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1
Terretta, Meredith. "‘In the Colonies, Black Lives Don't Matter.’ Legalism and Rights Claims across the French Empire." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 12–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416688258.
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This article examines convergences and divergences between various expressions of communism, French republicanism, and pan-black solidarity in overseas France and among metropolitan communities of activists from the 1920s to the rise of the Popular Front against fascism in the mid-1930s. From the time of the first administrative reforms arising from France’s official anti-communist colonial policies in 1922, until the formation of the Popular Front in 1936, anticolonial activism and anti-revolutionary policy dialectically produced sites of judicialization, with agitators deliberately harnessing legal processes to contest the policies, practices and politics of imperial France, and French officials variously legislating against protest, including by extra-parliamentary decree. Experiments in anti-revolutionary legislation culminated in 1935, when the French Minister of the Interior collaborated with the Minister of the Colonies and governors of overseas territories to legislate against ‘acts of disorder or demonstrations against French sovereignty’ whether committed by French citizens, subjects, or protected persons, and regardless of their location. By the early to mid-1930s, legalists on the French left – whether Marxist or republican and in large part due to their involvement with anticolonial activist groups in overseas France – viewed extra-parliamentary legislation and judicial irregularity in overseas France as a sign of increasingly authoritarian French governance. Many joined forces to mobilize against what some agitators described as fascist tendencies in French governance.
2
Williams, Warren. "Flashpoint Austria: The Communist-Inspired Strikes of 1950." Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 3 (July 2007): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2007.9.3.115.
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Austria is frequently overlooked by Cold War historians, but this small landlocked country was the site of a number of East-West confrontations during the decade of occupation by the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1955. This article focuses on two of those incidents. In September and October 1950, Austria's Communist Party, supported by Soviet occupation forces, triggered a series of violent demonstrations throughout the country, ostensibly objecting to a new Wage and Price Agreement. Whether these strikes were part of a planned attempt to overthrow the central government is a question still debated. The article assesses the different views on this matter and the evidence available.
3
Tamba, Nokiamy Sesena, and Myrna Laksman-Huntley. "PENGGUNAAN FUNGSI PELENGKAP PADA KALIMAT DALAM TRACT MEI 1968." JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA 8, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/jib.v8i1.8922.
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Tract as a communication platform to call people to participate in demonstrations is still used by the French until 2019 in the Yellow Vest Movement. This proves the important usage of the track in France. The most important movement in French history that involves the utilization of tract was in Mai 68. By using it, the movement initiated by students of the University of Nanterre (May, 3rd 1968) was able to invite workers to join them on May 13 1968. However, it has a disadvantage due to paper usage: spatial limitations for the transmission of information. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the choice of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and presentations. Use qualitative methods and literature study; this article describes the utilization of the function accessory in the tracts on May 13 68, based on the sentence structure theory by Le Querler (1994). In the tract, variations of function accessories are presented according to the amount of paper used and to the freedom of presentation of the sentence by the creator. As a result, its utilization and presentation in the tract help the various groups involved on May 13, 1968, to gain a better understanding of the reasons and objectives to be carried out in the movement.
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Chapman, Herrick. "The Political Life of the Rank and File: French Aircraft Workers During the Popular Front, 1934–38." International Labor and Working-Class History 30 (1986): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900016811.
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Between 1934 and 1938, several million workers took part in the elections, strikes, and protests that made the popular front a pivotal moment in the recent history of France. Giant street demonstrations, the General Strike of November 1938, and above all the massive sit-down strikes of June 1936 made most workers at least momentary actors in the drama of national political life. Yet, for all that has been written about these events, little is known about how labor conflict during the popular front actually affected workers' views. The problem has been in large part one of sources: the speeches, newspapers, leaflets, and memoirs of the period reveal more about trade union leaders and local militants than about the ordinary men and women who made popular protest possible but whose opinions rarely found their way into print. As a result, a number of questions remain largely unanswered: How much of the ethos of the popular front, and how much of the ideology of the Socialist and Communist parties, did rank-and-file workers come to embrace? Which slogans spoke most poignantly to lathe operators at Renault, textile workers in Lille, or sales clerks at the Galeries Lafayette? Were the euphoria of June 1936 and the crushing defeat of the General Strike in November 1938 as important in the lives of these people as they were for labor leaders? How popular, in short, was the political experience of the popular front?
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Chapman, Herrick. "The Political Life of the Rank and File: French Aircraft Workers During the Popular Front, 1934–38." International Labor and Working-Class History 30 (1986): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900003835.
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Between 1934 and 1938, several million workers took part in the elections, strikes, and protests that made the popular front a pivotal moment in the recent history of France. Giant street demonstrations, the General Strike of November 1938, and above all the massive sit-down strikes of June 1936 made most workers at least momentary actors in the drama of national political life. Yet, for all that has been written about these events, little is known about how labor conflict during the popular front actually affected workers' views. The problem has been in large part one of sources: the speeches, newspapers, leaflets, and memoirs of the period reveal more about trade union leaders and local militants than about the ordinary men and women who made popular protest possible but whose opinions rarely found their way into print. As a result, a number of questions remain largely unanswered: How much of the ethos of the popular front, and how much of the ideology of the Socialist and Communist parties, did rank-and-file workers come to embrace? Which slogans spoke most poignantly to lathe operators at Renault, textile workers in Lille, or sales clerks at the Galeries Lafayette? Were the euphoria of June 1936 and the crushing defeat of the General Strike in November 1938 as important in the lives of these people as they were for labor leaders? How popular, in short, was the political experience of the popular front?
6
Bravo Lozano, Cristina. "Popular Protests, the Public Sphere and Court Catholicism. The Insults to the Chapel of the Spanish Embassy in London, 1685-1688." Culture & History Digital Journal 6, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2017.007.
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The coronation of James II, a Catholic, brought about a profound political change in religious matters in the British Isles. At court, a Catholicizing process was introduced, supported by the monarch and the European diplomats who opened chapels in different parts of the city. However, this missionary effort had an unequal reception and caused a popular rejection against this new religious culture, leading to demonstrations of a markedly confessional nature. The chapel of the Spanish Embassy suffered the insults of the crowd on two occasions: the main consequence of these altercations was its destruction during the revolution of 1688. Although, superficially, this protest movement can be interpreted as anti-Catholic, it must be understood in a political context. With each new royal ruling, the protests gained strength until finally exploding after the flight of the King to France. This paper focuses on the popular protests and the explicit remonstrance of English Protestants against these Catholic altars and places of worship, with particular emphasis on the residence of Pedro Ronquillo. This study looks at popular protests and the reaction of the authorities, perceptions of the English and the use of the public sphere, the reception and dissemination of news and the impact of popular religious violence on foreign affairs in this crucial phase of English and European history.
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Miller, Mary Ashburn. "A Fiction of the French Nation." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440204.
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This article examines fictional representations of the emigration of the French Revolution. It focuses on the novels Eugénie et Mathilde, Les Petits émigrés, and Le Retour d’un émigré, which were published in France between 1797 and 1815 as émigrés were seeking to return to the nation they had fled. It argues that these novels should be interpreted as making claims about the ability of émigrés to reintegrate within the nation. The sentimental novels responded to two key anxieties about the émigrés’ return by demonstrating that émigrés had not been transformed into foreigners during their time abroad and that they were not seeking to reconstitute Old Regime France. These novelists redefined the émigré as an isolated and pitiable wanderer, and redefined France as a nation bound by common suffering and sentiment.
