Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Demographic changes'
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Konchenko, E. "Demographic changes – overpopulation." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11668.
Full textBraude, Jacob 1969. "Economic effects of demographic changes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9007.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 85-91).
This thesis examines several economic implications of demographic changes. Chapter 2 documents a relation between the age structure of economies and their real exchange rate. The relation varies with the level of development. Among developed countries a 10 percentage point higher ratio of old people to the working age population is associated with a 12-15 percent higher price level. In middle income developing economies, a 10 percentage point increase in the ratio of children to the working age population is related to a 4 percent increase in the price level. A simple model attributes the findings to the effect of the age groups on the demand for nontradables. Its calibration indicates that this explanation can account for a substantial part of the observed effect of the elderly. It is also consistent with the much smaller impact of children. The fact that the significance of the elderly is limited to developed countries further supports the argument. The generational conflict hypothesis argues that the elderly might use their political power to reduce public resources for children. It is usually tested by exploiting the localized nature of school funding in the US. Chapter 3 takes a different approach using cross-country data on family benefits. I find a positive relation at the national level between the generosity of these benefits and the share of the elderly in the electorate. The findings can add to the debate on local school funding. I also suggest that the effect of the elderly may reflect the larger proportion of women among them. Chapter 4 shows that individuals with no post-secondary education are less supportive of public R&D spending. This points to possible political economy causes of technological change. A high proportion of educated voters may accelerate such change by expanding public R&D outlays. Thus an increased supply of skilled workers could raise the relative demand for them. The difference in support for R&D spending suggests that it favors skilled workers either by directly employing them or indirectly by generating skill-biased technological change.
by Jacob Braude.
Ph.D.
Zhang, Qi. "Three Essays on Demographic Changes and International Trade." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31936.
Full textHousseini, Bouba. "Essays on demographic changes, health and economic development." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30745/30745.pdf.
Full textIn a context of demographic changes, my PhD thesis aims to clarify two main questions: i)how the progress of nations can be evaluated when populations differ in size, longevity and income distribution? and ii)what are the effects of fertility and mortality on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)? The first part (chapters 1 and 2) elucidates how changes in population size, longevity and income distribution can be socially evaluated while the second part (chapter 3) provides a public policy framework and insights on how the demographic dividend can be captured in the Sub-Saharan Africa context. I adopt two different approaches to analyse these questions. The first part uses a welfarist method that develops and applies (to SSA) intertemporal social evaluation functions and criteria suitable to variable populations. The second part uses an econometric approach that develops and estimates a simultaneous equations model of the determinants of mortality, fertility and economic performance using country-level panel data from SSA. Chapter 1 explores the use of axiomatic and welfarist principles to assess social welfare in an intertemporal framework. It attempts to overcome some of the limits of existing methods in the literature, in particular by avoiding a temporal repugnant conclusion, by neither penalizing nor favoring life fragmentation, and by satisfying critical-level temporal consistency. It does this by characterizing a critical-level lifetime utility function that values life periodically. To address some of the controversies in discounting utilities across time, two alternative versions of the function are developed, one with discounting and one without. Chapter 2 focusses on how the progress of nations can be evaluated when populations differ in size, longevity and income distributions. The framework is applied to the (particular) demographic context of SSA. The findings indicate that the contribution of population size to social welfare depends on ethical considerations regarding the choice of a critical level above which a life is considered to be worth living (or social welfare improving). Length of life does not have a significant effect on social welfare prior to the demographic transition. SSA’s demographic explosion over the last century has worsened social welfare for critical-level values greater than $180 per year, i.e. roughly half the well-known dollar-a-day poverty line. This supports the often heard view that slowing down demographic growth in SSA may not only increase average living standards but may also raise overall social welfare. Chapter 3 develops and estimates an econometric model of the joint determinants of fertility, mortality and economic performance in SSA in order to identify public policy actions to accelerate the demographic transition in the region and consequently to achieve its corollary demographic dividend. The analysis builds on a simultaneous equations econometric model using multi-country panel data for the period 1960 - 2010. To deal with endogeneity, we use the instrumental variable approach, exploiting different sources of exogenous variations of per capita income, fertility and mortality. The results show that each additional year of life expectancy at birth implies a growth of per capita income of 13.1%. Also, a doubling of per capita income leads to a rise in longevity of 6.3 years. However the relationships between fertility and both per capita income and life expectancy at birth appear to be ambiguous probably due to the dependency of SSA economies on natural resources and international trade. Our findings point to the necessity of fostering the structural transformation of SSA economies in order to accelerate the demographic transition in the region and to capture the demographic dividend.
