h.) made up only 4% of standing stems in forest below 500 m altitude, they contained 41% of the dens. Each possum probably used between 10 and 15 dens each year. There were no differences in den choice and frequency of use between mature males and females. Den choice by matures and immatures was similar, but mature possums used dens in 'dead' sites more than did immatures. The implications of dens in the transmission of bovine tuberculosis are discussed.
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Arjo, Wendy M., Tim J. Bennett, and Adam J. Kozlowski. "Characteristics of current and historical kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) dens in the Great Basin Desert." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-232.
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We examined the ecological and physical characteristics of den sites for 13 adult kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) in western Utah from December 1998 to February 2001. We also compared current and historical den distribution among habitat types. The number of den sites used was not influenced by home-range size (P = 0.11) or season (P = 0.40), but was influenced by geographical area. Home-range size was smallest (P = 0.007) and the number of dens used was greatest (P = 0.009) in mountainous areas. Ecological and physical characteristics of single-use dens (n = 30) were compared with those of multiple-use (n = 53) and natal dens (n = 8). Characteristics that differed between den types included number of entrances (P = 0.0001), diameter of entrances (P = 0.003), and height of vegetation along transects (P = 0.0001). Natal den entrance azimuths were weighted towards a northwesterly aspect (P = 0.0022); however, single- and multiple-use den exits appeared to be randomly distributed. Historical changes in kit fox den site selection have occurred since 1959 (P < 0.0001). We characterized more dens in invasive grasslands and fewer in greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) habitats than previously described. The conversion of native habitat to grassland and the increase in coyote population may have altered kit fox distribution to include mountainous areas not previously described.
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Prestrud, Pål. "Denning and home-range characteristics of breeding arctic foxes in Svalbard." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 1276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-178.
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Home range, den density, and use of dens of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Svalbard were investigated through systematic den surveys, ear tagging of pups, and tracking of radio-collared animals. The mean home range for three breeding vixens was 48 km2. Home-range estimates based on occupied dens were between 46 and 75 km2. This is larger than recorded for arctic foxes elsewhere, and may be related to the absence of small mammals and, consequently, to a more scattered prey base in Svalbard. Home-range size was apparently not related to variations in the availability of food among years or among seasons. The density of all dens recorded was 1/24 km2. As a consequence of landscape patterns, these dens were more clustered than if they were randomly dispersed. However, dens with litters in 1986 (1 den/75 km2) were more widely spaced than if randomly distributed, indicating territoriality among arctic foxes. Most dens were in use throughout the year. Some litters were relocated or subdivided among several dens.
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Chintapalli, Suryamani, Apparao Peddepalli, Sivajyothi Pilli, Monika Deepthi Pilli, and Kanaka Mahalakshmi Yandra. "Co-Circulation of Dengue Serotypes in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India - A Descriptive Study." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 9, no. 40 (October 5, 2020): 2965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2020/650.
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BACKGROUND Dengue is an acute febrile illness caused by mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENV S) consisting of four serotypes (DENV 1 - 4) from flaviviridae family, genus flavivirus. These four are antigenically related serotypes designated as DEN V - 1, DEN V - 2, DEN V - 3 and DEN V – 4. In this context, the present study focuses on the circulating serotypes of dengue in coastal Andhra Pradesh. METHODS Study was done at Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, teaching hospital in Andhra Pradesh. Acute phase dengue serum samples were collected and tested for NS1 antigen and antihuman IgM antibodies by enzyme linked –immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NS1 positive samples were further serotyped by reverse transcriptase real time polymerase chain reaction (R RT - PCR). RESULTS A total of 796 serum samples were included in the study. 300 (37.7 % ) samples were positive for NS1 and IgM antibodies. 192 NS1 antigen positive samples were further processed for serotyping by r RT PCR. Among these samples 72 were negative by r RT PCR. DENV-2 (41 %) was the predominant serotype followed by DENV-4 (37 %), DENV-3 (12 %) and DENV-1 (10 %) in the descending order. CONCLUSIONS All the four dengue serotypes are in co-circulation. Among all the four types, DENV-2 was predominant, followed by DENV-4. By knowing the predominant serotype in circulation, we can forecast dengue outbreaks and take necessary measures like control of vectors. KEY WORDS Andhra Pradesh, Dengue Virus, Dengue Virus - 2, Dengue Virus - 4, Outbreak, Serotypes
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Wimpelmann, Torunn. "Den feministiske krigen og dens ofre." Internasjonal Politikk 80, no. 2 (2022): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/intpol.v80.3947.
