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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Demographic'
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1
Goujon, Anne, Daniela Weber, and Elke Loichinger. "Demographic Profile of the Arab Region: Realizing the Demographic Dividend." Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), United Nations, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5374/1/demographic%2Dprofile%2Darab%2Dregion%2D2015%2Denglish.pdf.
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The paper provides a detailed overview of population dynamics and trends in the Arab region. Furthermore, it explains the concept of demographic dividend and timing of the window of opportunity. With a view to enable countries in the region to reap the benefits of the changing population structure, the window is calculated for each country. The last part of the paper presents four case studies of countries that benefitted from their demographic dividend.
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Konchenko, E. "Demographic changes – overpopulation." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11668.
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Chornenka, Zh A. "Demographic situation in Ukraine." Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18305.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Wolfgang Lutz, and Warren Sanderson. "Is the Demographic Dividend an Education Dividend?" Springer US, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5147/1/Cuaresma_etal_2014_Demography_Is%2Dthe%2DDemographic%2DDividend.pdf.
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The effect of changes in age structure on economic growth has been widely studied in the demography and population economics literature. The beneficial effect of changes in age structure after a decrease in fertility has become known as the "demographic dividend." In this article, we reassess the empirical evidence on the associations among economic growth, changes in age structure, labor force participation, and educational attainment. Using a global panel of countries, we find that after the effect of human capital dynamics is controlled for, no evidence exists that changes in age structure affect labor productivity. Our results imply that improvements in educational attainment are the key to explaining productivity and income growth and that a substantial portion of the demographic dividend is an education dividend. (authors' abstract)
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Crommentuijn, Léon Emanuel Maria. "Regional household differentials structures and processes = Regionale huishoudensverschillen : structuren en processen /." Amsterdam : Thesis Publishers, 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37633887.html.
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Schnitz, Casey Lee. "Demographic characteristics of ethical consumers." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/811.
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Grafeneder-Weissteiner, Theresa. "Demographic change, growth and agglomeration." Department of Economics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/902/1/document.pdf.
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This article presents a framework within which the effects of demographic change on both agglomeration and growth of economic activities can be analyzed. I introduce an overlapping generation structure into a New Economic Geography model with endogenous growth due to learning spillovers and focus on the effects of demographic structures on long-run equilibrium outcomes and stability properties. First, life-time uncertainty is shown to decrease long-run economic growth perspectives. In doing so, it also mitigates the pro-growth effects of agglomeration resulting from the localized nature of learning externalities. Second, the turnover of generations acts as a dispersion force whose anti-agglomerative effects are, however, dampened by the growth-linked circular causality being present as long as interregional knowledge spillovers are not perfect. Finally, lifetime uncertainty also reduces the possibility that agglomeration is the result of a self-fulfilling prophecy. (author's abstract)<br>Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Braude, Jacob 1969. "Economic effects of demographic changes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9007.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-91).<br>This thesis examines several economic implications of demographic changes. Chapter 2 documents a relation between the age structure of economies and their real exchange rate. The relation varies with the level of development. Among developed countries a 10 percentage point higher ratio of old people to the working age population is associated with a 12-15 percent higher price level. In middle income developing economies, a 10 percentage point increase in the ratio of children to the working age population is related to a 4 percent increase in the price level. A simple model attributes the findings to the effect of the age groups on the demand for nontradables. Its calibration indicates that this explanation can account for a substantial part of the observed effect of the elderly. It is also consistent with the much smaller impact of children. The fact that the significance of the elderly is limited to developed countries further supports the argument. The generational conflict hypothesis argues that the elderly might use their political power to reduce public resources for children. It is usually tested by exploiting the localized nature of school funding in the US. Chapter 3 takes a different approach using cross-country data on family benefits. I find a positive relation at the national level between the generosity of these benefits and the share of the elderly in the electorate. The findings can add to the debate on local school funding. I also suggest that the effect of the elderly may reflect the larger proportion of women among them. Chapter 4 shows that individuals with no post-secondary education are less supportive of public R&D spending. This points to possible political economy causes of technological change. A high proportion of educated voters may accelerate such change by expanding public R&D outlays. Thus an increased supply of skilled workers could raise the relative demand for them. The difference in support for R&D spending suggests that it favors skilled workers either by directly employing them or indirectly by generating skill-biased technological change.<br>by Jacob Braude.<br>Ph.D.
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Striessnig, Erich, and Wolfgang Lutz. "Demographic strengthening of European identity." Wiley, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00133.x/abstract.
