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Lopez, Castro Marco Antonio. "Élasticité de la demande d'autoroutes à péage au Mexique = : Demand elasticity for Mexican toll roads." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29444/29444.pdf.
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Sentenac-Chemin, Élodie. "Évolution à long terme de la consommation d'énergie dans le transport routier de passagers : contribution de méthodes statistiques avancées." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1157.
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Massi, Maria Lucia Gili. ""Deméter: a Repulsão Medida"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8143/tde-28102003-154241/.
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O presente estudo, incluindo a tradução do texto grego, dedica-se à natureza e sentido da Mãe-Terra, mostrando que o Hino Homérico comemora o inviolável e eterno ser de Deméter e sua filha Perséfone, narrando a reação repulsiva da mãe diante da violência paterna que dá a filha deles como esposa ao rei do Hades, ignorando os laços consangüíneos que as unem. Irada, a Mãe-Terra age, pondo em risco a estabilidade cósmica até que, limitada por sua moîra coercitiva, encontra e propõe um acordo mediador, que põe fim ao conflito e leva seu poder a ascender na sagrada ordem do poder de Zeus pai.The present study, including the translation of the Greek text, dedicates itself to the nature and sense of the Earth Mother, explaining that the Homeric Hymn commemorates the inviolable and eternal being of Demeter and her daughter Persephone, narrating the mothers repulsive reaction before the paternal violence who gives their daughter as wife to the king of Hades, ignoring consanguineous laces that associate them. Angry, Earth Mother acts, putting in risc the cosmic stability until, limited by her coercive moîra, finds and proposes mediator accord, which ends the conflict and makes her power to ascend to the sacred order of the Zeus fathers power.
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Scorbureanu, Alexandrina-Ioana. "Discrete choice models applied to travel demand analysis : focus on risk and heterogeneity." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DENS0044.
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La thèse se propose d'intégrer deux approches économiques fondamentales à l'étude de l'économie régionale et de la politique économique des transports en particulier: i) un approche théorique, fondée sur des micromodèles analytiques et soutenue par des applications des méthodes de simulation numérique, et ensuite, ii) un approche empirique pour tester des hypothèses théorétiques. La perspective de microéconomie sur les problématiques et le fonctionnement des mécanismes des transports privés sont, au même temps, nécessaires et ardues à modéliser. Parmi les nombreuses problématiques étudiés dans le cadre de cet domaine de recherche il vaut la peine de mentionner: la taxation des routes, la concurrence parfaite et oligopolistique entre les opérateurs que anime le système des transports privées et de marchandises, la congestion des routes et le comportement des usagers face à l'incertitude relative aux temps de trajet où encore, le processus de décision en matière de transports au sein des ménages. L'approche micro-fondée liée aux problématiques ci-dessus a été intégrée au sein de cet étude avec une vision empirique, menée à l'analyse de l'ensemble des politiques de plani cation au niveau régional et urbain. Les deux applications empiriques présentées montrent deux nouvelles méthodologies d'étude concernant deux problématiques classiques: i) le choix modale, dans une optique de décision conjointe observée sur un échantillon des couples résidents en Ile-de-France et, ii) le choix de route en Moyen Orient, où les temps de trajet sont incertains et dépends d'un scenario politique incertain au niveau macroéconomique. L'intégration des deux approches est réalisée dans le cadre de cette thèse ayant comme exigence celle de mieux répondre aux questions concrètes et actuelles de la recherche européenne, ainsi que pour augmenter la palette des débouchées applicatives des modèles théoriques développées dans la littérature récenteThis thesis aims to integrate two fundamental approaches to the study of regional economics and the transport policy: i) a theoretical approach based on analytic models supported by numerical simulation and ii) an empirical approach to test theoretical assumptions. The microeconomic perspective represents a challenging and a complex task at the same time. Some of the open issues at the center of debate are: the taxation of roads, perfect and imperfect competition among the networks supporting private trips, congestion pricing and the attitude towards risky outcomes as uncertain travel times, the decision making process and resource sharing among different members of a household. The micro approach has been integrated with two empirical experiments in which we propose new approaches to study two traditional problems: i) modal choice, by testing the jointness of decision making on a sample of active couples from Ile-de-France, and ii) route choice in the Middle East - a context in which the travel time, as an input of the decision process, is characterized by uncertainty and depends on the political scenario at the macro level
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Monardo, Julien. "Essais sur l'estimation structurelle de la demande." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN042/document.
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L’estimation structurelle des modèles de demande sur des marchés de produits différenciés joue un rôle important en économie. Elle permet de mieux comprendre les choix des consommateurs et, entre autres, de mesurer les effets d’une fusion d’entreprise, de l’introduction d’un nouveau produit sur le marché ou d’une nouvelle régulation. L’approche traditionnelle consiste à spécifier un modèle d’utilité, typiquement un modèle d’utilité aléatoire additif, à en calculer ses demandes et à inverser ces dernières pour obtenir des équations de demande inverse qui serviront de base pour l’estimation. Toutefois, en général, ces demandes inverses n’ont pas de forme analytique. L'estimation exige donc une inversion numérique et l’emploi de procédures d’estimation non-linéaire, qui peuvent être difficiles à mettre en oeuvre et chronophages.Cette thèse adopte une approche différente, en développant de nouveaux modèles de demande inverse qui sont cohérents avec un modèle d’utilité de consommateurs hétérogènes. Cette approche permet de capter de façon plus flexible les substitutions entre les produits, grâce à de simples régressions linéaires basées sur des données incluant les parts de marché, les prix et les caractéristiques des produits. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse développe le modèle inverse product differentiation logit (IPDL), qui généralise les modèles logit emboîtés, permettant ainsi de capter de façon flexible les substitutions entre les produits, y compris de la complémentarité. Il montre que le modèle IPDL appartient à une classe de modèles de demande inverse, nommée generalized inverse logit (GIL), laquelle inclut une grande majorité de modèles d’utilité aléatoire additifs qui ont été utilisés à des fins d'estimation de la demande. Le second chapitre développe le modèle flexible inverse logit (FIL), un modèle GIL qui utilise une structure de nids flexible avec un nid pour chaque pair de produits. Il montre que le modèle FIL, projeté dans l’espace des caractéristiques des produits, permet d’obtenir des élasticités-prix qui dépendent directement des caractéristiques des produits et, en utilisant des simulations de Monte-Carlo, qu’il est capable de reproduire celles du "flexible" modèle logit à coefficients aléatoires. Le troisième chapitre étudie la micro-fondation du modèle GIL. Il montre que les restrictions que le modèle GIL impose sur la fonction de demande inverse sont des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes de cohérence avec un modèle de consommateurs hétérogènes maximisant leur fonction d’utilité, connu sous le nom de perturbed utility model (PUM). Il montre également que tout modèle GIL génère une fonction de demande qui satisfait une légère variante des conditions de Daly-Zachary, laquelle permet de combiner substituabilité et complémentarité en demandeEstimation of structural demand models in differentiated product markets plays an important role in economics. It allows to better understand consumers’ choices and, amongst other, to assess the effects of mergers, new products, and changes in regulation. The standard approach consists in specifying a utility model, typically an additive random utility model, computing its demands, and inverting them to obtain inverse demand equations, which will serve as a basis for estimation. However, since these inverse demands have generally no closed form, estimation requires numerical inversion and non-linear optimization, which can be painful and time-consuming. This dissertation adopts a different approach, developing novel inverse demand models, which are consistent with a utility model of heterogeneous consumers. This approach allows to accommodate rich substitution patterns thanks to simple linear regressions with data on market shares, prices and product characteristics. The first chapter of this dissertation develops the inverse product differentiation logit (IPDL) model, which generalizes the nested logit models to allow for richer substitution patterns, including complementarity. It also shows that the IPDL model belongs to the class of generalized inverse logit (GIL) models, which includes a vast majority of additive random utility models that have been used for demand estimation purposes. The second chapter develops the flexible inverse logit (FIL) model, a GIL model that uses a flexible nesting structure with a nest for each pair of products. It shows that the FIL model, projected into product characteristics space, makes the price elasticities depending on product characteristics directly and, using Monte Carlo simulations, that it is able to mimic those from the "flexible" random coefficient logit model. The third chapter studies the micro-foundation of the GIL model. It shows that the restrictions that the GIL model imposes on the inverse demand function are necessary and sufficient for consistency with a model of heterogeneous and utility-maximizing consumers, called perturbed utility model. It also shows that any GIL model yields a demand function that satisfies a slight variant of the Daly-Zachary conditions, which allows to combine substitutability and complementarity in demand
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Rimjha, Mihir. "On Demand Mobility Cargo Demand Estimation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85590.
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Recent developments in the shipping industry have opened some unprecedented trade
opportunities on various levels. Be it individual consumption or business needs, the thought of
receiving a package on the same day or within 4-hour from some other business or industry in the
urban area is worth appreciating. The congestion on ground transportation modes is higher than
ever. Since currently the same-day delivery in urban areas is carried mainly by ground modes, the
catchment area of this delivery service is limited.
The On-Demand Mobility for cargo can elevate the concept of express shipping in revolutionary
ways. It will not only increase the catchment area thereby encompassing more business and
consumers but will also expedite the delivery as these vehicles will fly over the ground traffic.
The objective of this study was to estimate the total demand for ODM Cargo operations and study
its effect on ODM passenger operations. The area of interest for this study was Northern California
(17 counties). Annual cargo flows in the study area were rigorously analyzed through databases
like Transearch, Freight Analysis Framework-4, and T-100 International for freight. The results of
this study are presented through a parametric analysis of market share. The end product also
includes the flight trajectories (with flight plan) of daily ODM cargo flights in the study region.
