Journal articles: 'Dementia, metabolic imaging, neuropsychology'

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Pihlajamäki, Maija, and Reisa A. Sperling. "Functional MRI Assessment of Task-Induced Deactivation of the Default Mode Network in Alzheimer’s Disease and At-Risk Older Individuals." Behavioural Neurology 21, no. 1-2 (2009): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/276384.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in old age, and is characterized by prominent impairment of episodic memory. Recent functional imaging studies in AD have demonstrated alterations in a distributed network of brain regions supporting memory function, including regions of the default mode network. Previous positron emission tomography studies of older individuals at risk for AD have revealed hypometabolism of association cortical regions similar to the metabolic abnormalities seen in AD patients. In recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of AD, corresponding brain default mode regions have also been found to demonstrate an abnormal fMRI task-induced deactivation response pattern. That is, the relative decreases in fMRI signal normally observed in the default mode regions in healthy subjects performing a cognitive task are not seen in AD patients, or may even be reversed to a paradoxical activation response. Our recent studies have revealed alterations in the pattern of deactivation also in elderly individuals at risk for AD by virtue of their APOE e4 genotype, or evidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In agreement with recent reports from other groups, these studies demonstrate that the pattern of fMRI task-induced deactivation is progressively disrupted along the continuum from normal aging to MCI and to clinical AD and more impaired in e4 carriers compared to non-carriers. These findings will be discussed in the context of current literature regarding functional imaging of the default network in AD and at-risk populations.

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Cummings, J. L. "Subcortical Dementia Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Pathophysiology." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 6 (December 1986): 682–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.6.682.

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Subcortical dementia refers to a clinical syndrome characterised by slowing of cognition, memory disturbances, difficulty with complex intellectual tasks such as strategy generation and problem solving, visuospatial abnormalities, and disturbances of mood and affect. The syndrome was first described by Kinnier Wilson, but further progress in development of the concept has occurred only within the past ten years. Subcortical dementia occurs in degenerative extrapyramidal disorders and has also been identified in inflammatory, infectious, and vascular conditions. Histologic, metabolic, and neurochemical investigations implicate dysfunction primarily of subcortical neurotransmitter systems and subcortical structures or subcortical-frontal connections in the genesis of the syndrome. Subcortical dementia contrasts neuropsychologically and anatomically with disorders such as dementia of the Alzheimer type that affect primarily the cerebral cortex. The clinical characteristics of subcortical dementia reflect the interruption of fundamental functions (motivation, mood, timing, arousal) mediated by phylogenetically and ontogenetically early maturing structures.

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M�ller, Harald E., Peter Vermathen, Markus G. Lentschig, Gerhard Schuierer, Stefan Schwarz, Dirk Wiedermann, Stefan Evers, and Ingo W. Husstedt. "Metabolic characterization of AIDS dementia complex by spectroscopic imaging." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-2586(199901)9:1<10::aid-jmri2>3.0.co;2-w.

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Powell, Artiss L., and D. Frank Benson. "Brain imaging techniques in the diagnosis of dementia." Neuropsychology Review 1, no. 1 (March 1990): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01108856.

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Nazem, Amir, Chris C. Tang, Phoebe Spetsieris, Christian Dresel, Marc L. Gordon, Janine Diehl‐Schmid, Timo Grimmer, et al. "A multivariate metabolic imaging marker for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia." Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2018.07.009.

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Gupta, Vanshika, Ritu Verma, Rajeev Ranjan, Ethel S. Belho, Nikhil Seniaray, Veronique Dinand, Dharmender Malik, and Harsh Mahajan. "Metabolic imaging patterns in posterior cortical atrophy and Lewy body dementia." Nuclear Medicine Communications 40, no. 12 (December 2019): 1275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnm.0000000000001102.

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Camicioli, Richard, and Nancy Fisher. "Progress in Clinical Neurosciences: Parkinson's Disease with Dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodies." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 31, no. 1 (February 2004): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100002791.

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Dementia occurs in up to 30% of people with Parkinson's disease and is a major cause of disability. Pathologically, Parkinson's dementia, where dementia follows the onset of parkinsonism by at least one year, overlaps with dementia with Lewy bodies. We review the functional impact, definitions, neuropsychology, epidemiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and their overlap. Associated psychiatric and imaging findings are also considered. Lastly, current and emerging approaches to assessment and treatment in patients with these Lewy body associated dementias are presented.

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Jiang, B., G. Yao, C. Yao, Yu Zhang, J. Ge, and E. Qiu. "Vascular Cognitive Impairment with No Dementia: Neuropsychology, Brain Imaging, and Event-Related Potentials." Neurophysiology 45, no. 4 (July 2013): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11062-013-9376-3.

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Rapoport, Stanley I. "Discriminant Analysis of Brain Imaging Data Identifies Subjects With Early Alzheimer's Disease." International Psychogeriatrics 9, S1 (December 1997): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610297004936.

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In vivo functional brain imaging provides an opportunity to quantify and localize functional deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), in relation to dementia severity and heterogeneous cognitive profiles. Such imaging also provides a basis for distinguishing AD from other causes of dementia and for making an early diagnosis of disease. One imaging modality that can elucidate AD is positron emission tomography (PET), which is used to measure regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Resting-state measurements with PET, when related to cognitive profiles in longitudinal studies, indicate that specific cognitive defects are preceded and predicted by reductions in rCMRglc in regions subserving the cognitive functions tested. Metabolic reductions and right/left metabolic asymmetries can be used to convert a “possible” to a “probable” diagnosis of AD by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria. Furthermore, discriminant analyses of PET metabolic patterns can identify patients at risk for AD with mild memory deficits as having probable AD. In the future, stimulation PET studies should augment the power of this discriminant analysis.

