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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Democratization

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Academic literature on the topic 'Democratization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Democratization"

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DORSCH, MICHAEL T., and PAUL MAAREK. "Democratization and the Conditional Dynamics of Income Distribution." American Political Science Review 113, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000825.

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Despite strong theoretical reasons to expect that democratization equalizes income distributions, existing empirical studies do not find a statistically significant effect of democratization on measures of income inequality. This paper starts from the simple observation that autocracies are heterogeneous and govern quite extreme distributional outcomes (also egalitarian). Democratization may drive extreme income distributions to a “middle ground.” We thus examine the extent to which initial inequality levels determine the path of distributional dynamics following democratization. Using fixed-effects and instrumental variable regressions, we demonstrate that egalitarian autocracies become more unequal following democratization, whereas democratization has an equalizing effect in highly unequal autocracies. The effect appears to be driven by changes in gross (market) inequality, suggesting that democratization has led, on average, to redistribution of market opportunities, rather than to direct fiscal redistribution. We then investigate which kinds of (heterogeneous) reforms are at work following democratizations that may rationalize our findings.

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Hariri, Jacob Gerner. "Foreign Aided: Why Democratization Brings Growth When Democracy Does Not." British Journal of Political Science 45, no. 1 (October 9, 2013): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123413000276.

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There is an unresolved puzzle in research on the economics of democracy. While there is consensus that democracy is not generally associated with higher rates of economic growth, recent studies have found that democratization is followed by growth. But why shouldbecominga democracy bring growth ifbeingone does not? This article shows that a substantial and immediate influx of foreign aid into new democracies accounts for the positive growth effect of democratization. The domestic regime characteristics of neither democracy nor democratization therefore seems to bring growth. The importance of aid in explaining the democratization-growth nexus underscores that democratizations do not occur in vacuum and cannot be fully understood from internal factors alone.

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Tilly, Charles. "Inequality, Democratization, and De-Democratization." Sociological Theory 21, no. 1 (January 2003): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9558.00174.

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Reversions from democratic to undemocratic regimes have often occurred historically and continue to occur frequently. Both increases in categorical inequality across a regime's subject population and declines in the insulation of public politics from categorical inequality tend to de-democratize regimes. A general account of democratization and de-democratization yields a series of conjectures concerning the processes by which changes in categorical inequality threaten democracy.

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Schopf, James C. "Following the Money to Determine the Effects of Democracy on Corruption: The Case of Korea." Journal of East Asian Studies 11, no. 1 (April 2011): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800006937.

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Democratization should reduce incentives to engage in corruption, by expanding the size of the winning coalition, heightening transparency, increasing accountability to the electorate, and multiplying the number of veto points required for a corrupt deal. Yet many young, consolidated democracies, such as South Korea, have recorded higher levels of perceived corruption following democratization.I argue that the apparently higher level of corruption accompanying democratization results from overdependence on perception surveys to measure corruption. As democratization frees the press, more stories of graft lead the public to higher levels of perceived corruption without any corresponding rise in real corruption. A more effective measurement strategy is to objectively “follow the money,” by focusing on outflows of rents and any related personal receipt of favors by relevant officials. Applied to the Korean case, contrary to popular perceptions of increased corruption, objective measurement of elite corruption reveals that democratization produced a sharp reduction in the corrupt exchange of rents through industrial restructuring programs, bank lending, and government procurement contracts.

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Ngwaba, Uchechukwu. "Democratization." African Yearbook of International Law Online / Annuaire Africain de droit international Online 22, no. 1 (July 30, 2017): 58–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116176_02201004.

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Blondel, Jean. "Vanhanen's ‘Democratization’." European Political Science 4, no. 4 (December 2005): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210046.

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Vesić, Jelena. "Scattered Democratization." Performance Research 24, no. 7 (October 3, 2019): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2019.1717888.

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Boix, Carles, and Susan C. Stokes. "Endogenous Democratization." World Politics 55, no. 4 (July 2003): 517–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2003.0019.