The On-Demand Mobility cargo operations are expected to complement passenger On-Demand
Mobility operations. Therefore, the effect of ODM cargo operations on the passenger ODM
operations was also analyzed in this study. The major challenge faced in this study was the
unavailability of datasets with the desired level of details and refinements. Since the movement of
cargo is mostly done by private companies, the detailed records of shipments are often not public
knowledge.Master of Science
The recent advancements in shipping industry has made transfer of goods both domestic and international, swifter and more reliable. Nowadays, some business and consumers in urban areas have the options of few-hours or same day delivery. Currently the same-day delivery in urban areas is carried mainly by ground modes (trucks) and hence the catchment area of this delivery service is limited. Adding to it, the traffic congestion on the urban roads is a major hinderance in growth of such services. The On-Demand Mobility for cargo can reform express shipping in revolutionary ways. The concept vehicle can fly over the ground traffic. Therefore, it will increase the catchment area thereby encompassing more business and consumers, along with faster delivery options in currently serviced areas. For the study, we analyzed different databases for annual cargo flows in the region. Seventeen counties in the Northern California were chosen as the study area (or region). The study was focused on estimating the potential market (demand) for the On-Demand Mobility Cargo operations. Multiple set of results were calculated for different market shares that On-Demand Mobility can potentially capture in cargo operations. Flight trajectories (with flight plan) for daily ODM cargo flights were the final product. The On-Demand Mobility cargo operations are expected to complement passenger ODM operations. Therefore, the effect of ODM cargo operations on the passenger ODM operations was also analyzed in this study. The major challenge faced in this study was the unavailability of datasets with the desired level of details and refinements.
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Keller, Joachim. "Essays on innovation and investment decisions under imperfect competition." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209548.
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Innovation incentives are imperfectly provided in market settings: When deciding on their innovation activity, firms tend to focus on the maximization of their private benefits, poorly internalizing social benefits. This thesis analyzes how policy intervention could be designed in order to align private and social incentives. In the three papers of this thesis, I will consider three environments where firms' choices in a laissez-faire situation may be socially inefficient. The inefficiencies arise because of learning externalities, free riding when the innovation decision is made by a group of participants, or because firms are not willing to invest in a new activity that has a higher social than private value.
In the first thesis paper, I deal with the strategies of firms in innovative consumer product markets characterized by demand uncertainty. I analyze the timing and location decision of firms in that context.
In the second thesis paper, I consider the investment incentives of financial market infrastructures (FMIs). FMIs comprise the set of institutions that allow financial market participants to engage with each other. I assess the innovation incentives for different forms of ownership (user-owned versus third-party owned) and identify infrastructure service provision equilibria.
In the third thesis paper, I address the question of how a government should allocate a subsidy budget over time in order to maximize the innovation activity in an industry.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Syed, Nida Umme-Saleem. "On Demand Mobility Commuter Aircraft Demand Estimation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78879.
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On-Demand Mobility (ODM) is a concept to address congestion problems. Using electric aircraft and vertical take-off with limited landing (VTOL) capabilities, the ODM concept offers on demand transportation service between designated landing sites at a fraction of driving time. The purpose of this research is to estimate the potential ODM demand and understand the challenges of introducing ODM using the Northern California region (including major cities like San Francisco, Sacramento, and San Jose) as an area of study and a second, less rigorous analysis for the Washington-Baltimore region. A conditional logit model was developed to estimate mode choice behavior and to estimate ODM demand; presenting automobile and public transportation as the two competing modes to ODM.
There are significant challenges associated with the service including ability to operate in bad weather, vehicle operating cost, siting and cost of landing sites, and overall public acceptance of small, remotely operated aircraft.
Nine scenarios were run varying the input for a base fare, landing fare, cost per-passenger-mile, auto operational costs, and ingress (waiting) times. The results yielded sensitivity of demand to all these parameters and especially showed a great difference in demand when auto costs were decreased from the standard American Automobile Association (AAA) cost per mile to a likely, future auto operating cost. The challenge that aerospace engineers face is designing an aircraft capable of achieving lower operational costs. The results showed that in order for the ODM to be a competitive mode, the cost per passenger-mile should be kept at $1.Master of Science
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Windisch, Elisabeth. "Driving electric ? : a financial assessment of electric vehicle policies in France." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1159/document.
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Au cours des années récentes, les véhicules électriques sont revenus sur le devant de la scène des politiques publiques en matière de transport. Considérés comme un remède possible à diverses préoccupations pressantes des pouvoirs publics, ils bénéficient d'un soutien croissant de leur part. De telles mesures de soutien demeurent contestées : en effet, leur impact sur le décollage effectif des ventes, leur soutenabilité, leur utilité et leur justification sont loin d'aller de soi. Cette étude vise à éclairer l'impact des politiques publiques destinées à influencer la demande sur i) le taux de pénétration des véhicules électriques auprès des ménages français, et ii) les finances publiques. Dans un premier temps sera brossé le tableau du contexte dans lequel les véhicules électriques ont vocation à se développer. Il sera proposé un panorama large des opportunités potentielles offertes par l'introduction des véhicules électriques. Une revue internationale des politiques publiques est conduite, qui décrit les leviers de politique publique qui sont aujourd'hui actionnés en soutien au véhicule électrique de par le monde. L'accent y est mis sur les mesures destinées à agir sur la demande. Des conclusions préliminaires seront proposées sur l'efficacité de ces mesures au regard des taux observés de pénétration du véhicule électrique. Dans un deuxième temps, l'étude s'attache à évaluer le marché potentiel des véhicules électriques auprès des ménages français. L'analyse porte non seulement sur les déterminants financiers de la demande, mais aussi sur les obstacles socio-économiques à l'adoption des véhicules électriques par ces ménages. S'appuyant sur une analyse par scénarios qui permet de rendre compte des nombreuses incertitudes relatives aux évolutions à prévoir des véhicules, des coûts et des tendances de marché, une prévision du potentiel de demande à l'horizon 2023 est avancée. L'approche désagrégée qui est appliquée à partir de la base de données de l'Enquête Nationale Transports et Déplacements 2007/2008 permet d'identifier les combinaisons de instruments financiers de politique publique les plus à même de garantir certains niveaux de pénétration du véhicule électrique dans la prochaine décennie. Enfin, l'impact sur les finances publiques du remplacement d'un véhicule conventionnel par un véhicule électrique est étudié. L'analyse porte à la fois sur les phases de production et d'usage du véhicule. Le modèle d'évaluation développé à cet effet tient compte des impacts directs et indirects sur les finances publiques. Sont pris en compte les subventions directes à l'achat, les allègements fiscaux, les recettes fiscales, ainsi que les effets sur l'emploi. Les conclusions et observations tirées de l'étude permettent de formuler diverses suggestions à l'attention des constructeurs automobiles et des décideurs publics affichant la volonté de soutenir l'essor du véhicule électriqueIn recent years, electric vehicles have come to the forefront of public transport policies. They are seen as remedy for various pressing public concerns and are thus increasingly benefiting from supportive policy measures. Such measures remain contested: their impact on actual vehicle uptake rates, their sustainability, usefulness and justification are far from being self-evident. This study aims at uncovering the effect of financial demand-side public policy measures on i) the uptake rate of electric vehicles among private households in France, and ii) the public budget. First, the context within which electric vehicles are to evolve is sketched. A comprehensive overview of the potential opportunities that come with the introduction of electric vehicles is given. An international policy review depicts public policy levers that are currently deployed in order to support the uptake of electric vehicles. A focus is put on financial demand-side measures. Preliminary conclusions on their effectiveness with regards to observed electric vehicle uptake rates in the various countries reviewed are drawn. Next, the potential market for electric vehicles among French households is explored. Besides financial aspects, socio-economic obstacles to electric vehicle uptake among private households are analysed. With the aid of scenario analysis that accounts for the many uncertainties with regards to future vehicle developments, costs and market trends, a forecast of the electric vehicles' potential up until 2023 is given. The applied disaggregate approach based on the database of the French National Transport Survey 2007/2008 allows identifying the most promising sets of financial public policy measures that are likely to guarantee certain electric vehicle uptake rates over the next decade. Lastly, the effect of replacing one conventional vehicle by one electric vehicle on the public budget is investigated. Both, vehicle manufacture and use aspects are considered. The set up valuation model hereby accounts for direct and indirect financial impacts on the public budget. These comprise direct purchase subsidies, tax breaks, and tax income, as well as effects of changing employment situations that alter the amount of social contributions and unemployment benefits .The study's findings and considerations allow for various suggestions for vehicle manufacturers and policy makers willing to support the uptake of electric vehicles. These are listed in the conclusions section which also sketches directions for further research
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Celik, Berk. "Coordination mechanisms for smart homes electric energy management through distributed resource scheduling with demand response programs." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCA013/document.