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Bailey, Jennifer. "Den moralske renhet og dens fiender." Internasjonal Politikk 62, no. 03 (July 18, 2004): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1891-1757-2004-03-04.
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Rehberg, Karl-Siegbert. "Ein Vermittler zwischen den (Denk-)Kulturen." Soziologie 35, no. 4 (October 2006): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11617-006-0078-8.
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KRAFT, LUDVIG. "Den peritonäale Septikämi og dens Behandling." Nordiskt Medicinskt Arkiv 31, no. 27 (April 24, 2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1898.tb00375.x.
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KRAFT, LUDVIG. "Den peritonäale Septikämi og dens Behandling." Nordiskt Medicinskt Arkiv 32, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 1–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1899.tb01158.x.
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Bang Foss, Kristian. "Den gode historie og dens slutning." Passage - Tidsskrift for litteratur og kritik 37, no. 88 (January 24, 2023): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/pas.v37i88.135740.
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Frimayanti, Neni, Enda Mora, and Rindiyani Rindiyani. "Molecular Docking and Pharmacophore Analysis of Compounds from Ginger (Zingiber officinale) as Inhibitor for Dengue DEN2 NS2B/NS3 Serine Protease." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 19, no. 2 (September 29, 2023): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.19.2.75234.190-196.
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<p>Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV). Dengue virus can enter the human body through the <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Aedes albopictus</em> mosquitoes. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is still a serious health problem in Indonesia. The type of dengue virus serotype most commonly found to cause infection in the human body is the DENV-2 serotype. This study aims to determine whether Ginger (<em>Zingiber officinale</em>) isolate compounds have potential as dengue DEN-2 NS2B/NS3 inhibitors. Samples used are compounds with IUPAC names (S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) octan-3-one (4-gingerol) and (S)-5-hydroxy-1-(3-methoxy-4-methylphenyl) decan-3-one. The method used is molecular docking and Pharmacophore using the MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) 2022.0901 software package. The results obtained based on the observed parameters of the two compounds isolated from ginger (<em>Zingiber officinale</em>) could be estimated as potential dengue DEN2 NS2B/NS3 inhibitors.</p>
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Sarathy, Vanessa V., Mellodee White, Li Li, Summer R. Gorder, Richard B. Pyles, Gerald A. Campbell, Gregg N. Milligan, Nigel Bourne, and Alan D. T. Barrett. "A Lethal Murine Infection Model for Dengue Virus 3 in AG129 Mice Deficient in Type I and II Interferon Receptors Leads to Systemic Disease." Journal of Virology 89, no. 2 (November 12, 2014): 1254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01320-14.
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ABSTRACTThe mosquito-borne disease dengue (DEN) is caused by four serologically and genetically related viruses, termed DENV-1 to DENV-4. Infection with one DENV usually leads to acute illness and results in lifelong homotypic immunity, but individuals remain susceptible to infection by the other three DENVs. The lack of a small-animal model that mimics systemic DEN disease without neurovirulence has been an obstacle, but DENV-2 models that resemble human disease have been recently developed in AG129 mice (deficient in interferon alpha/beta and interferon gamma receptor signaling). However, comparable DENV-1, -3, and -4 models have not been developed. We utilized a non-mouse-adapted DENV-3 Thai human isolate to develop a lethal infection model in AG129 mice. Intraperitoneal inoculation of six to eight-week-old animals with strain C0360/94 led to rapid, fatal disease. Lethal C0360/94 infection resulted in physical signs of illness, high viral loads in the spleen, liver, and large intestine, histological changes in the liver and spleen tissues, and increased serum cytokine levels. Importantly, the animals developed vascular leakage, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Overall, we have developed a lethal DENV-3 murine infection model, with no evidence of neurotropic disease based on a non-mouse-adapted human isolate, which can be used to investigate DEN pathogenesis and to evaluate candidate vaccines and antivirals. This suggests that murine models utilizing non-mouse-adapted isolates can be obtained for all four DENVs.IMPORTANCEDengue (DEN) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by four DENV serotypes (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4) that have no treatments or vaccines. Primary infection with one DENV usually leads to acute illness followed by lifelong homotypic immunity, but susceptibility to infection by the other three DENVs remains. Therefore, a vaccine needs to protect from all four DENVs simultaneously. To date a suitable animal model to mimic systemic human illness exists only for DENV-2 in immunocompromised mice using passaged viruses; however, models are still needed for the remaining serotypes. This study describes establishment of a lethal systemic DENV-3 infection model with a human isolate in immunocompromised mice and is the first report of lethal infection by a nonadapted clinical DENV isolate without evidence of neurological disease. Our DENV-3 model provides a relevant platform to test DEN vaccines and antivirals.