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Huebner, Lucas James. "Demographic Analysis of Student Evaluations." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27860.
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Data was collected from North Dakota State University’s student rating of
instructor’s forms during the fall of 2013 and the spring of 2014. This thesis investigates
differences between male and female instructor’s ratings, as well as attempts to describe
outcomes using other demographics. T-tests were performed comparing the means of
class averages for male and female instructors for each question on the student
evaluation. There was not a difference for the mean class averages between male and
female instructors when the whole university was considered and when only looking at
the College of Science and Math. The analysis conducted also shows that male students
tend to rate male instructors higher and female students tend to rate female instructors
higher.
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Savytska, Anastasiia. "Ecological-demographic problems of Ukraine." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13068.
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Almond, Lindsey, Julianne McGill, and Francesca Adler-Baeder. "Demographic Variations in Mindfulness Levels." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2020/schedule/19.
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Due to the health and relational benefits associated with mindfulness, interest has increased in researching the topic. Typically, samples have been more homogeneous with no attention given to variations in mindfulness levels that may exist based on individuals’ characteristics. Therefore, this study assessed levels of three facets of mindfulness – non-reactivity, awareness, and non-judgement - with 1796 diverse individuals. Results indicate differences in mean level of non-reactivity based on sex, education level, income, and relationship status, with higher levels, on average, for males, individuals without a high school degree, individuals with an annual salary of $75,000+, and married individuals; differences in mean level of awareness based on sex and race, with higher levels, on average, for females and white individuals; and differences in mean level of non-judgement based on income, with higher levels, on average, for low income individuals. Findings highlight the value of considering social address in mindfulness studies.
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Golikova, N., and S. A. Pankov. "Demographic situation in the North Caucasus Federal district in the field to reduce mortality." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31048.
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Demography (etc.-Greek δῆμος - people, etc.-Greek γράφω - write) - a science about laws of reproduction of the population, depending on the nature of the socio-economic, natural conditions, migration, studies size, geographical location and composition of the population, their changes, causes and consequences of these changes and giving recommendations for their improvement.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31048
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Terzano, Kathryn R. "Branding, Commercialization, and Community Satisfaction in Ethnic Enclaves." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1305725460.
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Grönqvist, Hans. "Essays in Labor and Demographic Economics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9529.
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Essay 1: (co-written with Olof Åslund) We study the impact of family size on intermediate and long-term outcomes using twin births as an exogenous source of varia¬tion in family size in an unusually rich dataset. Similar to recent studies, we find no evidence of a causal effect on long-term outcomes and show that not taking selection effects into account will likely overstate the effects. We do, however, find a small but significant negative impact of family size on grades in compulsory and secondary school among children who are likely to be vulnerable to further restrictions on parental investments. Essay 2: This paper investigates the consequences of a series of Swedish policy changes beginning in 1989 where different regions started subsidizing the birth control pill. The reforms were significant and applied to all types of oral contraceptives. My identification strategy takes advantage of the fact that the reforms were implemented successively over time and targeted specific cohorts of young women, in particular teenagers. This generates plausibly exogenous variation in access to the subsidy. I first demonstrate that access significantly increased pill use. Using regional, temporal, and cohort variation in access, I then go on to examine the impact on abortions. The estimates show that the subsidy significantly decreased the abortion rate by about 8 percent. Furthermore, the results indicate that long-term access decreases the likelihood of teenage childbearing by about 20 percent. However, there is no significant effect on labor supply, marriage, educational attainment or welfare take-up. Essay 3: (co-written with Olof Åslund, Per-Anders Edin and Peter Fredriksson) We study peer effects in compulsory school performance among immigrant youth in Sweden. The empirical analysis exploits a governmental refugee placement policy that provides exogenous variation in the initial place of residence in Sweden; and it is based on tightly defined neighborhoods. There is tentative evidence that the share of immigrants in the neighborhood has a negative effect on GPA. But the main result is that, for a given share of immigrants in a neighborhood, the presence of highly educated peers of the same ethnicity has a positive effect on school grades. The results suggest that a standard deviation increase in the fraction of highly educated adults in the assigned neighborhood increases the compulsory school GPA by 0.9 percentile ranks. This magnitude corresponds roughly to a tenth of the gap in student performance between refugee immigrant and native born children. Essay 4: This paper investigates the consequences of residential segregation for immigrants’ health. To this end, I make use of a rich dataset covering the entire Swedish population age 16–74 from 1987 to 2004. The dataset contains annual information on the exact diagnosis for all individuals admitted to Swedish hospitals, as well as a wide range of individual background characteristics. It is however difficult to identify the causal link between segregation and health since individuals might sort across residential areas based on unobserved characteristics related to health. To deal with this methodological problem I exploit a governmental refugee placement policy which provides plausibly exogenous variation in segregation. The OLS estimates show a statistically significant positive correlation between segregation and the probability of hospitalization. Estimates that account for omitted variables are however in general statistically insignificant.
