Books: 'Demographic Outcomes'

1

Jones, Roger G. Education participation and outcomes by geographic location. Camberwell, Vic: ACER, 2002.

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2

Schrager, Laura. Substance abuse treatment for female DASA clients: Treatments, birth outcomes, and demographic profiles. Olympia, Wash: First Steps Database, Office of Research and Data Analysis, Planning, Research and Development, Dept. of Social and Health Services, 1993.

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3

Biddle, Nicholas. Demographic and Socioeconomic Outcomes Across the Indigenous Australian Lifecourse: Evidence from the 2006 Census. Canberra: ANU Press, 2010.

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4

Curtis, Craig, Megan Remmel, Nicholas Lovrich, John Stillman, John Pierce, and Leah Adams-Curtis. The Impact of Social, Demographic, and Political Factors on Public Health: Exploring COVID-19 Outcomes Using Publicly Available Data. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529602913.

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5

Nepal. Svāsthya tathā Janasaṅkhyā Mantrālaya, ed. Women's empowerment and spousal violence in relation to health outcomes in Nepal: Further analysis of the 2011 Nepal demographic and health surveys. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health and Population, 2013.

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6

Jasilionis, Domantas. Lietuvos gyventojų mirtingumo sociodemografiniai skirtumai 2001-2004: Gyventojų surašymo ir mirtingumo statistinės informacijos sujungimo tyrimo rezultatai = Socio-demographic mortality differentials in Lithuania, 2001-2004 : outcomes from the first census-linked study. Vilnius: Statistikos departamentas prie Lietuvos Respublikos vyriausybės, Socialinių tyrimų institutas, 2006.

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7

Dagar, Rainuka. Life enhancing mechanisms-life depriving outcomes: A case of female foeticide. Chandigarh: Institute for Development and Communication, 2001.

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8

National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), ed. Maternal weight gain and the outcome of pregnancy, United States, 1980: An analysis of maternal weight gain during pregnancy by demographic characteristics of mothers and its association with birth weight and the risk of fetal death. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, 1986.

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9

Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029.

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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.

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10

Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029_update_001.

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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.

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11

Negotiating reproductive outcomes in Uganda. Calverton, Md: Macro International, 1996.

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12

Demographic change in Asian fishing communities – Drivers, outcomes and potential impacts. FAO, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4060/cb1752en.

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13

Guruge, Sepali. The effects of demographic characteristics on preoperative teaching outcomes: A meta-analysis. 1999.

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14

Wang, Limin. Health Outcomes in Poor Countries and Policy Options: Empirical Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys. The World Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2831.

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15

Adhikari, Neill KJ. Critical Illness and Long-Term Outcomes Worldwide. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0002.

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Interest in the global burden of critical illness and its sequelae are growing, but comprehensive data to describe the burden of acute and post-acute illness and the resources available to provide care are lacking. Challenges to obtaining population-based global estimates of critical illness include the syndrome-based definitions of critical illness, incorrect equating of ‘critical illness’ with ‘admission to an intensive care unit’, lack of reliable case ascertainment in administrative data, and short prodrome and high mortality of critical illness, limiting the number of prevalent cases. Estimates of the burden of post-critical illness morbidity are even less reliable, owing to the limited number of observational studies, inaccurate coding in administrative data, and the unclear attributable risk of these morbidities to critical illness. Modelling techniques will be required to estimate the burden of critical illness and disparities in access to critical care using existing data sources. Demands for critical care and post-discharge care for survivors are likely to increase because of urbanization, an ageing demographic, and ongoing wars, disasters, and pandemics, while the ability to assume the cost of increased critical care may be limited due to economic factors. Major public health questions remain unanswered regarding the worldwide burden of critical illness and its sequelae, variation in resources available for treatment, and strategies that are broadly effective and feasible to prevent and treat critical illness and its consequences.

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16

Empowering Households and Individuals to Co-produce Positive Health Outcomes: For Dignified, Person-Centered Care Amidst Demographic Change. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/31847.

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17

Trends in economic differentials in population and health outcomes: Further analysis of the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Maryland: Macro International Inc., 2008.