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Xia, Yong, Shen Lu, Lingfeng Wen, Stefan Eberl, Michael Fulham, and David Dagan Feng. "Automated Identification of Dementia Using FDG-PET Imaging." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/421743.

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Parametric FDG-PET images offer the potential for automated identification of the different dementia syndromes. However, various existing image features and classifiers have their limitations in characterizing and differentiating the patterns of this disease. We reported a hybrid feature extraction, selection, and classification approach, namely, the GA-MKL algorithm, for separating patients with suspected Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia from normal controls. In this approach, we extracted three groups of features to describe the average level, spatial variation, and asymmetry of glucose metabolic rates in 116 cortical volumes. An optimal combination of features, that is, capable of classifying dementia cases was identified by a genetic algorithm- (GA-) based method. The condition of each FDG-PET study was predicted by applying the selected features to a multikernel learning (MKL) machine, in which the weighting parameter of each kernel function can be automatically estimated. We compared our approach to two state-of-the-art dementia identification algorithms on a set of 129 clinical cases and improved the performance in separating the dementia types, achieving accuracy of 94.62%. There is a very good agreement between the proposed automated technique and the diagnosis made by clinicians.

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Saint-Cyr, Jean A. "Neuropsychology for Movement Disorders Neurosurgery." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 30, S1 (February 2003): S83—S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100003280.

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The neuropsychologist plays a crucial role in three phases of the neurosurgical treatment of movement disorder patients, namely screening, outcome evaluation and research. In screening patients, the differential diagnosis of dementia, impact of depression or other psychiatric conditions, and the influence of disease and medication-induced symptoms on cognitive performance must be determined. Postoperatively, systematic evaluations elucidate the cognitive costs or benefits of the procedure. The neuropsychologist is then able to provide feedback and counselling to the professional staff, patient and family to inform management strategies. Neuropsychologists also study alteration of cognitive processing due to lesions or stimulation, which, in tandem with functional imaging, shed light on plasticity in cortical and subcortical processing.

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BONDI, MARK W. "Genetic and brain imaging contributions to neuropsychological functioning in preclinical dementia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8, no. 7 (November 2002): 915–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617702870059.

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A veritable explosion of research in neuropsychology has occurred over the past decade in the search for cognitive and brain changes during a so-called “preclinical” phase of dementia that precedes its overt clinical manifestations. Fueling this explosion, in part, has been the revolution in the genetic bases of disease formulated from the international work of decoding the human genome (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2001; see also Patenaude et al., 2002, for discussion). The discovery of preclinical cognitive, brain, and genetic markers of dementia is helping to push back the point at which diseases can be reliably identified. Very early detection of dementia is extremely important now that a variety of investigational treatments that might prevent or delay disease progression (e.g., amyloid vaccine, anti-oxidants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, cholinesterase inhibitors, estrogens, and others in the case of Alzheimer's disease) are on the horizon.

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Bertrand, Anne, Sebastian Stroër, Isabelle Le Ber, Marc Teichmann, and Didier Dormont. "Structural magnetic resonance imaging in frontotemporal lobar dementia." Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Viellissement 15, no. 3 (September 2017): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/pnv.2017.0686.

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Weih, Markus, Ümüt Degirmenci, Sebastian Kreil, Piotr Lewczuk, Daniela Schmidt, Johannes Kornhuber, and Torsten Kuwert. "Perfusion Imaging with SPECT in the Era of Pathophysiology-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/109618.

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SPECT allows registration of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) which is altered in a characteristic temporoparietal pattern in Alzheimer's Dementia. Numerous studies have shown the diagnostic value of reduced cerebral blood flow and metabolic changes using perfusion SPECT and FDG-PEPT in AD diagnosis as well as in differential diagnosis against frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular disease. Recently more pathophysiology-based biomarkers in CSF and Amyloid-PET tracers have been developed that probably have a higher diagnostic accuracy than the more indirect rCBF changes seen in perfusion SPECT. In the paper review, we describe recent advances in AD biomarkers as well as improvements in the SPECT technique.

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Iaccarino, Leonardo, Arianna Sala, Silvia Paola Caminiti, Roberto Santangelo, Sandro Iannaccone, Giuseppe Magnani, and Daniela Perani. "The brain metabolic signature of visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies." Cortex 108 (November 2018): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.06.014.

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Standley, Katherine, Charles Brock, and Michael Hoffmann. "Advances in functional neuroimaging in dementias and potential pitfalls." Neurology International 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ni.2012.e7.

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Neuroimaging is continuously advancing at a rapid rate and has progressed from excluding relatively uncommon secondary causes (stroke, tumor) to assisting with early diagnosis and subtype of dementia. Structural imaging has given way to functional, metabolic and receptor imaging.

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Cheng, Chih-Kuang, Yu-Chien Tsao, Yuan-Chih Su, Fung-Chang Sung, Hsu-Chih Tai, and Woon-Man Kung. "Metabolic Risk Factors of Alzheimer’s Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Normal Elderly: A Population-Based Study." Behavioural Neurology 2018 (June 3, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8312346.

