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Borggren, Lisa, Rebecca Grill, Susanna Lykken, and Maria Nilsson. "Demand based price determination for electricity consumers in private households." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295186.
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This report investigates the effects a demand based tariff would have on private electricity consumers and how it could contribute to a sustainable electrical grid. The fuse tariff that is currently used charges customers for their electricity usage and does not fully reflect the electrical grid load and thereby not the cost for the distribution system operators. A demand based tariff, that charges customers for their power peaks and promotes a change of behaviour better reflects the grid load and could lead to a more even grid distribution and a sustainable development. In light of this issue, two demand based tariffs have been constructed for the energy company Upplands Energi’s private customers’ current electricity consumption. One of the tariffs consists of a higher fixed cost and a lower variable cost and the other consists of a lower fixed cost and a higher variable cost, both leading to the same revenue för Upplands Energi. The two different demand based tariffs have been simulated and analysed, where the one with the lowest fixed cost is recommended since it gives customers higher economic incentives to change their electricity usage behaviour. It is essential that electricity retailers communicate the information of how the demand based tariff works to the customers in order to make them change their electricity behaviour to attain a sustainable grid.
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Phipps, Scott Douglas. "Performance Evaluation and Yield Determination of a Full-Scale Biological Aerated Filter." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31495.
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Biological aerated filters (BAFs) are an emerging wastewater treatment technology designed for a wide range of municipal and industrial applications. BAFs utilize an inert media, either dense granular or floating, which supports biomass retention in the filter bed. BAFs offer an alternative to typical biological treatment processes; however, knowledge of the process is often limited, especially in the US market. Through various studies, process improvements were made for filter media selection, backwash protocols, and hydraulic load effects.
During the summertime monitoring, seeded and unseeded nitrified effluent BOD5 samples were performed on a full-scale BAF. Discrepancies were found between seeded and unseeded samples, which warranted further investigation. Four biological treatment seeds and a commercial microbial seed were screened for appropriate seed volumes in comparison to the glucose:glutamic acid (GAA) assay, a standard for BOD5 analysis. After initial screening, a range of seed samples was applied to the BAF effluent for BOD5 and cBOD5 analysis, and to GGA and carbonaceous GGA (cGGA) analysis. A proposed seed screening protocol was developed using a ratio of measured BOD5 values in comparison to theoretical GGA standard BOD5 values.
Biomass observed yield values were calculated for the full-scale BAF. Three individual mass balances were conducted to quantify the consumption of soluble COD in the filter and the mass of influent particulate matter filtered from the waste stream. Retained particulate matter is a substrate source for the biomass; however, the particles must be hydrolyzed into metabolizable monomers before being consumed by the biomass. A bench-scale BAF was designed and constructed to investigate the degree to which particle hydrolysis occurred in the full-scale system. Additionally, fluorescein diacetate was used during one of the experiments as a model particulate substrate to quantify the activity associated with hydrolytic enzymes in the bulk-liquid. Hydrolytic activity by cell-free extracellular enzymes in the bulk-liquid increased when particle substrate was present. Therefore, it appears that cell-free extracellular enzymes participate in the hydrolytic mechanism for particle degradation. Biomass observed yields were calculated for the full-scale BAF using full-scale mass balances and bench-scale particle hydrolysis experiments.Master of Science
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Baker, Matthew Ernest. "Identifying Causes of Dissolved Oxygen Depletion and Determination of Sediment Oxygen Demand in the Souris River." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27188.
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The Upper Souris River was placed on the Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA) impaired waters list for low dissolved oxygen (DO). A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) study was conducted to determine possible causes of DO depletion. From sampling and site visits it was determined nonpoint sources contributed the majority of organic loadings to the Upper Souris River. Through preliminary testing, it was determined that sediment oxygen demand (SOD) played a key role in depleting DO levels during winter months and required further investigation. River profile surveying, water quality sampling, and laboratory testing of SOD were carried out to determine parameters required for water quality modeling. SOD tests were conducted to determine impacts of sediment organic contents and temperature on SOD rate. Sediment oxygen demand rates ranged from 0.37 to 1.22 g O2/m2/d. The QUAL2K model was calibrated to simulate DO variations along the study reach under ice covered conditions.
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Unlu, Naim Teoman. "Improving the Turkish Navy requirements determination process ban assessment of demand forecasting methods for weapon system items." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401563.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 2001."December 2001". Thesis advisor(s): Gue, Kevin R. ; Crouch, Thom W. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-41). Also available online.
