Journal articles on the topic 'Demerara – History'

Reconstructs the business activities of the Scottish-born Liverpool merchant and plantation owner John Gladstone, placed within the context of slavery and the abolition of slavery, and the general colonial history of British Guiana, particularly in the Demerara colony. Author describes how Gladstone acquired several plantations with slaves in Demerara, and how he responded to the increasing criticism of slavery, and the bad conditions of slaves in these Demerara plantations. He describes how Gladstone was an absentee owner in Jamaica and Guyana, where he never set foot, and depended on information by his plantation attorneys or managers, who generally painted too positive a picture of the slaves' conditions, which in reality were characterized by high mortality rates, disease, and abuse of slaves. Also discusses the Demerara slave revolt of 1823 affecting some of Gladstone's plantations.

AbstractSir John Gladstone made a fortune as a Demerara sugar-planter and a key supporter of the British policy of amelioration in which slavery would be “improved” by making it more “humane.” Unlike resident planters in the British West Indies, who were firmly opposed to any alteration to the conditions of enslavement, and unlike abolitionists, who saw amelioration as a step toward abolition, Gladstone was a rare but influential metropolitan-based planter with an expansive imperial vision, prepared to work with British politicians to guarantee his investments in slavery through progressive slave reforms. This article intersects with recent historiography highlighting connections between metropole and colony but also insists on the influence of Demerara, including the effects of a large slave rebellion centered on Gladstone's estates (which illustrated that enslaved people were not happy with Gladstone's supposedly enlightened attitudes) on metropolitan sensibilities in the 1820s. Gladstone's strategies for an improved slavery, despite the contradictions inherent in championing such a policy while maintaining a fierce drive for profits, were a powerful counter to a renewed abolitionist thrust against slavery in the mid to late 1820s. Gladstone showed that that the logic of gradual emancipation still had force in imperial thinking in this decade.

Segmentation of the Guyanas continental margin of South America is inherited from the dual-phase Mesozoic rifting history controlling the first-order post-rift sedimentary architecture. The margin is divided into two segments by a transform marginal plateau (TMP), the Demerara Rise, into the Central and Equatorial Atlantic domains. This paper investigates the heterogeneities in the post-rift sedimentary systems at a mega-regional scale (>1000 km). Re-sampling seven key exploration wells and scientific boreholes provides new data (189 analysed samples) that have been used to build a high-resolution stratigraphic framework using multiple biostratigraphic techniques integrated with organic geochemistry to refine the timing of 10 key stratigraphic surfaces and three megasequences. The results have been used to calibrate the interpretation of a margin-scale two-dimensional seismic reflection dataset, and to build megasequence isochore maps, structural restorations and gross depositional environment maps at key time intervals of the margin evolution.Our findings revise the dating of the basal succession drilled by the A2-1 well, indicating that the oldest post-rift sequence penetrated along the margin is late Tithonian age (previously Callovian). Early Central Atlantic carbonate platform sediments passively infilled subcircular-shaped basement topography controlled by the underlying basement structure of thinned continental crust. Barremian–Aptian rifting in the Equatorial Atlantic, caused folding and thrusting of the Demerara Rise, resulting in major uplift, gravitational margin collapse, transpressional structures and peneplanation of up to 1 km of sediment capped by the regional angular Base Albian Unconformity. Equatorial Atlantic rifting led to margin segmentation and the formation of the TMP, where two major unconformities developed during the intra Late Albian and base Cenomanian. These two unconformities are time synchronous with oceanic crust accretion offshore French Guiana and in the Demerara–Guinea transform, respectively. A marine connection between the Central and Equatorial Atlantic is demonstrated by middle Late Albian times, coinciding with deposition of the organic-rich source rock of the Canje Formation (average total organic carbon 4.21%). The succession is variably truncated by the Middle Campanian Unconformity. Refining the stratigraphic framework within the context of the structural evolution and segmentation of the Guyanas margin impacts the understanding of key petroleum system elements.Supplementary material: Photographs of sandstone petrography thin sections (Fig. S1); calcareous nannofossil plates (Fig. S2); palynology reports for A2-1 and FG2-1 (Fig. S3); taxonomy description of new species; sample table and organic geochemistry results (Table S1); and nannofossil distribution charts (Table S2) are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5280490

This article examines the office of the Fiscal in Berbice (later British Guiana) between 1819 and 1834—a period encompassing amelioration and emancipation. It looks in particular at the lives and concerns of enslaved women as revealed in an extraordinary set of slave testimonies collected as part of the Fiscal’s duties. It outlines the peculiar nature of the Office of the Fiscal and how it allowed enslaved women a voice to complain about aspects of their treatment under slavery in a particularly harsh slave regime. It connects this office also to a developing ideology of “protection” to be extended to non-whites in the British Empire in the second and third decades of the nineteenth century. Using the concept of “moral economy” as developed many years ago by E.P. Thompson to analyse early nineteenth-century British working class culture and as extended by Emilia Viotta Da Costa to Demerara and Berbice, it suggests that enslaved women had clear expectations of what could be rightfully expected of them and what were unjust demands within a slave system designed to keep enslaved women in their place.