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18

Jordan, Joanne M., Kelli D. Allen, and Leigh F. Callahan. Age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status in osteoarthritis and its outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0010.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint condition worldwide. It can impair mobility and result in significant disability, need for total joint replacement, and healthcare utilization. OA is unusual in those younger than 40 years, then commonly the result of an underlying metabolic disorder or a prior joint injury. Some geographic and racial/ethnic variation exists in the prevalence and incidence of OA for specific joints, likely due to variation in genetics, anatomy, and environmental exposures. Many OA outcomes vary by socioeconomic status and other social factors. This chapter describes demographic and social determinants of knee, hip, and hand OA, including how these factors impact radiographic and symptomatic OA, OA-related pain and function, and its treatment.

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19

ʼéǧansi, Ethiopia YaMāʻekalāwi stātistiks, ed. The Impact of education on health outcomes: A new look at data from the 2005 Ethiopia demographic and health survey. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency, 2005.

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20

Reagans, Ray. Demographic Diversity as Network Connections: Homophily and the Diversity–Performance Debate. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0011.

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Research documenting the influence of demographic diversity on informal social networks is reviewed and critiqued. I focus in particular on research describing the importance of demographic diversity in the development of strong interpersonal relationships. I also consider the importance of network connections between team members and with colleagues outside the team in mediating the association between demographic diversity and team performance. Internal and external relationships define a team’s social capital, and I illustrate how a focus on a team’s social capital helps to explain why the “diversity effect” on team performance varies from positive to negative. In my call for future research, in addition to a focus on demographic diversity, I emphasize the importance of considering more general dynamics and processes that either moderate or mediate the association between demographic diversity and important organizational outcomes.

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21

Boswell, James F., Michael J. Constantino, and Lisa M. Anderson. Potential Obstacles to Treatment Success in Adults. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.17.

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Identifying client characteristics that influence negative psychotherapy outcomes is vitally important. This chapter reviews baseline client characteristics that have demonstrated direct relationships with unsuccessful treatment outcomes, as well as client traits that have functioned as moderators of specific treatment effects and process-outcome associations. Throughout this chapter client characteristics are defined as preexisting individual differences or traits that clients bring into the therapy context. Identifying client baseline characteristics that influence, directly or indirectlyc, negative outcomes is vitally important. This review divides such client characteristics into the following categories: demographic variables, expectancies, mental health variables, intra-psychic traits, and interpersonal traits. Implications of reviewed research findings for psychotherapy practice are discussed.

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22

Abouchakra, Rabih, Mona Hammami, and Jim Hagemann Snabe. The Government’s Catalytic Role in Driving Societal Progress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825067.003.0016.

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Governments can contribute more effectively and efficiently to societal progress. The traditional government machinery is however inadequate, underfunded and wrongly funded, and still overly focused on economic output rather than societal outcomes. New approaches need to deal better with multidimensional problems, some massive (such as migration), and better integrate behavioral insights and big data. This chapter highlights: (1) outcome-conditional taxes and transfers (such as a sugar tax aimed at obesity, and cash for school attendance family transfers); (2) corrective rather than just preventive regulation (as exemplified by Germany’s paternal leave policy which aims to correct demographic decline); (3) nudge policies (such as opt-out rather than opt-in voluntary pension savings); (4) innovative financing (such as government matching of foreign remittance by expats to finance infrastructure in Mexico); and (5) greater use of big data to compare interventions and outcomes (as attempted by the US Department of Education).

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23

Smithers, Andrew. Productivity and the Bonus Culture. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836117.001.0001.

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Living standards in the UK and the US are in danger of falling. In the past change has brought disruption with the offsetting reward of higher living standards from growth. Today we have disruption without reward. The resulting voter dissatisfaction encourages populist policies which threaten even worse outcomes. The decline in growth has weakened the standing of liberal democracy both at home and internationally. The decline is entirely due to poor productivity combined with an unfavourable change in demography. The UK and the US have changed from having a demographic surplus in which the working population grew faster than the total population to a demographic deficit. Before living standards grew faster than productivity they now grow more slowly. Faster immigration could change demography, but voters are likely to press for less. To avoid falling living standards we must increase the rate at which productivity improves. Faster productivity does not only depend on technology. We can improve it by encouraging more investment. Growth depends on Total Factor Productivity (“TFP”), for which current consensus estimates are based on a faulty model which has induced pessimism about our ability to encourage more growth. The book sets out a revised and superior model of TFP which demonstrates that the weakness in productivity is the result of the bonus culture and suggests ways by which this can be changed so that investment is encouraged and growth returns.

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24

Gest, Justin. Majority Minority. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197641798.001.0001.