8
BENTRAR, Djamel. "CORONA AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN France (PANDEMIC ANOMIE)." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.34.
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Questioning the development and expansion of the Covid-19 virus, we highlight in this contribution the disparity in the treatment of this phenomenon in France as is the case in other Western countries between the working classes and the bourgeois classes. It is for us to focus on the changes brought about by this pandemic which has crossed borders by demonstrating the political limits of each country. Several data can be presented in this direction, particularly with regard to the inequality in the face of death in Western countries between populations often immigrants who do not have access to first aid and unequal treatment according to social and ethnic origin. To understand the roots of this social disparity, it is necessary to review the history of migration in these countries. In the case of France, the constitution of poor neighborhoods is one of the over-determining factors in the spread of the virus. Although not exhaustive, this article offers a pragmatic analysis of this phenomenon by clearly pointing out its historical roots. By attempting to answer the essential question, namely are we dealing with a socioeconomic construction of vulnerability or rather a genetic exposure, we propose the notion of pandemic anomie to describe this social imbalance existing before, during and even after the passage. of this health crisis. In this sense, the statistics and figures put forward in this work clearly explain the extent of this pandemic anomie.
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BENTRAR, Djamel. "CORONA AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN France (PANDEMIC ANOMIE)." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.34.
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Questioning the development and expansion of the Covid-19 virus, we highlight in this contribution the disparity in the treatment of this phenomenon in France as is the case in other Western countries between the working classes and the bourgeois classes. It is for us to focus on the changes brought about by this pandemic which has crossed borders by demonstrating the political limits of each country. Several data can be presented in this direction, particularly with regard to the inequality in the face of death in Western countries between populations often immigrants who do not have access to first aid and unequal treatment according to social and ethnic origin. To understand the roots of this social disparity, it is necessary to review the history of migration in these countries. In the case of France, the constitution of poor neighborhoods is one of the over-determining factors in the spread of the virus. Although not exhaustive, this article offers a pragmatic analysis of this phenomenon by clearly pointing out its historical roots. By attempting to answer the essential question, namely are we dealing with a socioeconomic construction of vulnerability or rather a genetic exposure, we propose the notion of pandemic anomie to describe this social imbalance existing before, during and even after the passage. of this health crisis. In this sense, the statistics and figures put forward in this work clearly explain the extent of this pandemic anomie.
10
Dietschy, Paul. "French Sport: Caught between Universalism and Exceptionalism." European Review 19, no. 4 (August 30, 2011): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798711000160.
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This article argues that the question of national perspectives is a fundamental problem in the writing of European sports history. It does so by demonstrating that France has an equal pedigree, in terms of diffusion and exceptionalism, as Britain, and pleads for a less skewed approach to the history of the subject in general. The article shows, first, that France contributed significantly to the internationalization of sport in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with French networks facilitating the spread of sports across the globe. It considers the impact of French universalism on the institutional structures of world sport and assesses the importance of sport to governmental diplomacy. Second, it proposes that France occupies a special place in the history of European sport, halfway between that of the British on the one hand and other continental sporting cultures on the other. It discusses the role of central and regional administrations in the creation of a sports space that is distinctly marked by a lack of football hegemony. French sport, the article concludes, is characterized by a peculiar mix of anglomanie, invented traditions, internationalism, state interventionism and eclecticism.
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Limanova, Svetlana. "The return visit of the President of the French Republic Emile Loubet and the Formation of the Image of a “Great Friend” of Russia." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016087-4.
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The article analyzes the visit of Emile Loubet, President of the French Republic, to the Russian Empire in 1902, as well as the specifics of its organization and representation. The visit was conceived as a demonstration of the inviolability of the Franco-Russian alliance. A whole complex of informational, ceremonial and commemorative methods was supposed to form the image of France not just as a “friend”, but as a “great friend” of Russia. Periodicals solved various tasks at once: attracting and maintaining attention, forming a certain image, creating and reflecting public opinion. The effect of the ceremonial part was enhanced by the active involvement of the urban population in the celebrations, symbolic decoration of the ceremonial space, and the production of souvenirs. As a result, it was possible to consolidate the “friendly” image of the French nation in Russia, enhance the positive effect of the meeting of the allies, and create favorable conditions for further cooperation. At this stage, the Franco-Russian alliance allowed maintaining the balance of power in Europe and paying attention to geopolitical interests in other regions. However, even greater rapprochement between the two powers entailed increased obligations and the necessity to coordinate further actions more carefully, while narrowing the opportunities for interaction with other states. In spite of the brilliant celebrations, the allies' desire to recover the maximum benefit from the «cordial» relationship has become increasingly evident.
12
Cotti, Patricia. "Towards a New Historiography of Psychoanalysis: In Defence of Psychoanalysis as Science – An Essay on George Makari's Revolution in Mind." Psychoanalysis and History 14, no. 1 (January 2012): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2012.0102.
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Makari's work, Revolution in Mind, presents readers with the opportunity to reconsider and compare the manner in which the history of psychoanalysis has been understood in France and English-speaking countries until now. In demonstrating how the birth of psychoanalysis constituted a legitimate revolution of scientific thought and addressed questions left unanswered by philosophy and human sciences in the middle of the 19th century, G. Makari offers a new historiography of psychoanalysis.
13
Braniste, Ludmila. "A Hermeneutic Exercise of the Convergence between National Features and the Modernity of the European Spirit." Intertext, no. 1/2 (57/58) (October 2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54481/intertext.2021.1.02.
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However ungrateful the situation of Romanian writers who express themselves by means of a language with a limited circulation – the Romanian language – may remain, quite a few of them are European writers. This is reflected in the role they play in their national literature, the modern contents and artistic expressivity of their works and, last but not least, their commitment to the active conscience of human community. The present article is aimed at undertaking a hermeneutical exercise of a centuries-old, fruitful history of cultural and literary Franco-Romanian relations from the beginning until the second half of the 19th century. We will mainly address the topic of Vasile Alecsandri and his generation, who struggled with all responsibility for the development of these relations. This study proves how the Romanian writer, truly European by character, knew that the convergence between national specificity and the modernity of the European spirit is the basis for literary success, the longevity of his works and the cultural relations between his nation and France. Literature has always meant a value of human equilibrium, civilization and humanization. Taking into account all that has been mentioned above, we believe that dwelling at some length upon the exemplary demonstration of the Romanian Europeanism carried out by Vasile Alecsandri in his human and artistic essence, cannot be anything but legitimate, opportune and useful.
14
Albert, Steve. "The Changing Face of French History. A Summary of Colloquia Held at the Institute of French Studies, New York University, Fall 1987." Tocqueville Review 9, no. 1 (January 1988): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.9.1.373.
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A REVIEW OF THE FALL 1987 COLLOQUIA SPONSORED BY NEW YORK UNIVERSITY’S INSTITUTE OF FRENCH STUDIES In the past twenty to thirty years, the conception of history in both France and America has changed considerably. The territory covered by the discipline has broadened to encompass elements of various social sciences, such as anthropology and sociology. In the Fall of 1987, four colloquia at New York University’s Institute of French Studies focused on various facets of French history and its study. Louis Bergeron and Jacques Revel both discussed some of the effects of the expansion of the concept of history on their discipline. Tony Judt examined the French Left in the context of European socialist thought after World War II, demonstrating how “historical” analysis is now being applied to periods as recent as 1945-1975. Finally, Charles Tilly described the writing of his latest book, The Contentious French, offering an example of current analytical methods in social history.