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Background. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) share many risk factors. Evidence suggests that metabolic risk factors are important to AD; however, their association with DLB is unclear. The risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) associated with AD and DLB is also uncertain. Thus, this nationwide, population-based study was designed to evaluate the metabolic and CVD risks in AD and DLB. Materials and Methods. Data were obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. AD patients, DLB patients, and normal control (NC) individuals from 1996 to 2013 were enrolled for risk assessment. Results. In total, 7544 NC individuals, 1324 AD patients, and 562 DLB patients were enrolled. Participants with one or more metabolic risk factors had significantly higher odds of AD or DLB. No significant differences in metabolic risk factors were observed between DLB and AD patients. AD patients had a lower risk of CVD (aHR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.59–0.76, p value < 0.001) and coronary artery disease (CAD) (aHR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.51–0.69, p value < 0.001) than NC. DLB patients had a higher risk of ischemic stroke (aHR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.68–3.06, p value < 0.001) than NC. Conclusion. Metabolic risk factors are important in AD and DLB. Patients with AD might have a lower risk of CAD and ischemic strokes. Patients with DLB might have a higher risk of ischemic stroke.

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Small, Gary W., Linda D. Nelson, Prabha Siddarth, Vladimir Kepe, Helen Lavretsky, Linda M. Ercoli, Karen J. Miller, et al. "P1-292: Glucose metabolic, amyloid, and tau brain imaging in down syndrome and dementia." Alzheimer's & Dementia 4 (July 2008): T304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.882.

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Jeong, Y., Y. M. Song, P. W. Chung, E. J. Kim, S. J. Kang, J. M. Kim, S. S. Cho, S. E. Kim, H. S. Byun, and D. L. Na. "Correlation of ventricular asymmetry with metabolic asymmetry in frontotemporal dementia." Journal of Neuroradiology 32, no. 4 (September 2005): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0150-9861(05)83145-1.

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Apostolova, Ivayla, Catharina Lange, Lothar Spies, Kerstin Ritter, Anja Mäurer, Joachim Seybold, Jochen B. Fiebach, Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, and Ralph Buchert. "Preserved brain metabolic activity at the age of 96 years." International Psychogeriatrics 28, no. 9 (May 10, 2016): 1575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216000673.

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Loss of brain tissue becomes notable to cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at age 30 years, and progresses more rapidly from mid 60s. The incidence of dementia increases exponentially with age, and is all too frequent in the oldest old (≥ 90 years of age), the fastest growing age group in many countries. However, brain pathology and cognitive decline are not inevitable, even at extremely old age (den Dunnen et al., 2008).

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Esawy, Abeer Salah Abd El Razek El, Rasha Lottfy Younis, ELSayed Aly Mohamed Tag EL Din, and Mahmoud Abd El Aziz Dawoud. "Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Evaluation of Different Types of Dementia." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 35, no. 6 (February 23, 2023): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i64975.

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Aims: The aim of this work is to study the role of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in evaluation of dementia patients. Patients and Methods: This study conducted on fifty patients referred to radio diagnosis and medical imaging department from Neuropsychiatry department at Tanta University Hospital with clinical diagnosis of different types of dementia. Results: The grade of medial temporal lobe atrophy was higher in AD than in the other two types of dementia. Vascular lesions that fulfill these criteria were present in all patients diagnosed as VaD and their Fazekas score was 3, while patients diagnosed as AD and PDD didn’t have vascular lesions that fulfill NINDS-AIREN criteria and Fazekas scoring of these patients did not exceed 2. Decreased NAA/Cr ratio in the posterior cingulate gyrus was less valuable in diagnosing AD when compared with elevated mI/Cr. Decreased NAA/Cr ratio in the centrum semiovale, Decreased NAA/Cr ratio in the occipital lobe. Conclusion: MRS is complementary to MRI revealing variable underlying metabolic abnormalities in different dementia subtypes even in cases with apparently normal conventional MRI series. Elevated mI/Cr ratio in the posterior cingulate gyrus is useful indicator when assessing Alzheimer’s dementia and also differentiating it from Vascular dementia and Parkinson’s disease dementia. Decrease in NAA/Cr ratio in the centrum semiovale is useful indicator when assessing suspected vascular dementia. Decrease in NAA/Cr ratio in the occipital lobe is useful indicator when assessing suspected Parkinson’s disease dementia.

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Small, Gary W., Linda D. Nelson, Prabha Siddarth, Vladimir Kepe, Helen Lavretsky, Linda M. Ercoli, Karen J. Miller, et al. "IC-P1-057: Glucose metabolic, amyloid, and tau brain imaging in down syndrome and dementia." Alzheimer's & Dementia 4 (July 2008): T31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.2500.

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Perneczky, Robert, Alexander Drzezga, Henning Boecker, Andres O. Ceballos-Baumann, Michael Valet, Regina Feurer, Hans Förstl, Alexander Kurz, and Peter Häussermann. "Metabolic alterations associated with impaired clock drawing in Lewy body dementia." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 181, no. 2 (February 2010): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.08.001.

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Chen, Danyan, Jiaying Lu, Hucheng Zhou, Jiehui Jiang, Ping Wu, Qihao Guo, Jingjie Ge, Huiwei Zhang, Kuangyu Shi, and Chuantao Zuo. "Glucose Metabolic Brain Network Differences between Chinese Patients with Lewy Body Dementia and Healthy Control." Behavioural Neurology 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8420658.