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How do societies respond to great demographic change? This question lingers over the contemporary politics of the United States and other countries where persistent immigration has altered populations and may soon produce a majority minority milestone, where the original ethnic or religious majority loses its numerical advantage to one or more foreign-origin minority groups. Until now, most of our knowledge about large-scale responses to demographic change has been based on studies of individual people’s reactions, which tend to be instinctively defensive and intolerant. We know little about why and how these habits are sometimes tempered to promote more successful coexistence. To anticipate and inform future responses to demographic change, Majority Minority looks to the past. The book entails historical analysis and interview-based fieldwork inside six of the world’s few societies that have already experienced a majority minority transition to understand what factors produce different social outcomes. This research concludes that, rather than yield to people’s prejudices, states hold great power to shape public responses and perceptions of demographic change through political institutions and leaders’ rhetoric. Then, in subsequent survey research, the book identifies novel ways that leaders can leverage nationalist sentiment to reduce the appeal of nativism by framing immigration and demographic change in terms of the national interest. Grounded in rich narratives and novel statistical data, Majority Minority reveals the way this contentious milestone and its accompanying identity politics are ultimately subject to unifying or divisive governance.

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25

Kulik, Carol T., and Isabel Metz. Women at the Top. Edited by Michael A. Hitt. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935406.013.7.

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There is now an international agenda to increase women’s representation at the top of organizations. This agenda is driven in part by a business case arguing that gender diversity brings value, particularly economic value, to organizations. In this article, we review the empirical evidence linking women’s representation in senior leadership roles to countable, verifiable organizational outcomes (e.g., organizational financial performance, practices, and demographics). We consider women’s impact when they are CEOs, directors on corporate boards, members of the top management team, and managers. We conclude that women at the top have an impact on organizational outcomes, but this impact is more visible on organizational practices and organizational demography than on financial performance. We recommend that researchers studying the gender-performance link at the organizational level make their theoretical perspectives explicit, distinguish among mediating mechanisms, be selective in their outcome choices, and increase their emphasis on contextual moderators.

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26

Kulik, Carol T., and Isabel Metz. Women at the Top. Edited by Michael A. Hitt, Susan E. Jackson, Salvador Carmona, Leonard Bierman, Christina E. Shalley, and Douglas Michael Wright. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650230.013.7.

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There is now an international agenda to increase women’s representation at the top of organizations. This agenda is driven in part by a business case arguing that gender diversity brings value, particularly economic value, to organizations. In this article, we review the empirical evidence linking women’s representation in senior leadership roles to countable, verifiable organizational outcomes (e.g., organizational financial performance, practices, and demographics). We consider women’s impact when they are CEOs, directors on corporate boards, members of the top management team, and managers. We conclude that women at the top have an impact on organizational outcomes, but this impact is more visible on organizational practices and organizational demography than on financial performance. We recommend that researchers studying the gender-performance link at the organizational level make their theoretical perspectives explicit, distinguish among mediating mechanisms, be selective in their outcome choices, and increase their emphasis on contextual moderators.

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27

Lee, Jenny Y., and Matthew W. Gallagher. Hope and Well-Being. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.20.

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Snyder’s hope theory defines hope as a cognitively based construct that consists of two components: agency, the willpower to achieve a goal, and pathways, the perceived ability to generate ways to achieve that goal. Hope has been consistently linked to positive outcomes in many life domains, including aspects of positive mental health. This chapter reviews the literature on hope and positive aspects of mental health, including specific findings regarding the impact of hope on subjective, psychological, and social well-being. It also explores findings regarding the potential moderating role of gender, age, race, ethnicity, culture, and other demographic factors on the influence of hope on well-being. Future directions on hope and well-being research are discussed as well.

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28

Pestieau, Pierre, and Mathieu Lefebvre. Old Age Pensions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0010.

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This chapter gives an overview of the type of pension system existing in Europe. Contributive and redistributive systems are opposed but the chapter shows that pension systems are more often a mix of both. The chapter shows how these systems have been more or less effective in tackling old age poverty in most countries and it points to the main challenges that these systems are facing, namely population ageing and low labour-force participation. The major reforms that have been implemented to ensure future sustainability of pension systems are presented but a number of additional changes that should be implemented are discussed. The chapter also presents projections for future outcomes and the link between demographic challenges and social security benefits is highlighted.

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29

Biernat, Monica, and Amanda K. Sesko. Gender Stereotypes and Stereotyping. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658540.003.0008.