15
Albert, Steve. "The Changing Face of French History. A Summary of Colloquia Held at the Institute of French Studies, New York University, Fall 1987." Tocqueville Review 9 (January 1988): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.9.373.
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A REVIEW OF THE FALL 1987 COLLOQUIA SPONSORED BY NEW YORK UNIVERSITY’S INSTITUTE OF FRENCH STUDIES In the past twenty to thirty years, the conception of history in both France and America has changed considerably. The territory covered by the discipline has broadened to encompass elements of various social sciences, such as anthropology and sociology. In the Fall of 1987, four colloquia at New York University’s Institute of French Studies focused on various facets of French history and its study. Louis Bergeron and Jacques Revel both discussed some of the effects of the expansion of the concept of history on their discipline. Tony Judt examined the French Left in the context of European socialist thought after World War II, demonstrating how “historical” analysis is now being applied to periods as recent as 1945-1975. Finally, Charles Tilly described the writing of his latest book, The Contentious French, offering an example of current analytical methods in social history.
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Sharma, M. L., M. Prajapati, and Y. Panth. "Demonstration of Circulating Antibodies of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Cattle of Rupandehi District, Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27749.
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Paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspp. paratuberculosis, is a chronic intestinal infection of global importance in mainly domestic and wild ruminants. The main objective of the study was to find out the seroprevalence of Paratuberculosis in cattle of Rupandehi district. The research was conducted from October 2016 to December 2016. A total of 184 blood samples were collected from Jugular vein of cattle and tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The Paratuberculosis Indirect Screening Test Kit was developed by ID. Vet, France. Cattle with history of chronic diarrhoea and emaciation were taken as study population along with other cattle in close association with them. Overall seroprevalence in Rupandehi district was found to be 4.89%. No significant relation of paratuberculosis was found with age, breed, parity, body condition score and location. Higher prevalence was found in cattle of older age and low body condition score. The result of this study reports the presence of bovine paratuberculosis in cattle of Rupandehi district.
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Pigenet, Michel, and Danielle Tartakowsky. "Les marches en France aux XIXe et XXe siecles: recurrence et metamorphose d'une demonstration collective." Le Mouvement social, no. 202 (January 2003): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3780105.
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Read, Geoff, and Todd Webb. "“The Catholic Mahdi of the North West”: Louis Riel and the Metis Resistance in Transatlantic and Imperial Context." Canadian Historical Review 102, s1 (June 2021): s265—s284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-102-s1-020.
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The authors examine the transatlantic press coverage of the Metis resistance in Saskatchewan in 1885. The article documents that there was extensive international coverage of this ostensibly Canadian conflict and traces the evolution of narratives about it from their origins in French and English Canada to the United States, Great Britain, and France. The article resituates Riel and the Metis resistance within this international framework, demonstrating how the story of Riel and the Metis was reshaped by commentators in the transatlantic world to suit local, national, and imperial contexts.
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ALLAN, STACIE. "Myth- and Monarch-Making: Claire de Duras’s Pensées de Louis XIV (1827)." Australian Journal of French Studies: Volume 58, Issue 3 58, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ajfs.2021.20.
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Louis XIV is one of the most captivating figures in French history despite his myth sitting uneasily alongside a modern Republican France. Louis XIV’s rarely read memoirs provide unique insight into the monarch’s role, demonstrating the tension between God-given right and the day-to-day duties of being a king. Novelist Claire de Duras used the memoirs to compile Pensées de Louis XIV (1827), a collection of seventy selected quotations. This article shows how Duras attempts to reconcile past and present, maintaining the mythical aura of the monarch while also portraying Louis XIV as a figure that might appeal to a post-Revolutionary, post-Imperial society.
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Geary, Patrick J. "Austria, the Writing of History, and the Search for European Identity." Austrian History Yearbook 47 (April 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237816000047.
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In his address to the International Author's Congress held in Paris in 1935, Robert Musil—who claimed to have always held himself back from politics because, in his words, like hygiene, he had no talent for it—attempted to describe the problem of being an Austrian writer. A German author, he suggested, is unproblematically German in his writings. But an Austrian writer, he said, was in a more problematic situation. “My Austrian homeland expects from its poets that they be more or less poets of the Austrian homeland, and there are the creators of cultural history who make of show of demonstrating that an Austrian poet has always been something other as a German one.” It is perhaps the fate of Austria to have a surfeit of Kulturgeschichtskonstrukteure, of intellectuals who feel a need to build a cultural history of Austria and to project it into a distant past, and this largely in the face of the overwhelming reality that a unified cultural history of Austria is impossible, unlike, some might think, that of ancient nations such as Germany, France, or Italy.
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Stanford, Charlotte A. "Andrew Brown and Jan Dumolyn, eds., Medieval Urban Culture. Studies in European Urban History 43 (1100–1800). Turnhout: Brepols, 2017, 213 pp, ill." Mediaevistik 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_242.
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The editors of this volume are to be commended for bringing together a thematically tight-knit and self-referential collection of essays to investigate the topic of how we understand the term medieval “urban culture.” The grouping of twelve essays in this collection utilizes a blend of the literary, historical and art historical, focusing on western European examples, notably England, France, Italy and the Low Countries, with a concluding chapter on China. Nevertheless, the purpose of this volume is not one of providing thorough coverage, but rather of demonstrating a series of interlinking investigations that explore aspects of cities, from material and representational spaces to networks of exchanges of ideas and goods.
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Kaminski, G., S. Brandt, E. Baubet, and C. Baudoin. "Life-history patterns in female wild boars (Sus scrofa): mother–daughter postweaning associations." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-019.
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Mother–daughter postweaning associations in wild boars (Sus scrofa L., 1758) were investigated using 12 years' data from a wild population in Champagne, France. In the wild boar, a polygynous ungulate species, females (i) can reproduce as soon as they are yearlings and (ii) generally have large litters, in contrast to many other ungulate species. It is generally thought that their social organization is centered around groups of adult females and their offspring, but genealogical relationships in female groups have never been studied. Hence this species is suitable for testing the hypothesis of a matrilineal social organization. We studied the occurrence and strength of mother–daughter associations before and after the first potential breeding of yearling females, using a total of 85 individuals. Seasonal fluctuations in associations were observed, but after weaning, daughters generally remained with the mother. When leaving their natal group, yearling females formed new kin groups with sisters. Two important factors involved in the postweaning associations were adult and yearling reproductive participation and maternal age. The present study constitutes the first clear demonstration that family groups, with overlapping generations of females, represent the typical social organization in a forest wild boar population.
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Hepworth, Andrea. "From Survivor to Fourth-Generation Memory: Literal and Discursive Sites of Memory in Post-dictatorship Germany and Spain." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 1 (May 16, 2017): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417694429.