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Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common degenerative dementia of the central nervous system. The technique 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F FDG PET) was used to investigate brain metabolism patterns in DLB patients. Conventional statistical methods did not consider intern metabolism transforming connections between various brain regions; therefore, most physicians do not understand the underlying neuropathology of DLB patients. In this study, 18F FDG-PET images and graph-theoretical methods were used to investigate alterations in whole-brain intrinsic functional connectivity in a Chinese DLB group and healthy control (HC) group. This experimental study was performed on 22 DLB patients and 22 HC subjects in Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. Experimental results indicate that compared with the HC group, the DLB group has severely impaired small-world network. Compared to those of the HC group, the clustering coefficients of the DLB group were higher and characteristic path lengths were longer, and in terms of global efficiencies, those of the DLB group was also lower. Moreover, four significantly altered regions were observed in the DLB group: Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part (IFG.R), olfactory cortex (OLF.R), hippocampus (HIP.R), and fusiform gyrus (FFG.L). Amongst them, in the DLB group, betweenness centrality became strong in OLF.R, HIP.R, and FFG.L, whereas betweenness centrality became weaker in IFG.R. Finally, IFGoperc.R was selected as a seed and a voxel-wise correlation analysis was performed. Compared to the HC group, the DLB group showed several regions of strengthened connection with IFGoperc.R; these regions were located in the prefrontal cortex and regions of weakened connection were located in the occipital cortex. The results of this paper may help physicians to better understand and characterize DLB patients.

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Sultzer, David L. "Neuroimaging and the Origin of Psychiatric Symptoms in Dementia." International Psychogeriatrics 8, S3 (May 1997): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610297003414.

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Neuroimaging studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging reveal brain structure and aid in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with cognitive impairment. Functional neuroimaging studies use positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and other methods to measure regional cerebral activity, including metabolic rate, blood flow, and neuroreceptor density. Functional neuroimaging results can be useful clinically and have also been used in a variety of research applications to examine physiologic variables in neuropsychiatric illnesses.

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Rhee, John Y., and Luis Nicolas Gonzalez Castro. "Glioblastoma with Gliomatosis Cerebri Growth Pattern Presenting as Rapidly Progressive Dementia." Neurohospitalist 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19418744211069769.

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The differential diagnosis of rapidly progressive dementia includes neurodegenerative, toxic/metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and malignant etiologies. This case highlights a patient with rapidly progressive cognitive decline that remained a diagnostic dilemma due to nonspecific symptoms of disorientation that progressed to persistent alteration in mental status over the span of three months. Routine laboratory testing did not help clarify the diagnosis and initial brain imaging showed only subtle abnormalities that were not commensurate with the patient’s neurologic examination. As imaging findings evolved over time to reveal a multifocal process, a biopsy was pursued, with histology consistent with infiltrating glioma and molecular testing consistent with glioblastoma. Glioblastoma with gliomatosis cerebri growth pattern should be considered on the differential diagnosis of rapidly progressive dementia in patients with multifocal imaging findings.

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Mauri, Marco, Clara Gobbo, Lucia Princiotta Cariddi, Ilaria Schiorlin, and Maurizio Versino. "Depressive symptoms in amnesic mild cognitive impairment: an FDG-PET/CT study." Archives of Medical Science 18, no. 4 (June 6, 2022): 1108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms/149717.

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IntroductionThe detection in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of metabolic alterations suggestive of depression and/or of evolution to dementia.Material and methodsSixty-nine MCI patients underwent clinical and imaging evaluation including position emission tomography/computed tomography with fluorodeoxy-glucose (FDG-PET/CT).ResultsThe metabolism mean values in parietal, temporal and pre-cuneus areas were lower in subjects who evolved to dementia, and in frontal and in anterior cingulate areas in depressed subjects. Abnormal metabolism values were higher in the frontal and parietal lobes, and in the precuneus in subjects who evolved to dementia independently from depression.ConclusionsIn MCI FDG-PET/CT abnormality patterns suggest the presence of depression or the evolution to dementia.

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Tiehuis, Audrey M., Esther van den Berg, L. Jaap Kappelle, and Geert Jan Biessels. "Cognition and dementia in Type 2 diabetes: brain imaging correlates and metabolic and vascular risk factors." Aging Health 3, no. 3 (June 2007): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/1745509x.3.3.361.

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Malpetti, Maura, Giulia Carli, Arianna Sala, Chiara Cerami, Alessandra Marcone, Sandro Iannaccone, Giuseppe Magnani, and Daniela Perani. "Variant-specific vulnerability in metabolic connectivity and resting-state networks in behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia." Cortex 120 (November 2019): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.07.018.

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Huang, Shu-Hua, Chiung-Chih Chang, Chun-Chung Lui, Nai-Ching Chen, Chen-Chang Lee, Pei-Wen Wang, and Ching-Fen Jiang. "Cortical Metabolic and Nigrostriatal Abnormalities Associated With Clinical Stage-Specific Dementia With Lewy Bodies." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 40, no. 1 (January 2015): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000000620.

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Swan, Amanda, Briony Waddell, Guy Holloway, Thomas Bak, Shuna Colville, Zubair Khan, and Suvankar Pal. "The Diagnostic Utility of 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT Imaging: A Retrospective Case Series from a Tertiary Referral Early-Onset Cognitive Disorders Clinic." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 39, no. 3-4 (2015): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369551.

