Journal articles: 'Dementia risk'

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Johnson, Rebecca A., and Jason Karlawish. "A review of ethical issues in dementia." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 10 (June 10, 2015): 1635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215000848.

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ABSTRACTDementia raises many ethical issues. The present review, taking note of the fact that the stages of dementia raise distinct ethical issues, focuses on three issues associated with stages of dementia's progression: (1) how the emergence of preclinical and asymptomatic but at-risk categories for dementia creates complex questions about preventive measures, risk disclosure, and protection from stigma and discrimination; (2) how despite efforts at dementia prevention, important research continues to investigate ways to alleviate clinical dementia's symptoms, and requires additional human subjects protections to ethically enroll persons with dementia; and (3) how in spite of research and prevention efforts, persons continue to need to live with dementia. This review highlights two major themes. First is how expanding the boundaries of dementias such as Alzheimer's to include asymptomatic but at-risk persons generate new ethical questions. One promising way to address these questions is to take an integrated approach to dementia ethics, which can include incorporating ethics-related data collection into the design of a dementia research study itself. Second is the interdisciplinary nature of ethical questions related to dementia, from health policy questions about insurance coverage for long-term care to political questions about voting, driving, and other civic rights and privileges to economic questions about balancing an employer's right to a safe and productive workforce with an employee's rights to avoid discrimination on the basis of their dementia risk. The review highlights these themes and emerging ethical issues in dementia.

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Cipriani, Gabriele, Sabrina Danti, Lucia Picchi, Angelo Nuti, and Mario Di Fiorino. "Daily functioning and dementia." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 14, no. 2 (June 2020): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-020001.

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Abstract. Dementia is characterized by a decline in memory, language, problem-solving and in other cognitive domains that affect a person’s ability to perform everyday activities and social functioning. It is consistently agreed that cognitive impairment is an important risk factor for developing functional disabilities in patients with dementia. Functional status can be conceptualized as the ability to perform self-care, self- maintenance and physical activity. A person with dementia usually requires help with more complex tasks, such as managing bills and finances, or simply maintaining a household. Good functional performance is fundamental for elderly people to maintain independency and avoid institutionalization. The purpose of this review is to describe functional changes in demented patients, evaluating the variability in subgroups of dementias.

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Alty, Jane, Maree Farrow, and Katherine Lawler. "Exercise and dementia prevention." Practical Neurology 20, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2019-002335.

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Ageing, genetic, medical and lifestyle factors contribute to the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Around a third of dementia cases are attributable to modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, smoking and hypertension. With the rising prevalence and lack of neuroprotective drugs, there is renewed focus on dementia prevention strategies across the lifespan. Neurologists encounter many people with risk factors for dementia and are frequently asked whether lifestyle changes may help. Exercise has emerged as a key intervention for influencing cognition positively, including reducing the risk of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. This article focuses on the current evidence for physical inactivity as a modifiable dementia risk factor and aims to support neurologists when discussing risk reduction.

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Copeland, J. R. M., Cherie McCracken, M. E. Dewey, K. C. M. Wilson, Mark Doran, Chris Gilmore, Anne Scott, and Bernie Larkin. "Undifferentiated dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: Age- and gender-related incidence in Liverpool." British Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 5 (November 1999): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.5.433.

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BackgroundDoes incidence of dementia follow the age pattern of prevalence? Is gender a risk factor? Do patterns of incidence differ between dementias?AimsTo assess age-specific incidence rates of undifferentiated dementias, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.Method5222 individuals aged $65 years, were interviewed using the Geriatric Mental State/History and Aetiology Schedule. The AGECAT package was used to identify cases at three interviewing waves at two-year intervals. Diagnoses were made using ICD −10 Research Criteria and validated against neurological and psychological examination, with imaging and neuropathology on unselected subsamples.ResultsIncidence rates of the dementias increase with age. Age patterns are similar between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Gender appears influential in Alzheimer's disease. In England and Wales, 39 437 new cases of Alzheimer's disease (4.9/1000 person-years at risk); 20 513 of vascular dementia (2.6/1000 person-years) and 155 169 of undifferentiated dementia (19/1000 person-years) can be expected each year.ConclusionsIncidence rates for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia appear to behave differently with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease for women compared to vascular dementia.

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Kim, Seon-Jip, Sang Min Park, Hyun-Jae Cho, and Ji Woon Park. "Primary headaches increase the risk of dementias: An 8-year nationwide cohort study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): e0273220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273220.

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Background Headache, a highly prevalent neurological disorder, has consistently been linked with an elevated risk of dementia. However, most studies are focused on the relationship with migraine in limited age groups. Therefore, the objective of this research was to look at the link between various type of headaches and dementias based on longitudinal population-based data. Methods and results Participants diagnosed with headache from 2002 to 2005 were selected and major covariates were collected. The diagnoses of Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and other dementias were observed from 2006 until 2013. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of dementias according to headache type were calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression. A number of 470,652 participants were observed for a mean of 7.6 years (standard deviation: 1.2), for approximately 3.6 million person-years. Both tension type headache (TTH) and migraine elevated the risk of all-cause dementias (TTH, aHR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13–2.24; migraine, aHR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13–2.24). Headaches had a greater influence in females and non-smokers as a risk factor of dementias. Patients with migraine who consumed alcohol had a higher risk of dementia, however this was not true with TTH patients. Among participants without comorbidities, TTH patients were more susceptible to dementia than migraine patients. Headache patients had a higher proportion of females regardless of headache type and approximately 1.5 times more individuals had three or more comorbidities compared to those without headache. Conclusions Headache could be an independent predictor for subsequent dementia risk. Future studies should focus on clarifying pathogenic pathways and possible dementia-related preventive measures in headache populations.

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Nordestgaard, Liv Tybjærg, Mette Christoffersen, and Ruth Frikke-Schmidt. "Shared Risk Factors between Dementia and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 9777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179777.