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La modernisation des réseaux électriques via ce que l'appelle aujourd'hui les réseaux intelligents (ou smart grids) promet des avancées pour permettre de faire face à une augmentation de la demande mondiale ainsi que pour faciliter l'intégration des ressources décentralisées. Grâce à des moyens de communication et de calcul avancés, les smart grids offrent de nouvelles possibilités pour la gestion des ressources des consommateurs finaux, y compris pour de petits éléments comme de l'électroménager. Cependant, ce type de gestion basée sur des décisions prises indépendamment peuvent causer des perturbations tels qu'un rebond de consommation, ou des instabilités sur le réseau. La prise en compte des interactions entre les décisions de gestion énergétique de différentes maisons intelligentes est donc une problématique naissante dans les smart grids. Cette thèse vise à évaluer l'impact potentiel de mécanismes de coordination entre consommateurs résidentiels au niveau de quartiers, et ce à travers trois études complémentaires. Tout d'abord, une première stratégie pour la gestion coordonnée de maisons est proposée avec l'objectif d'augmenter l'utilisation locale d'énergie renouvelable à travers la mise en place d'échanges d'énergie électrique entre voisins. Les participants reçoivent en échange une compensation financière. L'algorithme de gestion est étudié dans une configuration centralisée et une configuration décentralisée en faisant appel au concept de système multi-agents, chaque maison étant représentée par un agent. Les résultats de simulation montrent que les deux approches sont efficaces pour augmenter la consommation locale d'énergie renouvelable et réduire les coûts énergétiques journaliers des consommateurs. Bien que l'approche décentralisée retourne des résultats plus rapidement, l'approche centralisée a une meilleure performance concernant les coûts. Dans une seconde étude, deux algorithmes de gestion énergétiques à J-1 sont proposés pour un quartier résidentiel. Un modèle de tarification dynamique est utilisé, où le prix dépend de la consommation agrégée du quartier ainsi que d'une forme de tarification heures creuses-heures pleines. L'objectif est ici de concevoir un mécanisme de coordination plus avancé (par rapport au précédent), en permettant des échanges d'énergie renouvelable résiduelle au sein du quartier. La performance des algorithmes est étudiée sur une période d'une journée puis d'une année, en prenant ou non en compte les erreurs de prévision. D'après les résultats de simulation, les deux algorithmes proposés montrent de meilleurs performances que les méthodes de référence (sans contrôle, et algorithme égoïste), même en considérant les erreurs de prévision. Enfin, dans une troisième étude, l'impact de l'introduction de production photovoltaïque résidentielle sur la performance d'un agrégateur est évaluée, dans une configuration centralisée. L'agrégateur interagit avec le marché spot et le gestionnaire de réseau, de façon à proposer un nouveau modèle de tarification permettant d'influencer les consommateurs à agir sur leur consommation. Les résultats de simulation montrent quand le taux de pénétration de photovoltaïque résidentiel augmente, le profit de l'agrégateur diminue, du fait de l'autoconsommation dans le quartierGrid modernization through philosophies as the Smart Grid has the potential to help meet the expected world increasing demand and integrate new distributed generation resources at the same time. Using advanced communication and computing capabilities, the Smart Grid offers a new avenue of controlling end-user assets, including small units such as home appliances. However, with such strategies, decisions taken independently can cause undesired effects such as rebound peaks, contingencies, and instabilities in the network. Therefore, the interaction between the energy management actions of multiple smart homes is a challenging issue in the Smart Grid. Under this purpose, in this work, the potential of coordination mechanisms established among residential customers at the neighborhood level is evaluated through three studies. Firstly, coordinative home energy management is presented, with the aim to increase local renewable energy usage in the neighborhood area by establishing energy trading among smart homes, which are compensated by incentives. The control algorithm is realized in both centralized and decentralized manners by deploying a multi-agent system, where neighborhood entities are modeled as agents. Simulations results show that both methods are effective on increasing local renewable energy usage and decreasing the daily electricity bills of customers. However, while the decentralized approach gives results in shorter time, the centralized approach shows a better performance regarding costs. Secondly, two decentralized energy management algorithms are proposed for day-ahead energy management in the neighborhood area. A dynamic pricing model is used, where price is associated to the aggregated consumption and grid time-of-use scheme. The objective of the study is to establish a more advanced coordination mechanism (compared to previous work) with residual renewable energy is shared among smart homes. In this study, the performance of the algorithms is investigated with daily and annual analyses, with and without considering forecasting errors. According to simulations results, both coordinative control models show better performance compared to baseline and selfish (no coordination) control cases, even when considering forecasting errors. Lastly, the impact of photovoltaic systems on a residential aggregator performance (in a centralized approach) is investigated in a neighborhood area. In the proposed model, the aggregator interacts with the spot market and the utility, and proposes a novel pricing scheme to influence customers to control their loads. Simulation results show that when the penetration level of residential photovoltaics (PV) is increased, the aggregator profit decreases due to self-consumption ability with PV in the neighborhood
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Lacina, Tomáš. "Analýza možností vstupu na nový trh." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264502.
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This thesis deals with analysis of macroenvironment of Kenya´s market. The main goal of the thesis is to find out, if the macroenvironment enables entrance for company producing condoms to Kenya´s market. Besides that the barriers which restrict the entrance to market are mentioned. The thesis mentions an influence of the barriers. The thesis uses PESTEL analysis for the indetification of the key factors which determine characteristic of the market. Using the PESTEL analysis enables to determine barriers of the entrance to Kenya´s market. On the output of PESTEL analysis is used DEMATEL method which was used for quantification of the PESTEL analysis output. Using DEMATEL method enabled to determinate influence of the particular factors of PESTEL. Because of using DEMATEL method thesis determinates political, economical and social factors as the strogest factors and it is necessary to devote them main attention. They may mean the most important barrier for entrance. Simultaneously DEMATEL determines political, social and legal factors as the factors with the biggest influence. Outcomes of this thesis provide information about macroenvironment of Kenya´s market for any company producing condoms.
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Demeo, Elizabeth. "Accidental necessity." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/rp/demeoe/elizabethdemeo.pdf.
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Salazar, Marlon Bruno. "Demanda de energia na indústria brasileira: efeitos da eficiência energética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-15052012-094631/.
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A conservação de energia, mais precisamente a eficiência energética, vem ganhando importância nos últimos anos no Brasil e no mundo em função dos impactos ambientais que o uso intensivo de energia gera ao meio ambiente e pelo fato de a oferta de energia, principalmente as derivadas de fontes não renováveis, estar se tornando cada vez mais escassa. Estudos que abordam os impactos que os ganhos de eficiência podem gerar em termos de custos e na conservação de energia e, por conseguinte, na diminuição dos efeitos da atividade industrial no meio ambiente vem ganhando importância. Este trabalho teve como motivação principal determinar o impacto da Eficiência Energética na demanda de energia da indústria brasileira. Para isso utilizaram-se duas metodologias complementares para dissertar a respeito do tema. Primeiramente, a intensidade energética foi decomposta em dois efeitos distintos, Efeito Intensidade e Efeito Estrutural. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o Efeito Intensidade foi o principal responsável pela perda de Eficiência no consumo de energia pela indústria. Como o Efeito Intensidade é uma importante proxy para a Eficiência Energética, buscou-se determinar o impacto desta no consumo de energia pela industria brasileira. Outras variáveis também foram utilizadas para compor a função de demanda de energia, como PIB industrial, preços médios ponderados das diferentes fontes de energia e o nível de salários pagos na indústria. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que um aumento de 1% no Efeito Intensidade tem impacto de 0,297% no consumo de energia industrial. Procurou-se também neste trabalho buscar os determinantes da Eficiência Energética. Para tal, utilizou-se como variáveis explicativas a Formação Liquida de Capital Fixo como proxy dos investimento feitos pela indústria, a Utilização da Capacidade Instalada como um indicador de excesso ou de subutilização do parque industrial e por fim a Taxa de Câmbio Real, dado que a maior parte dos setores energo-intensivos industriais também se caracterizam pela forte abertura ao comércio exterior. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o aumento na Utilização da Capacidade Instalada implica na perda de Eficiência Energética. Por outro lado, aumento na Formação Liquida de Capital Fixo contribui para a redução do Efeito Intensidade que implica aumento na utilização eficiente de energia. Concluiu-se que o aumento da Taxa de Investimento na economia, além de aumentar a Eficiência Energética na indústria, também é responsável por reduzir o consumo de energia e assim beneficiar o próprio setor industrial através da redução de custos como também toda a sociedade através dos benefícios que a redução da produção de energia pode gerar no meio ambiente e na poupança de recursos não renováveis.The conservation of energy, specifically energy efficiency is gaining importance lately in Brazil and the world due environmental impacts that intensive use of energy generates to the environment and for the fact that the supply of energy, mainly derived from nonrenewable sources, is becoming increasingly scarce. Studies which approach the impacts that efficiency gains can generate in terms of cost and energy conservation and, therefore, to reduce the effects of industrial activity on the environment are gaining importance. This work had as its main motivation to determine the impact of energy efficiency in energy demand of Brazilian industry. For this we used two complementary methodologies to discourse on the subject. First, the energy intensity was decomposed into two distinct effects: Intensity effect and Structural effect. The results suggest that the Intensity effect was mainly responsible for the loss of efficiency in energy used by industry. As the Intensity Effect is an important proxy for the Energy Efficiency, we attempted to determine the impact of energy consumption in Brazilian industry. Other variables were also used to compose the function of energy demand, such as industrial GDP, weighted average prices of different energy sources and the level of salaries paid in the industry. The results suggest that a 1% increase in the intensity effect has an impact of 0.297% in industrial energy consumption. We also sought to pursue the determinants of Energy Efficiency. For this purpose, we used as explanatory variables the Net Fixed Capital Formation as a proxy of the investment made by the industry, the Use of Installed Capacity as an indicator of excess or industrial underused and finally the Real Exchange Rate, as most energy-intensive industrial sectors are also characterized by a strong opening to foreign trade. The results suggest that increased use of installed capacity implies the loss of energy efficiency. On the other hand, increase in Net Fixed Capital Formation contributes to the reduction of the Intensity Effect which implies an increase in the efficient use of energy. It was concluded that the increased Rate of Investment in the economy, besides increasing the Energy Efficiency in industry, is also responsible for reducing energy consumption and thus benefit the industrial sector itself by reducing costs as well as the whole society through the benefits that the reduction of energy production can have on the environment and saving non-renewable resources.
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Rodrigues, Letícia Reis. "Seleção de fornecedores sustentáveis utilizando Fuzzy DEMATEL-ANP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/9381.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The issue of sustainability, which is an increasingly important consideration in the day-to-day operations of businesses, needs to be addressed in the context of supplier selection. The use of multi-criteria approaches in decisions concerning the selection of sustainable suppliers can be a valuable approach for helping to resolve the complexity of this process. A systematic review of the literature highlighted gaps in the research in this area, such as the lack of a detailed description of multi-criteria methods, as well as a scarcity of sustainability criteria that take into account the three main perspectives (Economic, Environmental, and Social). This work describes the development and real case application of a DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) and ANP (Analytic Network Process) fuzzy modeling technique for the selection of sustainable suppliers. The methodological approach used in the research was quantitative, descriptive, and empirical. The modeling and simulations were performed using MATLAB®. Incorporation of the specificities of the process of selection of sustainable suppliers makes the model a useful tool for use by both businesses and researchers concerned with the issue of sustainability. A systematic review of the published research highlights the main state-of-art methods and criteria used for the selection of green and sustainable suppliers. The model is described in a framework highlighting each step of the application. It was subsequently applied by a major glass packaging company, where the supply chain coordinator agreed to assist in the research. The outputs of the second phase of the model showed that the Economic cluster was most important and interacted with the Environmental cluster, while the Social cluster remained practically inert, without interactions with the other clusters. For the three perspectives, the three most influential criteria were as follows: cost, compliance, and quality (Economic perspective); environmental certifications/ISO 14001, reuse/recovery, and pollution control (Environmental perspective); and stakeholder rights, respect for policies, and encouragement of the development of self-sustainable recycling programs (Social perspective). Finally, a supplier was selected using the framework presented, and the criteria that most influenced the decision were highlighted. The procedure developed here offers a tool to assist businesses searching for sustainable solutions, as well as researchers in the scientific community concerned with the development of knowledge in this area.