Das, Minakshi. "The Pattern of demographic changes in Darjeeling hill areas : implications for future generations." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1273.
Full textRutigliano, Roberta. "Fertility and family ties in times of demographic changes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669620.
Full textAquesta tesi investiga com els grans canvis econòmics i demogràfics ocorreguts durant l’últim segle han influenciat les dinàmiques de fertilitat, amb especial èmfasi en els vincles familiars. El primer capítol investiga el rol del tipus de parella en la configuració dels patrons de fertilitat. Mitjançant la comparació de dos països ortogònicament diferents, Noruega i Espanya, analitzem les diferències d’aquests dos països en els comportaments de fertilitat entre la cohabitació i el matrimoni. A Noruega trobem una associació significativa entre la selecció en qualsevol tipus de parella i la fertilitat, mentre que per a Espanya, a on el fenomen de la cohabitació és més recent, trobem una associació significativa entre la fertilitat i la selecció al matrimoni. El segon capítol analitza el paper de l'anomenada família bean-pole en la fertilitat, analitzant en detall si la propensió dels futurs avis a cuidar els seus néts influeix en la transició cap a la paternitat dels seus fills. En aquest cas, i tenint en compte el context nacional, es calculen diferents models per a diferents grups de països. La comparació entre 11 països de les dues primeres ones de l'Enquesta de Salut, Envelliment i Jubilació a Europa (SHARE) revela que la propensió a cuidar els néts té un efecte positiu i significatiu sobre la transició cap a la paternitat, tant per als països pro-natalistes (Bèlgica, França) com per als països pro-tradicionals (Àustria, Alemanya, Grècia, Itàlia, Espanya i Suïssa). Per últim, el tercer capítol es centra en l’efecte que produeix l’atenció als primer néts per part dels avis sobre un possible segon naixement entre les parelles del Regne Unit. Mitjançant l'ús d'un enfocament de la variable instrumental, l’anàlisi es realitza mitjançant les primeres cinc ones del Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). Els resultats mostren un efecte positiu i significatiu dels avis en el risc d’un segon naixement. Aquest efecte està lleugerament debilitat pel nivell d'ingressos.
Shi, Niu 1963. "Demographic changes and genetic variation of an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) population." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277907.
Full textMiller, Elizabeth Jill, and res cand@acu edu au. "Burden of Care: Ageing in urban China and Japan: Gender, the family and the state." Australian Catholic University. School of Social Work, 2002. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp22.29082005.
Full textKanayo, Ogujiuba. "Public sector spending in Nigeria: implications for poverty, demographic changes and millennium development goals target." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4652.
Full textOver the last two decades, budgetary allocations to both the Health and Education sectors have been on the increase in Nigeria, while a counter-factual feedback on its effects for various economic groups and distributional effect for different population households has not been defined and well known. The resultant effect has been gross inefficiency and sub-optimality in terms of observed outcomes of the fiscal framework. In-addition, there have been a continuous quest by the citizenry for increased allocations to these sectors because of its supposed impact on the poverty index and standard of living. Although this is a compelling reason, but what is worrisome and equally troubling, is that the increasing incidence of poverty and expanding inequality in the Nigerian society have not mitigated, despite the scaling up of funding on the social sectors. Furthermore, the current level of socioeconomic development in Nigeria is not in tandem with the distributive outcome targets set by the 2004 reforms. Thus, understanding the current structure of poverty in Nigeria as well as beneficiaries of public sector spending provides a sound basis for tackling inequality and redesigning the current pro-poor frameworks. However, our analysis is focused on the distributional spread of beneficiaries from services and the counterfactual reciprocity of expenditure benefits rather than measuring the exact value to recipients of government-sponsored services. Our research methodology used the 2004 Nigerian Living Standard Survey; 2010 Harmonized Nigerian Living Standard Survey; Recent Cros-sectional data (2014) in South East Nigeria and secondary sources. Econometric methods (Error Correction Method); Marginal Odds estimation techniques, Concentration Curves and Ordered Logistic Regression were used for our analysis. Statistical and Econometric Software’s (E-Views; SPSS; DAD and STATA) were used for estimations. Econometric results showed misalignments between population dynamics and public sector expenditure on education, health and economic services. The government consumption expenditure was not sensitive to demographic changes. The derived adjustment coefficients of -1.38, -1.51 and 0.51 respectively, for education, health and economic services indicate huge gaps in terms of what optimal spending should have been, giving the population dynamics. Our benefit incidence analysis indicates that substantive gains have been made at the primary education and health care level, at the state level for SE