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Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, and the prodromal phases of Alzheimer’s disease can last for decades. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia and is distinguished from Alzheimer’s disease by evidence of previous stroke or hemorrhage and current cerebrovascular disease. A compiled group of vascular-related dementias (vascular dementia and unspecified dementia) is often referred to as non-Alzheimer dementia. Recent evidence indicates that preventing dementia by lifestyle interventions early in life with a focus on reducing cardiovascular risk factors is a promising strategy for reducing future risk. Approximately 40% of dementia cases is estimated to be preventable by targeting modifiable, primarily cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this review is to describe the association between risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and non-Alzheimer dementia by providing an overview of the current evidence and to shed light on possible shared pathogenic pathways between dementia and cardiovascular disease. The included risk factors are body mass index (BMI); plasma triglyceride-, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol-, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol-, and total cholesterol concentrations; hypertension; diabetes; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); physical inactivity; smoking; diet; the gut microbiome; and genetics. Furthermore, we aim to disentangle the difference between associations of risk factors in midlife as compared with in late life.

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Mayeda, Elizabeth Rose. "Invited Commentary: Examining Sex/Gender Differences in Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias—Challenges and Future Directions." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 7 (March 2, 2019): 1224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz047.

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Abstract The majority of people living with Alzheimer disease (AD) and related dementias are women. Longer life expectancy is one factor thought to contribute to this observation, but possible sex-specific biological mechanisms have received considerable attention from the research community. In the current issue of the Journal, Buckley et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(7):1213–1223) use death certificate information on all deaths occurring among adults aged ≥60 years in Australia between 2006 and 2014 to evaluate sex/gender differences in rates of death with dementia (all types), AD dementia, and vascular dementia listed on the death certificate. The paper by Buckley et al. highlights several important methodological challenges for research examining sex/gender differences in risk of AD and related dementias, including challenges in measurement, survival bias and competing risks, and selection bias arising from sample selection. The current evidence on possible sex-specific biological risk factors for AD is intriguing, but there are numerous alternative explanations for differences in AD dementia and AD biomarkers between women and men. Triangulation of evidence from study designs with different strengths and weaknesses and transdisciplinary collaboration will be vital to generating conclusive evidence about sex/gender differences in risk of AD and related dementias.

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Rifkind, Patrice. "Dementia Risk Factor." Brain & Life 16, no. 2 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nnn.0000660736.25747.f1.

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Klimova, Blanka, Petra Maresova, and Kamil Kuca. "Combat Military Personnel and Selective Risk Factors for the Development of Dementias - A Review." Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 15, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400515666190114155451.

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: Due to the growth of life expectancies and the increasing number of elderly population all over the world, there is a risk of growth of aging diseases such as dementia. Recent research studies also indicate that there will be a growing number of military veterans who will be affected by dementia, already at the age of 55+ years. In the case of combat military personnel, the most common dementias are Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. These two dementias are very similar because their main symptoms are the same. The purpose of this review is to explore two main risk factors influencing the development of the dementias. These include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Furthermore, the authors of this study focus on the exploration of the treatment of PTSD and TBI in order to delay the development of dementias among combat military personnel. : For the purpose of this study, a method of literature review of available sources exploring these two main risk factors of dementia among combat military personnel was used. Based on the evaluation of these literature sources, possibilities of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to the treatment and care of these people were described.

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Gerritsen, Lotte, Emma L. Twait, Palmi V. Jonsson, Vilmundur Gudnason, Lenore J. Launer, and Mirjam I. Geerlings. "Depression and Dementia: The Role of Cortisol and Vascular Brain Lesions. AGES-Reykjavik Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 85, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 1677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-215241.

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Background: Late-life depression (LLD) is related to an increased risk of developing dementia; however, the biological mechanisms explaining this relationship remain unclear. Objective: To determine whether the relationship between LLD and dementia can be best explained by the glucocorticoid cascade or vascular hypothesis. Methods: Data are from 4,354 persons (mean age 76±5 years) without dementia at baseline from the AGES-Reykjavik Study. LLD was assessed with the MINI diagnostic interview (current and remitted major depressive disorder [MDD]) and the Geriatric Depression Scale-15. Morning and evening salivary cortisol were collected (glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis). White matter hyperintensities (WMH; vascular hypothesis) volume was assessed using 1.5T brain MRI. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated the associations of LLD, cortisol levels, and WMH volume with incident all-cause dementia, AD, and non-AD dementia. Results: During 8.8±3.2 years of follow-up, 843 persons developed dementia, including 397 with AD. Current MDD was associated with an increased risk of developing all-cause dementia (HR = 2.17; 95% CI 1.66–2.67), with risks similar for AD and non-AD, while remitted MDD was not (HR = 1.02; 95% CI 0.55–1.49). Depressive symptoms were also associated with increased risk of dementia, in particular non-AD dementias. Higher levels of evening cortisol increased risk of dementia, but this was independent of MDD. WMH partially explained the relation between current MDD and dementia risk but remained increased (HR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.34–2.08). Conclusion: The current study highlights the importance of LLD in developing dementia. However, neither the glucocorticoid cascade nor the vascular hypotheses fully explained the relation between depression and dementia.

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McCullagh, Catriona D., David Craig, Stephen P. McIlroy, and A. Peter Passmore. "Risk factors for dementia." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 7, no. 1 (January 2001): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.7.1.24.

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There is little doubt that dementia is a very common cause of disability and dependency in our society. Since dementia of whatever type is usually more common with increasing age, then as population demographics change, so will the prevalence of dementia. Dementia is a generic term and the objective for clinicians, once dementia is suspected, is to attempt to define the cause. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, and in most centres vascular dementia would feature as the next most common aetiology. In some centres, Lewy body dementia is the second most common cause. Mixed Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia would also feature high on the list at most centres.

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Albala, Cecilia, Barbara Angel, Lydia Lera, Hugo Sanchez, Carlos Marquez, and Patricio Fuentes. "Low Leptin Availability as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Chilean Older People." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 6, no. 2 (July 16, 2016): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447447.