A temática sustentável, cada vez mais presente e atuante no cotidiano das operações das empresas precisa ser tratada no contexto da seleção de fornecedores. Aplicar abordagens de decisão multicritério para a seleção de fornecedores sustentáveis demonstra ser uma alternativa interessante a fim de lidar com a natureza complexa deste processo. Por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi possível destacar algumas lacunas de pesquisa, como a falta de uma visão detalhada dos métodos multicritérios e uma escassa abordagem de critérios sustentáveis, abordando as três perspectivas (Econômica, Ambiental e Social). Desta forma, o objetivo central da pesquisa é detalhar e aplicar em um caso real a modelagem fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) e fuzzy ANP (Analytic Network Process) para a seleção de fornecedores sustentáveis. A abordagem metodológica empregada na pesquisa é quantitativa descritiva empírica, com aplicação de modelagem e simulação em MATLAB ®. Espera-se que o modelo possa internalizar as especificidades do processo de seleção de fornecedores sustentáveis de modo a tornar-se uma ferramenta útil às empresas e aos pesquisadores que estudam o método. A revisão sistemática da pesquisa pode destacar os principais métodos na literatura e os principais critérios utilizados pela seleção de fornecedores verdes e sustentáveis no estado da arte. O modelo foi detalhado em um framework, destacando-se cada passo da aplicação. Posteriormente foi aplicado em uma empresa de grande porte de embalagens vítreas, onde a coordenadora de Supply Chain se dispôs a auxiliar na pesquisa. Como saídas da segunda fase do modelo, o cluster Econômico revelou ser o mais importante e exerce influência sob o cluster Ambiental, já o cluster Social permanece praticamente inerte sem exercer ou receber influência. Também pode-se destacar que os três critérios mais influentes de cada perspectiva foram: ‘Custo’, ‘Compliance’ e ‘Qualidade’ na perspectiva Econômica; ‘Certificações Ambientais / ISO 14001’, Reuso / Recuperação e ‘Controle da Poluição’ na perspectiva Ambiental; e ‘Direitos dos Stakeholders’, ‘Respeito pelas políticas’ e ‘Incentivo ao desenvolvimento de programas de reciclagem auto-sustentáveis’ na perspectiva Social. Ao final, um fornecedor é escolhido com o framework apresentado, e os critérios mais influentes na decisão foram destacados. Esta discussão é válida para auxiliar empresas em busca de soluções sustentáveis e pesquisadores na área que desenvolvem o conhecimento para a comunidade científica.
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Laperrière, Wendy. "Évaluation des limites d'un digesteur biogaz pour une utilisation flexible dans un réseau local de production d'énergie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT068/document.
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Avec l’augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables intermittentes (solaire et éolien) dans les mix énergétiques, des problèmes dans la stabilité de la fourniture d’électricité peuvent se présenter. La solution pour compenser ces fluctuations réside dans la production flexible de biogaz. Le biogaz peut en effet être stocké puis utilisé en période de demande; sa production doit donc être assurée de manière flexible, contrairement à ce qui est fait actuellement sur la majorité des digesteurs. L’objectif de la thèse était d’étudier et de déterminer les limites de digesteurs biogaz en fonctionnement flexible. Trois réacteurs de 15L, alimentés avec trois mélanges différents de deux substrats solides, ont été alimentés pendant 550 jours en fonctionnement flexible. Il a été démontré au cours de cette thèse que le fonctionnement flexible avec des surcharges organiques ponctuelles n’avait aucune incidence négative à long terme sur la production de méthane. La flexibilité instantanée a été définie comme la marge entre le maximum de production sur un réacteur et sa production de base. Elle a été fortement influencée par la charge de base du réacteur et par les cinétiques de dégradation des substrats utilisés en surcharge, mais très peu par l’intensité des surcharges appliquées. L’utilisation de substrats rapidement dégradables en surcharge a permis d’atteindre un maximum de production de 1 à 1,2 LCH4/Lréacteur.j dans les premières 24 heures, même sur des réacteurs alimentés de base avec du fumier, conduisant à des flexibilités allant de +92 à +150%. Ce plafond dépend de la vitesse d’hydrolyse des substrats et il peut être relevé en utilisant des composés plus simples à dégrader en surcharge (type glycérol). Un mode opératoire prêt à être validé sur des installations pilote a été défini ; il précise la démarche à suivre pour la détermination du maximum de production et le niveau de la charge de base à adopter, pour une flexibilisation optimale de la production de méthane sur les CSTR. Un modèle simple, basé sur deux vitesses de dégradation, a également été développé et proposé pour simuler un fonctionnement flexible sur un réacteurWith the increasing share of intermittent renewable energies in the electricity mix, some stability problems are expected in the grid. The solution consists in using biogas as buffer energy. Biogas can be stored, then used on-demand. As the storage is limited, biogas production should be flexible. The aim of this thesis was to study and determine the limits of anaerobic reactors in a flexible operation. Three 15L reactors, fed with three different mixtures of two solid substrates, were fed for 550 days in flexible operation. It was demonstrated in this thesis that flexible operation with one-off overloads had no negative impact on methane production on long-term. The flexibility was defined as the margin between the maximum production on a reactor and its baseload production. It was strongly influenced by the baseload of the reactor and the substrates used in overloads, but not by the intensity of the overloads applied. The use of readily degradable substrates in overloads allowed a maximum production of 1 to 1.2 LCH4/Lreactor.d to be achieved in the first 24 hours, even in reactors fed mainly with manure, leading to flexibility ranging from +92 to + 150%. This ceiling depends on the rate of hydrolysis of the substrates. It can be increased by using compounds that are of a simpler structure (glycerol for example). An operational strategy ready to be validated on pilot plants has been defined; it specifies the approach for the determination of the maximum production and the level of the baseload to be adopted, for an optimal flexibilization of the methane production on CSTRs. A simple model, based on two degradation rates, has also been developed to simulate flexible operation of anaerobic reactors
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Tan, Peng Kuan. "Demand management : a cross-industry analysis of supply-demand planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36139.
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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-75).
Globalization increases product variety and shortens product life cycles. These lead to an increase in demand uncertainty and variability. Outsourcing to low-cost countries increases supply lead-time and supply uncertainty and variability. Coupled with the increase of mergers and acquisitions, which increase supply chain complexity, and the unforgiving nature of having too little or too much inventory, these factors have accelerated the importance and adoption of the Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) process. S&OP is driven by a cross functional team, with the purpose of balancing supply and demand with the objective of maximizing a company's goals. It manages the supply and demand uncertainties, balances the different internal and external stakeholders' interests, and aligns the operations towards its strategy and vision. In support of the Supply Chain 2020 Project at MIT, this thesis focuses on analyzing the S&OP function across industries. Using the Phase I SC 2020 theses, literature, white papers, and interviews with industry experts, this thesis compares and contrasts the S&OP practices across nine industries.
(cont.) It examines their best practices and underlying principles, as well as the macro factors that have shaped the practices for the last ten to fifteen years, as well as what is expected in the future. Companies with the "best" S&OP processes collaborate internally to balance sales and operations, and align all internal stakeholders' interests. Furthermore, they collaborate externally with suppliers and customers to reduce supply and demand uncertainties. They also understand and manage demand and supply uncertainties, and align their effort towards their goals. These companies synchronize operations and are agile to changing environments.
by Peng Kuan Tan.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Lee, Seewhy Richard. "Space on demand." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3198714X.
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Lee, Seewhy Richard, and 李思維. "Space on demand." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3198714X.
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Caserta, Kimberly. "Luxury Good Demand." Thesis, Boston College, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/572.
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Thesis advisor: Robert MurphyLuxury Good Consumer Trends and Advertising Spending Outcomes on the Economy This paper will explore how consumer trends in luxury goods affect the overall economy of the United States and vice versa. In economics, a luxury good is a good for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises. Luxury goods are said to have high income elasticity of demand. In other words, as people become wealthier, they will buy more and more of the luxury good. Luxury goods are highly sensitive to economic upturns and downturns; therefore, the state of the economy will often shape consumer spending on luxury goods. However, consumer trends often fuel the economy as well. The demand for luxury goods creates jobs in manufacturing, advertising, event planning and many other areas of specialty that can contribute to a rise in GDP. An increase in exports due to a demand for American luxury goods would have a similar effect. The goal will be to discover any patterns in the data and perhaps to formulate an economic model that will expose the relationship between consumer trends in luxury goods and their effect on the economy
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Rashad, Ahmed (Ahmed Fathy Mustafa Rashad Abdelaal), and Santiago Spraggon. "Assembling the crystal ball : using demand signal repository to forecast demand." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81104.
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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60).
Improving forecast accuracy has positive effects on supply chain performance. Forecast accuracy can reduce inventory levels, increase customer service levels and responsiveness, or a combination of the two. However, the further upstream in the supply chain, the more difficult it becomes to forecast accurately. Demand for consumer products might be subject to factors that are hard to identify and quantify. One way to overcome this is to observe external factors or predictors that might help explain demand. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the factors that potentially influence the demand of a fast-moving consumer product (bottled water), and build a demand signal repository for these factors to help the manufacturer generate more accurate forecasts. We identified more than 30 such factors that might affect demand, using interviews and industry research. We tested more than 200 causal models of the relationship between observed demand and the predicting factors. The resulting model explained almost 60% of demand for two out of three customers using daily buckets and over 85% using weekly buckets compared to less than 50% using time-series techniques. Using the results of this extensive analysis, we propose a new forecasting model. We also identified additional factors that could not be included this analysis due to the lack of data; adding these to the model may further improve the forecast accuracy.
by Ahmed Rashad and Santiago Spraggon.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Miller, Justin (Justin Lee). "Demand estimation and fleet management for autonomous mobility on demand systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113541.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 131-137).