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Truesdell, David M. "Chinas Demographic Limits to Economic Growth." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7421.
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China's demographic transition will create great difficulty in continuing the scale of the economic development seen over the last thirty years. This difficulty will be experienced through the costs of the demographic detour, which began during the Great Leap Forward and was then magnified through the birth limiting campaigns up to and including the One-Child Policy. While the skewing of the dependency ratio over the last thirty years resulted in significant contributions to Chinas economic development, this has reached a limit where the unborn laborers will present a strain on development. This strain will be present in the form of a shrinking and rapidly aging labor pool resulting in a decrease in innovation and productivity as well as an overhaul to thousands of years of tradition of doing business through familial ties. This will all be culminated in the testing of an already failing pension system as China experiences the transition from the demographic stage of a slowly growing population to post-transition.
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Fujiwara, Masami 1970. "Mark-recapture statistics and demographic analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29057.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-138).<br>Mark-recapture analysis of populations is becoming an important tool in population biology. Mark-recapture methods can be used to estimate transition probabilities among life-stages from capture histories of marked individuals for which stages can be determined at each sampling occasion. This method is called a multi-stage mark-recapture (MSMR) method. In this thesis, I describe advances I made in the MSMR method and present analyses that apply this method to actual data. The advances I made in the MSMR method are motivated by a need to provide a link between mark-recapture data and demographic models such as matrix population models and integrodifference models. I resolve some issues that are commonly encountered during sampling, such as the fact that the sex or life-stage of some individuals is unknown during some sampling occasions and that individuals become unobservable during some life-stages. I introduce a stage-structure that permits simple conversion of estimated transition probabilities into a matrix population model. I describe an algorithm to simplify programming for parameter estimation. I also introduce a method to estimate the distribution of dispersal displacements (a dispersal kernel) from mark-recapture data. I apply some of the methods described above to data of the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). The right whales are considered one of the most endangered mammals. The current population size is about 300 in the northwestern Atlantic, and the number is declining. I applied the multi-stage mark-recapture statistics to the 17-year in- dividual sighting history data.<br>(cont.) Using the estimated transition probabilities, I constructed a population projection matrix, which was used for further demographic analyses. I found that the population was slowly increasing in 1980, but it started to decline slowly around 1992. I show that (1) this change was caused by increased mortality of females that have just given birth, (2) protecting two females a year from the deaths is enough to prevent the declining trend, and (3) demographic stochasticity is a more important factor influencing their long-term viability than environmental stochasticity.<br>by Masami Fujiwara.<br>Ph.D.
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Oliveira, Patricia Isabel Henriques. "Socio-demographic factors and risk-taking." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14848.
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Mestrado em Finanças<br>Na literatura financeira, existem vários estudos com o objetivo de entender melhor como determinar as diferenças individuais nas atitudes perante o risco. Estas diferenças entre os indivíduos prendem-se à maneira como eles se comportam perante situações que involvam risco, nas quais a implementação de uma ação carrega um risco. Nos dias actuais é importante perceber quais são os factores que influenciam o comportamento individual de risco, isto é quais as variáveis socio-demográficas que levam a diferentes perfis de risco. No entanto, os diversos autores tem diferentes opiniões sobre este tema, existindo várias escalas que medem o nível de risco de diferentes formas, consequentemente alcançando diferentes conclusões. Usando uma amostra de estudantes do ISEG de diferentes programas, os dados foram recolhidos com base num questionário distribuido online. De forma a aceder à relação entre as diferentes variáveis sócio-demográficas, as atitudes de risco foram medidas usando duas escalas anteriormente bem estabelecidas, que avaliam em diferentes situações as atitudes e comportamentos individuais de risco. Os resultados mostram que algumas variáveis sócio-demográficas têm influência no perfil de risco dos investidores (por exemplo o sexo), enquanto outras aparentam não ter qualquer impacto. Estas descobertas podem vir a ser importantes no futuro para as empresas ter um melhor conhecimento das necessidades dos seus investidores.<br>In the financial literature, there are several studies with the goal to understand better how to assess individual differences in attitude towards risk. These differences among individuals rely on the way they behave in risky situations, in which the implementation of an action carries a risk. Nowadays it is important to understand which factors influence an individual's risk behavior, which sociodemographic features lead to different profiles. However, authors have different opinions on this matter and there are several scales that measure risk in different ways, consequently achieving different conclusions. Using a sample of ISEG students of different degrees and programs, data was collected based on a questionnaire distributed online. To assess the relationship between the different socio-demographic variables, risk attitudes were measured using two wellestablished existing scales which evaluate in different situations an individual's risk attitudes and behaviors. The results show that some socio-demographic variables have influence in the risk profile of the investors (e.g. gender), while other do not seem to have impact. These findings might be important in the future for companies to better understand their investors' needs.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Childers, Ben D. "Explorations into England's economic-demographic history /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737897.