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Urban, Graeme John. "Probabalistic load modelling of electrical demand of residential water heating." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20071.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Energy efficiency and the move to renewable energy resources are of vital importance in growing profitable and sustainable economies. In recent years, greater emphasis has been placed on institutions, companies and individuals to reduce their electrical energy demand through energy management. In an attempt to reduce the demand, the electrical power utility in South Africa, Eskom, has introduced Demand Side Management programs and substantial increases in electricity tariffs. In addition to these, tax incentives have been offered to help off-set the capital costs associated with the investments made in replacing old electrical equipment with new electrically efficient equipment. Thus the need for accurate Measurement and Verification of electrical energy demand reduction, to substantiate fiscal claims, has become imperative. The main purpose of Measurement and Verification is to investigate the actual monetary performance of an energy savings project. Energy savings assessments, based on purely deterministic baseline demand, do not adequately represent the statistical nature of the savings impacts of many practical load systems, as disclosed in a reporting period. This thesis presents the development of a generic probabilistic methodology to determine the demand profiles of preand post-Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) for practical load systems. The difference between the simulated demand of the pre- and post-ECMs for a particular set of variables represent the electrical demand impact. The electrical demand of the pre- and post-ECMs is defined in terms of Probability Density Functions, and derived using a multivariate kernel density estimation algorithm. The approach is tested using a simulation model of a waterheating geyser implemented in MATLAB. Three different ECMs are simulated using the geyser model and demand density estimation. The results of the demand impacts of the ECMs are presented and evaluated. With regards to possible future research this methodology could be applied to the evaluation of the demand impacts of heat pump technologies and solar water heaters.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: en die skuif na hernubare energiebronne is van deurslaggewende belang vir die ontwikkeling van winsgewende en volhoubare ekonomieë. Onlangs is meer klem geplaas op instansies, maatskappye en individue om hul aanvraag na energie te verminder met behulp van energiebestuur. In ‘n poging om die aanvraag te verlaag, het Eskom, Suid-Afrika se elektrisiteitsverskaffer, aansienlike elektrisiteitstariefverhogings ingelyf en Aanvraagbestuursprogramme van stapel gestuur. Bykomend hiertoe is belastingaansporings ook aangebied, waarteen kapitale kostes, geassosieer met die vervanging van ou elektriese toerusting met nuwe elektries doeltreffende toerusting, afgeset kan word. Derhalwe het die behoefte aan akkurate Meting en Verifikasie van elektriese energie aanvraagvermindering, om finansiële eise te staaf, noodsaaklik geword. Die hoofdoel van Meting en Verifikasie is om die werklike finansiële prestasie van energiebesparingsprojek te ondersoek soos bekend gemaak word tydens ’n verslagdoeningstydperk. Energiebesparingassesserings wat slegs gebaseer word op die suiwer deterministiese basislyn aanvraag na elektrisiteit, verteenwoordig nie die werklike statistiese aard van die besparingsimpakte van baie praktiese lasstelsels nie. Hierdie tesis stel die ontwikkeling van generiese waarskynlikheids-metodologie voor, om die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls se aanvraagprofiele vir sulke praktiese lasstelsels, vas te stel. Die verskil tussen die gesimuleerde aanvraag van die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls vir spesifieke stel veranderlikes verteenwoordig die elektriese aanvraag impak. Die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls van die energieverbruik profieldata word gedefinieer in terme van Waarskynlikheidsdigtheidsfunksies en afgelei deur gebruik te maak van meerveranderlike kerndigtheidafskattingsalgoritme. Die benadering is getoets deur gebruik te maak van simuleringsmodel van warmwaterstelsel geïmplimenteer in MATLAB. Drie verskillende voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls is gesimuleer met behulp van die warmwaterstelselmodel en aanvraag digtheidafskatting. Die resultate van die elektriese aanvraag impakte van die voor- en na- Energiebesparings-maatreëls word vervolgens bespreek en geëvalueer. Met betrekking tot moontlike toekomstige navorsing kan hierdie metodologie toegepas word om die aanvraag impakte van hittepomp- en sonwaterverwarmingstegnologieë te evalueer.
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Yazgan, Ufuk. "A Methodology For Determination Of Performance Based Design Parameters." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1120682/index.pdf.
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Establishment of relationships for predicting the lateral drift demands of
near-fault ground motions is one of the major challenges in earthquake engineering.
Excessive lateral drifts caused by earthquake ground motions are the major causes of structural damage observed in structures. In this study, some of the fundamental
characteristics of near-fault ground motions are examined. Response characteristics of elastic frame structures to near-fault ground motions are investigated. An approximate method for estimating the elastic ground story and interstory drifts for regular frame type structures is presented. Inelastic displacement demands imposed
on elasto-plastic single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems subjected to near-fault ground are examined. Three equations for estimating the maximum lateral inelastic displacement demand from the maximum elastic displacement demand are established. Two of these equations relate the inelastic and elastic displacement demands through natural period and strength reduction factor. The third equation relates the inelastic and elastic displacement demands through the ratio of natural period to pulse period and the strength reduction factor. Efficiency of the natural period to pulse period ratio for estimating the inelastic displacement ratio is shown.
Error statistics of the proposed equations are presented and compared with similar studies in the literature. According to the results, these equations can be used for quick and rough estimates of displacement demands imposed on regular elastic
moment resisting frames and elasto-plastic single degree of systems.
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Tamuno, Paul Samuel. "The potential of the indigenous people's right to self-determination as a framework for accommodating the Niger Delta Communities' demand for self-determination within the sovereignty of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227612.
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This thesis examines the potential of the indigenous right to internal self-determination as a framework accommodating the demands of the Niger Delta Peoples for Self-determination within the sovereignty of Nigeria. The unsustainable exploitation of crude oil in the Niger Delta resulted in the ecological devastation of the region and adversely affected the Niger Delta People's subsistent traditional mode of using their lands. The response of the Niger Delta People was originally to seek redress by instituting legal actions in Nigerian courts. The failure of the majority of these actions, and the combined factors of the exclusion of the Niger Delta People from the process and proceeds of the oil industry and their marginalization in the political and administrative structure of Nigeria resulted in the demand by the Niger Delta People that Nigeria recognize their right to self-determination. They justified this demand for self-determination with the arguments that: Their dispossession from their lands by the government in Nigeria was akin to the exploitation of indigenous peoples in the Americas by colonial settlers. The unsustainable exploitation of resources in their territory placed them in the same position as colonized peoples experienced under foreign domination in the era of colonization. In a bid to protect her sovereignty, Nigeria does not recognize the rights of self-determination or 'peoplehood' or even minority status of any ethnic groups within Nigeria. This thesis argues that the indigenous right to internal self-determination is a framework that has the potential to bring lasting solution to the conflict between the Niger Delta people and the government of Nigeria for the following reasons: Indigenous internal self-determination prescribes a category of self-determination that is consistent with the sovereignty of states because it recommends inter alia autonomy with the territories of states. Indigenous internal self-determination provides a regime for sustainable development of resources as it recommends inter alia that states recognize the right of indigenous peoples to participation, consultation and free prior informed consent in the exploitation of resources in indigenous peoples' territory.