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Background/Aims: Patients with early-onset dementia (EOD) often present atypically, making an accurate diagnosis difficult. Single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) provides an indirect measure of cerebral metabolic activity and can help to differentiate between dementia subtypes. This study aims to investigate the clinical utility of SPECT imaging in the diagnosis of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Methods: All patients attending a tertiary referral clinic specialising in EOD between April 2012 and October 2013 were included in the study. Statistical analysis of SPECT patterns with clinical diagnoses, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination version 3 scores, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) atrophy was undertaken. Results: The results demonstrated a highly significant association between SPECT hypoperfusion patterns and clinical diagnoses. SPECT changes were demonstrated more frequently than MRI atrophy. Conclusions: The results suggest that SPECT imaging may be a useful adjunct to clinical evaluation and a more sensitive biomarker than standard structural imaging.

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Soni, Neetu, Manish Ora, Girish Bathla, Chandana Nagaraj, Laura L. Boles Ponto, Michael M. Graham, Jitender Saini, and Yusuf Menda. "Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography findings in neurodegenerative diseases: Current status and future directions." Neuroradiology Journal 34, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400921998968.

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Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal loss, leading to dementia and movement disorders. NDDs broadly include Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, parkinsonian syndromes, and prion diseases. There is an ever-increasing prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, with an accompanying immense economic impact, prompting efforts aimed at early identification and effective interventions. Neuroimaging is an essential tool for the early diagnosis of NDDs in both clinical and research settings. Structural, functional, and metabolic imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), are widely available. They show encouraging results for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment response evaluation. The current review focuses on the complementary role of various imaging modalities in relation to NDDs, the qualitative and quantitative utility of newer MRI techniques, novel radiopharmaceuticals, and integrated PET/MRI in the setting of NDDs.

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Eide, Per K., and Geir Ringstad. "In Vivo Imaging of Molecular Clearance From Human Entorhinal Cortex: A Possible Method for Preclinical Testing of Dementia." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 5 (January 2019): 233372141988973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333721419889739.

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Accumulation in the brain of metabolic waste products such as amyloid-β and hyperphosporylated tau (tau) is a hallmark of dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease). One possible underlying mechanism is impaired cerebral paravascular (glymphatic) clearance of toxic solutes. Recently, we have provided evidence of glymphatic circulation being present in the human brain, utilizing repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisitions before/after intrathecal injection of an MRI contrast agent, serving as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tracer (glymphatic MRI [gMRI]). In a recent study, we utilized the same methodology to assess glymphatic clearance function within an anatomical region that has a key role in cognitive function—the entorhinal cortex (ERC). gMRI was compared in individuals with the dementia subtype idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH; n = 30) and reference (REF; n = 8) subjects. We found delayed clearance of CSF tracer from CSF nearby ERC, the ERC itself, and the white matter adjacent to ERC, which was most evident after 24 hr. The observations were interpreted as indicative of impaired glymphatic circulation and further suggested this being a possible mechanism behind accumulation of amyloid-β and tau in ERC and instrumental for dementia in iNPH. We suggest that gMRI may serve as a tool for assessment of early dementia, or even in the preclinical stage.

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Krause, S., T. Göhringer, M. C. Walter, B. G. H. Schoser, P. Reilich, J. Linn, G. E. Pöpperl, et al. "Brain imaging and neuropsychology in late-onset dementia due to a novel mutation (R93C) of valosin-containing protein." Clinical Neuropathology 26, no. 09 (September 1, 2007): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/npp26232.

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Pabla, Harleen Singh, Gokulakrishnan P.R., Arunan Murali, and Venkata Sai P.M. "Role of PET-CT in Aiding Diagnosis of Various Neurological Conditions – A Case Series." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 7 (February 15, 2021): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/97.

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BACKGROUND PET-CT is an imaging modality which electronically detects positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals in the human body and reveals its exact anatomical location.1 PET CT measures the metabolic and functional activity of living tissue noninvasively.1 This technology is utilized in diagnosis, planning treatment and predicting outcomes in various neurological conditions.1 Depending upon various patterns of FDG uptake in different parts of brain, 18FDG PET-CT allows us to differentiate between various types of dementia.2 PET CT allows tracking the course of disease and revealing the severity of the disease.2 In this article, we discuss the imaging findings of normal 18 FDG PET-CT of brain and 8 different neurological conditions with their corresponding brain PET-CT findings. METHODS To study the role of 18FDG-PET/CT in neurological conditions, we identified 8 different patients who underwent 18FDG-PET/CT imaging of brain for clinically suspected different neurological diseases at Department of Radiodiagnosis-Centre of Excellence (CERIS), SRIHER, Chennai, between 2015 and 2019. Siemens Biograph Horizon 16-slice PET/CT scanner with TrueV was used. Syngo.Via Version VB30A software was used. 18F- Fluorodeoxyglucose was the radiotracer used [Dose: 3-7 mCi]. After the scan, different patterns of 18 FDG uptake in the brain were analyzed in each of these patients. RESULTS 18 FDG PET-CT showed reduced uptake in the epileptogenic foci in the brain. Alzheimer’s disease showed decreased FDG uptake in bilateral precuneus, posterior cingulate region, parietal cortex and frontal cortex. Fronto-temporal dementia revealed reduced FDG uptake in anterior cingulate gyrus and anterior temporal lobe. Primary progressive aphasia showed asymmetrical reduced metabolic activity in the bilateral frontal and temporal lobes. Progressive supranuclear palsy revealed reduced metabolic activity in bilateral paramedian frontal region, head of caudate nuclei and midbrain; Multi systemic atrophy showed reduced metabolic activity in midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and the cerebellum; AIDS related dementia showed global hypometabolism with preserved uptake in basal ganglia. CONCLUSIONS 18FDG-PET/CT has a vital complementary role in the evaluation CNS disorders along with clinical examination, other imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and electroencephalogram (EEG). Radiologists should be aware of these different patterns of FDG uptake to aid the clinical diagnosis and early treatment. KEY WORDS 18 FDG PET-CT, 18FDG Uptake, Hypometabolism, PET-CT Brain