Nigeria but there is a gross misapplication of funds at the secondary and tertiary levels of both education and health sectors. Results show that the state governments’ is subsidizing the rich at the levels of both secondary and tertiary for education and health care. In addition, country wide results indicate that apart from public primary education and health care for urban residents, no other level of social service was absolutely progressive in general terms, by gender or by location while the tertiary level of both services were regressive as shown by the 2010 survey results, in comparism to the 2004 survey results. Using the Ordered Logistic Regression, our result inclines to the lifecycle hypothesis which maintains that poverty oscillates depending on the age. At a younger age, it tends to be on the high side and decreases during the middle ages and increases with age. Our results discards the feminization of poverty general framework that women or female headed households are more prone to poverty due principally to low education and lack of opportunity to own assets such as land amongst others. This wasn’t the case for the South East Region of Nigeria. Estimates indicate that education status, health status and access to health facilities affected the category of welfare of head of households and invariable, the entire household. In general, our analysis shows misalignment of social expenditure for various population groups, both at the federal and state levels; making doubtful the realization of basic MDGs. Nigeria has to combine growth policies and assuring that demographics count, with the poor fully participating in economic development. Also, the need for a refocusing in resource allocation taking into cognizance gender dimensions cannot be overemphasized. A general re-allocation of spending going to females and the poorer households would lead to improvement in gender equality and health status of women and children. Expediting actions towards qualitative education will lead directly to an acceleration of many of the other MDGs, especially those focusing on the reduction of poverty and inequality. To attain MDG targets (post 2015) within a shorter period of time, there is the need to improve the quality of social infrastructure and services. Furthermore, research should be focused on improving knowledge and understanding of what policies, technologies and investments matter for sustained growth in the country. This will create the much needed multiplier effect on other aggregates. The degree to which the poor participate in the growth process and share in its proceeds matter; both in the pace and pattern of growth. It is therefore important to have categorization of the population into economic groups when formulating a developmental framework for poverty reduction programmes. The study recommends sequencing of interventions, strengthening of institutions and other several interrelated areas to attain effectiveness of public sector spending.
Saha, Kartick. "Demographic profile of North Bengal in colonial and post-colonial period (1871-1991): study on economic, cultural and political changes." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2775.
Full textCasey, Ryan Michael. "Will South Dakota's demographic shifts lead to changes in voting behavior? a county-level analysis 1980-2008 /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/650335762/viewonline.
Full textPereira, João Paulo Cabral. "Demographic changes in a life-cycle small open economy with endogenous time allocation and age-dependent mortality." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20624.
Full textThis thesis analyses the effects of demographic aging on a small open economy. It is driven by the aging process that advanced economies are going through. Population aging has a negative accounting effect on the economy by deteriorating dependency ratios. We quantify these negative impacts and one of our main objectives is to test and quantify, the existence of a positive behavioral effect of the agents in response to an increase in life expectancy. The economy's model is developed over three chapters. In the first, the consumer block is modeled. Individuals maximize their expected lifetime utility, taking into account an age dependent survival function. In order to enhance the behavioral effect, individuals affect their available time in leisure, studying, and work at the intensive margin. The partial equilibrium numerical analysis suggests an increase in labor supply and investment in human capital as a response to the increase in life expectancy. In the second essay, an endogenous growth model of horizontal innovation is constructed in which growth has two sources: research and accumulation of human capital. It is confirmed that the growth rate of GDP per capita is negatively affected by the rate of deterioration of the dependency ratio. In the third essay, we perform the numerical analysis of the model developed in the previous chapters. With the demographic scenario chosen, which contains aging and population decline, in case of inaction, public and foreign debt would explode. Among the policies studied to control public debt, the best is to raise the retirement age. We also conclude that the aging of the population has a more significant negative impact than the population decrease. Finally, we detect a positive behavioral effect of the agents, which is manifested more by the increase of labor supply, but this effect is quantitatively modest.