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Jiang, Dianlu, and n/a. "Studies of Photocatalytic Processes at Nanoporous TiO2 Film Electrodes by Photoelectrochemical Techniques and Development of a Novel Methodology for Rapid Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand." Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040723.155003.
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In this work, a series of simple, rapid and effective photoelectrochemical methodologies have been developed and successfully applied to the study of kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of photocatalytic oxidation processes at TiO2 nanoparticulate films. As an application of the systematic studies of photocatalytic processes by photoelectrochemical techniques, a rapid, direct, absolute, environmental-friendly and accurate COD analysis method was successfully developed. In this work, the TiO2 nanoparticles colloid was prepared by the sol-gel method. The TiO2 nanoparticles were immobilized onto ITO conducting glass slides by dip-coating method. Thermal treatment was carried out to obtain nanoporous TiO2 films of different structures. At low calcination temperature (below 600°C), nanoporous TiO2 films of pure anatase phase were prepared. At high calcination temperature (above 600°C), nanoporous TiO2 films of mixed anatase and rutile phases were obtained. At these film electrodes, the work was carried out. By employing steady state photocurrent method and choosing phthalic acid as the model compound, the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 nanoporous films calcined at various temperatures and for different lengths of time was evaluated. It was found that the films with mixed anatase and rutile phases calcined at high temperature exhibited high photocatalytic activity. Based on semiconductor band theory, a model was proposed, which explained well this finding. By employing linear sweep voltammetry (under illumination) and choosing glucose (an effective photohole scavenger) as a model compound, the characteristics of the photocatalytic processes at nanoparticulate semiconductor electrodes were investigated. Characteristics of the nanoporous semiconductor electrodes markedly different from bulk semiconductor electrodes were observed. That is, within a large range of electrode potentials above the flat band potential the electrodes behaved as a pure resistance instead of exhibiting variable resistance expected for bulk semiconductor electrodes. The magnitude of the resistance was dependent on the properties of the electrodes and the maximum photocatalytic oxidation rate at TiO2 surface determined by the light intensity and substrate concentration. A model was proposed, which explained well the special characteristics of particulate semiconductor electrodes (nanoporous semiconductor electrodes). This is the first clear description of the overall photocatalytic process at nanoparticulate semiconductor electrodes. The investigation set a theoretical foundation for employing photoelectrochemical techniques to study photocatalytic processes. By using the transient technique (illumination step method analogous to potential step method in conventional electrochemistry), the adsorption of a number of strong adsorbates on both low temperature and high temperature calcined TiO2 nanoporous films was investigated. Similar adsorption characteristics for different adsorbates on different films were observed. In all the cases, three different surface bound complexes were identified, which was attributed to the heterogeneity of TiO2 surface. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of the pre-adsorbed organic compounds of different chemical nature was also studied by processing the photocurrent-time profiles. Two different photocatalytic processes, exhibiting different rate characteristics, were observed. This was, again, attributed to the heterogeneity of the TiO2 surface corresponding to heterogeneous adsorption characteristics. The catalytic first order rate constants of both fast and slow processes were obtained for different organic compounds. It was found that for different adsorbates of different chemical nature the magnitudes of rate constant for the slow kinetic process were very similar, while the magnitudes of rate constant for the fast process were significantly affected by the photohole demand characteristics of different adsorbates. Photohole demand distribution that depends on the size and structure of the adsorbed molecules was believed to be responsible for the difference. By employing steady state photocurrent method, the photocatalytic degradation kinetic characteristics of both strong adsorbates and weak adsorbates of different chemical structures were compared at pure anatase TiO2 nanoporous TiO2 films as well as at anatase/rutile mixed phase TiO2 nanoporous film electrodes. At the former electrodes for all the different organic compounds studied, the photocatalytic reaction rate increased linearly with concentration at low concentrations. Under such conditions, it was demonstrated that the overall photocatalytic process was controlled by diffusion and was independent of the chemical nature of organic compounds. However, the linear concentration range and the maximum photocatalytic reaction rate at high concentrations were significantly dependent on the chemical nature of the substrates. This was explained by the difference in the interaction of different organic compounds with TiO2 surface, the difference in their photohole demand distributions at the TiO2 surface and the difference in their nature of intermediates formed during their photocatalytic mineralization. In contrast, at the latter electrodes for the photocatalytic oxidation of different organic compounds the linear ranges (diffusion control concentration range) and the maximum reaction rates at high concentration were much larger than at the former electrodes and much less dependent on the chemical nature of the organic compounds. The spatial separation of photoelectrons and photoholes (due to the coexistence of rutile phase and anatase phase) and the increase in the lifetime of photoelectrons and photoholes are responsible for the excellent photocatalytic activity of the electrodes. By employing the thin-layer photoelectrochemical technique (analogous to the thin-layer exhaustive electrolytic technique), the photocatalytic oxidation of different organic compounds at the mixed phase TiO2 nanoporous electrodes were investigated in a thin layer photoelectrochemical cell. It was found that the charge derived from exhaustive oxidation agreed well with theoretical charge expected for the mineralisation of a specific organic compound. This finding was true for all the compounds investigated and was also true for mixtures of different organic compounds. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of different organic compounds of different chemical identities in the thin layer cell was also investigated by the photoelectrochemical method. Two kinetic processes of different decay time constants were identified, which were attributed to the degradation of preadsorbed compounds and the degradation of compounds in solution. For the degradation of compounds in solution, a change in the overall control step from substrate diffusion to heterogeneous surface reaction was observed. For different organic compounds, the variation of the rate constant was determined by the photohole demand rather than by the chemical identities of substrates. The kinetics of the fast kinetic process, on the other hand, was greatly affected by the adsorption properties of the substrates. For the strong adsorbates, the rate was much larger than for weak adsorbates. However, the rate constant of the process was independent of the chemical identities of the substrates and the variation of the constant was also determined by the photohole demand. Based on the principles of exhaustive photoelectrocatalytic degradation of organic matter in a thin layer cell, a novel, rapid, direct, environmental-friendly and absolute COD analysis method was developed. The method was tested on synthetic samples as well as real wastewater samples from a variety of industries. For synthetic samples with given compositions the COD values measured by my method agree very well with theoretical COD value. For real samples and synthetic samples the COD values measured by my method correlated very well with those measured by standard dichromate COD analysis method.