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Grönqvist, Hans. "Essays in labor and demographic economics /." Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9529.
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Pifarré, i. Arolas Héctor. "Essays in Health and Demographic Economics." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10024/document.
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Le résumé en français n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteur<br>This dissertation consists of four essays on health and demographic economics. In the first chapter, I explore the implementation of the theory of equality of opportunity (EOp) developed by Roemer (1998) to health in a joint work with Guillem Lopez and Frederic Udina. A common impediment to the achievement of EOp applications with given resources constraints is that it is unlikely that public policies can fully compensate for existing unfair inequalities. This scenario is particularly relevant in the case of health policy, where public spending coexists with a large private spending component. We argue that if social justice is not attainable, social deliberation should not only focus on choosing the circumstances that ought to be compensated but also reflect on which groups suffering unfair inequalities should be prioritized. The second chapter examines the impact of income-related reporting heterogeneity on the measurement of health inequality. While most studies of health inequality rely on self-reported measures of health, recent research has studied the possibility that part of the existing differences in self-reported health could be due to systematic differences in reporting across socioeconomic groups. The concern is that part of the existing inequalities may not be founded on differences in the “true” health status of individuals. In particular, some studies have concluded that reliance on self-reported health might have resulted in an overstatement on the degree of health inequality of some countries. I study the income-related reporting heterogeneity hypothesis in the 2006 wave of the Catalan Survey of Health and I find that the main contributor to health inequality is the disproportionate concentration of the prevalence of reported conditions in lower income groups. The third chapter, joint with Hippolyte d'Albis and Loesse Jacques Esso, studies the trends in mortality convergence across developed countries from 1960 to 2008. While the epidemiological transition has provided a theory behind the expectation of convergence in mortality patterns, our results reject the convergence hypothesis for a sample of industrialized countries. We study the disparities across the mortality distributions of the countries and our sample and find no evidence of convergence towards a common mortality distribution.The fourth and final chapter of this dissertation examines the relationship between unemployment and fertility. I offer a possible explanation for the apparent contradiction between the empirical work that finds a negative relationship between unemployment and fertility and the theoretical work that emphasizes the lower opportunity cost of childbearing while unemployed. I reconcile these perspectives by distinguishing two forms of unemployment. The first form is structural unemployment while the second is cyclical unemployment, a less permanent component of unemployment that is linked to the economic cycle. I study both effects over the life cycle using cohort data on a panel of developed countries. I find that while structural unemployment has an unambiguous negative effect on fertility, reactions to cyclical unemployment depend on the age at which it is experienced
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Hayes, Tracy Machelle. "Demographic Characteristics Predicting Employee Turnover Intentions." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1538.
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In 2012, more than 25 million U.S. employees voluntarily terminated their employment with their respective organizations. Demographic characteristics of age, education, gender, income, and length of tenure are significant factors in employee turnover intentions. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship existed between age, education, gender, income, length of tenure, and employee turnover intention among full-time employees in Texas. The population consisted of Survey Monkey-® Audience members who were full-time employees, residents of Texas, over the age of 18, not self-employed, and not limited to a specific employment industry. For this study, a sample of 187 Survey Monkey-® Audience members completed the electronic survey. Through the proximal similarity model, the results of this study are generalizable to the United States. The human capital theory was the theoretical framework. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated a significant relationship between age, income, and turnover intentions; however, the relationship between education, gender, and length of tenure was not statistically significant. As the Baby Boomer cohort prepares to transition into retirement, organizational leaders must develop retention strategies to retain Millennial employees. To reduce turnover intentions, organizational leaders should use pay-for-performance initiatives to reward top performers with additional pay and incentives. The social implications of these findings may reduce turnover, which may reduce employee stress, encourage family well-being, and increase participation in civic and social events.