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The transition of the memory of twentieth-century conflicts from survivor to cultural memory has become inevitable with the passing of the survivor generation. This article examines the role of different generations in the retrieval and commemoration of the traumatic past in Germany and Spain by focusing on two main areas: firstly, it analyzes the debates surrounding the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin and the ongoing review of form and function of existing memorial sites in the city, as well as ongoing vandalism and trivialization of these sites. Secondly, it examines recent debates and protests in Spain surrounding the 1977 Amnesty Law by prominent artists and the wider public. These range from protests against the indictment of Judge Baltasar Garzón in 2010 for opening an investigation into crimes against humanity committed by the Franco regime to demonstrations in November 2015 demanding an annulment of the 1977 Law, and to the recent Argentinean court case of Franco-era human rights crimes. Considering Pierre Nora’s notion that lieux de mémoire can be ‘material or non-material’, this article suggests that debates and demonstrations can act as a virtual space in which memory is viable. It analyzes the role of the ‘generations of postmemory’, in particular the third and fourth generations, in forestalling silence and forgetting and changing existing rigid discursive patterns.
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Yuan, Zhengrong, and Chong Zhang. "Research on the Legitimacy of the Resale Right." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 2 (February 27, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v7i2.1009.
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The resale right system, first created in France in 1920, has a history of one hundred years and has been confirmed by dozens of national legislations. In general, the introduction of the resale right has become a trend in the legislation of various countries. But the universal establishment of the resale right does not necessarily mean that it has legitimacy. On the issue of whether the introduction of the resale right is justified, the views of supporters and opponents are tit-for-tat, and several major points of controversy have formed. By sorting out the disputes involved in the resale right system, clarifying the core problems of introducing the resale right, and demonstrating its legitimacy, it is reasonable and feasible to introduce the resale right.
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Salzbrunn, Monika. "The Occupation of Public Space through Religious and Political Events: How Senegalese Migrants Became a Part of Harlem, New York." Journal of Religion in Africa 34, no. 4 (2004): 468–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570066042564428.
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AbstractDuring the last twenty years, Senegalese migration has shifted from West African cities to France, from France to its European neighbour countries and finally towards the United States of America. Whereas the secular French state discourages religious display, especially within public space, the more community-oriented USA is far from opposed to religious expression in the public sphere. In this article, I analyze how Senegalese migrants who have grown up in secular states (Senegal and/or France) use American public space to demonstrate their political and religious identity through the organization of special events. Even though the migrants, notably the political and religious activists, take into consideration the cultural and political differences between their different places of residence, they follow continuous strategies across their translocal spaces. Special events like the Murid Parade in July or the Senegalese presidential election campaign in spring 2000 provide rich empirical data for the analysis of the complex interaction between Senegalese inside and outside their country, their translocal networks and their connections to the local situation in New York City. The latter includes the different inhabitants of Harlem and the local geographical setting, the representatives of the state and the politics of migration, as well as the Mayor and his political program. The recently opened House of Islam, founded by members of the Murid Sufi order in Harlem, shows how deeply the Senegalese in the US are already rooted. However, the annual religious event organized by the Murids is only one demonstration of identity politics. In order to illustrate the diversity of the community, I show how the events organized during the Senegalese presidential election campaign in 2000 in New York City take into consideration the complexity of the religious, political and economic identities of the American Senegalese.
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Bantigny, Ludivine. "The Hour of Revolt." South Atlantic Quarterly 119, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 856–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8663759.
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“This is not a yellow vest (gilet jaune). It’s much more!!!” Evoking Magritte’s famous phrase “This is not a pipe,” the slogan written on this safety vest in September 2019 holds great significance. Indeed, its meaning far exceeds the garment’s purpose of identification and distress in emergency situations. It became “much more” as the metonymy of one of the longest social and political uprisings in history. It is also “much more” because this powerful movement has taken on unprecedented dimensions. Transforming roundabouts into communal spaces; demonstrating Saturday after Saturday in Paris and cities throughout France; targeting symbols of power, with the capture of the Champs-Élysées representing that of the state and capital—in many ways, this movement is truly unique. What could not be heard before has been said.
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Sagomonyan, Alexander. "The Chambery Tragedy (June 1945): the Causes and Historical Context of the Attack on the Spaniards in France." ISTORIYA 12, no. 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017584-1.
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On June 15, 1945, a mass attack took place in the French city of Chambery on a train carrying Spaniards traveling from Germany to their homeland. As a result, more than a hundred people were killed and injured. The French authorities presented this incident as a spontaneous wave of popular indignation against the soldiers of the Spanish “Blue Division”, who fought as part of the Nazi Wehrmacht. However, this version is unlikely (this division was disbanded and withdrawn long ago). There are many indications that this action was carried out with the sanction of the French authorities. According to some researchers, such reprisals, not uncommon for liberated France, demonstrating “national hatred of fascism”, were intended — not least оf all — to change the skeptical attitude of the victorious powers to France. This was especially relevant on the eve of the Potsdam Conference. The events in Chambery can also be seen as an attempt to “atone” for the Spanish Republicans for the cruel treatment of refugees from a neighboring country after the end of the Spanish Civil War of 1936—1939.
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JAINCHILL, ANDREW. "POLITICAL ECONOMY, THE STATE, AND REVOLUTION IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE." Modern Intellectual History 6, no. 2 (August 2009): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244309002157.
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Among the stunning changes in material and intellectual life that transformed eighteenth-century Europe, perhaps none excited as much contemporary consternation as the twin-headed growth of a modern commercial economy and the fiscal–military state. As economies became increasingly based on trade, money, and credit, and states both exploded in size and forged seemingly insoluble ties to the world of finance, intellectuals displayed growing anxiety about just what kind of political, economic, and social order was taking shape before their eyes. Two important new books by Michael Sonenscher and John Shovlin, Before the Deluge: Public Debt, Inequality, and the Intellectual Origins of the French Revolution and The Political Economy of Virtue: Luxury, Patriotism, and the Origins of the French Revolution, tackle these apprehensions and the roles they played in forging French political and economic writings in the second half of the eighteenth century. Both authors also take the further step of demonstrating the impact of the ideas they study on the origins of the French Revolution.
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Bailey, Heather. "Roman Catholic Polemicists, Russian Orthodox Publicists, and the Tsar-Pope Myth in France, 1842–1862." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 53, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-05303004.
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Abstract In the mid-nineteenth century it was typical for French Roman Catholic publicists to allege that the tsar was the supreme head or “pope” of the Russian Church and that consequently, the Russian Church was completely enslaved to the state. While this idea was largely created by Catholic publicists, some Russian Orthodox individuals contributed intentionally or unintentionally to exaggerated notions of the Russian emperor’s spiritual authority, demonstrating that the Orthodox publicists who wanted to defend Russian interests did not always agree about what those interests really were or about how best to defend them. Following Italy’s national unification (1859–1860), French public figures used these narratives about the Russian tsar-pope to promote specific policies towards Rome and the papacy. For French Roman Catholic publicists, the tsar-pope myth proved that it was vital to preserve unity between the French Church and Rome and to defend the papacy’s temporal power as a guarantor of the Roman Catholic Church’s independence.
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Melnyk, Pavel. "ON ADVERTISING TEXTS ORGANIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CULTURAL APPROACH IMPLEMENTATION TO LANGUAGE TEACHING: LOGICS OF PENDANT." Scientific and methodological journal "Foreign Languages", no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/1817-8510.2021.2.235680.