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The authors show that economic development increases the probability that a country will undergo a transition to democracy. These results contradict the finding of Przeworski and his associates, that development causes democracy to last but not to come into existence in the first place. By dealing adequately with problems of sample selection and model specification, the authors discover that economic growth does cause nondemocracies to democratize. They show that the effect of economic development on the probability of a transition to democracy in the hundred years between the mid-nineteenth century and World War II was substantial, indeed, even stronger than its effect on democratic stability. They also show that, in more recent decades, some countries that developed but remained dictatorships would, because of their development, be expected to democratize in as few as three years after achieving a per capita income of $12,000 per capita.

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Ashford, Robert, and Demetri Kantarelis. "Capital democratization." Journal of Socio-Economics 37, no. 4 (August 2008): 1624–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2007.08.004.

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Bunce, V. "DEMOCRATIZATION ANDECONOMICREFORM." Annual Review of Political Science 4, no. 1 (June 2001): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.43.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Democratization"

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Sayle, Wazhma. "Afghanistan Strides Towards Democratization : Democratization." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80839.

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Kim, Eunbee, and Eunbee Kim. "Road To Democratization." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626336.

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Why do some (non)violent civil resistances in nondemocracies achieve democracy while others do not? In order to answer this question, this project examined factors that result in different outcomes and the mechanisms critical to democratization. In particular, I paid close attention to whether autocracies failing after successful (non)violent civil resistance adopted transitional justice (TJ) mechanisms such as trials, truth commissions, and amnesty, and how civil society worked in each course of democratization. I explored the conditions of democratic consolidation (e.g., economic development, democratic neighbors, and political institution) and among them, focused on the civil culture that led citizens to participate positively and actively in politics with belief and trust. I found that in the course of democratization, implementing TJ policies is necessary in order to build inter-group trust and encourage citizens to participate critically in political reform. Because TJ mechanisms are designed to make past wrongdoers accountable and reconcile conflicting sides, these approaches can strengthen civic culture and promote reconciliation by restoring the rule of law and rebuilding victims’ dignity. In addition, I argued that a robust civil society (CS) plays a vital role in sustaining democracy, not only by encouraging TJ adoption, but also by playing roles such as supporter, mobilizer, enforcer, monitor, and so on. In this context, I suggested that (non)violent civil resistance can contribute to building a robust CS. Particularly, nonviolent and large resistance with diverse participants can increase the capacity, legitimacy, and representativeness of a CS so that it can play its role(s) properly. Statistical analysis with large-n data supported these arguments. Despite the controversy in the literature, adoption of TJ policies turned out to be a positively significant factor for achieving democratic consolidation; and, the robustness of CS, which can be developed through (non)violent civil resistance, was significant as well, particularly at the early phase of the democratization process. The application to the 2011 Arab Uprising cases (Tunisia and Egypt) that focused on TJ adoption and the role of CS revealed consistent conclusions as well. Although there are several limitations to this study, I attempted to reveal the importance of the linkages among steps to democratization and increase understanding of the “process” rather than simply the “cause” or “result.” In addition, the findings can be implemented in policies for proliferating democracy by supporting/encouraging democratization from the ground up (i.e., below), CS growth, and TJ adoption after transition.

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Eve, Erin Elizabeth. "Democratization in Zimbabwe." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/501170902/viewonline.

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Paun, Christopher. "Democratization and police reform." Bachelor's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1948/.

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This paper compares police reforms during democratization in Poland, Hungary, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. It analyses the changes to the structure of the democratic control of the police in each reform, paying special attention to the decentralization versus centralization aspect of it. The research question of this paper is: Why are some states decentralizing the democratic control of the police, while others are centralizing it, both with the aim of democratization? The theoretical background of this study are theories about policy diffusion and policy transfer. Therefore this study can be categorized as part of two different research areas. On the one hand, it is a paper from the discipline of International Relations. On the other hand, it is a paper from the discipline of Comparative Politics. The combined attention to international and national factors influencing police reform is reflected by the structure of this paper. Chapter 3 examines police structures and police reforms in established democracies as possible role models for new democracies. Chapter 4 looks at international and transnational actors that actively try to influence police reform. After having examined these external factors, three cases of police reform in new democracies are examined in chapter 5.