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Ross, S., R. Kamnitzer, B. Munkhtsog, and S. Harris. "Den-site selection is critical for Pallas’s cats (Otocolobus manul)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 9 (September 2010): 905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-056.
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We evaluated the habitat selection of 101 den sites used by 21 individual Pallas’s cats ( Otocolobus manul (Pallas, 1776) = Felis manul Pallas, 1776) in summer, winter, and the maternal period in central Mongolia using generalized linear mixed models. Pallas’s cats used rock crevices and marmot burrows as dens for giving birth, raising young, thermoregulation, feeding, mating, and as important cover from predators. Den sites were selected with higher proportions of rocky and ravine habitats in the surroundings, and in winter Pallas’s cats avoided the presence of humans. Habitat and structural features suggested that dens were selected to minimize predation risk. Selection of dens in shade in summer and the use of insulated dens of Siberian marmots ( Marmota sibirica (Radde, 1862)) in winter indicated that thermal properties may also be important. We contend that dens are a critical habitat for Pallas’s cats and the availability of suitable den sites is critical for the conservation of the species. Repeated use of maternal dens suggested they may be a limiting resource. Although marmot dens are unlikely to be limiting at present, over hunting of marmots is likely to reduce burrow availability in the future.
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Bray, Michael, Ruhe Men, Issei Tokimatsu, and Ching-Juh Lai. "Genetic Determinants Responsible for Acquisition of Dengue Type 2 Virus Mouse Neurovirulence." Journal of Virology 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 1647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.2.1647-1651.1998.
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ABSTRACT Studies conducted some 50 years ago showed that serial intracerebral passage of dengue viruses in mice selected for neurovirulent mutants that also exhibited significant attenuation for humans. We investigated the genetic basis of mouse neurovirulence of dengue virus because it might be directly or indirectly associated with attenuation for humans. Analysis of the sequence in the C-PreM-E-NS1 region of the parental dengue type 2 virus (DEN2) New Guinea C (NGC) strain and its mouse-adapted, neurovirulent mutant revealed that 10 nucleotide changes occurred during serial passage in mice. Seven of these changes resulted in amino acid substitutions, i.e., Leu55-Phe and Arg57-Lys in PreM, Glu71-Asp, Glu126-Lys, Phe402-Ile, and Thr454-Ile in E, and Arg105-Gln in NS1. The sequence of C was fully conserved between the parental and mutant DEN2. We constructed intertypic chimeric dengue viruses that contained the PreM-E genes or only the NS1 gene of neurovirulent DEN2 NGC substituting for the corresponding genes of DEN4. The DEN2 (PreM-E)/DEN4 chimera was neurovirulent for mice, whereas DEN2 (NS1)/DEN4 was not. The mutations present in the neurovirulent DEN2 PreM-E genes were then substituted singly or in combination into the sequence of the nonneurovirulent, parental DEN2. Intracerebral titration of the various mutant chimeras so produced identified two amino acid changes, namely, Glu71-Asp and Glu126-Lys, in DEN2 E as being responsible for mouse neurovirulence. The conservative amino acid change of Glu71-Asp probably had a minor effect, if any. The Glu126-Lys substitution in DEN2 E, representing a change from a negatively charged amino acid to a positively charged amino acid, most likely plays an important role in conferring mouse neurovirulence.
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García-Azkoaga, Inés. "Birformulatzaile urruntzaileak: euskarazko diskurtso-markatzaileen hiztegia osatzeko atariko azterketa." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 116 (October 22, 2019): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv116.7.
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Euskarazko diskurtso-markatzaileen hiztegia egiteko proiektu zabalago baten barruan kokatzen den lan honetan dena dela, dena den, edonola ere eta edozelan ere elementuei buruz ikuspegi ezberdinetatik egindako lanetan eskaintzen den informazioa aztertzen da. Birformulatzaile urruntzaileen sailean koka daitezkeela erakusteko ahalegina egiten da eta elementu horien artean dagoen baliokidetasuna aztertzen da. Horretaz gain aztertutako corpusak ematen duen informazioaz baliatuta, markatzaile horien hastapeneko ezaugarritze bat egiten da eta haien banaketari eta agerpenaren maiztasunari buruzko datuak eskaintzen dira.