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Pilotto, Andrea, Enrico Premi, Silvia Paola Caminiti, Luca Presotto, Rosanna Turrone, Antonella Alberici, Barbara Paghera, Barbara Borroni, Alessandro Padovani, and Daniela Perani. "Single-subject SPM FDG-PET patterns predict risk of dementia progression in Parkinson disease." Neurology 90, no. 12 (February 16, 2018): e1029-e1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005161.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the statistical parametric mapping (SPM) procedure for fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET imaging as a possible single-subject marker of progression to dementia in Parkinson disease (PD).MethodsFifty-four consecutive patients with PD without dementia (age at onset of 59.9 ± 10.1 years, disease duration of 5.3 ± 3.4 years) entered the study. The patients underwent an extensive motor and cognitive assessment and a single-subject FDG-PET SPM evaluation at baseline. A 4-year follow-up provided disease progression and dementia diagnosis.ResultsThe FDG-PET SPM was evaluated by 2 expert raters allowing the identification of a “typical PD pattern” in 29 patients, whereas 25 patients presented with “atypical patterns,” namely, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)-like (n = 12), Alzheimer disease (AD)-like (n = 6), corticobasal syndrome (CBS)-like (n = 5), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-like (n = 2). At 4-year follow-up, 13 patients, all showing atypical brain metabolic patterns at baseline, progressed to dementia (PD dementia). The DLB- and AD-like SPM patterns were the best predictor for incident dementia (p < 0.005, sensitivity 85%, specificity 88%), independently from demographics or cognitive baseline classification.ConclusionsThis study suggests that FDG-PET SPM at the single-subject level might help in identifying patients with PD at risk of developing dementia.

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Suri, M. Fareed K., Jincheng Zhou, Ye Qiao, Haitao Chu, Adnan I. Qureshi, Tom Mosley, Rebecca F. Gottesman, et al. "Cognitive impairment and intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis in general population." Neurology 90, no. 14 (March 9, 2018): e1240-e1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005250.

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ObjectiveTo investigate the association between asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis and cognitive impairment in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort.MethodsARIC participants underwent high-resolution 3T magnetic resonance angiography and a neuropsychology battery and neurologic examination adjudicated by an expert panel to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. We adjusted for demographic and vascular risk factors in weighted logistic regression analysis, accounting for stratified sampling design and attrition, to determine the association of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) with cognitive impairment.ResultsIn 1,701 participants (mean age 76 ± 5.3, 41% men, 71% whites, 29% blacks) with adequate imaging quality and no history of stroke, MCI was identified in 578 (34%) and dementia in 79 (4.6%). In white participants, after adjustment for demographic and vascular risk factors, ICAS ≥50% (vs no ICAS) was strongly associated with dementia (odds ratio [OR] 4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–10.0) and with any cognitive impairment (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.8). In contrast, no association was found between ICAS ≥50% and MCI or dementia in blacks, although the sample size was limited and estimates were imprecise.ConclusionOur results suggest that asymptomatic ICAS is independently associated with cognitive impairment and dementia in whites.

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Wang, Min, Jiehui Jiang, Zhuangzhi Yan, Ian Alberts, Jingjie Ge, Huiwei Zhang, Chuantao Zuo, Jintai Yu, Axel Rominger, and Kuangyu Shi. "Individual brain metabolic connectome indicator based on Kullback-Leibler Divergence Similarity Estimation predicts progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s dementia." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 47, no. 12 (April 22, 2020): 2753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04814-x.

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Abstract Purpose Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) reveals altered cerebral metabolism in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). Previous metabolic connectome analyses derive from groups of patients but do not support the prediction of an individual’s risk of conversion from present MCI to AD. We now present an individual metabolic connectome method, namely the Kullback-Leibler Divergence Similarity Estimation (KLSE), to characterize brain-wide metabolic networks that predict an individual’s risk of conversion from MCI to AD. Methods FDG-PET data consisting of 50 healthy controls, 332 patients with stable MCI, 178 MCI patients progressing to AD, and 50 AD patients were recruited from ADNI database. Each individual’s metabolic brain network was ascertained using the KLSE method. We compared intra- and intergroup similarity and difference between the KLSE matrix and group-level matrix, and then evaluated the network stability and inter-individual variation of KLSE. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model and Harrell’s concordance index (C-index) were employed to assess the prediction performance of KLSE and other clinical characteristics. Results The KLSE method captures more pathological connectivity in the parietal and temporal lobes relative to the typical group-level method, and yields detailed individual information, while possessing greater stability of network organization (within-group similarity coefficient, 0.789 for sMCI and 0.731 for pMCI). Metabolic connectome expression was a superior predictor of conversion than were other clinical assessments (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.55; 95% CI, 2.77–4.55; P < 0.001). The predictive performance improved further upon combining clinical variables in the Cox model, i.e., C-indices 0.728 (clinical), 0.730 (group-level pattern model), 0.750 (imaging connectome), and 0.794 (the combined model). Conclusion The KLSE indicator identifies abnormal brain networks predicting an individual’s risk of conversion from MCI to AD, thus potentially constituting a clinically applicable imaging biomarker.