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The article deals with the analysis of the didactic potentialof advertising as an authentic material used in the study offoreign languages. At the lessons focusing on RegionalStudies issues, advertising texts are thought to be the basis forimplementing all of the education system components: theselection of subject and language material, presentation ofselected material for students, and its further activization.At the same time, the authentic material has certain features,including fragmentation, division into small parts, and mosaics.Manifestations of fragmentation in fiction, painting, music andInternet discourse are systematized. Analyzing the results ofprevious research, promising and retrospective activities inrelation to the main stage of work are discovered, aimed atpartially smoothing the fragmentary nature of the material, workwith it and socio-cultural ideas that are formed in students. Themain part of the article substantiates the effectiveness of anotherway to achieve the integrity and coherence of educationalmaterial. It is about emphasizing the connection between twoadjacent advertising texts, their simultaneous demonstration anduse. The idea of pendant corresponds to this way of organizingmaterial in the fine arts. The logic of the pendant is thatcombining two objects makes it possible to observe, study andcompare, creating a volume. The role of comparison in learningis considered and relevant tasks based on advertising areproposed. It turns out that the students’ heuristic search createsthe optimal psychological basis to obtain objectively correctsocio-cultural information when comparing connections andrelationships between paired texts as well as objects andphenomena that are reflected in them. The principle of pendantis also embodied in the famous game Memory. The pairs areseparate advertising texts of culturally oriented topics («Yearin France: dates, holidays, events», «French regions», «Paris»,«History of France»), which together are able to present anobject / phenomenon / event from different sides, with differentfeatures, in dynamics. The general rules of this game andadditional recommendations on how to play are given. Theactivity content is illustrated by the description of the denotationcard related to the history of France. The proposed methods ofwork may be included in the main activity aimed at forminglinguistic and socio-cultural competency among students withthe use of advertising materials. The didactic material andmethods of working with it can also be used in studying Frenchat the advanced level in secondary school.
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Thomas, Margaret. "The monolingual approach in American linguistic fieldwork." Historiographia Linguistica 47, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2020): 266–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00078.tho.
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Summary In the first decades of the 20th century, fieldwork — collection of language data through direct interaction with a native speaker — was foundational to American linguistics. After a mid-century period of neglect, fieldwork has recently been revived as a means to address the increasing rate of language endangerment worldwide. Twenty-first century American fieldwork inherits some, but not all, of the traits of earlier fieldwork. This article examines the history of one controversial issue, whether a field worker should adopt a monolingual approach, learning and using the target language as a medium of exchange with native speakers, as opposed to relying on interpreters or a lingua franca. Although the monolingual approach is not widely practiced, modern proponents argue strongly for its value. The method has been popularized though ‘monolingual demonstrations’ to audiences of linguists, which, curiously, are not wholly consistent with the character of 21st-century fieldwork.
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Zaуtseva, Nataliya Vladimirovna. "Aestheticization of everyday life in France of the XVII century." Философия и культура, no. 3 (March 2022): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2022.3.37496.
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The aestheticization of everyday life is a multidimensional socio-cultural phenomenon. The study of the history of everyday life is today one of the most relevant areas of modern science.This research aims to identify the origins of the process of aestheticization of everyday life in Modern times and the expansion of time boundaries beyond its philosophical understanding in the XVIII century. The purpose of the study is to analyze the historical material of the XVII century, demonstrating that the processes of aestheticization and theatricalization of everyday life took place at this time. In France of the XVII century, there are all conditions for the process of aestheticization and theatricalization of everyday life. The process of socialization of elites is completed by the middle of the XVII century, a new aesthetic taste and aesthetic ideal is being formed, which can be transferred to the subject-spatial environment, art is being institutionalized and the luxury industry is emerging. In the XVII century, we see not only the artistic and aesthetic design of the subject-spatial environment, but also an absolutely obvious expansion of artistic life beyond art, when everyday life is likened to art, bodily needs such as sleep, nutrition, toilet are aestheticized and dramatized. There was also a change in the canons of behavior and appearance under the influence of a new aesthetic ideal. The process of aestheticization in the XVII century was not of a mass nature, remaining elitist and affecting only the social elite. However, the model or mechanism of the aestheticization of everyday life, created in the XVII century, persists for the next centuries, spread across Europe and reach Russia.
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Harding, Matthew S. "ATONEMENT THEORY REVISITED: CALVIN, BEZA, AND AMYRAUT ON THE EXTENT OF THE ATONEMENT." Perichoresis 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2013-0003.
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ABSTRACT Throughout the bulk of the Reformed Tradition’s history within both Europe and the United States, most scholars have dismissed pastor and theologian Moïse Amyraut as a seventeenth century French heretic whose actions and theology led to the demise of the Huguenots in France. However, upon further introspection into Amyraut’s claims as being closer to Calvin (soteriologically) than his Genevan successors, one finds uncanny parallels in the scriptural commentaries and biblical insight into the expiation of Christ between Calvin and Amyraut. By comparing key scriptural passages concerning the atonement, this article demonstrates that Reformed theologian Moïse Amyraut in fact propagated a universal atonement theory which parallels Calvin’s, both men ascribing to biblical faithfulness, a (humanistic) theological method, and similar hermeneutic. As such, both Calvin and Amyraut scripturally contend that God desires and provided the means for the salvation of the whole world. Further, the article demonstrates that Calvin’s successor, Theodore de Beza, could not in fact make the same claims as Amyraut, this article demonstrating that Beza went beyond Calvin’s scriptural approach to Christ’s expiation. Therefore, this article supports a more centrist approach from within and outside the Reformed tradition by demonstrating that Calvin and Amyraut concentrically held to God’s gracious provision in Christ for the saving of the whole world, for those who would believe in Christ for salvation.
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Schroeder, Paul W. "Old Wine in Old Bottles: Recent Contributions to British Foreign Policy and European International Politics, 1789–1848." Journal of British Studies 26, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385877.
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This review article has a conventional purpose, namely, to assess the contributions made by thirteen recent books, most by British historians, to the history of British foreign policy and the European states system during the revolutionary, Napoleonic, and post-Napoleonic eras. There is, however, a problem. None of the books is conventional diplomatic history. Almost half relate only indirectly to foreign policy, while for the remainder foreign policy constitutes only part of their subject matter. The review therefore consciously runs two risks: that of judging the books by inappropriate standards and that of drawing conclusions about current historiography in this field and period from an inappropriate sample. The reader will have to judge whether the results justify the procedure.Geoffrey Best's War and Society in Revolutionary Europe illustrates the problem. Best clearly succeeds in his goal of going beyond the study of military organizations to the study of war itself as a “unique human interest and activity.” The book is far-ranging, delightfully written, based on wide reading, and packed with insights. It also contributes substantially to the history of international politics, mainly by demonstrating how powerful an impact armies and combat had. Yet from the political historian's standpoint there is ground for some frustration as well as for pleasure. Best's descriptions of how armies developed from the Old Regime into the nineteenth century and his analyses of the impact of war in 1792–1815 are excellent for France and Britain and adequate for Prussia and Spain.
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Bergmane, Una. "“Is This the End of Perestroika?” International Reactions to the Soviet Use of Force in the Baltic Republics in January 1991." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 2 (May 2020): 26–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00939.
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This article examines the official U.S. reaction to the Soviet government's use of force in the Baltic republics in January 1991, not only showing the complexity of the U.S. position but also demonstrating how reactions in Washington became harsher in the space of a week, eroding the previous “Gorbachev first” attitude. The article identifies the main reasons for this shift, especially West European reactions, domestic pressures, and growing concerns that violence in the Baltics marked the end of perestroika. The analysis sheds light on a larger debate between Kristina Spohr and Celeste Wallander about Western attitudes toward the Baltic question at the Cold War endgame. The article is based on newly available archival materials in the United States and France as well as on documents from the archives of the Gorbachev Foundation in Moscow and in the Latvian State Archives.