Esta tese analisa os efeitos do envelhecimento demográfico numa pequena economia aberta. É motivada pelo processo de envelhecimento que as economias avançadas estão a passar. O envelhecimento populacional tem um efeito contabilístico negativo sobre a economia ao deteriorar os rácios de dependência. Quantificamos estes impactos negativos e um dos nossos objectivos principais é testar, e quantificar, a existência de um efeito comportamental positivo dos agentes em reacção a um aumento da esperança de vida. O modelo da economia é desenvolvido ao longo de três capítulos. No primeiro, modeliza-se o bloco do consumidor. Os indivíduos maximizam a sua utilidade esperada de vida, tomando em consideração uma função de sobrevivência dependente da idade. Com vista a potenciar o efeito comportamental, os indivíduos afectam o seu tempo disponível em lazer, estudo e trabalho na margem intensiva. A análise numérica de equilíbrio parcial sugere um aumento da oferta de trabalho e do investimento em capital humano como resposta ao aumento na esperança de vida. No segundo ensaio, constrói-se um modelo de crescimento endógeno de inovação horizontal em que o crescimento tem duas fontes: investigação e acumulação de capital humano. Confirma-se que a taxa de crescimento do PIB per capita é afetada negativamente pela deterioração do rácio de dependência. No terceiro ensaio fazemos a análise numérica do modelo desenvolvido nos capítulos anteriores. Com o cenário demográfico escolhido, o qual contém envelhecimento e decréscimo populacional, em caso de inacção, a dívida pública e externa explodiriam. Dentre as políticas estudadas para controlar a dívida pública, a melhor é aumentar a idade de reforma. Concluímos, ainda, que o envelhecimento da população tem um impacto negativo mais importante que o decréscimo populacional. Por fim, detetamos um efeito comportamental positivo dos agentes, que se manifesta mais por via do acréscimo da oferta de trabalho, mas este efeito é quantitativamente modesto.
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Browne, Irene Ann. "Into and out of poverty: Changes in the demographic composition of the United States poor, 1967-1987." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185703.
Full textMajikijela, Yamkela. "Participation of African migrants in the labour force of South Africa : are there structural changes from 2001 to 2011?" University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4865.
Full textThis thesis examines the distribution of African migrants across the different segments of the labour force in South Africa. The specific objective of this study is to demonstrate that there has been structural changes from 2001 to 2011 in the deployment of African immigrants in terms of occupation, employment sector, income groups just to name a few. Studies that have been recorded using the 2001 population census suggest that the South African labour market attracts majority of African migrants that are not highly qualified. The proposed study makes use of the 2011 population census to evaluate the extent to which the situation has changed or whether it remained the same between the two periods. The assumption underlying this study is that, over time the magnitude of qualified migrants has improved. As far as African migration is concerned, to capture the structural changes during the ten-year period (2001 to 2011) this study focuses on variables such as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. To profile changes in the participation of African migrants, this study makes use of the 2001 and 2011 national population census data. Furthermore, statistical packages are used to test the relationship between variables. Policy document about migration are also used to provide the legislated framework with regards to the involvement of foreign labour in the South African labour force. The geographical scope of the study is national meaning it covers all nine provinces of South Africa.
Han, Yu [Verfasser], Michael [Gutachter] Krause, and Johannes [Gutachter] Pfeifer. "The Roles of Demographic Changes on Labor Market Dynamics and Consumption Inequality / Yu Han ; Gutachter: Michael Krause, Johannes Pfeifer." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182533264/34.
Full textMcGehee, Ronnie Lynn. "The impact of a large automotive manufacturing plant on demographic expansion and educational changes in a Mississippi school district." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-10242007-165719.
Full textMu, Xiaoping [Verfasser]. "The development of Modic changes after lumbar surgical procedures and their association with patients' baseline demographic characters and disc degeneration / Xiaoping Mu." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1223462463/34.
Full textThornthwaite, Sian Elisabeth. "The effects of legislative, demographic and social changes on the provision of school transport services by local education authorities in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/395.
Full textHumphrey, W. "A history of Loughborough between c.1810 and c.1870 : a study of urban changes in a period of demographic growth and stagnation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1986. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7484.
Full textHa, Kyungok. "Integrated Senior Housing." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1267.
Full textKeim, Ulrike [Verfasser]. "Incidence of cutaneous melanoma with past and present trends until 2033 in Germany and Denmark. Impact of UVR exposure and demographic changes / Ulrike Keim." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214640192/34.
Full textTasnin, Mst Shahrima. "Demographic structure and aging in Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) in subtropical Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/207465/1/Mst%20Shahrima_Tasnin_Thesis.pdf.