-Bridget Brereton, Emilia Viotti Da Costa, Crowns of glory, tears of blood: The Demerara slave rebellion of 1823. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. xix + 378 pp.-Grant D. Jones, Assad Shoman, 13 Chapters of a history of Belize. Belize city: Angelus, 1994. xviii + 344 pp.-Donald Wood, K.O. Laurence, Tobago in wartime 1793-1815. Kingston: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1995. viii + 280 pp.-Trevor Burnard, Howard A. Fergus, Montserrat: History of a Caribbean colony. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1994. x + 294 pp.-John L. Offner, Joseph Smith, The Spanish-American War: Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific, 1895-1902. London: Longman, 1994. ix + 262 pp.-Louis Allaire, John M. Weeks ,Ancient Caribbean. New York: Garland, 1994. lxxi + 325 pp., Peter J. Ferbel (eds)-Aaron Segal, Hilbourne A. Watson, The Caribbean in the global political economy. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994. ix + 261 pp.-Aaron Segal, Anthony P. Maingot, The United States and the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1994. xi + 260 pp.-Bill Maurer, Helen I. Safa, The myth of the male breadwinner: Women and industrialization in the Caribbean. Boulder CO: Westview, 1995. xvi + 208 pp.-Peter Meel, Edward M. Dew, The trouble in Suriname, 1975-1993. Westport CT: Praeger, 1994. xv + 243 pp.-Henry Wells, Jorge Heine, The last Cacique: Leadership and politics in a Puerto Rican city. Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ix + 310 pp.-Susan Eckstein, Jorge F. Pérez-López, Cuba at a crossroads: Politics and economics after the fourth party congress. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994. xviii + 282 pp.-David A.B. Murray, Marvin Leiner, Sexual politics in Cuba: Machismo, homosexuality, and AIDS. Boulder CO: Westview, 1994. xv + 184 pp.-Kevin A. Yelvington, Selwyn Ryan ,Sharks and sardines: Blacks in business in Trinidad and Tobago. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Institute of social and economic studies, University of the West Indies, 1992. xiv + 217 pp., Lou Anne Barclay (eds)-Catherine Levesque, Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch world: The evolution of racial imagery in a modern society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. xix + 327 pp.-Dennis J. Gayle, Frank Fonda Taylor, 'To hell with paradise': A history of the Jamaican tourist industry. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ix + 239 pp.-John P. Homiak, Frank Jan van Dijk, Jahmaica: Rastafari and Jamaican society, 1930-1990. Utrecht: ISOR, 1993. 483 pp.-Peter Mason, Arthur MacGregor, Sir Hans Sloane: Collector, scientist, antiquary, founding Father of the British Museum. London: British Museum Press, 1994.-Philip Morgan, James Walvin, The life and times of Henry Clarke of Jamaica, 1828-1907. London: Frank Cass, 1994. xvi + 155 pp.-Werner Zips, E. Kofi Agorsah, Maroon heritage: Archaeological, ethnographic and historical perspectives. Kingston: Canoe Press, 1994. xx + 210 pp.-Michael Hoenisch, Werner Zips, Schwarze Rebellen: Afrikanisch-karibischer Freiheitskampf in Jamaica. Vienna Promedia, 1993. 301 pp.-Elizabeth McAlister, Paul Farmer, The uses of Haiti. Monroe ME: Common Courage Press, 1994. 432 pp.-Robert Lawless, James Ridgeway, The Haiti files: Decoding the crisis. Washington DC: Essential Books, 1994. 243 pp.-Bernadette Cailler, Michael Dash, Edouard Glissant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xii + 202 pp.-Peter Hulme, Veronica Marie Gregg, Jean Rhys's historical imagination: Reading and writing the Creole. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. xi + 228 pp.-Silvia Kouwenberg, Francis Byrne ,Focus and grammatical relations in Creole languages. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1993. xvi + 329 pp., Donald Winford (eds)-John H. McWhorter, Ingo Plag, Sentential complementation in Sranan: On the formation of an English-based Creole language. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1993. ix + 174 pp.-Percy C. Hintzen, Madan M. Gopal, Politics, race, and youth in Guyana. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992. xvi + 289 pp.-W.C.J. Koot, Hans van Hulst ,Pan i rèspèt: Criminaliteit van geïmmigreerde Curacaose jongeren. Utrecht: OKU. 1994. 226 pp., Jeanette Bos (eds)-Han Jordaan, Cornelis Ch. Goslinga, Een zweem van weemoed: Verhalen uit de Antilliaanse slaventijd. Curacao: Caribbean Publishing, 1993. 175 pp.-Han Jordaan, Ingvar Kristensen, Plantage Savonet: Verleden en toekomst. Curacao: STINAPA, 1993, 73 pp.-Gerrit Noort, Hesdie Stuart Zamuel, Johannes King: Profeet en apostel in het Surinaamse bosland. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 1994. vi + 241 pp.