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Sreenath, C. S., Priya Chandran, V. Bindu, and P. M. Anitha. "IJCM_281A: Climatic Factors And Vector Indices In The Occurrence Of Dengue Fever Cases In Northern Kerala." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 49, Suppl 1 (April 2024): S81—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_abstract281.
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Background: The number of dengue cases reported to WHO increased over 8-fold over the last two decades, from 505,430 cases in 2000, to over 2.4 million in 2010, and 5.2 million in 2019. The disease is now endemic in more than 128 countries with Asia representing ~70% of the global burden of disease. The transmission of dengue is dependent on various environmental factors and socio-demographic and economic factors. This study aimed to describe the climatic factors and vector Indices in the occurrence of dengue fever cases in Northern Kerala. Objectives: 1) To describe the epidemiological factors for occurrence of dengue cases in Northern Kerala. 2) Serological typing of Dengue confirmed cases admitted in a tertiary care Centre in Northern Kerala. Methodology: Data of dengue fever cases admitted to a tertiary care centre in Northern Kerala for a period of one year were collected from Regional Prevention of Epidemics and Infectious Diseases Cell (R-PEID CELL). Vector indices data obtained from District vector control unit. Serology details were collected from Microbiology lab of the tertiary centre and Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (RVRDL). Geographical mapping and analysis of occurrence of dengue cases with rainfall done. Results: Total 518 cases were admitted to the tertiary centre during January 23-October 23. 68% Male and 32% female.77.7% Cases were reported from Kozhikode district.25 % cases were belonging to age group 20-29. Admission of cases were more during October followed by August. Serological typing of sub sample showed DEN2 as the predominant serotype. DEN1 and DEN3 serotypes were also identified. Conclusion: There is increased case transmission occurred during rainy season i.e. in North East and South West Monsoon which is in accordance with district vector indices data. DEN2 was the predominant serotype followed by DEN1.
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Ngwe Tun, Mya Myat, Aung Kyaw Kyaw, Takeshi Nabeshima, Aung Min Soe, Khine Mya Nwe, Kyaw Ko Ko Htet, Thet Htoo Aung, et al. "Detection of genotype-1 of dengue virus serotype 3 for the first time and complete genome analysis of dengue viruses during the 2018 epidemic in Mandalay, Upper Myanmar." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e0251314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251314.
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Background Dengue (DEN) is a neglected tropical disease, and surveillance of dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and genotypes is critical for the early detection of outbreaks. Risk factors for outbreaks include the emergence of new genotypes and serotype shifting. Methodology and principal findings To understand the genomic and viral characteristics of DENV-infected patients, we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study among pediatric patients admitted at the 550-bedded Mandalay Children Hospital during the 2018 DEN endemic season. We conducted virus isolation, serological tests, viremia level measurement, and whole-genome sequencing. Among the 202 serum samples, we detected 85 samples with DENV (46 DENV-1, 10 DENV-3, 26 DENV-4 and three multiple serotype co-infections) via reverse transcription quantitative/real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and we obtained 49 DENV isolates (31 DENV-1, 10 DENV-3 and 8 DEN-4). We did not detect DENV-2 in this study. The viral genome levels in serum did not differ significantly among virus serotypes, infection status (primary versus secondary) and disease severity. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we identified DENV-1 genotype-1, DENV-4 genotype-1 and DENV-3 genotype-3 and genotype-1 which was detected for the first time. Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed greater frequencies of nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations per gene in the nonstructural genes. Moreover, mutation rates were also higher among DENV-1. Conclusion/Significance In conclusion, there was an increasing trend of DENV-3 cases during DENV endemic season in 2018 with the first detection of the genotype 1. However, DENV-1 has remained the predominant serotype in this study area since 2013, and we identified stop codon mutations in the DENV-1 genome. This report is the first to feature a complete genome analysis of the strains of DENV-3 and DENV-4 circulating among pediatric patients in Myanmar. This study highlighted the importance of annual surveillance for a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of DENVs.
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Ibarra Murillo, Orreaga. "Ze ba? eta ze bada? Baztan-Bidasoa inguruko gazteen hizkeran. Aldakuntza linguistikoa abian." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 112 (June 30, 2010): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv112.3.