Full textCornelius, Cintia. "Genetic and demographic consequences of human-driven landscape changes on bird populations the case of Aphrastura spinicauda (Furnariidae) in the temperate rainforest of South America /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2006. http://etd.umsl.edu/r1821.
Full textTerzano, Kathryn R. "Branding, Commercialization, and Community Satisfaction in Ethnic Enclaves." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1305725460.
Full textMaciulevičienė, Edita. "Changes in the position of Kaunas city middle-aged population regarding their leisure time physical activity." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130522_082355-83549.
Full textVisuotinai pripažįstama, kad esminis sveikatos rizikos veiksnys, susijęs su asmens gyvensena, yra mažas fizinis aktyvumas, kurio svarba žmogaus sveikatai yra įrodyta daugelyje mokslinių studijų. Jose pabrėžiama pozityvi aktyvios fizinės veiklos laisvalaikiu sąsaja su įvairiais sveikatos rodikliais (Kalėdienė ir kt., 1999; Domarkienė, 2000; Borodulin, 2006; Kallings, 2008; Klumbienė, 2008; Gill et al., 2010; Weiler et al., 2010). Nekelia abejonių faktas, kad dažnai deklaruojama sveikatos stiprinimo idėja yra tiesiogiai susijusi su gyvensenos ypatumais, kuriuos lemia tiek atskiro individo požiūris į savo sveikatą, tiek įvairūs išoriniai veiksniai, visų pirma gyvenimo sąlygos. Savaime suprantama, daugiausia dėmesio stiprinant žmonių sveikatą turėtų būti skiriama įvairiose sveikatos ugdymo (sveikatinimo) programose. Šių programų pagrindinis tikslas turėtų būti asmens elgesio keitimas panaudojant žiniasklaidos ir individualaus poveikio priemones (Van der Bij et al., 2002; Rise, 2004; Roux et al., 2008). Reiškiama nuomonė, kad supažindinus gyventojus su aktyvaus gyvenimo būdo principais, propaguojant ir skatinant pastovų jų realizavimą, tobulinant fizinę parengtį, pagerėtų ir žmonių gyvenimo kokybė (Aхвердова, Maгин, 2002; Taylor et al., 2002; Netz et al., 2005; Kallings, 2008; Miller, Miller, 2010). Kita vertus, kada kalbama apie fizinį aktyvumą laisvalaikiu kaip apie asmens visapusiškos gerovės sąlygą bei ligų profilaktikos veiksnį labiau akcentuojama jo reikšmė vaikystės ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Arizmendi, Mejía Rosana. "Conservation of marine habitat-forming species under climate change: population genetics and demographic responses of the Mediterranean red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/350560.
Full textEl cambio climático y otras amenazas antrópicas están afectando gravemente la biodiversidad marina. El diseño de medidas de conservación que mitiguen la acción de dichos impactos (e.g. Áreas Marinas Protegidas, AMPs) es, entonces, urgente. Usando un enfoque interdisciplinar, en esta tesis nos enfocamos en la gorgonia mediterránea Paramuricea clavata, con el fin de mejorar las estrategias de gestión y conservación de ésta y otras especies similares. P. clavata es una especie formadora de hábitat del coralígeno, que por presentar una lenta dinámica poblacional y tener una baja capacidad de dispersión, es muy vulnerable a las perturbaciones. Por ejemplo, en las últimas décadas, ha sufrido severas mortalidades masivas causadas por anomalías térmicas relacionadas con el cambio climático. En esta tesis, inicialmente comparamos el funcionamiento de metapoblaciones aisladas o continuas en términos de genética de poblaciones. Se encontró un grupo de poblaciones genéticamente aisladas dentro de una metapoblación geográficamente continua, indicando que el aislamiento genético debe ser clave en el diseño de AMPs. Las metapoblaciones aisladas presentaron una variabilidad y una diferenciación genética significativamente menor y mayor, respectivamente, que las metapoblaciones continuas, así como una influencia significativa de la deriva genética, indicando que las metapoblaciones aisladas pueden ser menos resilientes que las continuas. Luego, utilizamos un enfoque eco-evolutivo para priorizar poblaciones para la conservación en una metapoblación aislada. Las poblaciones menos diversas y más aisladas fueron priorizadas, debido a su mayor mortalidad parcial y al fuerte efecto de la deriva genética. Una población recientemente fundada, compuesta principalmente por juveniles y donde no se detectó un efecto fundador, también se identificó como prioritaria. Por último, evaluamos experimentalmente el efecto de la madurez reproductiva y el sexo en la vulnerabilidad de P. clavata al calentamiento del mar. La mayor vulnerabilidad de los adultos versus los juveniles y de las hembras versus los machos tiene graves consecuencias para la persistencia de esta especie en un futuro con mayor calentamiento, ya que el esfuerzo reproductivo es drásticamente afectado por las altas temperaturas. Esta tesis aporta información valiosa para mejorar la conservación de P. clavata y sus comunidades asociadas, así como para incrementar la efectividad de AMPs.