El artículo busca dar cuenta de las respuestas agustinianas al sentido de la existencia y la salvación desde la perspectiva moral del hiponense. La filosofía, ya desde la Antigüedad remota, pero sobre todo desde la tardía, se propone explícitamente el problema de la existencia, es decir, busca dirimir cuál es el asidero del ser humano. Por ello, en primer lugar, el artículo estudia el papel de la filosofía (y la razón) en la búsqueda del sentido de la existencia; en un segundo momento, y visualizando que la filosofía apunta hacia la trascendencia (a la unidad, en términos neoplatónicos), el trabajo busca dar cuenta de la vía moral que requiere el hombre para alcanzar la salvación, esto es, desde una perspectiva filosófica que no demerita la posición teológica, la cual no es asumida explícitamente en este documento. La respuesta de san Agustín, que se ha vuelto clásica, merece ser recuperada y retomada, aun cuando su debate se dé en el marco del neoplatonismo de su época. Sus ecos, empero, siguen teniendo resonancia.

AbstractTransform marginal plateaus (TMPs) are large and flat structures commonly found in deep oceanic domains, but their origin and relationship to adjacent oceanic lithosphere remain poorly understood. This paper focuses on two conjugate TMPs, the Demerara Plateau off Suriname and French Guiana and the Guinea Plateau, located at the junction of the Jurassic Central Atlantic and the Cretaceous Equatorial Atlantic oceans. The study helps to understand (1) the tectonic history of both Demerara and Guinea plateaus and (2) the relationship between the Demerara Plateau and the adjacent oceanic domains, and finally, (3) throws light on the formation of TMPs. We analyse two existing wide-angle seismic-derived velocity models from the MARGATS seismic experiment (Demerara Plateau), and adjacent composite industrial seismic lines covering the Demerara and Guinea plateaus. The Demerara Plateau displays a 30 km thick crust, subdivided into three layers, including a high-velocity lower crust. The velocities and velocity gradients do not fit the values of typical continental crust but instead correspond to volcanic margin- or large igneous province-type crusts. We propose that the, possibly continental, lower crust is intruded by magmatic material and that the upper crustal layer is made from extrusive volcanic rocks of the same magmatic origin, forming thick seaward (westward)-dipping reflectors (SDRs) sequences. This SDR complex extends to the Guinea Plateau as well and was emplaced during hotspot (Sierra Leone)-related volcanic rifting preceding the Jurassic opening of the Central Atlantic and forming the western margin of the plateau. North–south composite lines linking the Demerara and Guinea plateaus reveal the spatial extent of the SDR complex but also a pre-existing basement ridge separating the two plateaus. The entire Demerara–Guinea margin would therefore be an inherited Jurassic volcanic margin bordering the Central Atlantic Ocean to the east, with a possible conjugate being the Bahamas Plateau on the other side of the ocean. This margin was then reworked during a non-coaxial Cretaceous second phase of rifting potentially accompanied by a magmatic event. Opening of the northern margin occurred in a transform mode splitting the Jurassic volcanic margin into two parts (the Guinea and Demerara TMPs), conceivably along a pre-existing basement ridge. Rifting of the eastern part of the Demerara Plateau occurred surprisingly along the eastern limit of the Jurassic SDR complex, forming the present-day eastern divergent margin of the Demerara Plateau. After that stage, the Demerara and Guinea plateaus are individualized on each side of the Equatorial Atlantic. This study also highlights the major contribution of thermal anomalies related to hotspots and superposed tectonic phases in the case of other TMPs that share numerous characteristics with the Demerara Plateau.