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See, Sarah Grace <1984>. "Essays in Household and Demographic Economics." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5016/1/see_sarahgrace_household.pdf.
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This dissertation consists of three empirical studies that are believed to provide new contributions
to the literature exploring the determinants of children/adolescents achievement test scores (Chapter 2),
adolescent health risk behaviors (Chapter 3), and children time use patterns (Chapter 4). The second
and third studies look at the separate roles of fathers and of mothers in influencing outcomes, wherein
parental time is the resource input of interest quantitatively measured and directly derived from time
diaries. The last chapter looks at the time allocation of children and how it varies according to child and
household characteristics.
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See, Sarah Grace <1984>. "Essays in Household and Demographic Economics." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5016/.
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This dissertation consists of three empirical studies that are believed to provide new contributions
to the literature exploring the determinants of children/adolescents achievement test scores (Chapter 2),
adolescent health risk behaviors (Chapter 3), and children time use patterns (Chapter 4). The second
and third studies look at the separate roles of fathers and of mothers in influencing outcomes, wherein
parental time is the resource input of interest quantitatively measured and directly derived from time
diaries. The last chapter looks at the time allocation of children and how it varies according to child and
household characteristics.
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Заєць, Є. Ю. "Шляхи вирішення демографічних проблем через інструменти та засоби демографічної політики". Thesis, Cумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/48976.
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Rau, Roland. "Seasonality in human mortality a demographic approach /." Berlin : Springer, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44902-7.
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Ilgin, Yasemin. "Health care expenditures, innovation, and demographic change." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989527727/04.
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Mishra, Tapas K. "Dynamics of demographic change and economic development /." Louvain-la-Neuve : Univ. Catholique de Louvain, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/543458008.pdf.
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Schröder-Butterfill, Elisabeth Mary. "Ageing in Indonesia : a socio-demographic approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273328.
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Alkhatrash, Seham Abdulaziz Abdullatif. "Forecasting the Kuwaiti population : a demographic study." Thesis, University of Salford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400826.
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Hilton, Jason. "Managing uncertainty in agent-based demographic models." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/412258/.
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Population-level patterns are the object of formal demographic study, but result from thousands of decisions made by individuals who both act and are affected by the actions of others. These properties can lead to difficulties in determining the mechanisms underlying population change, not least because of the possibility that human population may display complex properties, where macro-level patterns are not reducible to the sum of their parts. Simulation methods may help overcome some of these analytical difficulties. Agent-Based Models are simulations which explicitly represent the behaviour of individuals and their interactions, and allow population patterns to emerge from such interactions. Agent-Based Models are attractive to demographers because they allow the formalisation of theories about links between individual-level behaviour and interaction on one hand, and macro-level population patterns on the other. However, such simulations are notoriously difficult to analyse and calibrate; they tend to involve many free parameters, and include several sources of uncertainty. This thesis investigates how the application of techniques from the field of the design and analysis of computer experiments can be fruitfully applied to these problems. More specifically, three demographic simulations are used to demonstrate the utility of Gaussian process emulators for this purpose. Firstly, a replication of an existing demographic agent-based model is analysed using heteroskedastic emulators. Secondly, two emulator-based methods are trialled for their effectiveness in calibrating a microsimulation. Finally, Gaussian processes are used to analyse and calibrate a agent-based model of intergenerational fertility patterns against empirical observations. These examples demonstrate the ability of Gaussian process emulators to flexibly capture non-linearities in the relationship between simulation inputs and outputs, and to coherently account for uncertainties. These properties mean that they are well suited to the problem of analysing and calibrating Agent-Based models. In the concluding chapter, thoughts are offered on strengths and limitations of the techniques in comparison to other methods, and directions for further work are suggested.
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Baudisch, Annette. "Inevitable senescence? : contributions to evolutionary-demographic theory." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445312/.