Bouiges, Axelle. "Ecologie moléculaire de l’écosystème forestier tropical africain." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3012.
Full textThe aim of this project was to carry out a molecular ecology study, not only on a single species, but on a whole functional group. In the africain forest ecosystem, some species are typical of the forest while others are typical of the savanna, and have undergone stages of expansion and regression during Quaternary climate changes. Do their genomes share a common signature of the ensuing demographic history? I worked on nine species from the Zaprionus genus (Drosophilidae). For six species, I was able to gather a complete dataset including two population samples of N=20 (15 in one case) for 10 nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene. I investigated the signature of population expansion by using Tajima’s DT, Fu’s FS, and the mismatch distribution. The demographic history of each species was investigated using Bayesian methods including BEAST (for mtDNA) and a recombination model using FastSimCoal (for nuclear DNA), with available molecular clocks. Five forest-dwelling species show the signature of a population expansion: Z. aff. proximus, Z. davidi, Z. sepsoides, Z. taronus et Z. vittiger. A sixth species, Z. indianus, shows a more complex history in agreement with its dependence on savanna. The completion of the analysis of the whole dataset was precluded by the time-consuming numerical procedures involved. To conclude, the genome of all of these species – either form savanna of from the forest – shows the signature of past climatic changes, thus validating an "ecosystem genomics" approach
Silangwa, Florian Sanya Chisawani [Verfasser], and Michael [Gutachter] Bollig. "Migration and demographic changes. Its implications on land transformation and changing socio-economic development in the Lake Eyasi Basin in Karatu District, Tanzania / Florian Sanya Chisawani Silangwa ; Gutachter: Michael Bollig." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1165772817/34.
Full textBoscardin, Mariele. "Reprodução social da agricultura familiar : uma análise demográfica em propriedades familiares sem sucessores no município de Frederico Westphalen, RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172431.
Full textTraditionally, the social reproduction of family farming is largely based on the permanence of at least one of the children in the running of family farms, thus materializing the succession process. Nowadays, for a variety of reasons, such as the distancing of rural youth from agricultural activities and the search for other labor strategies, and of course more formal education, families are having difficulties to complete the succession of properties, since The children adopt the migration as a strategy of insertion in the urban environment. In addition to migration, succession prospects are further constrained by the reduction in the number of children among families. Thus, the standard and uniform succession model, established in family agriculture and widely studied and disseminated in the specialized literature, seems no longer to prevail, signaling a kind of new inheritance pattern, although with not yet clear contours. It happens that the absence of successors makes that the destiny of the properties becomes a relevant social problem among the familiar farmers, causing concern among the parents, but something little evident between the children. The main objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which the most general demographic changes affect the reproduction of family farms in the municipality of Frederico Westphalen / RS, especially in relation to family properties without successors, insofar as they would represent with greater reliability Some of the obstacles to the social reproduction of family farming. The study was carried out in the municipality of Frederico Westphalen, in the northern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, one of the many regions historically characterized by the large presence of family farmers. Twenty-three family farmers without successors were interviewed between January and April 2016. Farmers were intentionally sampled, distributed among the various agricultural areas of the municipality, thus being a non-statistical sample, aimed at family farmers without successors, concept Developed throughout the dissertation. In the perception of farmers, there are several reasons why young people do not want to stay in rural areas and in agriculture. In addition to access to higher and higher education, as well as more promising opportunities for work in the urban environment, young people migrate in search of opportunities to earn their own income, autonomy to carry out activities independent of their parents, reduction of labor pain, among Other aspects. In general, the results pointed out that although there was an increase in the "load" of work performed by the parents after leaving the children of the family farms due to less labor availability, there were no changes in the productive dynamics in the short term, That is, changes tend to occur over time. In these terms, these changes are largely impacted by rural retirement and physical restraints that affect parents because of their old age. The fact is that the migration of the children occurs, almost exclusively, at the moment in which the parents still present good physical conditions of work. For this reason the abandonment of the rural activities by the farmers only happens later. Although the research data indicate that, at the time of the present study, there is no desire and intention on the part of the farmers to leave their rural properties, it is not completely ruled out that for some reasons these farmers may migrate to the environment in the future urban. However, farmers intend to stay in rural areas "to the limit of their strength" due to their attachment to property and rural life. However, farmers are clear that in cases of health problems or the death of one of the two spouses, the only alternative, even unwillingly, is to leave the rural environment and their property to live near or In view that the children will not return. Thus, the fate of the properties becomes a matter of concern among farmers. There are different situations or referrals that take into account leaving the property to the children as an inheritance or selling the property. In the first case, the parents choose to leave the land as an inheritance to their children, even though they do not intend to return the property. In addition, shelter in old age is also a reason for uncertainty among family farmers; If in the past it was up to the successor to care for the parents, receiving the land as a reward, today the situation is different. It is possible to be supported by the children or, otherwise, supported by third parties, paying for these care. The results obtained, in general, confirm the destructuring of an inheritance pattern that prevailed in the old generations, also revealing the existence, even under construction, of a new succession pattern among family farmers, now supported by the idea that there would be heirs, but not necessarily successors.