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Sanzharov, Valery, and Galina Sanzharova. "Diplomatic Preparation for the English Invasion of France in 1415." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (November 2021): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.5.14.
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Introduction. According to the latest research, the managerial genius of Henry V was most fully manifested in the military, financial and diplomatic fields. The authors analyze in detail the royal diplomacy, which has not been the subject of special study. Diplomacy is analyzed as a space of political communication. Methods and materials. The basic methods of historical analysis were used to work with the material. The sources used in the work are diplomatic documents (treaties, “memorandums”, instructions to ambassadors and their correspondence with monarchs, decisions of royal councils, discussion of the course and results of negotiations in parliament) and chronicles. In historiography, the problem is traditionally considered within the framework of works devoted to the personality of Henry V or the history of the Hundred Years War. Analysis. The article analyzes three phases and three components of English diplomatic policy from the coming of Henry V of Lancaster to power to his invasion of Normandy: 1) negotiations with both sides of the intra-French conflict in order to prevent their reconciliation. 2) the territorial claims of Henry V in France (territory in exchange for giving up the “rights” of inheritance). 3) diplomatic activity as a disguise of preparation for war (territory in exchange for peace). Results. The authors concluded that the English in the years 1413–1415 are moving from military mercenarism on the side of one of the warring groups in the intra-French conflict to declaring themselves as one of the parties to the struggle for power in France with their rights and claims. The diplomacy of the English crown pursued the intentions of 1) demonstrating the impossibility of achieving the claims of the royal house of England on the continent peacefully; 2) maintaining schism and confrontation within the highest French nobility; 3) ensuring international recognition of the English monarch’s right to intervene in the intra-French conflict.
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WILSFORD, DAVID. "America's health care dilemma: not a pretty sight." Health Economics, Policy and Law 2, no. 3 (July 2007): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133107004203.
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As the American right wing’s control of national (and local) politics implodes in the United States, there is the inevitable hope wafting in the air as policy specialists and other political activists on the other side of the divide anticipate capturing the US presidency at the end of 2008 to go with the center-left’s majorities won in the US Congress at the end of 2006. And so, health care reform is once again on the march! Alas, if Max Weber was wise to have observed that ideas run upon the tracks of interests, implying clearly that some good ideas die their death because they do not find the right track of interests, while some tracks of interests go nowhere for lack of the right idea, the health policy debate still provides a Technicolor demonstration that the mish and mash of this and that is not yet pointing the country in any particular direction, regardless of election outcomes in 2006 and 2008. Worse yet, in spite of the great sociologist Reinhard Bendix’s demonstration in his masterwork Kings orPeople (1978) that non-incremental transformations often occur at critical junctures of a nation’s history due to the diffusion effects of ideas from abroad, there is no evidence in the current (or past) American debate that the country has ever learned anything at all or thinks it has anything at all to learn from the way these problems are grappled with, and more successfully, elsewhere. (Oh, let’s just take Japan, France, Germany, Spain, Canada, the UK, and a handful of other countries as quick examples.)
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Antonescu, Bogdan, Tomáš Púçik, and David M. Schultz. "Hindcasting the First Tornado Forecast in Europe: 25 June 1967." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 417–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0173.1.
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Abstract The tornado outbreak of 24–25 June 1967 was the most damaging in the history of western Europe, producing 7 F2–F5 tornadoes, 232 injuries, and 15 fatalities across France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Following tornadoes in France on 24 June, the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) issued a tornado forecast for 25 June, which became the first ever—and first verified—tornado forecast in Europe. Fifty-two years later, tornadoes are still not usually forecast by most European national meteorological services, and a pan-European counterpart to the NOAA/NWS/Storm Prediction Center (SPC) does not exist to provide convective outlook guidance; yet, tornadoes remain an extant threat. This article asks, “What would a modern-day forecast of the 24–25 June 1967 outbreak look like?” To answer this question, a model simulation of the event is used in three ways: 20-km grid-spacing output to produce a SPC-style convective outlook provided by the European Storm Forecast Experiment (ESTOFEX), 800-m grid-spacing output to analyze simulated reflectivity and surface winds in a nowcasting analog, and 800-m grid-spacing output to produce storm-total footprints of updraft helicity maxima to compare to observed tornado tracks. The model simulates a large supercell on 24 June and weaker embedded mesocyclones on 25 June forming along a stationary front, allowing the ESTOFEX outlooks to correctly identify the threat. Updraft helicity footprints indicate multiple mesocyclones on both days within 40–50 km and 3–4 h of observed tornado tracks, demonstrating the ability to hindcast a large European tornado outbreak.
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Souvlis, George. "Genuine Fascist Theory or Non-Systematic Conceptualisations of the New Authoritarian Order?" Fascism 11, no. 2 (November 16, 2022): 211–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-bja10045.
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Abstract This article analyses legal texts written by Nikolaos Koumaros that were foundational to the 4th of August regime in Greece. It demonstrates the regime possessed an ideology that did not differ substantially from other authoritarian regimes of the period. In particular, the choice of Koumaros as the central legal theorist of the regime can be explained by his familiarity with anti-liberal theories of the time. His engagement with these theories was linked with his studies in France and Italy during the interwar period, exposing him to fascist ideals. A detailed examination of the conceptual transfers that informed the main legal texts of the regime demonstrated their reasoning followed closely the theoretical developments of the time. Mussolini’s doctrine of fascism and a specific reading of Rousseau functioned as the basis for the legitimisation of a new, anti-liberal political order. These ideas became key analytical pillars of the legal texts that gave shape to the regime’s normative and political foundation, demonstrating that explicit fascist theories informed the political physiognomy of the regime.
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Ciccarelli, Roberto. "Dall'estremitŕ meno giuridica del diritto. Michel Foucault e le norme." SOCIOLOGIA DEL DIRITTO, no. 1 (July 2009): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sd2009-001004.
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- If we were to go no further than reading Discipline and Punish, law in Foucault would be no more than the expression of a repressive legal order oriented towards punishing deviant behaviour. But this article tackles the French philosopher's entire output, comparing it with that of Hans Kelsen, Hermann Kantorowicz and Max Weber and demonstrating that this reduction, of law to criminal law and of power to exclusively repressive power, does not take the basic points of Foucault's thinking into account. The hypothesis put forward here through an analysis of Madness and Civilisation, of Discipline and Punish and of The History of Sexuality, but also of the courses held by Foucault at the Collčge de France and his intense relationship with the philosopher and historian of science Georges Canguilhem, assumes the amphibology of norms, i.e. the impossibility of reducing norms to the unity of a common genre, as the fundamental precept for the existence of a normative production that on the one hand articulates the plurality of normative codes existing in relevant fields of application, while on the other establishing communications between them and multiplying the relationships of power between normative codes and fields of application.
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Prieto, Leon C., Simone T. A. Phipps, Lemaro R. Thompson, and Xavier A. Smith. "Schneiderman, Perkins, and the early labor movement." Journal of Management History 22, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-01-2015-0003.