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This chapter delves into the theoretical and empirical literature on gender stereotypes to describe how gender stereotypes are conceptualized and measured, how these group-level stereotypes affect judgments of and behaviors toward individual women and men, and the implications of those judgments and behaviors for equitable policies and social institutions, such as schools and workplaces. It highlights both the assimilative influence of gender stereotypes, whereby perceivers judge individual women and men consistently with gender stereotypes, and their contrastive influence, whereby stereotypes serving as comparative standards of judgment may produce counterstereotypical outcomes. The importance of context in understanding the effects of stereotypes and the importance of considering gender in combination with other demographic categories are emphasized. The chapter ends with some consideration of self-stereotyping effects.

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30

Freilich, Charles D. Nonmilitary Threats. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 argues that diplomatic and demographic challenges are almost as dangerous to Israel’s future as military threats. Efforts to isolate and delegitimize Israel and constrain its freedom of military action have had mixed success. Israel has broader ties than ever, sanctions and boycotts have achieved little, and it continues to act militarily. Nevertheless, Israel’s international standing has deteriorated severely, and the nature and outcome of military operations have been affected. No issue has undermined Israel’s standing more than the settlement policy. Inexorable demographic trends, stemming from the control of the West Bank, threaten Israel’s Jewish and democratic character. Already today only a small majority of Israel and the West Bank are Jewish. Ongoing settlement undermines the viability of the “two-state solution” and the point of no return may be nearing. Demography also explains Israel’s reluctance to conduct ground maneuver, undermining its ability to achieve military decision.

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31

Balboni, Michael J., and Tracy A. Balboni. The Frequency of Spiritual Care at the End of Life. Edited by Michael J. Balboni and Tracy A. Balboni. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199325764.003.0004.

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Data suggest that clinicians infrequently provide spiritual care within life-threatening illness, at least within the perspective of patients’ accounts. Boston patients indicate that 13% of patient–nurse relationships and 6% of patient–physician relationships at any point in their clinical relationship entailed a spiritual care encounter. Nurses and physicians perceive spiritual care to be a more frequent occurrence. The gap in perception that exists may partially be due to underlying religious demographic differences between patients, nurses, and physicians. While most patients experience illness as a spiritual event, and there are notable medical outcomes and growing national guidelines calling for clinician spiritual care, by most accounts, including nurses and physicians, spiritual care seldom occurs. Questions arise regarding why physicians neglect or avoid providing spiritual care in serious illness.

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32

Lee, Cheol-Sung, and In-Hoe Koo. The Welfare States and Poverty. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.32.

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This article examines the impact of welfare states on poverty reduction. It considers how different welfare regimes have reacted to help stressed populations, especially the poor, and how welfare states in developing countries protect their less capable populations under the pressures of globalization and postindustrial economic transformation. To address these questions, the article reviews existing theoretical and empirical literature on welfare states and poverty. It first describes three welfare state typologies in terms of skill and employment provisions before discussing the issues of targeting and encompassing welfare institutions. It then explores the redistributive policies of welfare states and how demographic transformations affect poverty. It also assesses the effects of two different types of welfare regimes observed in developing countries—productivist and protectionist welfare regimes—on poverty outcomes. Finally, it analyzes which configurations of social policies reduce poverty more effectively.

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33

Kugler, Tadeusz, and Jacek Kugler. Political Demography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.412.

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Political demography is a disciplinary field devoted to the study of population size, composition, and distribution in relation to both government and politics. The focus is on the political consequences of population change, especially the effects of population change on the demands made upon governments, on the performance of governments, on the distribution of political power within states, and on the distribution of national power among states. Political demography is concerned not only with the facts and figures of population—that is, fertility, mortality, and migration rates—but also with the knowledge and attitudes that people and their governments have toward population issues. Unfortunately, these issues have not generated adequate interest among both demographers and political scientists, not to mention economists and researchers in general. This is because political demography lies uncomfortably at the boundary between demography and political science. Political demography deserves serious and thoughtful scholarly attention because many, if not most, of the central policy concerns can be approached directly from the population perspective, including the key dimensions of population dynamics such as politics of size, fertility rates, life expectancy and the outcomes of success, race, war, migration and migration impact on the size and structure of populations, and population density. These core population characteristics can be related to many other attributes ranging from urbanization and mortality to gender, religion, education, productivity, health, and conflict. These characteristics are, in turn, essential for the analysis of themes like elections, social security, economic convergence, political development, and environmental degradation.