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Filho, Edmar Honorato de Sousa. "AnÃlise da demanda e modelos de preÃos hedÃnicos no mercado imobiliÃrio da cidade de Fortaleza." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2004. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1472.
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nÃo hÃO presente trabalho consiste no estudo dos determinantes econÃmicos que contribuem para a formaÃÃo dos preÃos do mercado imobiliÃrio da cidade de Fortaleza, Estado do CearÃ, na Ãtica dos agentes econÃmicos de demanda, fundamentado na teoria dos preÃos hedÃnicos ou preÃos implÃcitos. O modelo proposto pelo trabalho investiga preÃos implÃcitos na curva de utilidade de um agente de demanda segmentado em dois grupos: consumidor direto do bem habitaÃÃo e o investidor em imÃveis, que incorpora adicionalmente atributos econÃmicofinanceiros que medem o grau de risco e retorno na formaÃÃo dos preÃos hedÃnicos. O estudo estima os preÃos hedÃnicos atravÃs de uma regressÃo segmentada por tipo de imÃvel dos preÃos observados contra os diversos atributos distribuÃdos nos vetores de caracterÃsticas fÃsicas, locacionais, econÃmicas e financeiras. A amostra selecionada para estimaÃÃo do modelo à formada pelas transaÃÃes imobiliÃrias de lanÃamentos ocorridas na cidade (perÃodo de 1995 a 2003), bem como terrenos urbanos (perÃodo de 1995 a 1998), perfazendo o montante de 4.467 ocorrÃncias imobiliÃrias, sendo 876 apartamentos residenciais, 1969 flats, 539 terrenos e 1622 salas comerciais. O trabalho investiga ainda as principais caracterÃsticas do mercado imobiliÃrio, estima a funÃÃo de demanda imobiliÃria para a cidade de Fortaleza, fornecendo diagnÃstico da dinÃmica habitacional dessa metrÃpole e identifica o comportamento de risco imobiliÃrio dos bairros da cidade de Fortaleza.
The present work consists of the study of the economical determinants that contribute to the formation of the prices of the real estate market of the city of Fortaleza (CearÃ), in the optics of the economical agents of demand, based in the hedonic or implicit prices theory. The model considered for the work investigates implicit prices in the curve of utility of an agent of demand segmented in two groups: direct consumer of the good house and the investor in properties, that it incorporates economical-financial additionally that measure the degree of risk and return in the formation of the hedonic prices. The study esteem the hedonic prices through a regression segmented by type of property of the prices observed against the several attributes distributed in the vectors of physical, location, economical and financial characteristics. The sample selected for estimate of the model is formed by the real estate transactions of occured launchings in the city (period from 1995 to 2003), as well as urban lands (period from 1995 to 1998), totalize the sum of 4.467 real estate occurrences, being 876 residential apartments, 1969 flats, 539 lands and 1622 commercial rooms. The work still investigates the main characteristics of the real estate market, it esteem the function of real estate demand for the city of Fortaleza, supplying diagnosis of the habitation dynamics of that metropolis and identifies the behavior of real estate risk of the quarters of the city of Fortaleza.
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Ilten, Paul. "Ansätze für profitables Wachstum von BPO-Dienstleistern." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-175529.
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In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, wie eine theoriegeleitete Bewertung der Auslagerungseignung von Geschäftsprozessen erfolgen kann und welche Ansatzpunkte für profitables Wachstum von Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)-Anbietern in Deutschland sich aus der Nutzung einer entsprechenden Methodik ableiten lassen. Dazu wird in drei Schritten vorgegangen. In einem ersten Schritt wird ein theoretisch-konzeptionelles Bewertungsmodell zur Bestimmung der Auslagerungseignung von Geschäftsprozessen entwickelt. In einem zweiten Schritt werden Möglichkeiten einer konzeptionellen Übertragung dieses Modells auf Praxisanwendungen geprüft. Im abschließenden dritten Schritt wird gezeigt, wie die Verwendung des in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Bewertungsmodells im Rahmen der Marktbearbeitungsaktivitäten von BPO-Dienstleistern einen Beitrag zum profitablen Wachstum dieser Anbieter leisten kannIn this thesis it is studied how a theory-based assessment of business processes regarding their adequacy for outsourcing can be carried out and what starting points for profitable growth of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) providers in Germany can result from the application of such a methodology. For this purpose a three step approach is taken. As a first step a theory-based concept of an assessment model to determine the adequacy of outsourcing business processes is developed. As a second step possibilities for transferring the concept of this model to real life applications are examined. In a final third step it is shown how the assessment model developed here can be used as part of the marketing activities of BPO companies to contribute to their profitable growth
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Came, Paula Marie. "The relevance of working conditions and skill demands in the construction of a sociological model of wage determination /." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55591.