Kinoshita, Futoshi. "Population and household change of a Japanese village, 1760-1870." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184818.
Full textGrafeneder-Weissteiner, Theresa. "Demographic change, growth and agglomeration." Department of Economics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/902/1/document.pdf.
Full textSeries: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
Paškonytė, Jūratė. "Demografiniai pokyčiai Šiaurės Lietuvoje I tūkstantmečio antroje pusėje (pagal kapinynų medžiagą)." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120619_134244-24641.
Full textUntil recently in Lithuanian archaeological researches the biggest attention was paid to the material and spiritual culture. In recent years, the interest is growing in social and demographic processes which are reflected by burial data. The researches are aggravated because of material fragmentation, consequently chronological and territorial margins of topic explored are wide. Not all cemeteries and data of them allow to draw conclusions.
Widerberg, Annie, and Matilda Hjalte. "En plats för livet : En jämförande fallstudie om hur två kommuner hanterar de demografiska förändringarna." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121552.
Full textCurrently there are big differences between municipalities in Sweden. These differences leadto two dissimilar tendencies: the population is aging and the degree of urbanisation increases.The urbanisation has set several smaller municipalities in a severe economic situation and alot of municipalities are facing to either raise the local tax or reduce the public service. In thispaper the authors’ research through economic concepts how two medium sized municipalitieshave handled the demographic changes and what the municipalities should do in order toincrease their attractiveness.The findings of this study indicate that the demographic changes, to a large extent, dependson previous recessions in the municipalities which still is causing an unbalanced economy.The municipalities are facing a downward spiral that is hard to emerge from. On the otherhand some municipalities managed the recessions in a more successful way and are nowfacing a more positive economic position. Further, there is a clear correlation between a wellfunctioningintegration on the labour market and public finances. The result of the paper alsoshows that a well-functioning labour market, housing market and commercial supplydetermines municipalities’ attractiveness.
Dybczak, Kamil. "Vliv demografických změn na reálnou úrokovou míru a kapitálové toky." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2003. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77139.
Full textIlgin, Yasemin. "Health care expenditures, innovation, and demographic change." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989527727/04.
Full textMishra, Tapas K. "Dynamics of demographic change and economic development /." Louvain-la-Neuve : Univ. Catholique de Louvain, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/543458008.pdf.
Full textEberly, Grace Eberly. "New Vrindaban: Pilgrimage, Patronage, and Demographic Change." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1461696886.
Full textLancia, Francesco <1979>. "Demographic change, intergenerational conflict and economic growth." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2570/1/lancia_francesco_Demographic_Change%2C_Intergenerational_Conflict_and_Economic_Growth.pdf.
Full textLancia, Francesco <1979>. "Demographic change, intergenerational conflict and economic growth." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2570/.
Full textHillebrand, Marten. "Pension systems, demographic change, and the stock market." Berlin : Springer, 2008. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10253830.
Full textEdmeades, Jeffrey D. Entwisle Barbara. "Development and demographic change in Nang Rong, Thailand." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,169.
Full textTitle from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.
Omtzigt, Dirk-Jan. "Demographic Change, Individual Decision Making and Policy Options." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504152.