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34

Kleykamp, Meredith, Ryan Kelty, and David R. Segal. Military Service in Midlife. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0027.

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This chapter examines the role of military experience on positive or negative development and functioning in early adulthood. It reviews the demographic composition of the military in the United States, with attention to the diversity of those who serve. It reviews how military service influences the transition to adulthood, now serving as a pathway toward, rather than an interruption of, adulthood. It summarizes the wealth of research connecting military service to midlife outcomes, with a special focus on how military experiences may generate positive growth and resilience. Although some who serve may experience trauma, military service can also provide material and psychosocial benefits, including post-traumatic growth. Notably, the benefits of military service tend to accrue most for individuals who come from more disadvantaged backgrounds, making the military a potentially important institutional setting for a successful transition to adulthood for those who need such supports the most.

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35

Campino, Antonio Carlos Coelho, Maria Dolores Montoya Diaz, and Flavia Mori Sarti. The Economics of Health in Brazil. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.30.

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This chapter examines the historical background to the Brazilian health system and analyzes its characteristics from an economic perspective, considering the magnitude and evolution of inequities in health outcomes and the utilization of health services provided through universal health coverage policies in Brazil during recent decades. It also looks at questions regarding financial protection provided to the population by the Brazilian health system, and challenges for the future. The analysis encompasses information on the current state of research, population characteristics, attributes of the health system, evidence on health disparities, and challenges relating to the management of health care in the country. Demographic transition has compelled the country toward an incomplete epidemiological transition, marked by the coexistence of infectious diseases (traditional unresolved illnesses and emerging maladies) and chronic non-communicable diseases derived from technological advances and income growth (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, among others), without benefits from sustainable economic development.

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36

Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. Attracting and Retaining International Students as Skilled Migrants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0010.

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OECD countries compete to attract and retain international students as skilled migrants. By definition former international students are of prime workforce age, face no regulatory barriers, and have self-funded to meet domestic employer demand. Within the global ‘race for talent’ they have emerged as a priority human capital resource. This chapter examines the study-migration pathways that have evolved in the past decade within skilled migration policy frameworks. Three case studies are provided, assessing select challenges in the context of national debate. The first examines the UK’s attempt to reduce net migration flows and the impact of this on student migration. The second explores the retention of international doctoral students in the US amid concerns for labour market substitution rather than complementarity. The third defines the extent to which Australian employers value former international students compared to domestic graduates, including the impact of demand and demographic variables on early employment outcomes.

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37

Gilroy, Mark N., and Juan C. Salazar. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0021.

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Syphilis, a chronic, sexually transmitted disease caused by the extracellular spirochete Treponema pallidum, has exhibited a remarkable resurgence in recent years. Despite the existence of inexpensive, easily administered, and highly effective antibiotic treatments, maternal and neonatal syphilis infections continue to be a major global public health problem. In addition to its potential to cause morbidity in the mother, untreated gestational syphilis (GS) can lead to serious adverse outcomes in the offspring, including stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight, and neonatal death. Congenital syphilis (CS) is regarded as a missed opportunity during the antenatal care of the mother, resulting from socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors that promote mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of syphilis. This chapter emphasizes emerging concepts about screening aimed at controlling the ongoing epidemic, including serological screening of mother and infant, newer paradigms of “reverse screening,” clinical presentation, therapy, and long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities that must be a component of follow-up care.

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38

Seif, Hinda, and Jason Jenkins. Emerging Adults and Migration: Diversity and Social Contributions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0054.

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This chapter reviews the literature on and outlines research and policy directions toward shaping emerging adulthood migration to produce positive outcomes in an era of globalization. As the most likely demographic to migrate, emerging adults cross borders to mitigate family poverty and seek education and employment, to flee prejudice and violence, and to gain higher status. They migrate to find partnership and start new families, to seek self-actualization as women and sexual minorities, and for adventure. They are more likely to flourish when they retain a bicultural orientation, maintain healthy relationships with families and communities of origin, and receive government, social, and co-ethnic support and mentoring in countries of destination. In postindustrial nations with aging populations, emerging adult migrants may be welcomed as assets. They arrive at a life stage when they are capable of learning a new language and primed for the challenges of adapting to a new culture.