Mobility On Demand (MOD) systems are creating a paradigm shift in transportation, where mobility is provided not through personally owned vehicles but rather through a fleet of shared vehicles. To maintain a high customer quality of service (QoS), MOD systems need to manage the distribution of vehicles under spatial and temporal fluctuations in customer demand. A challenge for MOD systems is developing and informing a customer demand model. A new proactive demand model is presented which correlates real-time traffic data to predict customer demand on short timescales. Traditional traffic data collection approaches use pervasive fixed sensors which are costly for system-wide coverage. To address this, new frameworks are presented for measuring real-time traffic data using MOD vehicles as mobile sensors. The frameworks are evaluated using hardware and simulation implementations of a real-world MOD system developed for MIT campus. First, a mobile sensing framework is introduced that uses camera and Lidar sensors onboard MOD shuttles to observe system-wide traffic. Through a principled approach for decoupling dependencies between observation data and vehicle motion, the framework provides traffic rate estimates comparable to those of costly fixed sensors. Second, an active sensing framework is introduced which quantifies demand uncertainty with a Bayesian model and routes mobile sensors to reduce parameter uncertainty. The active sensing framework reduces error in demand estimates over both short and long timescales when compared to baseline approaches. Given estimates of customer demand, the challenge for MOD systems is maintaining high customer QoS through fleet management. New automated fleet management planners are introduced for improving customer QoS in ride hailing, ride requesting, and ridesharing MOD operating frameworks. The planners are evaluated using data-driven simulation of the MIT MOD system. For ride hailing, to address the challenge of missed customers, a chance-constrained planner is introduced for positioning vehicles at likely customer hailing locations. The chance-constrained planner provides a significant improvement in the number of served hailing customers over a baseline exploration approach. For ride requesting, to address the challenge of high customer wait times, a predictive positioning planner is introduced to position vehicles at key locations in the MOD system based on customer demand. The predictive positioning planner provides a reduction in service times for requesting customers compared to a baseline waiting approach. For ridesharing, incorrect assumptions on customer preference for transit delays can lead to poor realized customer QoS. A ridesharing planner is introduced for assigning customers to vehicles based on a trained ratings-based QoS model. The ridesharing planner provides robust performance over a range of unknown customer preferences compared to approaches with assumed customer preferences.
by Justin Lee Miller.
Ph. D.
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Drysdale, Brian. "Demand side management : flexible demand in the GB domestic electricity sector." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/69859/.
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In order to meet greenhouse gas emissions targets, the Great Britain (GB) future electricity supply will include a higher fraction of non-dispatchable generation, increasing opportunities for demand side management (DSM) to maintain a supply/demand balance. Domestic electricity demand is approximately a third of total GB demand and has the potential to provide a significant demand side resource. An optimization model of UK electricity generation has been developed with an objective function to minimize total system cost (£m/year). The models show that dispatchable output falls from 77% of total output in 2012 to 69% in 2020, 41% in 2030 and 28% in 2050, supporting the need for increased levels of future DSM. Domestic demand has been categorised to identify flexible loads (electric space and water heating, cold appliances and wet appliances), and projected to 2030. Annual flexible demand in 2030 amounts to 64.3TWh though the amount of practically available demand varies significantly on a diurnal, weekly and seasonal basis. Daily load profiles show practically available demand on two sample days at three sample time points (05:00, 08:00 and 17:30) varies between 838MW and 6,150MW. Access to flexible demand for DSM purposes is dependent on the active involvement of domestic consumers and/or their acceptance of appliance automation. Analysis of a major quantitative survey and qualitative workshop dataset shows that 49% of respondents don’t think very much or not at all about their electricity use. This has implications for the effectiveness of DSM measures which rely on consumers to actively modify behaviour in response to a signal. Whilst appliance automation can be a practical solution to realising demand side potential, many consumers are reluctant to allow remote access. Consumers are motivated by financial incentives though the low value of individual appliance consumption limits the effectiveness of solely financial incentives. A range of incentives would be required to encourage a wide cross-section of consumers to engage with their electricity consumption.
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Albana, Abduh-Sayid. "Choix du prix et du délai de livraison dans une chaîne logistique avec une demande endogène sensible au délai de livraison et au prix." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI004/document.
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Parallèlement au prix, le délai de livraison est un facteur clé de compétitivité pour les entreprises. De plus les entreprises sont plus que jamais obligées de respecter ce délai promis. La combinaison du choix du prix et du délai promis implique de nouveaux compromis et offre de nombreuses perspectives. Un délai plus court peut entraîner une augmentation de la demande, mais augmente également le risque de livraison tardive et donc décourager les clients. A contrario un délai plus long ou un prix plus élevé entraîne généralement une baisse de la demande. Or malgré le rôle stratégique conjoint du prix et des délais et leurs impacts sur la demande, dans la littérature en gestion des opérations on suppose très généralement une demande exogène (fixée a priori) même si la conception de la chaîne impacte fortement les délais (localisation des sites, positionnement des stocks,..) et donc la demande. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à ces choix de fixation des délais promis et du prix dans un contexte de demande endogène.La littérature traitant du choix du délai et du prix sous demande endogène a principalement considéré un contexte de fabrication à la commande (Make to Order). Un papier fondateur de Palaka et al en 1998 a présenté cette problématique avec une modélisation de l’entreprise par une file d’attente M/M/1 et nos travaux se placent dans la suite de ce travail. Notre revue de la littérature a permis d'identifier de nouvelles perspectives et nous proposons trois extensions dans cette thèse.Dans notre première contribution, en utilisant le cadre de Palaka et al, nous considérons que le coût de production est une fonction décroissante du délai. Dans tous les articles publiés dans ce contexte, le coût de production unitaire a été supposé constant. Pourtant en pratique, le coût de production unitaire dépend du délai promis, l'entreprise pouvant mieux gérer le processus de production et réduire les coûts de production en proposant des délais plus longs aux clients.Dans la deuxième contribution, nous considérons toujours le cadre de Palaka et al, mais modélisons l'entreprise comme une file d'attente M/M/1/K, pour laquelle la demande est donc rejetée s'il y a déjà K clients dans le système. Dans la littérature issue du travail de Palaka seule la file d'attente M/M/1 a été utilisée, ce qui signifie que tous les clients sont acceptés, ce qui peut entraîner de longues durées de séjour dans le système. Notre idée est basée sur le fait que rejeter certains clients, même si cela peut apparaitre dans un premier temps comme une perte de demande, pourrait aider à proposer un délai plus court pour les clients acceptés, et finalement conduire à une demande et donc un profit plus élevé.Dans la troisième contribution nous étudions un nouveau cadre pour le problème du délai et du prix en fonction de la demande endogène, en modélisant une chaîne logistique composée de deux étapes de production, modélisée par un réseau de files d’attente tandem (M/M/1-M/M/1). Dans la littérature avec ce cadre multi-entreprise, tous les articles ont considéré qu'un seul acteur avait des opérations de production, l'autre acteur ayant un délai nul. Nous avons étudié les scénarios centralisés et décentralisés.Pour chacun des nouveaux problèmes nous avons proposé des formulations maximisant le profit composé du revenu diminué des coûts de production, de stockage et pénalité de retard, et fourni des résolutions optimales, analytiques ou numériques. Ces résolutions nous ont amenés à démontrer de nouveaux résultats (retard moyen dans une M/M/1/K ; condition pour que des contraintes de service locales permettent d’assurer une contrainte de service globale dans un système en tandem). Nous avons mené des expériences numériques pour voir l’influence des différents paramètresAlong with the price, the delivery lead time has become a key factor of competitiveness for companies and an important purchase criterion for many customers. Nowadays, firms are more than ever obliged to meet their quoted lead time, which is the delivery lead time announced to the customers. The combination of pricing and lead time quotation implies new trade-offs and offers opportunities for many insights. For instance, on the one hand, a shorter quoted lead time can lead to an increase in the demand but also increases the risk of late delivery and thus may affect the firm’s reputation and deter future customers. On the other hand, a longer quoted lead time or a higher price generally yields a lower demand. Despite the strategic role of joint pricing and lead time quotation decisions and their impacts on demand, in the operations management literature an exogenous demand (a priory a known demand) is generally used in supply chain models, even if the design of the supply chain has a strong impact on lead times (i.e., sites location, inventory position, etc.) and thus affects the demand. Therefore, we are interested in the lead time quotation and pricing decisions in a context of endogenous demand (i.e., demand sensitive to price and quoted lead time).The literature dealing with pricing and lead time quotation under an endogenous demand mainly considered a make to order (MTO) context. A pioneer paper, Palaka et al. (1998), investigated this issue by modeling the company as an M/M/1 queue, and our work follows their footsteps. Our review of the literature allowed to identify new perspectives for this problem, which led to three main contributions in this thesis.In our first contribution, using Palaka et al.’s framework, we consider the unit production cost to be a decreasing function in quoted lead time. In most published papers, the unit production cost was assumed to be constant. In practice, the unit production cost generally depends on the quoted lead time. Indeed, the firm can manage better the production process and reduce the production cost by quoting longer lead time to the customers.In the second contribution, we still consider Palaka et al.’s framework but model the firm as an M/M/1/K queue, for which demand is rejected if there are already K customers in the system. In the literature on single firm setting following Palaka et al.’s research, only the M/M/1 queue was used, i.e., where all customers are accepted, which might lead to long sojourn times in the system. Our idea is based on the fact that rejecting some customers, might help to quote shorter lead time for the accepted ones, which might finally lead to a higher profitability, even if in the first glance we lose some demand.In the third contribution, we study a new framework for the lead time quotation and pricing problem under endogenous demand as we model the supply chain by two production stages in a tandem queue (M/M/1-M/M/1). In the literature with multi-firm setting, all papers considered that only one actor has production operations and the other actor has zero lead time. We investigated both the centralized and decentralized decision settings.For each problem studied, we formulated a profit-maximization model, where the profit consists of a revenue minus the production, storage and lateness penalty costs, and provides the optimum result (analytically or numerically). These resolutions led us to demonstrate new theoretical results (such as the expected lateness in an M/M/1/K, and the sufficient condition required to satisfy the global service constraint in a tandem queue by only satisfying the local service constraints). We also conducted numerical experiments and derived managerial insights
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Donier, Jonathan. "Agents hétérogènes et formation des prix sur les marchés financiers." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066253/document.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la formation des prix sur les marchés financiers, en particulier lorsque ceux-ci se composent d'un grand nombre d'agents. On commence par l'étude empirique d'un marché émergent -- le bitcoin -- de manière à mieux comprendre comment les actions individuelles affectent les prix -- ce que l'on appelle « l'impact de marché ». On développe ensuite un modèle théorique d'impact basé sur le concept d'agent hétérogène, qui parvient à reproduire les observations empiriques d'un impact concave dans un marché non manipulable. Le cadre de l'agent hétérogène nous permet de revisiter les concepts d'offre et de demande dans un cadre dynamique, de mieux comprendre l'impact du mécanisme de marché sur la liquidité, ou encore de poser les bases d'un simulateur de marché réaliste. On montre enfin, à travers l'étude empirique de plusieurs bulles et crashs sur le marché du bitcoin, le rôle crucial de la micro-structure dans la compréhension des phénomènes extrêmesThis thesis is devoted to the study of price formation on financial markets, in particular when these are composed of a large number of agents. We start by the empirical study of an emergent market -- the bitcoin -- in order to better understand how individual actions impact prices -- a phenomenon known as « market impact ». We then develop a theoretical model based on the concept of heterogeneous agents, that allows to reproduce the empirical observations of a concave impact in a market that remains non-manipulable. The heterogeneous agents framework allows us to revisit the concepts of supply and demand in a dynamic context, to better understand how the choice of a particular market mechanism can impact liquidity, and to lay some grounds for a realistic market simulator. By studying several bubbles and crashes that happened on the bitcoin market, we finally show how relevant microstructure effects can be, in particular for understanding the occurrence of extreme phenomena
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Deleplanque, Samuel. "Modélisation et résolution de problèmes difficiles de transport à la demande et de Lot-Sizing." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22487/document.