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Objective: The aim was to study the role of leptin in the development of dementia. Methods: Follow-up of the ALEXANDROS cohorts, with baseline measurements in 2000. From 1,136 available subjects free of dementia at baseline, 667 subjects had frozen baseline blood samples for measuring leptin and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R). The free leptin index (FLI) was calculated as the ratio of leptin to sOB-R. Dementia was defined as an MMSE score <22 and a score >5 in the Pfeffer Activities Questionnaire. Results: After 15 years of follow-up, 42 incident cases of dementia were identified. No difference in serum leptin was observed between people with and without dementia, but sOB-R was higher in demented than in nondemented subjects (sOB-R: 44.94 ± 23.97 vs. 33.73 ± 21.13 ng/ml). The adjusted risk for dementia increased, the higher the log sOB (hazard ratio = 3.58; 95% CI 1.72-7.45, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Lower availability of free leptin was found in demented than in nondemented people, suggesting a role of leptin in cognition.

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Barnes, Deborah E., and Kristine Yaffe. "Predicting dementia: role of dementia risk indices." Future Neurology 4, no. 5 (September 2009): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fnl.09.43.

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Zahodne, Laura. "BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL RISK AND RESILIENCE PATHWAYS IN DEMENTIA INEQUALITIES." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.451.

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Abstract In the United States, racial/ethnic inequalities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias persist even after controlling for socioeconomic factors and physical health. Persistent and unexplained disparities suggest: (1) there are unrecognized dementia risk factors that are socially patterned and/or (2) known dementia risk factors exhibit differential impact across social groups. This talk will present data from multiple longitudinal studies of brain and cognitive aging to support each possibility. On average, marginalized racial/ethnic groups are more likely than non-Latinx Whites to experience structural and interpersonal discrimination, social and economic constraints, as well as barriers to accessing high quality education. However, these same groups also show evidence of greater psychosocial resilience that is linked to better late-life cognitive health. This talk will demonstrate how specific psychosocial factors can contribute to or offset dementia disparities, illustrate major challenges to this work, and introduce new data collection efforts to advance the field.

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Black, S. E., C. Patterson, and J. Feightner. "Preventing Dementia." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 28, S1 (May 2001): S56—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100001219.

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Primary prevention will become increasingly important as dementia prevalence increases and effective retardive therapies are developed. To date, only one randomized controlled trial (involving treatment of systolic hypertension) has demonstrated that the incidence of dementia can be reduced. Physicians should remain alert to possible secondary causes of dementia and correct these whenever possible. Primary and secondary prevention of stroke should reduce dementia related to cerebrovascular disease either directly or as a comorbid factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Epidemiological studies have revealed a number of risk factors for AD including genetic mutation, susceptibility genes, positive family history, Down’s syndrome, age, sex, years of education, head trauma and neurotoxins. In case-control studies non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication and estrogen replacement therapy appear to decrease the relative risk of developing AD. Further research to develop and test preventative therapies in AD and other dementias should be strongly encouraged.

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Blue, Elizabeth E., Joshua C. Bis, Michael O. Dorschner, Debby W. Tsuang, Sandra M. Barral, Gary Beecham, Jennifer E. Below, et al. "Genetic Variation in Genes Underlying Diverse Dementias May Explain a Small Proportion of Cases in the Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 45, no. 1-2 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485503.

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Background/Aims: The Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) aims to identify novel genes influencing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Variants within genes known to cause dementias other than AD have previously been associated with AD risk. We describe evidence of co-segregation and associations between variants in dementia genes and clinically diagnosed AD within the ADSP. Methods: We summarize the properties of known pathogenic variants within dementia genes, describe the co-segregation of variants annotated as “pathogenic” in ClinVar and new candidates observed in ADSP families, and test for associations between rare variants in dementia genes in the ADSP case-control study. The participants were clinically evaluated for AD, and they represent European, Caribbean Hispanic, and isolate Dutch populations. Results/Conclusions: Pathogenic variants in dementia genes were predominantly rare and conserved coding changes. Pathogenic variants within ARSA, CSF1R, and GRN were observed, and candidate variants in GRN and CHMP2B were nominated in ADSP families. An independent case-control study provided evidence of an association between variants in TREM2, APOE, ARSA, CSF1R, PSEN1, and MAPT and risk of AD. Variants in genes which cause dementing disorders may influence the clinical diagnosis of AD in a small proportion of cases within the ADSP.

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Wang, Kung-Jeng, Chia-Min Lee, Gwo-Chi Hu, and Kung-Min Wang. "Stroke to Dementia Associated with Environmental Risks—A Semi-Markov Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061944.

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Background: Most stroke cases lead to serious mental and physical disabilities, such as dementia and sensory impairment. Chronic diseases are contributory risk factors for stroke. However, few studies considered the transition behaviors of stroke to dementia associated with chronic diseases and environmental risks. Objective: This study aims to develop a prognosis model to address the issue of stroke transitioning to dementia associated with environmental risks. Design: This cohort study used the data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Setting: Healthcare data were obtained from more than 25 million enrollees and covered over 99% of Taiwan’s entire population. Participants: In this study, 10,627 stroke patients diagnosed from 2000 to 2010 in Taiwan were surveyed. Methods: A Cox regression model and corresponding semi-Markov process were constructed to evaluate the influence of risk factors on stroke, corresponding dementia, and their transition behaviors. Main Outcome Measure: Relative risk and sojourn time were the main outcome measure. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that certain environmental risks, medication, and rehabilitation factors highly influenced the transition of stroke from a chronic disease to dementia. This study also highlighted the high-risk populations of stroke patients against the environmental risk factors; the males below 65 years old were the most sensitive population. Conclusion: Experiments showed that the proposed semi-Markovian model outperformed other benchmark diagnosis algorithms (i.e., linear regression, decision tree, random forest, and support vector machine), with a high R2 of 90%. The proposed model also facilitated an accurate prognosis on the transition time of stroke from chronic diseases to dementias against environmental risks and rehabilitation factors.

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Wu, Chenkai, and Xurui Jin. "All-cause Dementia Prediction by Machine Learning: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1575.