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Purpose – This paper aims to depict the pivotal role played by Rose Schneiderman and Frances Perkins in early twentieth-century labor and safety reform in the USA. The paper also examines the contributions made by these notable women through the lens of stakeholder theory and the feminist ethic of care. Design/methodology/approach – The review process commenced with a comprehensive search for women in history who advocated labor and safety reform and campaigned for safer organizational practices in the workplace. History books, academic journals and newspaper articles, including writings from Schneiderman and Perkins, were the main sources used for this research endeavor. Findings – Schneiderman and Perkins were both instrumental in playing a major role in fighting for labor and safety reform in the early twentieth century, albeit in different ways. Through their work, there was a heightened understanding of organizations’ duties and obligations to their stakeholders and, in particular, to their employees. They also embodied the feminist ethic of care by being attentive to the needs of others, accepting responsibility and demonstrating competence, while being responsive to their needs. Originality/value – The influential women in management history are often given scant recognition or not recognized at all. This article highlights the contributions of two women who greatly impacted labor and safety through their struggle for the improvement of working conditions in the USA. The originality of this manuscript also lies in the ethical perspective in which it is grounded.
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Velmet, Aro. "In the Image of Pasteur." French Historical Studies 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 633–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8552489.
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Abstract How does an imperial lens change our view of capitalism and science in early twentieth-century France? Using the colonial expansion of the Pasteur Institutes as a case study, this article argues that French microbiologists developed both new business models and new values of masculine comportment during their time in the colonies. There the dynamic interaction between economic success and demonstration of scientific masculinity became particularly important in reshaping how Pastorians both saw the future of their institution and interpreted the meaning of its past. Against the image of the ascetic, nonprofit scientist, Pastorians in the colonies opposed an ambitious and entrepreneurial hero. After the Great War undermined the ascetic model and weakened the economic power of the metropolitan institute, colonial Pastorians were able to shape representations of the Pastorian network to the public and narrate the history of its founder as a heroic conqueror of the microbial world. Comment une optique impériale change-t-elle notre perspective sur le capitalisme et la science au début du vingtième siècle ? Prenant l'expansion coloniale des instituts Pasteur comme exemple, cet article avance que les microbiologistes français ont développé à la fois de nouveaux modèles économiques et de nouvelles valeurs du comportement masculin au cours de leur séjour dans les colonies. Ici, l'interaction dynamique entre le succès économique et la démonstration de la masculinité scientifique est devenue particulièrement importante pour remodeler à la fois la façon dont les pastoriens voyaient l'avenir de leur institution et interpretaient le sens de son passé. Contre l'image du scientifique ascétique, les pastoriens coloniaux opposaient un héros ambitieux et entreprenant. Après que la Grande Guerre a sapé le modèle ascétique et affaibli le pouvoir économique de l'Institut métropolitain, les pastoriens coloniaux ont pu façonner des représentations publiques du réseau pastorien et raconter l'histoire de son fondateur comme conquérant héroïque du monde microbien.
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Gizi Jafarova, Ismat Allahverdi. "THE CONCEPT OF SENTIMENTALISM IN THE POETICS OF L. STERNE’S NOV EL “A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY THROUGH FRANCE AND ITALY”." Молодий вчений, no. 3 (103) (March 31, 2022): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2022-3-103-11.
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Sentimentalism is a trend in literature and art of the second half of the 18th century. The name comes from the French word “sentiment” – a feeling. It is possible to identify the main feature of this literary direction – emphasis on the feelings of readers, interest in them and the desire to leave no one indifferent. The article analyzes the main features of sentimentalism on the example of Lawrence Sterne’s “A sentimental journal Trough France and Iraly”. It was up to sentimentalism to describe human feelings. However, the first sentimentalists were Democratic People with natural equality. They brought to literature in the history of enlightening literature the moral and sensory world of ordinary people, especially their tender feelings like Love, opposite to the classicists ' Palace scholars (kings, princes, nobles). They paved the way for the heroic concept of enlightening realism by demonstrating that the inner world of heroes from ordinary strata is not poor. In this sense, the Sentimentalists established a tradition of democratization of the author's creativity written in prose, observance of the principles of equality of people in the choice of literary heroes. The article investigated study is to identify the signs of sentimentalism in Sterne’s “A sentimental journey”, characterize the concept of «sentimentalism» and define it as an artistic system; to identify the main features and genres of sentimentalism as a direction in the literature.
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Mancillas, Brisa, Pierre-Alain Duc, Françoise Combes, Frédéric Bournaud, Eric Emsellem, Marie Martig, and Leo Michel-Dansac. "Probing the merger history of red early-type galaxies with their faint stellar substructures." Astronomy & Astrophysics 632 (December 2019): A122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936320.
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Several detailed observations, such as those carried out at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), have revealed prominent Low Surface Brightness (LSB) fine structures that lead to a change in the apparent morphology of galaxies. Previous photometry surveys have developed observational techniques which make use of the diffuse light detected in the external regions of galaxies. In these studies, the outer perturbations have been identified and classified. These include tidal tails, stellar streams, and shells. These structures serve as tracers for interacting events and merging events and retain some memory of the mass assembly of galaxies. Cosmological numerical simulations are required to estimate their visibility timescale, among other properties, in order to reconstruct the merger history of galaxies. In the present work, we analyze a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation to build up a comprehensive interpretation of the properties of fine structures. We present a census of several types of LSB fine structures compiled using a visual inspection of individual snapshots at various points in time. We reconstruct the evolution of the number of fine structures detected around an early-type galaxy and we compare it with the merger history of the galaxy. We find that most fine structures are associated with major and intermediate mass merger events. Their survival timescale ranges between 0.7 and 4 Gyr. Shells and streams remain visible for a longer time, while tidal tails have a shorter lifetime. These estimates for the survival time of collisional debris provide clues for the interpretation of the shape and frequency of fine structures observed in deep images with regard to their mass assembly. We find that the detectability of stellar streams is most sensitive at the surface brightness limit, demonstrating greater visibility at the deepest surface brightness level used in our simulation. We see between two and three times more streams based on a surface brightness cut of 33 mag arcsec−2 than with 29 mag arcsec−2. We find that the detection of shells is strongly dependent upon the projection angle.
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Siegelbaum, Lewis H. "Soviet Car Rallies of the 1920s and 1930s and the Road to Socialism." Slavic Review 64, no. 2 (2005): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3649984.
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Rallying, which originated in France soon after the birth of the automobile, has remained a popular sport in Europe and elsewhere, serving to showcase developments in automotive technology and the skillfulness of professional drivers. These, in addition to demonstrating the variety of road conditions and peoples within the country and choosing the most appropriate vehicle to import, were the main objectives of the all-Russian (1923) and all-Union (1925) rallies (avtoprobegy). But in 1929, hard on the heels of the agreement with Ford to build a car factory in Nizhnii Novgorod, Nikolai Osinskii, president of the Society for Cooperation in the Development of Automobilism and Road Improvement (Avtodor), undertook a journey that inaugurated a new kind of avtoprobeg. Expeditionary rather than sporting, it drew on and reinforced a discursively constructed geography of the Soviet Union, relying on two “moving metaphors“ central to Bolshevik discourse: the storming of fortresses and the road to socialism. The avtoprobegy of the 1930s lent themselves to narratives of adventure and accomplishment not only for the rallyists themselves but also for the peoples through whose lands they traveled. This was especially true of the most publicized road trip in Soviet history—the Moscow-Kara Kum rally of 1933.