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The main thrust of my dissertation is to understand whether and when senescence is an inherent characteristic of life. Hamilton (1966) claimed to have proven that "senescence is an inevitable outcome of evolution". One major result of my work is that no dogmatic statement can be made about the universality of senescence. By carefully studying Hamilton's paper on the moulding of senescence, I show that Hamilton did not prove that senescence "cannot be avoided by any conceivable organism". I have developed simple models that contribute general insights to evolution ary demographic theory. The models are designed to shed light on whether and when non-senescent life-history strategies could be optimal. All models show that senescence is not inevitable. Sustenance can be an optimal life-history strategy. The results of my size-based models suggest that species with the ca pability of continued growth after the onset of reproduction are candidates for non-senescence. The results of my vitality-based model suggest that the costs of growth and maintenance and, to an almost equal extent, the costs of reproduction are major determinants of the choice between senescence and sustenance. My dissertation can be viewed as a theoretical exploration of the inter-species diversity of aging, i.e., of how varied aging can be for different species and of what factors determine whether a species' strategy involves sustenance or senescence. My models suggest that a remarkable variety of patterns may be optimal under different circumstances. The limited empirical data available suggests that species may show a rich diversity of age-schedules of mortality, fertility and growth. This dissertation shows that senescence and sustenance are two complemen tary sides of the process of aging. One cannot be deeply understood without the other. The new, burning question that arises from my work is: In what kind of species does senescence evolve and in what kind of species is it sustenance that evolves?
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Banglawala, Neelofer. "Local adaptation under demographic and genetic fluctuations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4896.
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Evolution frequently plays out over ecological timescales. Local adaptation under the joint action of evolutionary and ecological processes frequently leads to novel outcomes, as is evidenced by the theoretical work on adaptation at species' borders. However, to date this body of work does not have a theory for the effect of stochastic processes on local adaptation. The primary goal of this thesis is to show that demographic and genetic fluctuations can significantly impact upon local adaptation. In addition, the effect of polygenic evolution is also analysed. Specifically, three types of models are considered. First a deterministic mainland-island, subject to hard directional selection, maladaptive gene flow and density regulation is solved for two different trait architectures: an explicit multilocus trait and a quantitative trait. The maladaptive and adaptive steady states can be bistable. This depends on the underlying architecture of the trait, as well as locus number and ploidy. Sourcesink structure can emerge, accompanied by a novel, upper critical threshold above which maladaptation occurs. The most favourable condition for local adaptation occurs for few loci and low migration. Second, a stochastic version of the mainland-island model is analysed as a diffusion process. This is the central premise of the thesis and is explored by examining properties of the stationary distributions of both trait architectures, and the first-passage properties of the single locus case. It is found that across a range of migration rates that depend on locus number and migrant polymorphism, local adaptation may be reversed or escape from maladaptation becomes possible at varying transition rates. The diffusion model is compared to a similar discrete model. The continuous model is in good qualitative agreement with the discrete model. Third, the stochastic model is generalised to the infinite island model, which evolves deterministically. Under deterministic dynamics a range of equilibria are possible, depending on whether habitat size varies or is fixed. Multilocus dynamics restrict the conditions for polymorphism. Stochastic dynamics can have potentially detrimental consequences for the persistence of the island population when drift is strong. The relevance of the stochastic model to border populations is discussed. Although the diffusion process imposes severe constraints on the permissible parameter ranges, it is still able to provide a good qualitative understanding of the impact demographic and genetic fluctuations have on local adaptation.
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Schuettler, Darnell. "Posttraumatic Growth: Behavioral, Cognitive, and Demographic Predictors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84273/.
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Recent trauma research argues trauma results in distinct positive and negative consequences, however; many trauma variables positively correlate with both outcomes. This study examined posttraumatic growth (PTG) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as positive and negative trauma outcomes. Behavioral, cognitive, and demographic correlates and predictors were assessed to help clarify differences between the two outcomes. While several behavioral factors were common to both PTG and PTSD symptoms, centrality of event and problem focused coping were the strongest PTG predictors, whereas centrality of event and avoidant coping were the strongest PTSD predictors. These findings indicate while greater incorporation of a trauma/stressful event into one’s identity is a key component of both PTG and PTSD development, behavioral response may be a determining factor between growth or debilitation.
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Walls, Elizabeth Ann. "A Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) Demographic Study." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35917.
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We examined various aspects of horseshoe crab populations in conjunction with BioWhittaker, a biomedical company that bleeds horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) and utilizes their blood for biomedical purposes. We examined mortality rates of bled and unbled crabs by holding crabs in tanks for 2-week periods. We estimate average differential mortality between bled and unbled horseshoe crabs to be 7.5% (95% CI: 0.14% - 38.1%), significant with p<0.001. We examined the range in amounts of blood extracted from 98 male horseshoe crabs. Mean mass of blood extracted was was 78.3 grams (95% CI: 70.5g - 86.0g) and ranged from 8.2g to 212.3g.