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Kuzu, Ayse Mine. "Elite Led Democratization In Georgia." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609170/index.pdf.

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The process of democratization in the successor states of the former Soviet Union has been widely studied by political scientists, sociologist and experts in area studies. Academic literature mainly focuses on the factors which would facilitate and/or hinder the process of democratization in the post-Soviet era. These include economic development, political culture, the nature of previous regime type, structural factors and the role of elite. This thesis analyzes the process of democratization in Georgia while focusing on the elite choices and initiatives. It mainly focuses on democratic achievements as well as the failures in democratization under the rule of three post-Soviet presidents of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Eduard Shevardnadze and Mikheil Saakashvili. While doing so, it compares and contrasts the practices, priorities and policies of three leaders and evaluates on the impact of different leadership patterns on the process of democratization. This thesis argues that democratization in post-Soviet countries in general and in Georgia in particular is mainly an elite-led process. The success and failure of this process depends on the elite choices and initiatives and the power relations between and within the elite groups.

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Furlan, Benjamin, Martin Gächter, Bob Krebs, and Harald Oberhofer. "Democratization and real exchange rates." Wiley, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12088.

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In this article, we combine two so far separate strands of the economic literature and argue that democratization leads to a real exchange rate appreciation. We test this hypothesis empirically for a sample of countries observed from 1980 to 2007 by combining a difference-in-difference approach with propensity score matching estimators. Our empirical results reveal a strong and significant finding: democratization causes real exchange rates to appreciate. Consequently, the ongoing process of democratization observed in many parts of the world is likely to reduce exchange rate distortions.

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Liang, Ziting. "Incremental democratization with Chinese characteristics." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3247/.

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This thesis is centrally concerned with the ‘democratic debate’ and assessing the prospects for democratic transition in contemporary China. The first part of the thesis (including Chapters 1 and 2) reviews the (primarily) Western academic literature on democracy and democratisation. It is argued that while this literature is useful-up to a point-in understanding how the debate of democratisation is unfolding in China, and the processes that are generating political reforms and other changes that are conducive to democracy, it has wholly neglected the specificity of the Chinese case. The third chapter of the thesis duly embarks on a discussion of both the history of debate and discussion in China historically, arguing that this debate and discussion has to be understood in the context of Chinese history and culture specifically. This chapter identifies two strands of thought about democracy among academic commentators in China: first those who foresee a swift transition to democracy and the ‘gradualists’, who are primarily concerned with how problems of attendant social and political instability will impact on the prospects for democratisation. The second half of the thesis assesses the impact of Chinese economic reforms since the late 1970s, along with contemporary globalization and China’s growing integration into the global economy on the trajectory of political change in China. It explores important political changes within the regime, the emerging civil society forces, focusing specifically on changing state-society relations evidenced in growing village autonomy, changes in press media, and in other areas. The thesis combines the technique of discourse analysis (‘reading’ and analysing the changing discourse among state and civil society actors, including official political documents and speeches; and media -television and newspapers- and NGO sources) with an assessment of institutional changes within the party (elite), changes in power structures (the limited diffusion of power to civil society through electoral reform and changes in media operation and control), and changing state-society relations.

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Chen, Xuezheng. "Kleptocracy, democratization and international interventions." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57424/.