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Abstract There are several shortcomings of the currently available risk prediction models for dementia. We developed a risk prediction model for dementia using machine-learning approach and compared its performance with traditional approaches. Data were from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, comprising 3,075 older adults (at least 70 years). Dementia was defined as (1) use of a prescribed dementia medication, (2) adjudicated dementia diagnosis, or (3) a race-stratified cognitive decline>1.5 SDs from the baseline mean. We selected 275 predictors collected from questionnaires, imaging data, performance testing, and biospecimen. We used random survival forest (RSF) to build the full model and rank the importance of predictors. Subsequently, we built parsimonious models with top-20 predictors using RSF and Cox regression. A dementia risk score was developed using top-ranked variables. We used the C-statistic for performance evaluation. Over a median of 11.4 years of follow-up, 659 dementias (21.4%) occurred. The RSF model (both including all and top-20 variables) showed a higher C-statistic than the regression model. Digit symbol score, physical performance battery, finger tapping score, weight change since age 50, serum adiponectin, and APOE genotype were the top-6 variables. We created a dementia risk score (0-10) using the top-6 variables. A 1-unit increase in the risk score was associated with an 8% higher risk of dementia. The risk score demonstrated good discrimination (C-statistic=0.75). Machine learning methods offered improvement over traditional approaches in predicting dementia. The risk prediction score derived from a parsimonious model had good prediction performance.

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Verhey, Frans R. J., and Pieter Jelle Visser. "Phenomenology of Depression in Dementia." International Psychogeriatrics 12, S1 (July 2000): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610200006906.

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Dementia and depression are the two most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the elderly. Although dementia has traditionally been viewed as a disorder of cognition, and depression as a disorder of mood, this simple classification has recently been questioned, and the complex interrelationship between depression and dementia is being elucidated (Emery & Oxman, 1992; Raskind, 1998). Patients with depression may show cognitive deficits, simulating dementia (Berrios, 1989), and patients with dementing disorders may show symptoms of depression (Allen & Burns, 1995; Burns, 1991). In addition, depression may precede dementia and represent the very first signs of dementing illness, or may be a risk factor for subsequent dementia.

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Soreya, Belarbi, Tazir Meriem, and Mokrane Samira Makri. "Factors associated with dementia among elderly people living in Algiers." Annals of Alzheimer's and Dementia Care 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/aadc.000020.

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Background: The demographic aging of the Algerian population increases the risk of some age-related pathologies, including dementia. It is one of the most significant public health problems. The prevalence of dementia and risk factors has not been fully investigated in Algeria. This study aims to improve the knowledge of dementia in Algiers by determining its risk factors, allowing to enrich its epidemiology and social aspects. Methods: A cross-sectional, door-to-door study in the Department of Sidi M’Hamed in Algiers “Algeria», conducted in general population, was carried out between June 2012 and August 2014. The clinical diagnosis of dementia was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. Possible or probable cases of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Mixed Dementia (MD), Vascular Dementia (VD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), Parkinson’s Dementia (PD), and other dementias were identified using standard criteria. Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and the pathological history were recorded. Results: 3896 subjects aged 60 years and over participated in the study. Among them, 192 had dementia. Factors strongly associated with dementia in the department of Sidi M’Hamed were advanced age, living alone, widowhood, low cultural level, family history of dementia, high blood pressure and stroke (p<10−6). Conclusion: Greater age, low social raise, low level of education and vascular risk factors (stroke and high blood pressure) increase the risk of suffering from dementia. Other more extensive studies should be conducted, both in rural and urban areas of Algeria, in order to consider comprehensive management solutions and prevention approaches adapted to our context.

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Selbæk, Geir. "Dementia risk: time matters." Lancet Public Health 6, no. 2 (February 2021): e85-e86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00010-4.

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Lee, Chan-Nyoung, and Kun-Woo Park. "Risk Factors of Dementia." Journal of Korean Diabetes 13, no. 3 (2012): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2012.13.3.129.

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Basu, Rashmita. "Education and Dementia Risk." Research on Aging 35, no. 1 (February 14, 2012): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027511434086.

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Chen, Jen-Hau, Kun-Pei Lin, and Yen-Ching Chen. "Risk Factors for Dementia." Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 108, no. 10 (October 2009): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60402-2.

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&NA;. "Statins Decrease Dementia Risk." Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 34, no. 4 (August 2002): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01376517-200208000-00008.

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SKOLNIK, NEIL S., and MAY S. LIN. "Driving Risk in Dementia." Family Practice News 41, no. 5 (March 2011): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(11)70245-6.

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Thrift, Amanda G., and Velandai K. Srikanth. "Risk Factors for Dementia." Neuroepidemiology 31, no. 1 (2008): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000140098.

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Spartano, Nicole L., and Tiia Ngandu. "Fitness and dementia risk." Neurology 90, no. 15 (March 14, 2018): 675–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005282.

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Greener, Mark. "Drugs increase dementia risk." Independent Nurse 2015, no. 3 (February 16, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/indn.2015.3.17.

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Shaw, Gina. "Dementia and Suicide Risk." Neurology Today 22, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 1,19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nt.0000904328.85272.9c.

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Schliep, Karen, Yue Zhang, Joanne Tschanz, Jennifer Majersik, Julio Facelli, and Michael Varner. "Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and risk of Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and other related dementia." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2462.

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Abstract Several recent studies have examined whether hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other related dementias (RD) with conflicting findings. Limitations to prior studies include lack of assessing risk by dementia subtype, inadequate sample sizes, and not fully exploring the role of mid-life factors. We performed a retrospective matched cohort study among women with >1 singleton pregnancy (1939–2013) using the Utah Population Database. HDP-exposed women (n=19,989) were one-to-two matched with unexposed women (n=39,679) by 5-year age groups, year of childbirth (within 1 year), and parity (1, 2, 3, 4, ≥5) at the time of the pregnancy. HDP pregnancies were complicated by preeclampsia (62%), gestational hypertension (34%), and eclampsia (4%). Women with a history of HDP had a higher hazard of all-cause dementia (HR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.50) compared to women without a history of HDP after adjustment for maternal age, year of childbirth, and parity. The hazard doubled after additionally accounting for pre-pregnancy BMI (HR=2.31; 95% CI: 1.24, 4.32). Stratifying by dementia subtype, we found HDP to be associated with a higher hazard of vascular dementia (HR=1.64; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.26) and other related dementia (HR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.34, 1.65) but not Alzheimer’s disease (HR=1.04; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.24) after accounting for competing risks. Mid-life hypertension and stroke were found to have the greatest mid-life impact, mediating 43% and 41% of dementia risk, respectively, highlighting women who may most benefit from close surveillance and early preventive and clinical interventions.