Full textWatts, Sylvia. "The small market town in the large multi-township parish : Shifnal, Wellington, Wem and Whitchurch c.1535-c.1660." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282451.
Full textMontén, Anna. "The provision of local public goods and demographic change." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-88933.
Full textMarfany, Julie Esther. "Proto-industrialisation and demographic change in Catalonia, 1680-1829." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615894.
Full textLudwig, Alexander. "The Macroeconomics of Demographic Change - Essays on Economic Modelling." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11947808.
Full textPifarré, i. Arolas Héctor. "Essays in Health and Demographic Economics." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10024/document.
Full textThis dissertation consists of four essays on health and demographic economics. In the first chapter, I explore the implementation of the theory of equality of opportunity (EOp) developed by Roemer (1998) to health in a joint work with Guillem Lopez and Frederic Udina. A common impediment to the achievement of EOp applications with given resources constraints is that it is unlikely that public policies can fully compensate for existing unfair inequalities. This scenario is particularly relevant in the case of health policy, where public spending coexists with a large private spending component. We argue that if social justice is not attainable, social deliberation should not only focus on choosing the circumstances that ought to be compensated but also reflect on which groups suffering unfair inequalities should be prioritized. The second chapter examines the impact of income-related reporting heterogeneity on the measurement of health inequality. While most studies of health inequality rely on self-reported measures of health, recent research has studied the possibility that part of the existing differences in self-reported health could be due to systematic differences in reporting across socioeconomic groups. The concern is that part of the existing inequalities may not be founded on differences in the “true” health status of individuals. In particular, some studies have concluded that reliance on self-reported health might have resulted in an overstatement on the degree of health inequality of some countries. I study the income-related reporting heterogeneity hypothesis in the 2006 wave of the Catalan Survey of Health and I find that the main contributor to health inequality is the disproportionate concentration of the prevalence of reported conditions in lower income groups. The third chapter, joint with Hippolyte d'Albis and Loesse Jacques Esso, studies the trends in mortality convergence across developed countries from 1960 to 2008. While the epidemiological transition has provided a theory behind the expectation of convergence in mortality patterns, our results reject the convergence hypothesis for a sample of industrialized countries. We study the disparities across the mortality distributions of the countries and our sample and find no evidence of convergence towards a common mortality distribution.The fourth and final chapter of this dissertation examines the relationship between unemployment and fertility. I offer a possible explanation for the apparent contradiction between the empirical work that finds a negative relationship between unemployment and fertility and the theoretical work that emphasizes the lower opportunity cost of childbearing while unemployed. I reconcile these perspectives by distinguishing two forms of unemployment. The first form is structural unemployment while the second is cyclical unemployment, a less permanent component of unemployment that is linked to the economic cycle. I study both effects over the life cycle using cohort data on a panel of developed countries. I find that while structural unemployment has an unambiguous negative effect on fertility, reactions to cyclical unemployment depend on the age at which it is experienced
Zanamwe, Lazarus. "Population change and socio-economic development in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/457/.
Full textErawan, Sukma Dewi. "Demographic Change Macroeconomics Impact and Relative Equilibrium Bias of Technology /." St. Gallen, 2009. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/06612550001/$FILE/06612550001.pdf.
Full textNowack, Martin. "Possibilities of scenario planning for sanitation organizations facing demographic change." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-98554.
Full textThe sanitation sector in Germany is challenged by an increasingly turbulent environment. Due to the long use-life of the infrastructure and its capital intensity, the sector is characterized by low rates of return, high fixed-costs and vulnerability to path dependency. This became particularly obvious in the last years within the context of demographic change, when a decreasing population led to the loss of fee payers, and was intensified by a considerable decline in the water demand per capita, which caused increasing wastewater fees. The traditional planning instruments in the sanitation sector rely mainly on forecasts and forward projections, while disregarding key dynamics of the surrounding political-legal, economic, societal, technological and environmental framework conditions. Therefore, this dissertation assesses if the low adaptive capacity of the sanitation sector, which became obvious with demographic change, can be enhanced by strengthening the long range planning competencies by means of scenario planning. The dissertation evaluates the possibilities of scenario planning as alternative planning instrument and explores the predictive as well as the explorative possibilities in two separate research streams. The predictive research stream analyzes the specific impacts of demographic change on wastewater fees. The focus lies on a short time horizon and one specific trend. The latter explorative research stream is addressed by a Delphi-based scenario study, in which the most relevant future challenges of the sanitation sector are identified and summarized in four scenarios