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Le principal objet de cet thèse réside dans la modélisation et l’optimisation de services de transport à la demande aussi différents soient-ils (ou seront-ils). Les techniques de supervision doivent alors pouvoir supporter différents objectifs et différentes contraintes pour s’adapter aux services actuels et futurs. Ainsi, ce rapport de thèse développe différentes variantes du DARP - ang. Dial-a-Ride Problem -, le problème de Recherche Opérationnelle modélisant et optimisant un service classique de transport à la demande. Le DARP standard a été étendu de façon à prendre en compte des hypothèses de fonctionnement prometteuses, comme le fait de séparer les composants d’une même requête pour les dispatcher sur des véhicules différents ou encore la présence de mécanismes d’intermodalité. Cette thèse permet également d’inscrire les véhicules autonomes tels que les VIPA dans de nouvelles problématiques de la Recherche Opérationnelle tout en restant dans le domaine du transport à la demande. La modélisation puis l’optimisation de ces systèmes permet de créer les plannings de ces nouveaux véhicules. A long terme, l’évolution technologique devrait permettre de ne plus se soucier du fait qu’ils sont automatiques. Ces travaux tentent de fournir un cadre suffisamment générique permettant à la fois de fournir une solution exploitable aujourd’hui et qui soit adaptable demainThe main objective of the thesis is modeling and optimization of several on-demand transportation services. Supervision techniques must be able to handle numerous criteria and numerous constraints to adapt to the current and future services. Thus, this research develops several types of DARP - Dial-a-Ride Problem -, the operation research problem modeling and optimizing an on-demand transportation system. The standard DARP has been adapted to promising systems, such as those allowing to split the components of the same request and the possibility to dispatch them on different vehicles or the presence of intermodal mechanisms. This thesis also formulates new Operations Research problems in order to integrate autonomous vehicles such as the VIPA in an optimized on-demand transportation system. Modeling and optimizing these systems create schedules of these new vehicles. In the future, technological evolutions are expected and the automatic feature of the vehicles will not be taken into account anymore. These studies attempt to provide a generic framework in order to provide a usable tool for today and an adaptable tool for tomorrow
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Botha, Andre Pieter. "Modelling tourism demand elasticities for South Africa using demand systems / Botha A.P." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8160.
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International tourism to South Africa has increased steadily from 1994 to 2008. The year 2009 saw international arrivals to South Africa decline significantly and it became evident that the worldwide recession impacted not only on tourism arrivals in other countries, but also in South Africa. This sudden drop in international tourism sparked renewed interest into the demand for South Africa as a destination. It became evident that understanding the factors that influence foreign countries’ demand for South Africa as a tourism destination is crucial to anticipating future changes and formulating policy.
Of particular importance are South Africa’s main tourism markets. From an intercontinental perspective, the United Kingdom is the most important market with 15 per cent of intercontinental tourists stemming from the UK in 2009 (Government Communications of South Africa, 2012). The UK is followed by Germany with 8 per cent, with the USA taking third position with 7 per cent in terms of intercontinental arrivals. As a market that grew substantially in importance over the past decade (moving from fifth position in 1994 to third position in 2009), and due to the size of the potential market, the USA is another market that warrants investigation.
An Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) and a Rotterdam model is used to examine tourism demand for South Africa by UK and USA tourists This is done to quantify UK and USA tourism demand for South Africa, specifically the elasticities associated with tourism demand. Five other destinations were included along with South Africa (Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, Spain and USA in the case of UK tourists) to examine the substitute and complementary effects that a change in tourism price brings forth. For the USA case, five destinations were chosen (Italy, Spain, New Zealand, Spain and the UK). The two models are compared to establish whether one model can better explain tourism demand from the UK and the USA to South Africa than the other model.
The models provide policy makers with useful information on the sensitivity of tourism demand to changes in relative prices, exchange rates, expenditure, seasonality and the global recession of 2008. Short–term elasticities, that are critical when focusing on policies regarding own–price, cross–price and expenditure elasticities, were derived from both models.
iv
The results for the Rotterdam model show that price competiveness is important for UK and USA demand for all the countries in the study but, in particular, the long haul destinations ? South Africa and Malaysia. This was expected as these two destinations are seen as ‘luxury’ destinations for both UK and USA tourists. In the South African case, Malaysia, Italy and the UK are seen as substitutes by US tourists and Malaysia, Spain and USA seen as complementary destinations for South Africa by UK tourists.
The results for the EC–AIDS model show that, in terms of expenditure elasticities, almost all of the countries are close to unity, which can be attributed to the dynamic nature of the EC–AIDS model, in that tourists’ choices are taken in account. It was also shown that, in terms of price competiveness for the UK and the USA, demand in South Africa is relatively unimportant. This means that tourists are not discouraged from visiting South Africa when prices increase. South Africa is viewed as a substitute destination for Italy, Spain and the USA for UK tourists but as a complement to Malaysia. USA tourists view South Africa as a substitute for Italy, Malaysia and the UK but as a complement to Spain.
The two models were compared using a J–test and it was found that the EC–AIDS model dominates the Rotterdam model for UK tourists in the South African case but is indifferent for USA tourists when choosing a model.Thesis (MCom (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Sani, Babangida. "Periodic inventory control systems and demand forecasting methods for low demand items." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309040.
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Sarkar, Sourish. "Use of Advance Demand Information in Inventory Management with Two Demand Classes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38831.
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This work considers inventory systems with two demand classes, where advance demand information is available. Three related scenarios are presented: three-stage production-inventory systems are studied in first two, whereas pure inventory systems are studied in the last scenario.
In the first scenario, continuous review production-inventory systems are considered, where only one class provides advance demand information and early demand fulfillment is permitted. A new approach for production replenishment and order fulfillment in such systems is proposed, which combines the benefits of early fulfillment with Kanban-based pull systems. Simulation is used to compare the performance of the resulting policy with two other policies for a variety of scenarios (depending on the arrival rates, system utilizations, cost structures, arrival ratio, priority levels and amount of the advance demand information). A simulation-based lower bound on the optimal cost is established for some specific scenarios. The proposed policy outperforms the existing policies in every setting considered. Also, the proposed policy has added advantage of both retaining the benefit at high system utilizations and increasing the benefit up to the maximum level of advance demand information provided. A small fraction of customers providing advance demand information with early fulfillment acceptable is shown to have higher benefit than all customers providing same advance demand information with no early fulfillment.
In second scenario, both classes provide advance demand information in production-inventory systems, though only one class accepts early fulfillment. Different levels of system utilization, arrival ratio and backorder cost are considered in the simulation experiments to show the superiority of early fulfillment. Also, experiments suggest that lowering the expected supply lead time may be more beneficial than increasing the demand lead time by the same amount for production-inventory systems with utilization dependent supply lead times.
In third scenario, pure inventory systems are considered, where the demand classes provide different amount of advance demand information, and only one class accepts early fulfillment. The structure of an optimal policy is analytically characterized for periodic review systems under some specific conditions.Ph. D.
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Castex, Elodie. "Le Transport A la Demande (TAD) en France : de l'état des lieux à l'anticipation. Modélisation des caractéristiques fonctionnelles des TAD pour développer les modes flexibles de demain." Phd thesis, Avignon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/26/87/13/PDF/These.E.Castex_2007_V2.pdf.
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Le Transport à la Demande (TAD) est à un mode de transport public à mi-chemin entre le taxi et le bus. Longtemps considéré comme un mode marginal réservé aux espaces peu denses, le TAD connaît un fort développement en France et plus généralement en Europe depuis la fin des années 1990, Il ressort de l'analyse d'une base de données de 615 services, que les TAD français investissent désormais de nouveaux territoires, aussi bien dans les réseaux urbains, périurbains que les espaces ruraux, Les prestations qu'ils proposent se caractérisent par une grande variété d'offre et de fonctionnement, Celles-ci sont décrites à l'aide de plusieurs modélisations fontionnelles, statistiques et graphiques. Une réflexion sur la flexibilité des TAD, ainsi qu'une enquête, viennent ensuite nourrir le débat sur les TAD de demain. Trois exemples illustrent les perspectives qu'ouvre la généralisation de TAD flexibles et innovants en matière de transport public pour les collectivitésDemand Responsive Transport (DRT) is a type of public transportation which combines the advantages of collective transport and taxi. It has often been considered as a marginal means of transportation reserved to low density territories. Since the end of 90s, the number of DRT services has increased regularly. A database of 615 services shows that DRT services invest new territories such as urban, suburban or rural spaces. They offer a large variety of operating services, which are described by using several models we designed (functional, statistical and graphical models). The last part of the thesis is devoted to the flexibility of the DRT, a survey is analysed to discuss the reliability of future DRT services. Three examples illustrate the flexible DRT potentialities for public transportation networks
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Poley, Christoph. "Databases on Demand (DBoD)." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1243940783742-43919.