We compared gender-, size-, and stage-class distributions of crabs caught in trawls by BioWhittaker in Chincoteague, Virginia and Ocean City, Maryland during the years 1999 - 2000. Significant differences in gender distribution (p=0.0062), size distribution (p=0.0002) and stage-class distribution (p<0.001) were seen between locations, with Chincoteague, Virginia's population comprised of smaller and younger crabs, with greater proportions of females as compared with Ocean City, Maryland. Significant differences in overall gender distributions (p=0.0109) were also seen between years 2000 and 2001, with greater proportions of females present in 2000 than in 2001.
We tagged 7,500 bled, adult horseshoe crabs to gain information on horseshoe crab population dynamics. From resight reports (N=121), we examined movement patterns and found average distance traveled was 29.8 miles and maximum distance traveled was 195 miles, suggesting mixing along the Atlantic coast. We found a 1.6% recovery rate of tagged crabs and tags found detached from crabs. 11.6% of our resights consisted of tags found detached from crabs. We use information gained in our study to suggest improvements for future tagging efforts that could lead to further knowledge of horseshoe crab population dynamics.<br>Master of Science
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Eberly, Grace Eberly. "New Vrindaban: Pilgrimage, Patronage, and Demographic Change." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1461696886.
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Rau, Roland DeWindt Edwin Brezette. "Seasonality in human mortality a demographic approach /." Berlin : Springer, 2007. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/librarytitles/Doc?id=10152030.
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Liao, Pei-Ju. "Essays on demographic transition and economic growth." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1872151741&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Henderson, Donna. "Sequential Monte Carlo methods for demographic inference." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a3516e76-ac95-4efc-9d57-53092ca4c8f3.
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Patterns of mutations in the DNA of modern-day individuals have been shaped by the demographic history of our ancestors. Inferring the demographic history from these patterns is a challenging problem due to complex dependencies along the genome. Several recent methods have adopted McVean's sequentially Markovian coalescent (SMC') to model these dependencies. However, these methods involve simplifying assumptions that preclude the inference of rates of migration between populations. We have developed the first method to infer directional migration rates as a function of time. To do this, we employ sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods, also known as particle filters, to infer parameters in the SMC' model. To improve the sampling from the state space of SMC' we have developed a sophisticated sampling technique that shows better performance than the standard bootstrap filter. We apply our algorithm, SMC<sup>2</sup>, to Neanderthal data and are able to infer the time and extent of migration from the Vindija Neanderthal population into Europeans. With the large volume of sequencing data being produced from diverse populations, both modern and ancient, there is high demand for methods to interrogate this data. SMC<sup>2</sup> provides a flexible algorithm, which can be modified to suit many data applications. For instance, we show that our method performs well when the phasing of the samples is unknown, which is often the case in practice. The long runtime of SMC<sup>2</sup> is the main limiting factor in the adoption of the method. We have started to explore ways to improve the runtime, by developing an adaptive online expectation maximisation (EM) procedure.
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Lancia, Francesco <1979>. "Demographic change, intergenerational conflict and economic growth." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2570/1/lancia_francesco_Demographic_Change%2C_Intergenerational_Conflict_and_Economic_Growth.pdf.
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Lancia, Francesco <1979>. "Demographic change, intergenerational conflict and economic growth." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2570/.
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Makhdoom, Abdul Hakeem. "Demographic profile of Sind province of Pakistan." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117528.
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This study presents the various aspects of
population growth, composition, distribution and the
three major demographic variables- fertility, mortality
and migration in respect of Sind province of Pakistan.
Although the focus of this study is on Sind, some
demographic characteristics of other provinces are also
touched upon, mainly for comparative purposes. This study
is mainly based on the data produced by population
censuses conducted in 1951, 1961, 1972 and 1981 and the
1976-79 Population Growth Survey.
It is shown in Chapter Two that, during the period
of 80 years (1901-1981), there was an approximately sixfold
increase in the population of Sind. The acceleration
in the growth of population started after partition.
Chapter Three provides background for the population
projections in Chapter Four. The Total Fertility Rate of
Sind is shown to be the lowest amongst the provinces. The
expectation of life at birth is virtually the same in
respect of Sind and the whole of Pakistan. Since the
inception of Pakistan, the net inter-provincial migration
to Sind has been much greater than to any other province.