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Fosselius, Frida, and Kristina Hansson. "”JAG TROR DET ÄR LYCKLIGAST PÅ NÅGOT SÄTT OM MAN SLIPPER TVÅNGET” : En kvalitativ studie om att vara anhörig till en person med en demenssjukdom." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Hälsa och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55163.
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När personer med missbruksproblematik utsätter sig för allvarlig fara kan tvångsvård enligt LVM övervägas. När personer med en demenssjukdom riskerar att allvarligt skada sin hälsa står socialtjänsten utan befogenheter om den enskilde motsäger sig hjälp. Anhöriga förväntas istället ta ett stort ansvar. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur anhöriga till personer med demenssjukdom upplever och ställer sig till de insatser, det handlingsutrymme och lagstöd som finns, alternativt inte finns, inom demensomsorgen. Studien har visat, med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med sex stycken anhöriga, att det förekommer handlingar av tvångskaraktär utan lagstöd inom handläggningen och utförandet av äldreomsorgen. Anhöriga är mestadels emot en tvångslag, dock framkommer det att värdighet, säkerhet och trygghet är faktorer som gör att man överväger och stundtals kan vara för ett införande av lagstöd för tvång. Trots om ett behov av tvång ansågs finnas, så var den moraliska grundinställningen att värna om självbestämmanderätten, samt att en lagstiftning troligen skulle vara problematisk i sitt framställande. Istället framkom det alternativa lösningar som ökad utbildning hos personal, olika juridiska lösningar, samt utveckling av äldreomsorgen och personalens bemötande. Studien visar dessutom att anhöriga upplever en stor påfrestning mentalt som yttrar sig som exempelvis dåligt samvete.When people with substance abuse problems expose themselves to severe danger, coercive care can be considered, by law. When people with dementia put their health at serious risk the social services are without authority to act. Relatives are instead expected to take great responsibility. The aim of this study was to examine how relatives of people with dementia experience the care services, the scope for action and legislative support that does or doesn’t exists in dementia care. The study shows, through qualitative interviews with six relatives, that there are acts of coercive nature without legal basis in the case management and execution of eldercare. Overall, relatives are against a coercive law. There are, however, factors that can increase the acceptance of introducing a legal basis for coercion, such as dignity and safety. Even if a need for coercion was considered, the basic moral attitude was to protect the right to self-determination, and that the legislation would probably be problematic. Alternative solutions emerged, such as further education for caregivers as well as continuous development of eldercare and the treatment from caregivers. The study also shows that relatives experience a great deal of mental strain which can manifests itself such as bad conscience.
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Arantes, Mariana Quites. "O cuidado em saúde: um enfoque sob necessidades de saúde na ótica de enfermeiros (as) na estratégia de saúde da família." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22133/tde-05112012-202252/.
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A temática deste estudo trata da prática de enfermagem de trabalhadores de nível superior que atuam em serviços da rede de Atenção Básica à Saúde, em especial, na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF). Foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar como os enfermeiros identificam e intervêm nas necessidades de saúde, apresentadas pelos usuários que demandam os serviços de saúde de três Unidades de Saúde da Família, localizadas no município de Marília, São Paulo, além de conhecer as dificuldades e facilidades dos enfermeiros, ao desenvolverem a prática de enfermagem, na perspectiva da produção do cuidado em saúde. Constitui-se em um estudo de natureza descritiva e de abordagem qualitativa. Na coleta de dados, optamos pela observação livre e entrevista semiestruturada. A observação livre se deu durante os atendimentos agendados e eventuais, ocorridos na unidade e também na visita domiciliária. Participaram deste estudo três enfermeiras pertencentes à ESF da zona norte do município citado. Para a análise dos dados obtidos, utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo Temático. No decorrer da análise, foi possível apreender uma unidade temática relacionada às identificações e intervenções realizadas pelas enfermeiras, sujeitos desta pesquisa, e duas subunidades: eventos episódicos e problemas anteriores e eventos episódicos e problemas atuais. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram o predomínio da identificação de necessidades de saúde como sinônimo de queixas, e nas intervenções prevaleceu a fundamentação no conhecimento biológico. Quanto às facilidades apontadas pelas enfermeiras observadas, observaram-se o vínculo e a autonomia em relação a alguns procedimentos, já as dificuldades destacadas foram a falta de recursos humanos, a não adesão dos usuários em relação às atividades coletivas, dentre outras. Dessa forma, concluímos que são necessários investimentos na formação e na qualificação dos enfermeiros para modificarem a prática em saúde, hoje focada na doença, para uma prática fundamentada em um conceito ampliado do processo saúde-doença, para que a satisfação das necessidades, anseios e dúvidas dos usuários passem a se constituir em foco de atenção da prática dos enfermeiros. Consideramos necessário utilizar a Educação Permanente no cenário do trabalho em saúde na atenção básica e assim possibilitar uma escuta qualificada dos trabalhadores, em especial, dos enfermeiros que atuam nos serviços de saúde.This study deals with the practice of graduated nursing professionals who work in services of Primary Health Care Network, especially in the Family Health Strategy (FHS). It aims to analyze how nurses identify and intervene in health needs presented by the users who demand the health services of three Family Health Units, located in the city of Marilia, state of São Paulo, besides to understand the difficulties and facilities of nurses to develop nursing practice, in view of the production of health care. It consists of a descriptive and qualitative study. For data collection, free observation and semi-structured interview were used. The free observation was during the scheduled and possible attendances occurred in the unit and also at the home visit. Participants were three nurses form the FHS in the north zone of the city. For data analysis, the Thematic Content Analysis was used. During the analysis it was possible to identify a thematic unit related to the identification and interventions performed by nurses, who were subjects of this research, and two subunits: episodic events and previous problems and episodic events and current problems. The results showed predominance of the identification of health needs as a synonym of complaints, and in the interventions, the reasoning in biological knowledge prevailed. Regarding the facilities mentioned by the nurses are the bond and autonomy for some procedures, and the difficulties highlighted were the lack of human resources, non-compliance of users in relation to collective activities, among others. Thus it is concluded that investments are needed in training and qualification of nurses to change their practice in health, nowadays focused on the disease, for a practice based on an expanded concept of health-disease process, so that the satisfaction of needs, desires and doubts of the users becomes the focus of nursing care. It is necessary to use the Continuing Education in the setting of health work in primary care and thus provide a qualified listening of workers, especially nurses, who work in health services.