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In einer der letzten Ausgaben haben wir ausführlich über das Projekt DBoD berichtet. Darin wurde detailliert auf den Inhalt von DBoD, die Benutzergruppen an den Hochschulen, auf technische Details und die Verknüpfung it dem Datenbank-Informationssystem (DBIS) eingegangen. DBoD wird von der Europäischen Union im Rahmen des Europäischen Fonds für regionale Entwicklung (EFRE) gefördert. Seitdem ist ein halbes Jahr vergangen. Zeit, in der sich DBoD von einem Projekt in den Startlöchern hin zu einem anerkannten Bibliotheksdienst im Produktivbetrieb entwickelt hat, ein Produkt aus Sachsen für ganz Sachsen. Und genau hier liegt der entscheidende Vorteil gegenüber vorhandenen Lösungen für das Betreiben von CD/DVD-ROM-Datenbanken.
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Ertem. "Demand Driven Disassembly Planning." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608169/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, we deal with the demand driven disassembly planning. The main aim of the study is to construct heuristic approaches according to the suggested improvements in the literature. These heuristic approaches are further improved by recognizing the key points of the disassembly planning problem. All of the solution approaches aim minimizing total cost related to relevant costs of disassembly operations. Another subject given attention in this thesis is the importance of the setup cost on the disassembly planning, which has not been studied yet in the literature to the best of our knowledge. Computational studies are carried out to assess the performance of the heuristic procedures proposed.
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Heikkila, Eric John. "Housing demand and taxation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27109.
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This dissertation has two primary objectives: (1) to develop and test empirically a model of housing demand complete with tenure choice and moving costs, and (2) to demonstrate how this model can be used to evaluate alternative housing-related tax changes.
The proposal evaluated here is the introduction of mortage interest deductibility in Canada. Similar income tax deductions have long been in effect in the United States and Great Britain. However, this model rejects the proposal on both equity and efficiency grounds.
The housing demand model was tested empirically using a sample of households from the Toronto metropolitan area. These results confirm that transactions costs and other barriers to residential mobility are a vital component of the households' decision-making process.
This key empirical result is not only important in the context of the demand for housing. It also impinges on the equity and efficiency of proposed tax changes. It is shown in this thesis that the deadweight loss attributable to mortgage interest subsidies are not as severe as has sometimes been claimed, particularly in the short run. The reason is that subsidies are effectively transformed into lump sum grants when residential immobility is high. And there is no deadweight loss due to lump sum grants.
The main findings of this thesis may therefore be summarized as follows: (1) the housing demand decision is best understood when barriers to residential mobility are modelled explicitly, and (2) the presence of these barriers must be taken into consideration when calculating the short run welfare implications of proposed housing-related tax changes.Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
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Burghart, Daniel Robert. "Demand for public goods /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1421618221&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-115). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Jo, Tae-Hee Lee Frederic S. "Microfoundations of effective demand." Diss., UMK access, 2007.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Economics. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007."A dissertation in economics and social science consortium." Advisor: Frederic S. Lee. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed July 30, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-220). Online version of the print edition.
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Martin, C. A. "International tourism demand forecasting." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379816.
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Bakti, Zulkifli Abdul Kadir. "A demand driven multiprocessor." Thesis, University of Bath, 1985. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.352834.
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It is thought that fast low cost computers can be built by employing large numbers of cheap microprocessors working together in a system. However increasing the number of microprocessors in a parallel computer system may not produce a linear increase in performance for general purpose programming. The problems seem to lie in the communication between processors and the method of exploiting parallelism. A multiprocessor system was constructed using six MC68000 microprocessors. The problems of communication and exploiting parallelism were tackled in the design of the multiprocessor system. The component processors in a multiprocessor system communicate with each other through a communication channel. It is essential that the communication hardware has a high bandwidth. A fast communication hardware was implemented based on a two port shared memory. One method of extracting parallelism in a computing problem is by using divide and conquer. A software system was developed that enables the multiprocessor to exploit parallelism derived by the divide and conquer method. A software kernel is employed to manage the scheduling of parallel tasks to processors and the communication between processors. The mode of computation is based on the demand driven model.
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Mori, Yutaka. "Demand for interactive television." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11863.
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Hilletofth, Per. "Demand-Supply Chain Management." Doctoral thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21732.
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Purpose: This research aims to enhance the current understanding and knowledge of the demand-supply chain management (DSCM) concept by determining its elements, benefits, and requirements, as well as by analyzing key elements of the concept. Methodology: This research has utilized the case study strategy and the survey strategy, however, the case study strategy dominates. The case study research has involved five companies originating from Sweden and the collection of empirical data mainly from in-depth interviews with key persons representing senior and middle management. The survey research targeted the largest firms in Sweden and Finland and empirical data was collected through an online questionnaire. Findings: This research has established that the main elements of DSCM include market orientation, coordination of the demand and supply processes, viewing the demand and supply processes as being equally important, as well as value creation, differentiation, innovativeness, responsiveness, and cost-efficiency in the demand and supply processes. It has also been revealed that the main benefits of DSCM include enhanced competiveness, enhanced demand chain performance, as well as enhanced supply chain performance, while the main requirements of DSCM include organizational competences, company established principles, demand-supply chain collaboration, and information technology support. A key element of DSCM further investigated is differentiation focused supply chain design. It has been shown that these efforts can be organized into a process of five stages. In addition, it is important that this process is addressed in parallel with the new product development (NPD) process, that information is exchanged between them, and that they are directed on the basis of the same segmentation model. Another key element of DSCM further investigated is coordination between NPD and SCM. This research has identified several significant linkages between these management directions, which motivate the use of an integrative NPD process where the NPD functions are aligned with the main supply functions in the company and other sales-related functions supporting the commercialization. A final key element of DSCM further investigated is the significance of regarding the demand processes and the supply processes as being equally important. This research has revealed that logistics outsourcing can be risky, if it results in the supply processes being considered less important. Nevertheless, if senior management regards the outsourced processes as equally important as the in-house processes, the effect of logistics outsourcing on company strategies and direction in SCM could be reduced and logistics outsourcing could instead provide an opportunity to improve the design and differentiation of the supply chain. Research limitations/implications: This research has proposed, described, and further analyzed a demand-supply oriented management approach. Such a management approach stresses that the demand processes and the supply processes have to be coordinated and directed at an overlying level, in order to gain and sustain a competitive advantage in competitive and fragmented markets. This research is mainly explorative in nature, and more empirical data, from similar and other research settings, is needed to further validate the findings. Another limitation of the research is that it is essentially limited to Swedish companies (even if some Finnish companies are involved in the survey), however, many of the case companies have a large international presence and are among the top three in their industries, facts which provide some grounds for generalization. Practical implications: This research provides researchers and practitioners with insights into how to develop a demand-supply oriented business. It shows that companies should organize themselves around understanding how customer value is created and delivered, as well as how these processes and management directions can be coordinated. In order for this to occur, the demand and supply processes must be considered as being equally important and the firm needs to be managed jointly and in a coordinated manner by the demand- and supply-side of the company. It is also important that value creation is considered in both the demand and supply processes. Originality/value: Despite strong arguments from both researchers and practitioners for a demand-supply oriented management approach only a minority of companies appear to have effectively coordinated the demand and supply processes. This might be influenced by the lack of research examining how the demand and supply processes can be coordinated, what benefits can be gained by coordinating them, and what requirements are necessary to succeed. This research contributes by investigating these types of aspects further.
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Plakhtynska, V. V. "Market demand and elasticity." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/49033.
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Demand shows the quantity of product, that people can and want to buy for this price. Demand determined by the solvent needs of buyers. It graphing, that shows such quantity of product, that needs demand at different prices and such quantity that consumers will buy at different prices.
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Zimmerman, Robert A. "On-demand Label Production." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2001.
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The production and approval process for the various labels used in clinical trials wastes significant time and resources through the need to outsource label production or rely on large reams of pre-cut label stock for each revision throughout the process. An in-house, on-demand label printing and cutting system is a potential remedy to this waste. Previous work by Cheadle et al. resulted in a functional electomechanical prototype of the label cutting aspect of this research, capable of rudimentary linear cuts. In this continued research, emphasis was placed on improved label cutting capabilities and creating PC control software for label design. Cutting operations were enhanced through the development of an algorithm for circular cuts, proportional motor control, and a prototype graphical user interface (GUI) for simple user control. The changes to cutting methods have improved linear cutting precision to an average of 0.00402-in (s = 0.00602-in, n=26) at minimum. The new method for circular cuts has an average precision of 0.04384-in (s = 0.01471-in, n=26). The target precision for cuts is 0.040-in, suggesting that linear cuts are satisfactory, but circular cuts must still be refined. The prototype user interface developed for this research is capable of driving the label cutting system through RS232 communication and exposes all functionality of the system to date. Overall, this research has enhanced the capabilities of the label cutting system significantly, but further work is required to realize a complete label production solution.
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Olinde, Lindsay. "Sediment Oxygen Demand Kinetics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42437.
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Hypolimnetic oxygen diffusers increase sediment oxygen demand (SOD) and, if not accounted for in design, can further exacerbate anoxic conditions. A study using extracted sediment cores, that included both field and laboratory experiments, was performed to investigate SOD kinetics in Carvinâ s Cove Reservoir, a eutrophic water supply reservoir for Roanoke, Virginia. A bubble-plume diffuser is used in Carvinâ s Cove to replenish oxygen consumed while the reservoir is thermally stratified. The applicability of zero-order, first-order, and Monod kinetics to describe transient and steady state SOD was modeled using analytical and numerical techniques. Field and laboratory experiments suggested that first-order kinetics characterize Carvinâ s Cove SOD. SOD calculated from field experiments reflected diffuser flow changes. Laboratory experiments using mini-diffusers to vary dissolved oxygen concentration and turbulence were conducted at 4°C and 20°C. Similar to field observations, the laboratory results followed changes in mini-diffuser flow. Kinetic-temperature relationships were also observed in the laboratory experiments. A definitive conclusion could not be made on the broad applicability of first-order kinetics to Carvinâ s Cove SOD due to variability within field experiments. However, in situ experiments are underway that should assist in the overall understanding of the reservoirâ s SOD kinetics.Master of Science
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Alsalous, Osama. "Global Demand Forecast Model." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78331.