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Wesley, Sarah, and Damien Ferguson. "Autoimmune Encephalitides and Rapidly Progressive Dementias." Seminars in Neurology 39, no. 02 (March 29, 2019): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678583.

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AbstractRapidly progressive dementia (RPD) or cognitive decline is a common presenting complaint in neurology. While primary dementia is often a concern, other forms of reversible dementia must be thoroughly considered. This article focuses on the growing field of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) as it pertains to the differential diagnostic considerations in a work-up for RPD. Understanding clues in the history and examination is the first step in identifying patients with a potential autoimmune cause for RPD. While testing for infectious and toxic-metabolic etiologies is commonly preformed, it is necessary to consider early ancillary testing for AE in appropriate cases of RPD. Autoantibody testing in the spinal fluid and serum, brain imaging, and electroencephalography all form the first line of investigations for AE. Treatment options and strategies depend on the AE subtype and a number of individual patient considerations.

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Davis, K. L., D. J. Libon, J. Nissanov, S. M. Skalina, M. Lamar, and D. L. Chute. "Neuropsychological assessment and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of the corpus callosum in dementia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 14, no. 8 (November 1, 1999): 622–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/14.8.622a.

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Zamrini, Edward, Fernando Maestu, Eero Pekkonen, Michael Funke, Jyrki Makela, Myles Riley, Ricardo Bajo, et al. "Magnetoencephalography as a Putative Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/280289.

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common dementia in the elderly and is estimated to affect tens of millions of people worldwide. AD is believed to have a prodromal stage lasting ten or more years. While amyloid deposits, tau filaments, and loss of brain cells are characteristics of the disease, the loss of dendritic spines and of synapses predate such changes. Popular preclinical detection strategies mainly involve cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, magnetic resonance imaging, metabolic PET scans, and amyloid imaging. One strategy missing from this list involves neurophysiological measures, which might be more sensitive to detect alterations in brain function. The Magnetoencephalography International Consortium of Alzheimer's Disease arose out of the need to advance the use of Magnetoencephalography (MEG), as a tool in AD and pre-AD research. This paper presents a framework for using MEG in dementia research, and for short-term research priorities.

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Hänggi, Jürgen. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Neuromorphometry in Single Patients –." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 23, no. 2 (June 2012): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000065.

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The usefulness of MRI-based neuromorphometry for the investigation of single patients is described. A longitudinal cortical thickness analysis in a patient revealed lateral temporal lobe atrophy, suggesting rather semantic than frontotemporal dementia. A boy with the diagnosis of ADHD and control boys were compared and showed cortical thickness increases in the patient in the orbitofrontal cortex contradicting ADHD and suggesting disturbed social behaviour. The multiple synaesthetes E. S. was compared with control groups and showed hyperconnectivity between auditory and gustatory brain regions suggesting that interval-taste synaesthesia is rooted in anatomical alterations. McLeod syndrome patients were investigated and revealed severe atrophy of the caudate nucleus bilateral across time. Additionally, statistical recommendations for the comparison of MRI data of single patients are provided.

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Ahmad, Rahnuma, Kona Chowdhury, Santosh Kumar, Mohammed Irfan, Govindool Sharaschandra Reddy, Farhana Akter, Dilshad Jahan, and Mainul Haque. "Diabetes Mellitus: A Path to Amnesia, Personality, and Behavior Change." Biology 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030382.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly being associated with cognition dysfunction. Dementia, including vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease, is being recognized as comorbidities of this metabolic disorder. The progressive hallmarks of this cognitive dysfunction include mild impairment of cognition and cognitive decline. Dementia and mild impairment of cognition appear primarily in older patients. Studies on risk factors, neuropathology, and brain imaging have provided important suggestions for mechanisms that lie behind the development of dementia. It is a significant challenge to understand the disease processes related to diabetes that affect the brain and lead to dementia development. The connection between diabetes mellitus and dysfunction of cognition has been observed in many human and animal studies that have noted that mechanisms related to diabetes mellitus are possibly responsible for aggravating cognitive dysfunction. This article attempts to narrate the possible association between Type 2 diabetes and dementia, reviewing studies that have noted this association in vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease and helping to explain the potential mechanisms behind the disease process. A Google search for “Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia” was carried out. Search was also done for “Diabetes Mellitus”, “Vascular Dementia”, and “Alzheimer’s Disease”. The literature search was done using Google Scholar, Pubmed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE. Keeping in mind the increasing rate of Diabetes Mellitus, it is important to establish the Type 2 diabetes’ effect on the brain and diseases of neurodegeneration. This narrative review aims to build awareness regarding the different types of dementia and their relationship with diabetes.

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Tanna, N. K., M. I. Kohn, D. D. Horwich, P. R. Jolles, R. A. Zimmerman, and A. Alavi. "PET Atrophy Correction of Wholobrain Metabolic Rates in Aging and Dementia Using Volumetric Analysis of MR Images." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 15, no. 5 (May 1990): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199005000-00030.

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Maier, W. "Distinction of dementia and depression in various stages of the disease processes." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.883.