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Wallin, Håkansson Helena, and Fredrik Borg. "Biståndsbedömning för klienter med demenssjukdom : Biståndshandläggares erfarenheter och upplevelser." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och kriminologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32988.
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Title: Assistance Assessment for Clients with Dementia Disease - The Perceptions and Experiences of Care Managers Authors: Fredrik Borg and Helena Wallin Håkansson The study aimed to examine the experiences, difficulties and ethical positions of care managers in the assistance assessment of dementia clients. The study was based on the themes of self-determination and integrity, ethical approach, security and meaningful existence. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were used as data collection method. Empirical material was analysed based on empowerment and system theory. The result shows that care managers daily deal with ethical dilemmas regarding the client's self-determination and integrity, in relation to the right to security and meaningful existence. The informants conveyed that it’s mainly about being a fellow human with understanding and empathy, adapted to the current situation. Previous research shows ethical dilemmas regarding family caretakers and decision making for elderly with dementia, this was also evident in our study. For future research, we see the relevance in exploring the differences regarding the use of legal kinship privileges.Titel: Biståndsbedömning för klienter med demenssjukdom - Biståndshandläggares upplevelser och erfarenheter Författare: Fredrik Borg och Helena Wallin Håkansson Studiens syfte var att undersöka biståndshandläggares upplevelser, svårigheter och etiska ställningstaganden vid biståndsbedömning av klienter med demenssjukdom. Studien utgick från temana självbestämmande och integritet, trygghet och meningsfull tillvaro samt etiskt förhållningssätt. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer användes som datainsamlingsmetod. Empiriskt material bestående av transkriberade intervjuer, analyserades utifrån teorierna empowerment och systemteori. Som resultat konstateras att biståndshandläggare dagligen hanterar etiska dilemman kring klientens självbestämmande och integritet, i relation till rätten till trygghet och meningsfull tillvaro. Informanterna förmedlade att det i praktiken handlar om att vara medmänniska med förståelse och empati, anpassat till den aktuella situationen. Tidigare forskning visar på bland annat etiska dilemman kring anhörigvårdare och beslutsfattande för äldre människor med demens. Detta framkom även i vår studie. För framtida forskning tror vi det kan vara relevant att kartlägga varför det ser olika ut kring användning av anhörigbehörighet.
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Bergnéhr, Per, and Marcus Sjöberg. "Vem får ansöka? : En kvantitativ vinjettstudie om biståndshandläggares benägenhet att ta emot ansökan från anhöriga." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Social Work, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-33837.
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This essay is about needs assessors within public elder care. The method is a quantitative vignette study. The aim of the study is to find out whether there is an existing consensus among the needs assessors when a relative to a client with reduced cognitive functions wants to make an application even though the client does not want to. We also wanted to find out whether there are any underlying circumstances which have influence on the needs assessors’ reactions to this specific situation. We used a questionnaire which consisted of four vignettes that illustrated a meeting between a needs assessor, a client and a relative to the client. The vignettes was complemented with questions that made it possible to find underlying circumstances that determine whether the needs assessors do accept the application from the clients relative. The result shows that professional experience and education is significant for whether the needs assessors choose to accept the application or not. It is also clear that there are variations depending on which town district the needs assessors work in. In some town district the needs assessors act with great similarity while there are huge differences in other town districts.
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Yu, Fang, and 鄭芳宇. "The study of chemical oxygen demand determination of saline water." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12376297741510570640.
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碩士正修科技大學
化工與材料工程研究所
97
The chemical oxygen demand is reflects the water body one of organic matter pollution degree important targets, however in water sample if has the chloride ion, can have the serious disturbance in the chemical oxygen demand determination to cause to measure the value is high, then misinterprets its analysis result, this research in view of Executive Yuan environmental protection bureau environment examination center water quality examination announcement method (NIEA W516.54A), the high concentrated halogen ion of chemical oxygen demand examination method including of water-Potassium Dichromate back-flow method, proposes in the step improvement and the suggestion, by the time can in the fine accurate survey sea water the chemical oxygen demand. This research reference above method, take chloride ion density 2000 mg/L as the low halogen and watershed of the high halogen water sample, in view of shed chlorine time length, Potassium Dichromate Back-flow liquid concentration and Increase Chromium-potassium sulfate or not, discusses the sea water chemical oxygen demand by its result the most suitable method. By experimental result knowing, the high halogen sample its shed chlorine time take 4 hours above as good, uses 0.001667 M Potassium Dichromate back-flow with to do for the oxidant, on the one hand may reduce the dichromate ion and the chloride ion Oxidation-Reduction action, on the other hand may reduce in the titrate step the error, the increase Chromium-potassium sulfate may suppress the dichromate ion in the digestion back-flow of the self-decomposition reaction. This research discussion most suitable method, its applicable scope is COD below density 20 mg/L, also the chlorine salinity reaches as high as when 20000 mg/L was still suitable, therefore its should also be suitable for examination the sea water chemical oxygen demand. But by entire research process, is the suggestion when in the water the chloride ion density is higher than 1000 mg/L, If passes through the shed chlorine process to be supposed first to be possible to improve the empirical datum quality.