The results of population projections of Sind suggest
that, 35 years from 1981, the population of Sind would be
2.7, 2.4 and 2.1 times the 1981 population under the
high, medium and low variants respectively. The growth of
population with largely uncontrolled fertility would
nullify the socio-economic development of Sind. Hence the
reduction in fertility on a substantial scale in the
minimum possible time is highly emphasized.
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Mansoor, Sadia. "Demographic diversity and outcomes: A multilevel study." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/209949/1/Sadia_Mansoor_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis is a step forward in understanding the effects of demographic diversity (age, gender and ethnicity) through proposing an integrated multilevel framework at individual and group levels of analysis. The framework was tested using a time-lagged research design in the banking sector of Pakistan. The findings suggest managers to understand the nesting phenomenon within work groups, demonstrate efforts to establish positive communication, and enhance social integration among workgroup members. Moreover, diversity training efforts need to focus on perceptions of gender diversity and age diversity to capitalise on their benefits.
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Stemmer, Ekkehard. "The influence of demography on European and future Armed Forces." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FStemmer.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Robert E. Looney. Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-140). Also available online.
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Sondhi, Gunjan. "Gendering international student mobility : an Indian case study." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46066/.
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This thesis explores the dialectical relationship between gender and international student mobility (ISM). The focus is on the experiences of Indian students across three space-time locations: before the students left India; while abroad in Toronto; and their return to New Delhi. The value of this research is two-fold. Firstly, my research helps to fill the lacuna in ISM research that examines the phenomenon through a gender optic. Secondly, there is increasing interest in Canada and other countries – evident in the media and government policy – in international students from India. The study is located at the nexus of gender and mobility scholarship; it adopts Gendered Geographies of Power as a foundational framework. The research employed a multi-sited, mixed-methods approach to data collection. The data collection in the field sites of Toronto, Canada and New Delhi, India consisted of in-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observations. An online survey was mounted for the duration of the fieldwork to gather data on the broader population of Indian students abroad. The results of this survey provide context for the discussion in three empirical chapters. The first of the three empirical chapters explores the impact of gender relations in shaping motivations to study abroad. The second chapter examines how relations of power in and across multiple spaces (re)shape the students‟ performances of gender identities in everyday life in Toronto. The final empirical chapter examines the students‟ experience of return mobility as they attempt to adapt to a different (but familiar) gender context again. My research contributes to the growing body of scholarship on ISM as well as that on gender and migration. By employing a gendered perspective, the indepth interviews as well as ethnographic research reveals the shifting subjectivities of the migrants as they simultaneously negotiate multiple ethnic and kinship interactions in their everyday lived experiences. Secondly, the online survey presents the gendered class configurations of the socio-economic background of the Indian international students. Lastly, the „return‟ experiences of the students are differentiated by gender: more women than men found it harder to (re)negotiate their gender-expected performances in New Delhi. Furthermore, the „return mobility‟ of men appears to be more permanent than the return mobility of women.
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Gray, Melissa Marie. "The study of demographic history in canid populations." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1970613541&sid=33&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Ometto, Lino. "The selective and demographic history of Drosophila melanogaster." Diss., [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00004942.
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Le, Goff Kristy D. "The Arab-Americans : a demographic and cultural profile /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA316505.
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Hillebrand, Marten. "Pension systems, demographic change, and the stock market." Berlin : Springer, 2008. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10253830.
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Merilis, Giorvanni. "Distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Among Demographic Categories." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6903.
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Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants widely used within the United States in various products such as plastics, electronics, textiles and furniture. With an increase in production and usage, PBDEs have recently emerged as a contaminant of concern. Due to their chemical structure, PBDEs have the propensity to bioaccumulate in mammals. In fact, elevated PBDE concentrations have been recorded in human breast milk. Due to the potential widespread exposure to PBDEs, this study investigates human blood concentrations of PBDEs generated through the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Through the use of statistical modeling, a comparison of mean PBDE concentrations in ng/g lipid is conducted based on age, gender and ethnicity. From a sample of 2337 individuals, the average blood concentration of PBDEs was approximately 81 ng/g lipid. The average PBDE concentration of males was significantly higher than females, using a 95% confidence level. In addition, PBDEs detected in human blood ranged approximately from 0.05 to 3676 ng/g lipid, with the highest concentrations found in black males. Also, a logistic regression analysis is conducted to determine whether an increase in background PBDE concentrations is a risk factor for obesity. Furthermore, the analyses of PBDEs are repeated for phthalates and polychlorinated Biphenyls for comparison. Finally, the measured concentrations of PBDEs are also compared to health outcome data known to show potential risk.