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Baztan-Bidasoa eremuan gertatzen den berrikuntza linguistiko baten berri ematen dugu hurrengo lerrootan, Nafarroako Baztan-Bidasoa eremuko gazte hizkeran sortzen dena. Hain zuzen ere Ze ba? galdetzailearen erabilera aztertzea da gure xedea, kausazko esaldietan eta azalpenezkoetan, galderetan etaerantzunetan. Behin erabilitako metodologia azalduta, esaldiaren erabileran nola den zehazten dugu, eta geroago gazteek erabiltzen dituzten esaldiak aztertzen ditugu. Azkenik, eztabaidagarri suertatzen da eremu hau –gehienetan trantsizio eremua dena– eremu fokal bihur daitekeen ala ez, edo gutienez, berrikuntzalingüístiko zenbaiten abiapuntu den ala ez.
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Somers, Michelle, and Richard P. Thiel. "Use of Winter Dens by Porcupines, Erethizon dorsatum, in Wisconsin." Canadian Field-Naturalist 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v122i1.542.
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Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) dens were monitored in Sandhill Wildlife Area in central Wisconsin between 1996-1997 and 2002-2003 to determine whether they displayed fidelity. Fidelity declined between years, with a higher proportion of Porcupines displaying fidelity to a specific den within a single winter than between winters. Yearlings displayed higher fidelity to den sites than adults. Fidelity was stronger among Porcupines occupying rock vs. tree dens. Familiarity with home spaces and onset of snowfall and snowfall depth also probably influence selection of dens.
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Schinke, Josua, Miriam Kolog Gulko, Martin Christmann, Oliver Valerius, Sina Kristin Stumpf, Margarita Stirz, and Gerhard H. Braus. "The DenA/DEN1 Interacting Phosphatase DipA Controls Septa Positioning and Phosphorylation-Dependent Stability of Cytoplasmatic DenA/DEN1 during Fungal Development." PLOS Genetics 12, no. 3 (March 24, 2016): e1005949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005949.
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Berger, Dianne K., and Mark J. Butler IV. "Octopuses influence den selection by juvenile Caribbean spiny lobster." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 8 (2001): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01076.
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Octopuses are notorious predators of crustaceans, yet knowledge of their interactions with lobsters is largely anecdotal. Whether by preying on juvenile lobsters or by competing with them for dens or bivalve prey, octopuses should influence the den selection and therefore spatial distribution of lobsters. Lobsters are chemosensitive, so if the interaction is strong, they may respond to chemical cues produced by octopuses and avoid dens or areas where octopuses dwell. In mesocosms, juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) avoided dens emanating octopus chemical signals. Field manipulations of artificial dens at several spatial scales (<0.1 m to 10 m) showed that the distribution of lobsters was significantly influenced by the proximity of octopuses. Lobsters were significantly less likely to inhabit dens within 2 m of an octopus den, but this strong negative effect disappeared when dens were 10 m apart.
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Beyer, Georgia L., Ross L. Goldingay, and David J. Sharpe. "The characteristics of squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) den trees in subtropical Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 1 (2008): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08053.
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Effective management of tree-hollow-dependent wildlife requires a sound knowledge of the characteristics of the trees used for shelter or breeding. We used radio-tracking to identify the den trees of squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) in south-east Queensland (Qld) and north-east New South Wales (NSW). Squirrel gliders used dead trees as well as 13 species of living tree for dens across the two locations. Dead trees accounted for a large percentage of dens (54% of 48 dens in Qld, and 50% of 18 dens in NSW) despite comprising only 3–10% of the forest (trees >20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)) at each location. This preference is largely due to dead trees being more likely to contain hollows, accounting for 26–44% of available hollow-bearing trees. Mean den tree size (dbh) was 48.9 ± 2.4 cm in Qld and 62.8 ± 5.6 cm in NSW. Den entrance height averaged 6.8 ± 1.2 m in Qld and 11.9 ± 1.3 m in NSW. Fissures in the trunk and holes in branches were the most common of six hollow types used. At one location branch end hollows were ignored relative to their availability. Den entrances varied in size (2.5–12 cm wide) but most were ≤5 cm in diameter. Entrance size of hollows appears to be the hollow attribute of most importance to squirrel gliders. Monitoring of these den trees over several years revealed the collapse of three dead den trees at each location, which is equivalent to an annual loss of 3% of den trees. Further research is needed to determine whether this will lead to a future shortage of den trees.