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Magni, Eugenio, Giuliano Binetti, Angelo Bianchetti, and Marco Trabucchi. "Risk of Mortality and Institutionalization in Demented Patients with Delusions." Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 9, no. 3 (October 1996): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089198879600900303.

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Delusions are a common symptom during the course of dementia. Despite their clinical relevance, however, it is still unclear whether they are of prognostic value. This longitudinal study involving, at baseline, 99 demented Alzheimer disease (AD) and multi-infarct dementia (MID) patients, investigates the risk of mortality and institutionalization at 2 years after discharge from a dementia unit in patients with and without delusions at baseline. Results indicate that the presence of delusions is a significant predictor of future institutionalization (odds ratio 3.6, confidence interval 1.3-9.6), even when confounding factors such as age, educational level, and severity of cognitive and functional impairment are statistically controlled. No significant impact on survival was found.

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O'Brien, John T., Michael J. Firbank, Karen Ritchie, Katie Wells, Guy B. Williams, Craig W. Ritchie, and Li Su. "Association between midlife dementia risk factors and longitudinal brain atrophy: the PREVENT-Dementia study." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-321652.

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BackgroundIncreased rates of brain atrophy on serial MRI are frequently used as a surrogate marker of disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. However, the extent to which they are associated with future risk of dementia in asymptomatic subjects is not clear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE) risk score and longitudinal atrophy in middle-aged subjects.Materials and methodsA sample of 167 subjects (aged 40–59 at baseline) from the PREVENT-Dementia programme underwent MRI scans on two separate occasions (mean interval 735 days; SD 44 days). We measured longitudinal rates of brain atrophy using the FSL Siena toolbox.ResultsAnnual percentage rates of brain volume and ventricular volume change were greater in those with a high (>6) vs low CAIDE score—absolute brain volume percentage loss 0.17% (CI 0.07 to 0.27) and absolute ventricular enlargement 1.78% (CI 1.14 to 2.92) higher in the at risk group. Atrophy rates did not differ between subjects with and without a parental history of dementia, but were significantly correlated with age. Using linear regression, with covariates of age, sex and education, CAIDE score >6 was the only significant predictor of whole brain atrophy rates (p=0.025) while age (p=0.009), sex (p=0.002) and CAIDE>6 (p=0.017) all predicted ventricular expansion rate.ConclusionOur results show that progressive brain atrophy is associated with increased risk of future dementia in asymptomatic middle-aged subjects, two decades before dementia onset.

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Yashkin, Arseniy. "Traumatic Brain Injury and Dementia in Medicare Population: Differences in Risk Between Veterans and Non-Veterans." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 850–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3123.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to assess differences in the effect of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias between veteran and non-veteran respondents of the Health and Retirement Study as well as to measure the sensitivity of these differences to the introduction of controls for groups of demographic, medical co-morbidity and polygenic risk scores reflecting AD hallmarks. Using the Fine-Gray proportional hazards model we found that TBI was a strong predictor of dementia in community dwelling residents age 65+: for AD associated risk was 181% [Hazard Ratio (HR): 2.81; CI:2.05-3.86] sample-wide and 142% [HR: 2.42; CI:1.31-2.46] in veteran males. Effect magnitude decreased with the addition of risk-related control variables but remained associated with significantly increased risk. Large differences in risk were observed between veteran and non-veteran males for AD, vascular dementia, senile dementia, and dementia with Lewy Bodies

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Shrestha, Srishti, Xiaoqian Zhu, Stephanie London, Kevin Sullivan, Pamela Lutsey, B. Gwen Windham, Michael Griswold, and Thomas Mosley. "Lung Function and Dementia Risk in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2465.

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Abstract Poor lung function has been linked with adverse neurocognitive outcomes including dementia, but evidence from well-designed prospective studies is limited. We therefore examined the association between lung function, as measured by forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), and dementia risk in 12,688 participants of the ARIC study, a prospective study of adults aged 46-70 years (at index visit, mean age =57y, 45% male, 76% White) from four US communities. Lung function was assessed in 1991-1992 (index visit, 76% normal, 16% obstructive, and 8% restrictive lung function), and dementia was ascertained through 2019 via in-person assessments, telephone interviews, and medical record surveillance, with adjudication of dementia with all in-person exams. A total of 2452 developed dementia over 30 years of follow-up. We used Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for potential confounders (socio-demographics, behavioral factors, cardiovascular risk factors, APOE ε4). Higher FEV1 and FVC were associated with reduced dementia risk [(HR: 0.86, 95%CI: 0.78-0.98, per 1L increase in FEV1) and (HR: 0.86, 95%CI: 0.80-0.93 per 1L increase in FVC)]. Compared to normal lung function, restrictive disease was associated with elevated dementia risk [(HR: 1.19, 95%CI: 1.01-1.41), n=168 dementia cases]; HR for obstructive disease, though modestly elevated (1.09, 95%CI: 0.96-1.24, n=713 dementia cases), was not statistically significant. Our findings of decreased dementia risk with better lung function may have important implications in reducing burden of dementia that is attributable to environmental exposures and associated lung function impairment.

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Baumgart, Matthew, and Nora Super. "THE BOLD PUBLIC HEALTH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE ON DEMENTIA: MOBILIZING PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION TO ADDRESS DEMENTIA." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.272.