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Old age depression is often difficult to discriminate from dementia (particularly of Alzheimer type) – particularly cross-sectionally. Incident dementia is frequently associated with depressed mood and agitation; depression in the elderly goes together with executive and memory dysfunctions; associated psychotic symptoms and activity-of-daily-life dysfunctions are shared by both conditions as well as major risk factors as vascular and metabolic factors. Frequently both syndromes are “masking” each other; depression may furthermore present as the first clinical sign of Alzheimers disease.Yet, both clinical syndromes/disorders emerging from quite different are pathogenic neurobiological mechanisms with differentiating neuropsychological, – imaging and – chemical features. Clinical tools can be derived and enable accurate differential diagnosis. Thus, the distinction between both syndromes is a first instance for biomarker supported differential diagnoses in psychiatry.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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Papageorgiou, Sokratis G., and Christos Koros. "Rapidly Progressive Dementia - Clinical Aspects and Management." European Neurological Review 6, no. 4 (2011): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2011.06.04.238.

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Although no precise definition for rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) exists, this term is generally used to refer to cases with significant and progressive cognitive impairment that occurs over weeks or months. RPD represents an unusual but severe condition that causes distress not only for patients and their relatives but also for the clinicians involved, as multiple investigations and decisions about management must be made urgently to avoid misdiagnosing a treatable condition and to preserve as much of the neural tissue as possible from definite damage. While Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) has for a long period of time been regarded as the prototype of RPD, this infrequent but severe condition can be produced by an extensive variety of causes such as various endocrine, metabolic or toxic disorders, central nervous system (CNS) infections, primary or secondary CNS neoplasms, various CNS vasculitides and various autoimmune conditions in which autoantibodies against neural tissue are produced, whether in the presence of a neoplasm or not. However, even in the more common and usually slowly progressive dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies and other degenerative dementias, as well as vascular dementia, establishment and progression of the disease is occasionally surprisingly accelerated, leading to a clinical presentation of RPD. The few published case series of RPD have shown that the relative frequency of underlying diseases depends mainly on the clinical setting. Thus, CJD has been found to be the most prevalent cause in referral centres for spongiform encephalopathies, while secondary causes are more prevalent in general referral centres for dementia diagnosis. In clinical practice, for the cases presenting with RPD, the diagnostic procedure must be exhaustive, starting with a detailed clinical evaluation and proceeding to a complete laboratory work-up and sophisticated neuroimaging studies. There has been recent enormous progress in imaging, with sensitive new sequences of magnetic resonance imaging and immunology; as a result, a plethora of antibodies against the CNS can now be detected in cases of autoimmune dementias, which has dramatically changed the diagnostic approach and early management of cases of RPD. The same favourable effect in clinical practice comes from the accumulated knowledge of the complex clinical picture of various causes of RPD, associated specific neurological features (pyramidal signs, ataxia, myoclonus) and systematic features (weight loss, hyponatraemia, hepatic disorders) and their mode of progression.

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Kanda, Tomonori, Kazunari Ishii, Takafumi Uemura, Naokazu Miyamoto, Toshiki Yoshikawa, Atsushi K. Kono, and Etsuro Mori. "Comparison of grey matter and metabolic reductions in frontotemporal dementia using FDG-PET and voxel-based morphometric MR studies." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 35, no. 12 (July 26, 2008): 2227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-008-0871-5.

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Paquin, Vincent, Joseph Therriault, Tharick Ali Pascoal, Pedro Rosa-Neto, and Serge Gauthier. "Frontal Variant of Alzheimer Disease Differentiated From Frontotemporal Dementia Using in Vivo Amyloid and Tau Imaging." Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 33, no. 4 (December 2020): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnn.0000000000000251.

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Bastin, Christine, Dorothée Feyers, Céline Souchay, Bénédicte Guillaume, Jean-Louis Pepin, Christian Lemaire, Christian Degueldre, Fabienne Collette, and Eric Salmon. "Frontal and posterior cingulate metabolic impairment in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia with impaired autonoetic consciousness." Human Brain Mapping 33, no. 6 (April 21, 2011): 1268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21282.

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Delvecchio, Giuseppe, Gian Mario Mandolini, Andrea Arighi, Cecilia Prunas, Carlo Massimo Mauri, Anna M. Pietroboni, Giorgio Marotta, et al. "Structural and metabolic cerebral alterations between elderly bipolar disorder and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia: A combined MRI-PET study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 5 (December 13, 2018): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418815976.

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Background: Elderly bipolar disorder (BD) and behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) may exhibit similar symptoms and both disorders are characterized by selective abnormalities in cortical and subcortical regions that are associated with cognitive and emotional impairments. We aimed to investigate common and distinct neural substrates of BD and bvFTD by coupling, for the first time, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) techniques. Methods: 3-Tesla MRI and 18 fluorodeoxyglucose–PET scans were acquired for 16 elderly BD patients, 23 bvFTD patients with mild cognitive impairments and 68 healthy controls (48 for PET and 20 for MRI analyses). Results: BD and bvFTD patients exhibit a different localization of grey matter reductions in the lateral prefrontal cortex, with the first group showing grey matter decrease in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the latter group showing grey matter reductions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as well as unique grey matter and metabolic alterations within the orbitofrontal cortex. The bvFTD group also displayed unique volumetric shrinkage in regions within the temporo-parietal network together with greater metabolic impairments within the temporal cortex and more extensive volumetric and metabolic abnormalities within the limbic lobe. Finally, while the BD group showed greater grey matter volumes in caudate nucleus, bvFTD subjects displayed lower metabolism. Conclusion: This MRI-PET study explored, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, structural and functional abnormalities in bvFTD and elderly BD patients, with the final aim of identifying the specific biological signature of these disorders, which might have important implications not only in prevention but also in differential diagnosis and treatment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dementia, metabolic imaging, neuropsychology'

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