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This thesis consists of three self-contained chapters. The first chapter is titled ‘A Theory of Divide-and-Rule: Kleptocracy and Its Breakdown’. The second chapter is tilted ‘Kleptocracy and the Benevolent Opposition Organizations’. The last chapter is titled ‘Democratization, Revolution and International Interventions’. In the first chapter, I develop a theory of divide-and-rule, explaining how kleptocracies can be sustained in equilibrium by implementing a strategy of divide-and-rule. This chapter shows how this strategy is successfully implemented by a kleptocratic ruler, who is able to play one group of citizens against another. I explore the extent to which this is robust to a society with any number of citizen groups. When there are large numbers of citizen groups, a small number of them may benefit from the discriminatory redistribution policies implemented by the kleptocrat, while the vast majority will become the victims of the kleptocracy. Consequently, sharp economic and political inequality between the citizen groups may arise because of the discriminatory policies resulting from the divide-and-rule strategy. Furthermore, this chapter examines two cases in which this strategy may fail and the kleptocracy will break down. Several results are obtained in this chapter, and they are applied to some real world cases. In the second chapter, I introduce a theoretical framework, based on the model developed in the first chapter, examining how the benevolent opposition organizations, such as trade unions and religious organizations, may constrain the strategy of divide-and-rule. This chapter shows that by punishing those citizen groups supporting the kleptocratic rulers, they may help strengthen the cooperation between them, thus improving the welfare of the civilians and even removing the kleptocratic ruler. However, compared to punishing the citizen group supporting the ruler, the benevolent opposition organizations could more effectively constrain the kleptocracy through rewarding the citizen group who challenges the ruler or supports another citizen group in challenging the ruler. In the last chapter, I develop a model for military interventions and economic sanctions respectively, examining their impacts on the process of democratization. In a dictatorial society or a weakly institutionalized society, the ruler and the opposition vie for social surplus, while the international community decide whether or not to carry out military interventions, or to impose economic sanctions in this society. The theoretical frameworks developed in this chapter formalize the interaction between the international community, the opposition and the ruler. This chapter shows that both military interventions and economic sanctions may help promote the democratization process in a state, while they may also induce the opposition to resort to a revolution to overthrow the regime, thus increasing the likelihood of a civil war and raising the uncertainty in the democratization process. Several analytical results in this chapter may shed light on the questions about the efficacy and impacts of international interventions on the democratization process in a state. Furthermore, this chapter introduces the military interventions in 2011 Libya and the economic sanctions against Burma as case studies.

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Ho, Chi-keung Albert. "A comparative study of democratization in Hong Kong and Macau." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42575722.

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Karadag, Yelda. "Political Parties And Democratization In Georgia." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614006/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT THE POLITICAL PARTIES IN GEORGIAN DEMOCRATIZATION Karadag, Yelda M.S., Department of Eurasian Studies Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayç
a Ergun Ö
zbolat December 2011,181 Pages This thesis analyzes the development of the multi-party system and the role of political parties in the process of democratization in Georgia during both pre-independence and post-independence periods. The conditions shaping both the multi-party system and democratization are analyzed in the light of findings obtained through in-depth interviews with the representatives of political parties, civil society organizations and academicians in Georgia. In accordance with the post-Soviet political system, the nature of the relationship between the ruling party and the opposition is crucial. The diversification among the elite groups and the lack of pact formation among the political elite is the main reason which hinders the process of democratization. Hence, despite the Georgian political party system has numerous political parties
it is shaped in accordance with the dominant political party system.

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Books on the topic "Democratization"

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Grugel, Jean. Democratization. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446286227.

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Grugel, Jean, and Matthew Louis Bishop. Democratization. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-37487-5.

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1948-, Potter David, ed. Democratization. Cambridge [UK]: Polity Press in association with the Open University, 1997.

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1952-, Haerpfer Christian W., ed. Democratization. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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J, Burnell Peter, and Ware Alan, eds. Funding democratization. Manchester: New York, 1998.

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J, Burnell Peter, and Ware Allan, eds. Funding democratization. New Brunswick, N. J: Transaction Publishers, 2007.

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1935-, Kim Samuel S., ed. Korea's democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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Blind, Peride K. Policy-Driven Democratization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137294784.

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Maasen, Sabine, and Peter Weingart, eds. Democratization of Expertise? Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3754-6.

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Jung, Dietrich, ed. Democratization and Development. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403983435.

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Book chapters on the topic "Democratization"

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Tilly, Charles. "Democratization and De-democratization." In Collective Violence, Contentious Politics, and Social Change, 183–207. New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315205021-12.

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Wong, Mathew Y. H. "Democratization." In Comparative Hong Kong Politics, 105–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3096-3_6.

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Güç, Kürşat. "Democratization." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_189-1.

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Yun-Shik, Chang. "Democratization." In The Personalist Ethic and the Rise of Urban Korea, 162–208. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge advances in Korean studies ; 37: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315104676-6.

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Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. "Democratization." In The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, 454–65. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444355093.ch40.