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Abstract Under the BOLD Infrastructure for Alzheimer’s Act, passed by Congress in 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) established three Public Health Centers of Excellence (PHCOEs) to address Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Awarded in the Fall of 2020, the three PHCOEs are: (1) Dementia Caregiving; (2) Dementia Risk Reduction; and (3) Early Detection of Dementia. Each PHCOE is charged with identifying, translating, and disseminating research findings and evidence-based public health best practices in their particular area of focus – and then working with state, local, and tribal public health agencies across the country to undertake dementia-related activities in their communities. This Symposium will feature an overview by Dr. McGuire of the BOLD Act and CDC’s efforts to address Alzheimer’s and related dementia, followed by presentations on the work and the plans of each of the PHCOEs. Dr. Gaugler will discuss the Caregiving PHCOE’s efforts to support unpaid caregivers of those living with dementia, including how best to meet the caregiving needs of diverse communities. Mr. Baumgart will present the Risk Reduction PHCOE’s findings on the state of the evidence on risk reduction and how that evidence is being translated to public health action. Dr. Chodosh/Dr. Borson will review the plans of the Early Detection PHCOE to increase awareness of the value of earlier detection and the best ways of conducting detection strategies. Finally, Ms. Super will discuss how this public health work complements the work of the aging community in addressing Alzheimer’s and related dementias.

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Sabathé, Camille, Per K. Andersen, Catherine Helmer, Thomas A. Gerds, Hélène Jacqmin-Gadda, and Pierre Joly. "Regression analysis in an illness-death model with interval-censored data: A pseudo-value approach." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 29, no. 3 (April 16, 2019): 752–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280219842271.

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Pseudo-values provide a method to perform regression analysis for complex quantities with right-censored data. A further complication, interval-censored data, appears when events such as dementia are studied in an epidemiological cohort. We propose an extension of the pseudo-value approach for interval-censored data based on a semi-parametric estimator computed using penalised likelihood and splines. This estimator takes interval-censoring and competing risks into account in an illness-death model. We apply the pseudo-value approach to three mean value parameters of interest in studies of dementia: the probability of staying alive and non-demented, the restricted mean survival time without dementia and the absolute risk of dementia. Simulation studies are conducted to examine properties of pseudo-values based on this semi-parametric estimator. The method is applied to the French cohort PAQUID, which included more than 3,000 non-demented subjects, followed for dementia for more than 25 years.

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Yaffe, Kristine, Sandy J. Lwi, Tina D. Hoang, Feng Xia, Deborah E. Barnes, Shira Maguen, and Carrie B. Peltz. "Military-related risk factors in female veterans and risk of dementia." Neurology 92, no. 3 (December 12, 2018): e205-e211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006778.

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ObjectiveTo determine whether diagnoses of traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression, alone or in combination, increase dementia risk among older female veterans.MethodsThis cohort study included data from 109,140 female veterans ≥55 years of age receiving care from Veterans Health Administration medical centers in the United States between October 2004 and September 2015 with at least 1 follow-up visit. TBI, PTSD, depression, and medical conditions at study baseline and incident dementia were determined according to ICD-9-CM codes. Fine-Gray proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between military-related risk factors and dementia diagnosis, accounting for the competing risk of death.ResultsDuring follow-up (mean 4.0 years, SD 2.3), 4% of female veterans (n = 4,125) developed dementia. After adjustment for demographics and medical conditions, women with TBI, PTSD, and depression had a significant increase in risk of developing dementia compared to women without these diagnoses (TBI-adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [adjusted sHR] 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–2.20; PTSD adjusted sHR 1.78, 95% CI 1.34–2.36; and depression-adjusted sHR 1.67, 95% CI 1.55–1.80), while women with >1 diagnosis had the highest risk for dementia (adjusted sHR 2.15, 95% CI 1.84–2.51).ConclusionsWe found that women with military-related risk factors had an ≈50% to 80% increase in developing dementia relative to women without these diagnoses, while female veterans with multiple risk factors had a >2-fold risk of developing dementia. These findings highlight the need for increased screening of TBI, PTSD, and depression in older women, especially female veterans.

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Johnson, Adrienne L., Naomi C. Nystrom, Megan E. Piper, Jessica Cook, Derek L. Norton, Megan Zuelsdorff, Mary F. Wyman, et al. "Cigarette Smoking Status, Cigarette Exposure, and Duration of Abstinence Predicting Incident Dementia and Death: A Multistate Model Approach." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 80, no. 3 (April 6, 2021): 1013–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201332.

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Background: To fully characterize the risk for dementia associated with cigarette smoking, studies must consider competing risks that hinder the observation of dementia or modify the chance that dementia occurs (i.e., death). Extant research examining the competing risks fails to account for the occurrence of death following dementia, limiting our understanding of the relation between smoking and dementia. Objective: Examine the impact of smoking status, lifetime smoking exposure, and duration of abstinence on incident dementia, death following dementia, and death without dementia. Methods: Multi-state models estimated hazard ratios (HR) for 95% confidence interval (CI) of 10,681 cognitively healthy adults for transition from baseline to dementia, baseline to death, and dementia to death based on smoking status, lifetime cigarette exposure, and abstinence duration. Results: Compared to never smokers, current smokers had increased risk of dementia (HR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.18– 2.32; p = 0.004), and death from baseline (HR = 2.98; 95% CI 2.24– 3.98; p < 0.001) and incident dementia (HR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.08– 3.27; p = 0.03). Pack years increased risk of death from baseline (HR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00– 1.01; p < 0.001), but not dementia risk (HR = 1.00; 95% CI 1.00– 1.00; p = 0.78) or death following dementia (HR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00– 1.01; p = 0.05). Recent quitters (quit < 10 years), compared to never smokers, had increased risk of death after baseline (HR = 2.31; 95% CI 1.55– 3.43; p < 0.001), but not dementia (HR = 1.17; 95% CI 0.73– 1.88; p = 0.52) or death following dementia (HR = 1.01; 95% CI 0.42– 2.41; p = 0.99). Conclusion: Current smoking increases the risk for dementia and death, but dementia is better attributed to smoking recency than lifetime exposure. Smoking cessation at any age might reduce these risks for cognitively healthy individuals.

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Juul Rasmussen, Ida, Katrine Laura Rasmussen, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen, and Ruth Frikke-Schmidt. "Impact of cardiovascular risk factors and genetics on 10-year absolute risk of dementia: risk charts for targeted prevention." European Heart Journal 41, no. 41 (October 6, 2020): 4024–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa695.