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Nolan, Frances. "‘The Cat’s Paw’: Helen Arthur, the act of resumption andThe Popish pretenders to the forfeited estates in Ireland, 1700–03." Irish Historical Studies 42, no. 162 (November 2018): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2018.31.
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AbstractThis article examines the case of Helen Arthur, a Catholic and Jacobite Irish woman who travelled with her children to France following William III’s victory over James II in the War of the Two Kings (1689–91). It considers Helen’s circumstances and her representation inThe Popish pretenders to the forfeited estates in Ireland, a pamphlet published in London in 1702 as a criticism of the act of resumption. The act, introduced by the English parliament in 1700, voided the majority of William III’s grants to favourites and supporters. Its provisions offered many dispossessed, including the dependants of outlawed males, a chance to reclaim compromised or forfeited property by submitting a claim to a board of trustees in Dublin. Helen Arthur missed the initial deadline for submissions, but secured an extension to submit through a clause in a 1701 supply bill, a development that brought her to the attention of the anonymous author ofThe Popish pretenders. Charting Helen’s efforts to reclaim her jointure, her eldest son’s estate and her younger children’s portions, this article looks at the ways in which dispossessed Irish Catholics and/or Jacobites reacted to legislative developments. More specifically, it shines a light on the possibilities for female agency in a period of significant upheaval, demonstrating opportunities for participation and representation in the public sphere, both in London and in Dublin. It also considers the impact of the politicisation of religion upon understandings of women’s roles and experiences during the Williamite confiscation, and suggests that a synonymising of Catholicism with Jacobitism (and Protestantism with the Williamite cause) has significant repercussions for understandings of women’s activities during the period. It also examines contemporary attitudes to women’s activity, interrogating the casting of Helen as a ‘cat’s paw’ in a bigger political game, invariably played by men.
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Píriz, Carlos. "Deans of humanitarianism and perfidy. The collaboration of the Diplomatic Missions of Argentina and Chile with the Francoist cause during the Spanish Civil War (and after), 1936-1969." Culture & History Digital Journal 10, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): e010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2021.010.
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During the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939, some thirty Diplomatic Missions opened their doors and create new sites for the reception of persecution victims under the protection of the right of asylum. However, beyond the humanitarian role, a tendentious collaboration of some of their delegates with the rebels could be seen from the beginning. Argentina and Chile, which held the Diplomatic Deanship in those years, were two prime examples of this. A good number of their representatives used various strategies to help the coup plotters of 1936, such as the refuge, care and irregular extraction of people or espionage. At the same time, they played a role that alternated between searching for consensus with other Diplomatic Missions (mainly the Latin American ones), which really meant demanding that those other legations follow their lead, and denouncing the excesses of the consolidated republican rearguard, especially on the international scene. A situation which tarnishes the image of the legitimate Spanish governments. Once the contest ended, many of those collaborators were praised and rewarded by the Franco regime, and other fascists regimes. This research focuses on demonstrating, based on original documentation and providing new and compelling data, that close (and proven) relationship.
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Mirzekhanov, Velikhan. "Imperial Myth as a National Idea: Explicit and Hidden Meanings of the 1931 International Colonial Exhibition in Paris." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016273-9.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents an analysis of the colonial exhibition of 1931 in the context of the metamorphosis of the colonial idea in France. After the First World War, the difficulties in managing the colonies were increasingly felt in France. The French political class hoped to give new vitality to the national consciousness, which was threatened by various social-revolutionary and anti-colonial movements, through the reform of colonial policy. The colonial exhibition of 1931 became the apogee of imperial propaganda in the metropolis and a symbol of unity between the Third Republic with its colonies. Its success was associated with the extent to which the colonial idea penetrated French society and with the stabilization of the mother country's relations with her colonies between the two world wars. The colonial discourse of the 1931 exhibition was an apology for republican centrism expressed through the firm positioning of racial superiority, the demonstration of the validity of the ideals of progress inevitably brought about by colonization, and the dominance of French values. The author demonstrates that the new political situation that developed after the Great War contributed to the achievement of colonial consolidation, on the part of the majority of parties and, mainly, through the deployment of the state propaganda machine. The colonies and the colonial question marked the outlines, the brushstrokes, as it were, of a national union. This union between the national and the colonial, the nation and the empire, was twofold. Between the two world wars, national and colonial issues became logically interlinked and interdependent. The author concludes that the 1931 exhibition propagated the idea of the imperial order through the display and presentation of idealized indigenous cultures represented by a variety of artifacts, fine arts, and architecture. The 1931 exhibition became a general imperial holiday, and was intended to serve the unity between the imperial centre and the colonies. It became an important tool of imperial construction, a fairly effective means of broadcasting the official imperial ideology, and a metaphor for the colonial republic, which embodied the cultural, social, and mental characteristics of the imperial nation; its hidden meaning was directed against the growing ideas of colonial nationalism and resistance.
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Faradiba, Andi Tenri, Anindya Dewi Paramita, Airin Triwahyuni, and Urip Purwono. "Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Mental Health Continuum Short-Form." Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy 5, no. 1 (February 7, 2023): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51214/bocp.v5i1.422.
Full textAbstract:
The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) is a tool designed to evaluate an individual's overall mental health and well-being, encompassing emotional, psychological, and social dimensions. Adopted in several countries, including Portugal, South Korea, Italy, and France, the present study aims to adapt the MHC-SF for the Indonesian context and assess its psychometric properties. The adaptation followed the ITC Guidelines for Adapting Tests, an international standard for adapting and psychometrically testing measuring instruments. The content validity was evaluated through the involvement of three experts and four reviewers in assessing the results of the Indonesian translation. Data was collected from a sample of 256 students, who participated by filling out an online questionnaire. The results of the content validity indicated that the 14-item instrument was relevant to the purpose of measuring well-being. Construct validity showed a three-factor structure (emotional well-being, psychological well-being, and social well-being) with a fit model, and all items had a factor loading value greater than .5, indicating their validity. The reliability test revealed consistent results with alpha coefficient values in the range of .7 to .8 for the three dimensions, demonstrating that the instrument can provide consistent results when used on the same individual in different situations. This study concludes that the Indonesian version of the MHC-SF is valid and reliable for assessing an individual's well-being.
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Skalik, Michał. "Achievements of Poland’s national team in the European Women’s Basketball Championships in the years 1938–2021." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 5, no. 2 (2022): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2022.02.01.
Full textAbstract:
The beginning of basketball in the world dates back to 1891 when a Canadian, James Naismith, invented the game for students in Springfield. After a short time, matches were played in Europe, in Paris (1893) and London (1894). The first demonstrational game in Poland was played by women in 1909, in Lviv. The discipline spread throughout Europe after World War I. In the 1920s, some state and international organizations were established to standardize the rules of the game. They allowed to play the first national championships and afterwards to organize interstate matches. In 1935, the First European Men’s Basketball Championship was organized, and three years later, women made their debut in the competition of this rank. Between 1938 and 2021, there were thirty-eight editions of the championships, in which the Polish national team participated twenty-nine times. Most medals were won by athletes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Czechoslovakia, France, Bulgaria, and Spain. Poland’s most outstanding achievement was the gold medal won in Katowice in 1999. What is more, Polish women won two silver medals (1980,1981) and two bronze medals (1938,1968).