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"Joint determination of sales lever and inventory control with uncertain demand." Thesis, 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074203.
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Assuming that all unmet demand is fully lost, we begin our study by confining the sales lever to be price only, that is, z = p , and ignoring the cost for executing the sales lever. Given a stationary (s, S, p) policy, we find that the profit function for the lost-sales case exhibits the same structure as the one for the backlogging case. We further show that the relaxed assumption on the news-vendor type profit function can also be satisfied by a broad class of demand function. We can therefore extend the optimizing algorithm and the optimality analysis developed earlier to the lost-sales case. We further demonstrate that the results can be extended to the general sales lever decisions.Assuming that unmet demand is fully backlogged, a newsvendor-type profit function which is defined as the resulting expected one-period profit with sales lever being optimized for every inventory level, fails to be unimodal. By assuming the newsvendor-type profit function to have a finite number of local maxima, we develop an efficient algorithm for finding the optimal ( s, S, z) policy with the long-run average profit derived by the renewal theory. We further identify the conditions under which the (s, S, z) policy is globally optimal.
Issues on the interfaces between operations management and marketing research have attracted much attention recently. The developments integrating marketing decisions into inventory management are not only of academic interest, but also of practical importance. With uncertain demand, this research studies the joint determination of inventory and sales lever decisions such as price, incentives to salesforce, and short-term promotions, or a combination of them.
We consider a single-item, periodic-review system with the objective of maximizing the long-run average profit over an infinite planning horizon. Demand in a period is a non-negative, discrete random variable with its distribution dependent on the sales lever chosen for the period. A replenishment order can be placed at the beginning of a period incurring both fixed and variable ordering costs. The sales lever is determined jointly, and its execution may incur possible cost, for example, promotion cost. For such a model, we take particular interest in a so-called (s, S, z) policy, which operates as follows: whenever the inventory level falls to or below s, an order is placed to bring it up to S; when the inventory level is above s, no order is issued; the choice of sales lever z depends on the inventory level.
We finally conduct an extensive numerical study for both the backlogging and lost-sales cases. We compare the benefits of the dynamic sales lever strategy with those of the semi-dynamic as well as the static sales lever strategy, and find that the profit gains are significant. By sensitivity analysis, we bring out the impact of cost parameters on the optimal solutions.
Wei Ying.
"December 2006."
Adviser: Youhua Frank Chen.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: A, page: 3961.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-131).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.
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Chen, Shin-Jiun, and 陳信君. "Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater Using Microwave Energy." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75385075936059482979.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
85
(1)Deteimination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in the Wastewater Using Microwave Energy A method for the determination of chemical oxygen demand(COD) by the dichromate reflux method is used as a measure of the organic matter content of a sample. Although it is the standard method of the EPA, but it takes a long time and a lot of liquid waste. The use of microwave in analytical and environmental chemistry has increased markedly in recent year, in this study, a method to determine the COD using household microwave oven and mercury-free has been developed. From the results of experiment, the microwave condition of real samples is microwave power 419.4W, time 4min, sample 5mL, sulfuric acid reagent 7mL, silver nitrate solution 1mL(0.0705N), potassium dichromate solution 2mL(O.1N). This method for the quantitave recovery of APG Q.C. sample is 97.7%, standard deviation 2.58mg/L, the quantitave recovery of real samples is between 89%∼105%, this method could be developed for real samples with chloride concentration less then 800mg/L and COD less then 200mg/L. For determination different diluted radio samples simultaneously, we need to increase the microwave power to 713.2W. this method could be developed for real samples with chloride concentration less then 800mg/L and COD less then 200mg/L. ln the results, the microwave and mecury-free method to replace the conventional dichromate reflux method is possible. (2)Microwave Extration of the Collection of PCBs in the Ambient Air by Solid Adsorbent Sampling of PCBs is collected by solid adsorbent, extracted by Soxhlet extraction method, but it takes a long time and consumes lots of solvents. So in this study, we collected gas samples by PS-1 samper and discussed PCBs in the solid adsorbent(XAD-2)which used microwave extraction method to extract. In this study, we adopted orthogonal array to find the best microwave condition, the best microwave condition is temperature 100℃, sovent 30mL(Hexane:Acetone)1:1, time 1Omin. Sampling in the vicinity of TamSui campus and different sites, extraction by microwave condition and detected by GC/ECD. From the results of experiment, the PCBs can not be found in gas phase(XAD-2), butPCB-52、PCB-87、PCB-138、PCB-191、PCB-195、PCB-206、PCB-207 can be found in solid phase(filter).