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Abstract Aims Dementia is a major global challenge for health and social care in aging populations. A third of all dementia may be preventable due to cardiovascular risk factors. Intensive multi-domain intervention trials targeting primarily cardiovascular risk factors show improved cognitive function in people at risk. Such interventions will, however, be expensive to implement in all individuals at risk and will represent unrealistic economic tasks for most societies. Therefore, a risk score identifying high-risk individuals is warranted. Methods and results In 61 664 individuals from two prospective cohorts of the Danish general population, we generated 10-year absolute risk scores for all-cause dementia from cardiovascular risk factors and genetics. In both sexes, 10-year absolute risk of all-cause dementia increased with increasing age, number of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 alleles, number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) risk alleles, and cardiovascular risk factors. The highest 10-year absolute risks of all-cause dementia seen in smoking women with diabetes, low education, APOE ɛ44 genotype, and 22–31 GWAS risk alleles were 6%, 23%, 48%, and 66% in those aged 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and 80–100, respectively. Corresponding values for men were 5%, 19%, 42%, and 60%, respectively. Conclusion Ten-year absolute risk of all-cause dementia increased with age, APOE ɛ4 alleles, GWAS risk alleles, diabetes, low education, and smoking in both women and men. Ten-year absolute risk charts for dementia will facilitate identification of high-risk individuals, those who likely will benefit the most from an early intervention against cardiovascular risk factors.

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Bronwyn, Copeland, Cheryl Collier, and Jessica Braim. "531 - Dementia prevention and utilising the “teachable moment” in the New Zealand context." International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (October 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161022100226x.

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Dementia is a debilitating disease with wide-reaching impacts. Up to 40% of dementias are estimated to be preventable through modifiable risk factors, which is essential as no disease-modifying treatments are currently available. A literature review was performed using the OVID database, Google Scholar, and following references. Dementia as a key word was combined with the following key words: education, prevention, risk reduction, risk perception, family members, adult children, health promotion, behaviour change, Maori Health, health literacy, healthy aging, behavioural intervention, attitudes, teachable moment, psychoeducation.

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Lu, Yifei, James R. Pike, Elizabeth Selvin, Thomas Mosley, Priya Palta, A. Richey Sharrett, Alvin Thomas, et al. "Low Liver Enzymes and Risk of Dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 79, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201241.

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Background: Low levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the low physiologic range, surrogate markers for reduced liver metabolic function, are associated with cerebral hypometabolism, impairment in neurotransmitter production and synaptic maintenance, and a higher prevalence of dementia. It is unknown whether a prospective association exists between low liver enzyme levels and incident dementia. Objective: To determine whether low levels of ALT and AST are associated with higher risk of incident dementia. Methods: Plasma ALT and AST were measured on 10,100 study participants (mean age 63.2 years, 55% female, 22% black) in 1996–1998. Dementia was ascertained from comprehensive neuropsychological assessments, annual contact, and medical record surveillance. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the association. Results: During a median follow-up of 18.3 years (maximum 21.9 years), 1,857 individuals developed dementia. Adjusted for demographic factors, incidence rates of dementia were higher at the lower levels of ALT and AST. Compared to the second quintile, ALT values <10th percentile were associated with a higher risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34, 95% CI 1.08–1.65). The corresponding HR was 1.22 (0.99–1.51) for AST. Conclusion: Plasma aminotransferases <10th percentile of the physiologic range at mid-life, particularly ALT, were associated with greater long-term risk of dementia, advocating for attention to the putative role of hepatic function in the pathogenesis of dementia.

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Barnes, D. E., K. E. Covinsky, R. A. Whitmer, L. H. Kuller, O. L. Lopez, and K. Yaffe. "Predicting risk of dementia in older adults: The late-life dementia risk index." Neurology 73, no. 3 (May 13, 2009): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181a81636.

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Rana, Md Masud, Imran Sarker, Md Shahadat Hossain, Md Rezaul Karim Khan, Md Rafiqul Islam, Abu Naser Rizvi, Md Ahsan Habib, Md Nazrul Islam, Anis Ahmed, and Md Bahadur Ali Miah. "Etiological Pattern of Dementia in Patients Attending Dementia Clinic in a Referal Hospital." Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 2 (July 31, 2014): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v30i2.57390.

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Background and objectives: Dementia is characterized by loss of or decline in memory and other cognitive abilities and reduces the lifespan of affected people. The number of people with Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias is increasing every year because of the steady growth in the older population and stable increment in life expectancy and it is expected to increase two-fold by 2030 and three-fold by 2050.In addition to Alzheimer’s disease there are so many reversible and irreversible causes of dementia. This study was aimed to explore the different etiological factors related to dementia patients. Risk factors for dementia, co-morbid conditions were also included. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out from 2009 to 2014 at dementia clinic (OPD), department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). A total number of 166 dementia patients, as diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and confirmed by Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE) score were recruited in this study. Diagnosis of specific type of dementia was made on the basis of established criteria. Results: Alzheimer’s disease(32.5%) and Vascular dementia(31.9%) were the most common etiological factor followed by Mixed dementia(19.9%), PD with dementia(8.4%) and others(7.2%) like hypothyroidism, head injury, epilepsy etc. Increasing age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, IHD, smoking are potential risk factors for dementia. Conclusion: This study concludes Alzheimer’s disease and Vascular dementia are almost equally occurring dementia. There are also some potential risk factors for development of dementia whose modification can bring a great change in dementia treatment and functional outcome of this group of elderly people of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2014; Vol. 30 (2): 77-83

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Jurcau, Anamaria, and Vharoon Sharma Nunkoo. "Clinical Markers May Identify Patients at Risk for Early Parkinson’s Disease Dementia: A Prospective Study." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 36 (January 1, 2021): 153331752110213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15333175211021369.