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Aspinall, Edward. "Democratization." In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia, 83–94. New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315628837-6.

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GÜÇ, Kürşad. "Democratization." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 282–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74319-6_189.

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Grugel, Jean, and Matthew Louis Bishop. "Introduction." In Democratization, 1–19. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-37487-5_1.

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Grugel, Jean, and Matthew Louis Bishop. "Democratization in Africa." In Democratization, 252–78. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-37487-5_10.

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Grugel, Jean, and Matthew Louis Bishop. "Democratization in the Middle East." In Democratization, 279–307. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-37487-5_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Democratization"

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Long Yu, Wen. "Democratization of China." In 3rd International Academic Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/3rd.iachss.2019.08.473.

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Lal, Tanaya. "Democratization of Design." In DRS Pluriversal Design SIG Conference 2020. Design Research Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21606/pluriversal.2020.102.

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Dean, Timothy, Nghia Nguyen, Anton Kepic, Brenton Armitage, and Huw Rossiter. "The democratization of seismic acquisition." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2017. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2017-17634981.1.

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Trimble, Jay, Tom Dayton, and Alan Crocker. "The democratization of mission control." In CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2468777.

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M.Th, Anita. "Equality and Democratization in Education." In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Christian and Inter Religious Studies, ICCIRS 2019, December 11-14 2019, Manado, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.11-12-2019.2302142.

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Wahyuni, Ruslina, Ismi Nurhaeni, and Rutiana Wahyunengseh. "21. Democratization in Public Services." In 5th International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (IcoSaPS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icosaps-18.2018.21.

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Patel, Jayesh. "The Democratization of Machine Learning Features." In 2020 IEEE 21st International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration for Data Science (IRI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iri49571.2020.00027.

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Cattaruzza, Amaël, Didier Danet, Stéphane Taillat, and Arthur Laudrain. "Sovereignty in cyberspace: Balkanization or democratization." In 2016 International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon U.S.). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cyconus.2016.7836628.

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Nakazato, Hidenori, Mingyu Ma, and Jichen Xu. "Networking for Democratization of Data Ownership." In 2023 21st Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet58619.2023.10168855.

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Ultan, Mehlika Ozlem. "Democratization Phases of the European Union." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2018.389.

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Reports on the topic "Democratization"

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Gorodnichenko, Yuriy, and Gerard Roland. Culture, Institutions and Democratization. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21117.

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Backman, Stephen M. The Democratization of Eastern Europe. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada230119.

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Assunção, Juliano, Efraim Benmelech, and Fernando S. Silva. Repossession and the Democratization of Credit. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17858.

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Foster, Andrew, and Mark Rosenzweig. Democratization, Elite Capture and Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29797.

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Nalbanddov, Robert. Democratization and Instability in Ukraine, Georgia, and Belarus. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada603628.

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Tate, Gregory S. Democratization and Islamization in Egypt: Counterbalancing Forces for Autocracy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397241.

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Burton, Jefferson S. Democratization of the Arab Middle East: Possibility or Pipedream? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada449743.

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Acemoglu, Daron, David Laibson, and John List. Equalizing Superstars: The Internet and the Democratization of Education. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19851.

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Johnson, Anthony J. Is Democratization a Sound Strategy for Combating Fundamentalist Islam. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada478433.

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Vuletin, Guillermo, Julia Ruiz Pozuelo, and Amy Slipowitz. Democracy Does Not Cause Growth: The Importance of Endogeneity Arguments. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011750.

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Abstract:

This article challenges recent findings that democracy has sizable effects on economic growth. As extensive political science research indicates that economic turmoil is responsible for causing or facilitating many democratic transitions, the paper focuses on this endogeneity concern. Using a worldwide survey of 165 country-specific democracy experts conducted for this study, the paper separates democratic transitions into those occurring for reasons related to economic turmoil, here called endogenous, and those grounded in reasons more exogenous to economic growth. The behavior of economic growth following these more exogenous democratizations strongly indicates that democracy does not cause growth. Consequently, the common positive association between democracy and economic growth is driven by endogenous democratization episodes (i. e. , due to faulty identification).

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