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Air transportation demand forecasting is a core element in aviation planning and policy decision making. NASA Langley Research Center addressed the need of a global forecast model to be integrated into the Transportation Systems Analysis Model (TSAM) to fulfil the vision of the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) at NASA Headquarters to develop a picture of future demand worldwide. Future forecasts can be performed using a range of techniques depending on the data available and the scope of the forecast. Causal models are widely used as a forecasting tool by looking for relationships between historical demand and variables such as economic and population growth. The Global Demand Model is an econometric regression model that predicts the number of air passenger seats worldwide using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), population, and airlines market share as the explanatory variables. GDP and Population are converted to 2.5 arc minute individual cell resolution and calculated at the airport level in the geographic area 60 nautical miles around the airport. The global demand model consists of a family of models, each airport is assigned the model that best fits the historical data. The assignment of the model is conducted through an algorithm that uses the R2 as the measure of Goodness-of-Fit in addition to a sanity check for the generated forecasts. The output of the model is the projection of the number of seats offered at each airport for every year up to the year 2040.Master of Science
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Klein, Oliver. "Fehlmengenverteilung im demand fulfillment /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996826319/04.
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Syntetos, Argyrios. "Forecasting of intermittent demand." Thesis, Online version, 2001. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/26215.
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Selvanathan, Eliyathamby Antony. "Explorations in consumer demand." Thesis, Selvanathan, Eliyathamby Antony (1987) Explorations in consumer demand. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1987. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51221/.
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This thesis contains four extensions of consumer demand as well as extensive applications of recent developments in the area. The first extension is a systematic analysis of the effects of advertising on consumption. This material includes both analytical results and empirical applications. The theory contains a comparative statics analysis of advertising and results on separability of the consumer’s utility function in the presence of advertising. The empirical application refers to alcohol consumption and advertising in the U.K. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first time that advertising of any product has been analysed within a system-wide framework; it is certainly the first time alcohol advertising has been treated in this manner.
For the second extension of consumer demand, we develop the idea that it may be useful in some contexts to have demand models that are simple, yet still fairly flexible. The basic objective is to derive a demand model which is fairly robust; has a straightforward economic interpretation; and is easy to estimate. The new model we propose satisfies this objective. This model is linear in the parameters and its application is illustrated with Dutch and British data.
The third extension involves the stochastic approach to index number theory. Early work on the stochastic approach treated all prices as moving equi-proportionately without giving any consideration to systematic changes in relative prices. Recent developments have rehabilitated this approach by allowing for such changes in relative prices. These developments lead to estimators and sampling variances of the common trend in all prices and of the relative price movements. We extend these results to the prices of groups of goods and to prices within each group. We also derive new results for the bootstrap estimator when applied to stochastic index numbers.
The fourth extension deals with the introduction of simple techniques to analyse consumption data. These techniques are useful to apply before estimating demand equations to obtain a general "feel" for the data. They provide summary measures of the data and informal estimates of key demand parameters.
The applications presented in this thesis concentrate mainly on data pertaining to the consumption of beer, wine and spirits in the U.K. The estimates of the demand equations show that, within alcohol, beer is a necessity while wine and spirits are luxuries. A cross-country comparison reveals that these results for beer and spirits also hold for Australia and the U.S. All three beverages are price inelastic in the three countries. The U.K. data also reveal that beer is in a class by itself in the drinker’s utility function.
Based on an asymptotic test, the U.K. alcohol data reject the hypothesis of demand homogeneity (the absence of money illusion). On the other hand, a finite-sample test indicates that homogeneity is acceptable at the 1 percent level of significance. This finding is confirmed by the application of a Monte Carlo testing procedure. Homogeneity also holds for the other two countries. Slutsky symmetry (the symmetry of the substitution effects) is acceptable for all three countries. Using simulation experiments we find that the small-sample properties of estimators are satisfactory.
The advertising application includes an extension of Divisia index numbers. This extension involves the introduction of new Divisia indexes including the quantity-advertising correlation and advertising-price correlation. The empirical results show that advertising does not increase the total demand for alcohol. Rather, it reshuffles a fixed amount of total alcohol consumption among the three beverages.
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Zerrar, Corinne Thanina. "La demande d'assurance dépendance." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED051/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse se propose d’étudier l’existence de freins au développement du marché privé de l’assurance dépendance en France. Nous étudions ici tour à tour trois candidats dans l’explication de ce faible développement : les préférences individuelles, les comportements d’auto-assurance et la myopie des agents. Pour cela, nous exploitons les enquêtes « Préférences et Patrimoine vis-à-vis du risque et du temps » et « Santé et protection sociale » qui ont toutes deux introduit des modules spécifiques dépendance dans les vagues d’enquêtes mobilisées dans cette thèse. Nos analyses économétriques confirment le rôle d’obstacle de ces trois déterminants de la demande d’assurance dépendance. Si l’existence d’une mauvaise perception du risque dépendance plaide pour l’intervention de l’Etat dans la relation des français à la planification de leurs pertes d’autonomie, le rôle des préférences individuelles et les comportements d’auto-assurance mis en évidence dans cette thèse révèle un choix économiquement rationnel de ne pas recourir à une assurance dépendanceThis thesis aims at better understanding long-term care insurance puzzle. Three determinants of the long-term care insurance market low development are studied here: individual preferences, self-insurance and myopia. To do so, we use two surveys that have introduced dependency-specific modules: “Preferences and patrimony against time and risk” and “Health Care and Insurance”. The results highlight the role of these three determinants of long-term care insurance demand in the low development of the market. If myopia advocate for a government intervention in French citizens long-term care planning, the impact of individual preference and self-insurance behaviors suggest that the nonpurchase of long-term care policies is economically rational
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Andro, Mathieu. "Bibliothèques numériques et crowdsourcing : expérimentations autour de Numalire, projet de numérisation à la demande par crowdfunding." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080039/document.
Full textAbstract:
Au lieu d’externaliser certaines tâches auprès de prestataires ayant recours à des pays dont la main d’œuvre est bon marché, les bibliothèques dans le monde font de plus en plus appel aux foules d’internautes, rendant plus collaborative leur relation avec les usagers. Après un chapitre conceptuel sur les conséquences de ce nouveau modèle économique sur la société et sur les bibliothèques, un panorama des projets est présenté dans les domaines de la numérisation à la demande, de la correction participative de l’OCR notamment sous la forme de jeux (gamification) et de la folksonomie. Ce panorama débouche sur un état de l’art du crowdsourcing appliqué à la numérisation et aux bibliothèques numériques et sur des analyses dans le domaine des sciences de l’information et de la communication. Enfin, sont présentées des apports conceptuels et des expérimentations originales, principalement autour du projet Numalire de numérisation à la demande par crowdfundingInstead of outsource tasks to providers in cheap labour countries, libraries increasingly appeal to online crowds, making relationship with their users more collaborative. The PhD begins with a conceptual chapter on the consequences of this new economic model on society and on libraries. Then, an overview of the projects is presented in the areas of digitization on demand (crowdfunding) and OCR correction with gamification and folksonomy. It is followed by a state of the art, a review and analysis on crowdsourcing applied to digitization and digital libraries. Finally, conceptual contributions and original experiments, with Numalire, a crowdfunding and digitization on demand project are presented
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Navrátil, Michal. "Metoda DEMATEL a její využití při řešení vícekriteriálních rozhodovacích problémů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264663.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with problematics of multi-criteria decision making, especially method DEMATEL, its modifications and combinations with another methods. There is description of particular steps of this methods and selected theory from various areas, which is used in these methods. In every chapter we can find theoretical explanation of these methods, description of their steps and afterwards these theoretical findings are applied on numerical example. Firstly, the crucial method is introduced. Then this thesis is concerned with its adjustments based, on different approaches, which are often used not only in decision making. In the end, all these findings are aggregated and new method is founded.
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John, Paul. "Modelling Recreation Demand Using Choice Experiments : Using Swedish Snowmobilers Demand for Groomed trails." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-4642.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is concerned with the use of the choice experiment method for modeling the demand for snowmobiling . The Choice Experiment includes five attributes, standard, composition, length, price day card and experience along trail. The paper estimates the snowmobile owners’ preferences and the most preferred attributes, including their will-ingness to pay for a daytrip on groomed snowmobile trail. The data consists of the an-swers from 479 registered snowmobile owners, who answered two hypothetical choice questions each. Estimating using the multinominal logit model, it is found that snow-mobilers on average are willing to pay 22.5 SEK for one day of snowmobiling on a trail with quality described as skidded every 14th day. Furthermore, it is found that the WTP increases with the quality of trail grooming. The result of this paper can be used as a yardstick for snowmobile clubs wanting to develop their trail net worth, organizations and companies developing snowmobiling as a recreational activities and marketers in-terested in marketing snowmobiling as recreational activities.
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Tilford, Michael Burr. "Developing for demand : an analysis of demand segmentation methods and real estate development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54863.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in Conjunction with the Center for Real Estate , 2009.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-73).
Marketing is commonly mistaken in the real estate development industry for the practice of advertising and sales. In reality, marketing is a set of concepts and methods created primarily in the consumer packaged goods industry that start with a focus on the consumer. Many of these concepts and methods can be used in the real estate development process to create more thoughtful and competitive projects. This thesis focuses on the marketing concept of demand segmentation and whether the real estate development process could be better served through a more defined focus on identifying specific consumers through demand segmentation techniques. Specifically, this thesis will answer the following questions: What is the existing structure for real estate market analysis? What is the concept of demand segmentation and how might it apply to real estate development? How has consumer segmentation specifically been applied in real estate development ventures? What are some important considerations to be aware of when developing real estate for a specific consumer segment? To answer these questions, this thesis reviews current thinking on demand segmentation through a review of relevant, marketing related literature for both the real estate and consumer packaged goods industries. This thesis also examines three subject developments that are examples of completed real estate development projects that serve the specific needs of a deliberately identified demand segments.
(cont.) The intention of this thesis is to define current marketing practices, analyze how a concept commonly used in the consumer packaged goods industry can be adapted for real estate and discover a body of questions and conclusion that can advance the practice of demand segmentation on real estate development.
by Michael Burr Tilford.
S.M.