Este artigo discute as razões para que os estudos históricos sobre a bacia do Rio Branco (correspondente ao atual estado brasileiro de Roraima) levem em conta as suas relações com o espaço mais amplo das Guianas. Embora as fontes coloniais luso-brasileiras raramente denominem a fronteira setentrional como ”Guiana Portuguesa”, o topônimo desde muito cedo foi usado por estrangeiros e pela cartografia internacional para referir-se á região, sempre que ela era objeto de confrontação com as áreas controladas pelas demais potências coloniais (Espanha, França, Holanda e, mais tarde, a Inglaterra). Os europeus inteiraram-se das redes relacionais interétnicas do espaço das Guianas, interferindo no quadro de alianças e rivalidades locais. A história colonial do vale do Rio Branco se define pela disputa geopolá­tica e estratégica de Portugal com os competidores europeus nesse espaço. Os sucessivos tratados entre as metrópoles e, posteriormente, os Estados Nacionais foram modificando as configurações e relações sociais e étnicas na região. O Congresso de Viena (1815), contemporá¢neo das guerras de Independência na América Latina, encerrou um ciclo de conflito global entre França e Inglaterra e ratificou a nova correlação de forças entre as potências coloniais na ilha das Guianas, mas não encerrou os litá­gios territoriais. Além de impor a devolução de Caiena á França (e intervir na questão de fronteiras com a América Portuguesa), sancionou uma mudança indelével na região: a transferência das antigas colônias holandesas de Demerara, Essequibo e Berbice, para a soberania britá¢nica.Palavras-chave: Brasil colonial. Brasil - Tratados Internacionais. Amazônia colonial. Guianas - História. RORAIMA AS PART OF THE GUYANAS: Rio Branco Valley and the ”Guyana Island”Abstract: This paper discusses why historical studies on the basin of the Branco river (corresponding to the current Brazilian state of Roraima) should take in account its relations with the wider space of the Guyana. Although the Luso-Brazilian colonial sources rarely denominate the northern border as "Portuguese Guyana ", this toponym was used since an early age by foreigners and by international cartography to refer to the area where it was opposed to zones controlled by other colonial powers (Spain, France, Holland and later England). Europeans were aware of interethnic relational networks of the Guyana space, interfering in the framework of alliances and local rivalries. The colonial history of the Branco river Valley is defined by geopolitical and strategic disputes between Portugal and the European competitors in that space. Successive treaties between the colonial powers and subsequently the National States gradually modifyed the social and ethnic relations and settings in the region. The Congress of Vienna (1815), contemporary of independence wars in Latin America, ended a cycle of worldwide conflict between France and England and ratified the new correlation of forces between the colonial powers on the island of Guyana, but did not end the territorial disputes. In addition to imposing the return of Cayenne to France (and intervene on the issue of borders with Portuguese America), signed an indelible change in the region: the transfer of the former Dutch colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice to British sovereignty.Keywords: Colonial Brazil. Brazil - International Treaties. Colonial Amazon; Guianas - History. RORAIMA COMO UMA DE LAS GUYANAS: la cuenca del Rio Branco y la ”Isla de Guayana”Resumen: Este artá­culo analiza por que los estudios históricos de la cuenca del Rá­o Branco (correspondiente al actual estado brasileño de Roraima) deben tener en cuenta sus relaciones con el espacio más amplio de las Guayanas. Aunque las fuentes coloniales luso-brasileñas raramente denominan la frontera norte como "Guiana Portuguesa", el topónimo desde muy temprano fue empleado por los extranjeros y por la cartografá­a internacional, en relación con las zonas guayanesas controladas por otras potencias coloniales (España, Francia, Holanda y más tarde Inglaterra). Los europeos se interaron de las redes relacionales interétnicas del espacio de las Guayanas y se introdujeron en el marco de alianzas y rivalidades locales. La historia colonial del Valle del rá­o Branco se define por disputa geopolá­tica y estratégica entre Portugal y los competidores europeos en ese espacio. Tratados sucesivos entre las metrópolis y posteriormente los Estados Nacionales fueron modificando la configuración y las relaciones sociales y étnicas en la región. El Congreso de Viena (1815), contemporáneo de las guerras de independencia en América Latina, terminó un ciclo de conflictos globales entre Francia e Inglaterra y ratificó la nueva correlación de fuerzas entre las potencias coloniales de la isla de Guyana, pero no puso fá­n a las disputas territoriales. Además de imponer el regreso de Cayenne a Francia (e intervenir en la cuestión de las fronteras con la América portuguesa), firmaron un cambio indeleble en la región: la transferencia de las antiguas colonias holandesas de Demerara, Esequibo y Berbice a la soberaná­a británica.Palabras clave: Brasil colonial. Brasil - Tratados Internacionales. Amazon colonial. Guayana - Historia.