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39

Castle, Nicholas George. INDIVIDUAL CAREGIVING ATTITUDES OF NURSE AIDES AND MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES: AN ORGANIZATIONAL DEMOGRAPHY PERSPECTIVE. 1995.

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40

Lever, Andrew, and Sian Coggle. Nature and demographics: Epidemiology of infective organisms. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0304.

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An infection is an interaction between a host and a parasitic microorganism, with the interaction being deleterious to the host. Its occurrence and outcome are a combination of the nature of the organism, the site at which it is found, and the competence of the host defensive (immune) system. There are around 1500 documented agents that are infectious for man. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of infective organisms.

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41

Kirshner, Jonathan, and Jon Lewis, eds. When the Movies Mattered. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501736094.001.0001.

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The “New Hollywood” that emerged in the late sixties is now widely recognized as an era of remarkable filmmaking, when directors enjoyed a unique autonomy to craft ambitious, introspective movies that evinced a cinematic world of hard choices, complex interpersonal relationships, compromised heroes, and uncertain outcomes. The New Hollywood Revisited brings together a remarkable collection of authors (some of whom wrote about the New Hollywood as it unfolded), to revisit this unique era in American cinema (circa 1967-1976). It was a decade in which a number of extraordinary factors – including the end of a half-century-old censorship regime and economic and demographic changes to the American film audience – converged and created a new type of commercial film, imprinted with the social and political context of the times: the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, the sexual revolution, women’s liberation, economic distress, urban decay, and, looming, the Shakespearean saga of the Nixon presidency. This volume offers the opportunity to look back, with nearly fifty years hindsight, at a golden age in American filmmaking.

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Smil, Vaclav. Grand Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190060664.001.0001.

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The modern world was created through the combination and complex interactions of five grand transitions. First, the demographic transition changed the total numbers, dynamics, structure, and residential pattern of populations. The agricultural and dietary transition led to the emergence of highly productive cropping and animal husbandry (subsidized by fossil energies and electricity), a change that eliminated famines, reduced malnutrition, and improved the health of populations but also resulted in enormous food waste and had many environmental consequences. The energy transition brought the world from traditional biomass fuels and human and animal labor to fossil fuel, ever more efficient electricity, lights, and motors, all of which transformed both agricultural and industrial production and enabled mass-scale mobility and instant communication. Economic transition has been marked by relatively high growth rates of total national and global product, by fundamental structural transformation (from farming to industries to services), and by an increasing share of humanity living in affluent societies, enjoying unprecedented quality of life. These transitions have made many intensifying demands on the environment, resulting in ecosystemic degradation, loss of biodiversity, pollution, and eventually change on the planetary level, with global warming being the most worrisome development. This book traces the genesis of these transitions, their interactions and complicated progress as well as their outcomes and impacts, explaining how the modern world was made—and then offers a forward-thinking examination of some key unfolding transitions and appraising their challenges and possible results.

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Pincus, Steven. Rethinking Revolutions: a Neo‐Tocquevillian Perspective. Edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0017.

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This article presents a neo-Tocquevillian perspective of revolutions. It begins by defining revolution and views modernization as a characteristic of revolution. Demography and state modernization are discussed in the following two sections. It then determines when state modernization gives rise to revolution and some of its open and closed outcomes. This article shows that revolutions occur only when the old regime commits itself to state modernization.

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Piechowski, Lisa Drago. Empirical Foundations and Limits. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195341096.003.0003.

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This chapter focuses on empirical foundations and limitations relevant to disability evaluation. It first considers the prevalence of disability claims and the demographics of disability claimants before turning to a discussion of the relationship between disability outcomes and mental health disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and cognitive disorders. It then reviews research regarding the impact on work-functioning of various mental health conditions and the effect of treatment, along with findings on the use of psychological tests, self-report data, and third-party information in disability evaluations. Finally, it assesses the prevalence of dissimulation in disability claims and describes appropriate methods for addressing this in the evaluation.

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Duncan, Dustin T., and Ichiro Kawachi. Neighborhoods and Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0001.

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A large body of research in epidemiology and population health has investigated relationships between neighborhood characteristics (e.g., crime rate, density of fast food restaurants, distance to parks) and a myriad of health outcomes (e.g., obesity, mental health, substance use), with an explosion of research within the last decade, which spans a variety of disciplines, for example, anthropology, sociology, criminology, geography, demography, urban planning, medicine and epidemiology. This chapter provides a historical perspective to neighborhood health research. In addition, this chapter provides a systematic survey of new and notable developments in the field of neighborhoods and health as well as provides directions for future research. It also describes the motivation and rationale for this book and guides the reader through the structure of the rest of the book.