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Background: The study aims at identifying features predictive of early onset of dementia in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: 103 non-demented PD patients were evaluated on various scales at baseline and 89 patients at 3-year follow-up. Results: By the end of the study 43.8% of patients developed dementia. The development of dementia was linked to the baseline Mini Mental State Examination score (Pearson coefficient r = .404, p = 0.013), the presence of autonomic dysfunctions (r = −.621, p < 0.001) and insomnia (r = −.526, p = 0.001). A binary logistic regression analysis showed that the development of dementia was correlated strongly with the presence of autonomic dysfunctions (95% CI 2.60 to 52.83, p < 0.001), and insomnia (95% CI 0.60 to 0.95, p = 0.017). Conclusion: Patients with signs of autonomic dysfunction and insomnia are at higher risk for developing dementia and deserve closer monitoring of cognitive symptoms.

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Sutin, Angelina R., Yannick Stephan, Martina Luchetti, and Antonio Terracciano. "Loneliness and Risk of Dementia." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 7 (October 26, 2018): 1414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby112.

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Abstract Objective The present study tests whether loneliness is associated with risk of dementia in the largest sample to date and further examines whether the association is independent of social isolation, a related but independent component of social integration, and whether it varies by demographic factors and genetic vulnerability. Method Participants from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 12,030) reported on their loneliness, social isolation, and had information on clinical, behavioral, and genetic risk factors. Cognitive status was assessed at baseline and every 2 years over a 10-year follow-up with the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICSm). A TICSm score of 6 or less was indicative of dementia. Results Cox proportional hazards regression indicated that loneliness was associated with a 40% increased risk of dementia. This association held controlling for social isolation, and clinical, behavioral, and genetic risk factors. The association was similar across gender, race, ethnicity, education, and genetic risk. Discussion Loneliness is associated with increased risk of dementia. It is one modifiable factor that can be intervened on to reduce dementia risk.

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Swanwick, Gregory, and Brian A. Lawlor. "Is Female Gender a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease?" International Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 3 (September 1999): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610299005785.

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Despite a growing list of potential new risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the oldest remains controversial. Is female gender a risk factor for AD? It is likely that the greatest influence on the gender differential in crude prevalence rates is the increasing incidence of dementia with age (Paykel et al., 1994) combined with the greater longevity women (Moritz & Ostfeld, 1990). This must be distinguished from the hypothesis that there may also be a gender difference in the age-specific prevalence rates some dementias such as AD. In turn, this could be due to either a higher incidence dementia in women, or to longer survival times in women following diagnosis. What is the evidence for these hypotheses?

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Hai, Yang, Ying Xue, and Yu-hong Wang. "Does Long-Term Shift Work Increase the Risk of Dementia? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® 37 (January 2022): 153331752211415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15333175221141535.

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Background: Shift work is associated with impaired sleep quality and disrupted circadian rhythms, but the way in which it increases the risk of dementia remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the integrated risk of dementia with shift work. Methods: Searching in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science databases, the relative risks of dementia with shift work were extracted from 12 included studies with 3975 dementia cases from 84 492 participants. The subgroup analysis was stratified by age, gender, sample size, dementia cases, shift schedule, occupation, and follow-up time. Heterogeneity analysis and publication bias analysis were conducted for quality control. Results: The pooled risk ratios (RRs) of dementia with shift work were 1.15 (95%CI = 1.02-1.30). The subgroup analysis found that continuous evening shifts reversibly reduced the risk, but continuous night shifts remarkedly increased the risk of dementia. In addition, a larger cohort and longer follow-up significantly increased the risk of dementia with shift work. Conclusion: Shift work shows mild increases in the risk of dementia using meta-analysis.

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Cherbuin, N., S. Kim, and K. J. Anstey. "Late-life Depression and Dementia Risk." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1707.

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IntroductionA substantial body of evidence linking late-life depression and dementia is now available. However, precise estimates of the relative risk attributable to late-life depression assessed with specific screening instruments at specified thresholds have not been previously produced.ObjectiveSummarise dementia risks associated with depression.AimsConduct a systematic review of the literature to produce precise and specific risk estimates for all cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD).MethodsThe PubMed, PsycInfo, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched. Studies assessing incident dementia using validated measures of clinical depression or depressive symptomatology from prospective population studies were selected. The most specific analyses were conducted using both continuous symptomatology ratings and categorical measures of clinical depression based on single instruments with defined cut-offs.ResultsThe literature search yielded 121,301 articles, of which 36 were eligible. Included studies provided a combined sample size of 66,532 individuals including 6593 dementia, 2797 AD, and 585 VaD cases. Random-effects summary estimates showed that the risk associated with depression did not differ by type of dementia. The most widely used instrument was the CES-D. A clinical threshold of 20 produced similar estimates for all-cause dementia (HR 1.83, 95% CI 0.95–3.52) and for AD (HR 1.97, 95% CI 0.96–4.04). Estimates based on other thresholds and continuous measures produced consistent results.ConclusionReliable dementia risk estimates associated with late-life depression can be produced and do not differ between dementia types. Such estimates should be used in evidence-based medicine practice to assess individual risk and to inform policy on interventions to decrease risk in the population.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Tai, Shu-Yu, Shu-Wan Huang, Chia-Ling Hsu, Chiu-Hsien Yang, Mei-Chuan Chou, and Yuan-Han Yang. "Screening Dementia in the Outpatient Department: Patients at Risk for Dementia." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/138786.

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The targeted screening for individuals at the risks of having dementia would be crucial to the further public health issues for dementia. This study aimed to conduct a screening study in an outpatient department of a regional hospital to screen people who were at risk of developing comorbid dementia. Patients who visited Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital (KMTTH) clinics during the period from June 1, 2013, to May 31, 2014, were invited to participate in this screening voluntarily. The trained interviewer collected all participants’ demographic characteristics and used the instrument of ascertainment of dementia 8 (AD8) to find out suspected dementia ones. The result showed a higher ratio (24.1%) of suspected dementia in the outpatient department of a hospital, 500 out of 2017 subjects, than that in the general population. The median (interquartile range) age was significantly higher in the suspected dementia participants (70, (62, 77)) compared to that in nonsuspected dementia ones (65, (60, 73)), and the probability of suspected dementia was significantly increasing with age(P < 0.001). Instead of screening dementia in general population, screening people at the risk of dementia could be the practicable and important issues in the care of dementia.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dementia risk'

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