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Ryon, Jenny. "Den digging and pup care in captive coyotes (Canis latrans)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-238.
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Captive coyotes were studied for den digging and use (N = 10) and pup care activities (N = 4 adults and 2 yearlings). Method of construction and configuration of dens is described. Pup care activities of individual pack members are documented, including: den tending, ano-genital grooming, nursing, feeding solid food, transferring pups between dens, and alarm barking. It is suggested that endogenous factors be considered in addition to environmental causes for the phenomenon of multiple den use and frequent transferral of pups which may have evolved as a method of decreasing the risks of pup predation.
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Aardal, Bernt. "Den norske stortingsvalgordningen og dens politiske konsekvenser." Norsk statsvitenskapelig tidsskrift 26, no. 02 (July 9, 2010): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1504-2936-2010-02-02.
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Heimann, Jürgen. "Wer hat denn hier den Doktor bestellt?" MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 155, no. 5 (March 2013): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15006-013-0272-y.
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Chandramouli, Sumana, Jeremiah S. Joseph, Sophie Daudenarde, Jovylyn Gatchalian, Cromwell Cornillez-Ty, and Peter Kuhn. "Serotype-Specific Structural Differences in the Protease-Cofactor Complexes of the Dengue Virus Family." Journal of Virology 84, no. 6 (December 30, 2009): 3059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02044-09.
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ABSTRACT With an estimated 40% of the world population at risk, dengue poses a significant threat to human health, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Preventative and curative efforts, such as vaccine development and drug discovery, face additional challenges due to the occurrence of four antigenically distinct serotypes of the causative dengue virus (DEN1 to -4). Complex immune responses resulting from repeat assaults by the different serotypes necessitate simultaneous targeting of all forms of the virus. One of the promising targets for drug development is the highly conserved two-component viral protease NS2B-NS3, which plays an essential role in viral replication by processing the viral precursor polyprotein into functional proteins. In this paper, we report the 2.1-Å crystal structure of the DEN1 NS2B hydrophilic core (residues 49 to 95) in complex with the NS3 protease domain (residues 1 to 186) carrying an internal deletion in the N terminus (residues 11 to 20). While the overall folds within the protease core are similar to those of DEN2 and DEN4 proteases, the conformation of the cofactor NS2B is dramatically different from those of other flaviviral apoprotease structures. The differences are especially apparent within its C-terminal region, implicated in substrate binding. The structure reveals for the first time serotype-specific structural elements in the dengue virus family, with the reported alternate conformation resulting from a unique metal-binding site within the DEN1 sequence. We also report the identification of a 10-residue stretch within NS3pro that separates the substrate-binding function from the catalytic turnover rate of the enzyme. Implications for broad-spectrum drug discovery are discussed.
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Wolf, Agnieszka. "Unterricht im Unterrichten." physiopraxis 2, no. 05 (May 2004): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1307813.
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Unterrichten will gelernt sein. Ein Medizin- oder Berufspädagogik-Studium öffnet Physiotherapeuten den Weg in die Lehre – auf professioneller Basis. Denn ein Studium verbindet Pädagogik mit Wissenschaft und kann eine optimale Grundlage für den Einstieg in den Lehrerberuf sein.
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Bakker, V. J., and K. Hastings. "Den trees used by northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in southeastern Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-155.
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Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) dens are reportedly associated with features characteristic of older forests, and den availability is a potential limiting factor in younger forests. We assessed den sites used by northern flying squirrels in southeastern Alaska, where we expected den-site selection to differ from more southerly forests, owing to increased thermal stress but reduced predation and competition. We located 27 squirrels in 76 dens and compared den trees with 1875 matched random trees. Most dens ([Formula: see text]73%) were in cavities and 21% were at heights of [Formula: see text]3 m. This high rate of cavity use, including cavities low in the bole, likely reflects the importance of weatherproof dens in this cool wet region. Northern flying squirrels preferentially used trees with indicators of cavity presence, selecting for snags and for larger diameter trees with bole entries, conks, abundant mistletoe, and dead tops. Although cavity availability is probably not limiting populations in this region currently, cavity-supporting trees would be one of the last elements of old-growth forests to develop in intensively logged stands. Retention of small groups of large snags and live trees exhibiting evidence of disease or physical defects would ensure availability of denning structures after logging.