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Paugh, Katherine. A West Indian Midwife’s Tale. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789789.003.0005.

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The abolition of the Atlantic slave trade by the British government in 1807 was prompted by a confluence of geopolitical developments and concerns about reproduction. Shifts in the Atlantic world sugar economy had led to a glut on the British sugar market, and boosting production was therefore less of an economic concern than safeguarding reproduction. After 1807, demographic and financial calculations regarding the future of the plantation system intensified with the institution of a registry system designed to track slave populations. By 1823, British politicians, both abolitionists and West Indian planters, agreed to further radical reform: they hoped that encouraging Christian marital mores would finally bring about economically beneficial population growth. Acts legalizing Afro-Caribbean marriage were subsequently passed throughout the Caribbean. The outcome of this new emphasis on family life was ironic: as slavery gave way to wage labor, the costs of reproduction were shifted to Afro-Caribbean parents.

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Bergman, Elizabeth, Dari Sylvester Tran, and Philip Yates. Voter Identification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190934163.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 examines the role of voter identification requirements to register and cast a ballot in the 2016 U.S. election. Evidence is drawn from a county-level data set based on public records of votes cast for the two major party candidates to investigate the effects of lax and strict voter registration requirements in 50 U.S. states plus D.C. on the number of votes won by Clinton and Trump at county level, controlling for the demographic characteristics of counties, such as educational and poverty levels. The study concludes that, even with these controls, the type of voter ID laws did significantly impact the outcome; in the 2016 election, the estimates suggest that voter ID laws increased GOP support by 1.8% and lowered support for Democrats by 0.7%. In close contests, this made a difference, with voter ID significantly influencing the vote in favor of the GOP.

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Winkley, Kirsty, Ebaa Al-Ozairi, and Boon-How Chew. Cultural and global perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0017.

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Depression and disease-related psychological problems in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), termed diabetes distress (DD), is a global problem and negatively impacts quality of life, self-management, and cardiovascular mortality. However, risk factors for and consequences of emotional distress vary and have different cultural meaning. In the East and low- to middle-income countries (LMIC), contextual factors, socio-demographics, low socio-economic status, and sub-optimal health/medical services predispose DD more than in the West and high-income countries (HIC). People from non-Western and LMIC may hold a more stigmatizing view of depression leading to mislabelling depression due to somatization, underdiagnosis, and a lack of clinical care. The prevalence of depression and DD is generally double in LMIC compared with HIC. There is a lack of direct and good-quality evidence of depression and DD’s effects on clinical outcomes, therefore improving access to effective treatment for depression and DD remains a global challenge.

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Ahmed, Mohammed, and Sean M. Bagshaw. Management of oliguria and acute kidney injury in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0213.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a challenging clinical problem for clinicians caring for critically-ill patients due largely to the paucity of specific therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating poor outcome. Those patients most at risk for the development of AKI can often be identified by an assessment of demographic, clinical, diagnostic, and procedure-related factors couple with early and intensive bedside monitoring. Importantly, critically-ill patients are often exposed to multiple discrete risks that can accumulate during their course that can negatively impact not only the duration and severity of AKI, but also probability of recovery, and long-term functional decline and risk of development of chronic kidney disease. All critically-ill patients at risk of or with milder forms of AKI should have support individualized. A clear understanding of the scope, complexity, and general principals of prevention and management of AKI are indispensable in the care of these patients and will discussed in this chapter.

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Tran, Thanh, Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Developing Cross-Cultural Measurement in Social Work Research and Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.001.0001.

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Given the demographic changes and the reality of cultural diversity in the United States and other parts of the world today, social work researchers are increasingly aware of the need to conduct cross-cultural research and evaluation, whether for hypothesis testing or for outcome evaluation. This book’s aims are twofold: to provide an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and to provide readers with a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. There is no discussion of statistical theory and principles underlying the statistical techniques presented in this book. Rather, this book is concerned with applied theories and principles of cross-cultural research, and draws information from existing work in the social sciences, public domain secondary data, and primary data from the author’s research. In this second edition, several changes have been made throughout the book and a new chapter on item response theory has been added. The chapter on developing new cross-cultural instrument has also been expanded with a concrete example.

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Books on the topic 'Demographic Outcomes'

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