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Ciou, Sin-Hao, and 邱信豪. "A Photoelectrocatalytic Method Using Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays for Chemical Oxygen Demand Determination." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48255277122479019878.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
100
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is one of the main items of water quality monitoring parameters. The standard method for the detection of COD is potassium dichromate method (CODcr ). The standard dichromate chemical oxygen demand (COD) method is a time-consuming and tedious and prone to the shortcomings of secondary pollution. The standard method can not be timely monitoring Demand. due to superior physical, chemical, and optical properties, titanium dioxide has been successfully applied to photocatalytic reaction. In this study, used a TiO2 nanotube arrays film, a platinum electrode and a calomel electrode to setup a three-electrodes photoelectrocatalysis reaction system. In this photoelectrocatalytic system the fixed spacing between UV lamp and TiO2 is 1 cm and light intensity is 20 mW/cm 2 . A constant potential coulometry method was applied to determine various COD values of different concentrations of standard solution with different experimental variables (such as detection time, applied voltage, pH, and chlorine ion concentration). The experimental results show that the detected coulombs increase with the COD concentration (10 - 300 mg/L) increased.The best detection parameters are 0.4 V of applied voltage, 10 seconds of detection time and solution pH 4 – 10. At the meantime up to 600 mg/L of molestation chlorine ions of were dispelled. The performances of the three electrode reaction system were also evaluated. The results show 0.3 % of stability, 0.9 % of reproducibility and 0.6 mg/L of detection limit. Finally, availability of this system to the true waste water was also verified. The detected coulombs by the constant potential coulometry method with different domestic industrial wastewaters were corresponds to corrected line of standard CODcr and a linear III relationship (R 2 = 0.996) was found. The results reveal this system is suitable for the fast detection of COD in effluent of various industrial wastewater.
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Ting, Yu-Chiao. "A Study of Multichannel Method for Rapid Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand Using Microwave Digestion." 2007. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0002-1303200716281100.
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Ting, Yu-Chiao, and 丁裕樵. "A Study of Multichannel Method for Rapid Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand Using Microwave Digestion." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s32er2.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
95
A simple multichannel method for rapid determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) using microwave digestion system to replace the conventional open reflux method is proposed. The method based on use of a modified microwave heating oven to accelerate the rate of the digestion step is described. This method consists of a first digestion step where the samples and oxidants in Teflon coil (five coils at a time) are heated by the microwave radiation and a second one where the Cr3+ in digested sample after being filtered is determined by the spectrometry. The aim of this study is to develop the method a very rapid and waste-less method for determination of COD by spectrophotometer. Only 2 mL of the mixed solution containing 1.4 mL 0.0347 M K2Cr2O7 solution, 0.6 mL 0.55 % Ag2SO4 solution and 1 mL sample are required for the digestion. The optimal heating condition of the multichannel method is microwave power 453 W and reaction time 120 seconds. A detection limit of 14 mg/L, relative standard deviation of 5%, the linear rang of 100~900 mg/L, excellent tolerance for interferences (chloride ion does not interfere at 3000 mg/L even in the absence of HgSO4 and AgNO3) are some of most significant features of the method, which has been exhaustively validated as follows (a) application to solution also analyzed using standard method (b) validation using the certified reference materials as APG quality standard tests and proficient tests (E.P.A R.O.C.). The proposed method is cost-effective, save time, energy and reagents with providing precise results for the pure organic compounds and wastewater samples.
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Hung, Ming Tsai, and 洪明財. "Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand in waters containing high chloride concentration by Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44706406526713863777.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程所
83
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for determination by the dichromate reflux method cannot be accurately measured in water containing more than 2,000mg/l of Cl-. Though the procedure 〝 remove chloride─dichromate reflux〞 is developed currently to measure COD in water containing high chloride concentration that the interference may be overcome, the disadvantage is time consuming and waste generation of hazardous mercury. Therefor,in this study adopt procedure of Ultra-Violet spectroscopy and remove chloride-dichromate reflux simultaneously to measure COD in water containing high chloride concentration. Furthermore, comparing result of measuring COD with deferent operation procedure. To assess reasonableness the COD are measured in water containing high chloride by Ultra-Violet spectroscopy. Otherwise,the objective for rapid determination of COD,real- time monitoring in water,and overcome interference for chloride that also simulated model of monitoring for COD to mill water, which relative between multiwavelength absorption and COD value for suitable reference material(RM) of COD with regressive method. The result have shown that: (1) The use of Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy measure COD in water containing high chloride concentration not only rapidly but also simply;moreover it is applied to measure COD of low concentration as Method Detection Limit(MDL) = 0.4mg/l. (2)Ultra-Violet spectroscopy is a suitable method for monitoring COD in water containing high chloride concentration if the water will not contain organic SS and similar to Ultra-Violet absorptive character of reference material. (3) The use of referf ence material for potassium acid phthalate、 sodium oxalate, and that mixing solution measured COD in water by Ultra-Violet spectroscopy,it is quite accuracy for result to predict by 〝standard type model〞 with 250-300nm wavelength.
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Huang, Yu-Chin, and 黃玉琴. "A Study of Flow Injection Method for Rapid Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand Using Microwave Digestion." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54633991211322316594.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
93
A simple method for determination of chemical oxygen demand using microwave digestion in wastewater is proposed. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a widely used parameter used to measure water quality, as well as to control the treatment process. It is one of the important index in water monitoring. This parameter is defined as the amount of oxygen required for, or equivalent to, the oxidation of all chemically oxidizable matter in water. The traditional method for COD determination consists of oxidizing the organic matter of the sample, is done by adding a known amount of oxidant, refluxing at high temperature on open containers and titrating the excess oxidant. However, the method require the time-consuming process of heating samples to achieve more complete oxidation. It also consume some expensive(Ag2SO4) and toxic(HgSO4) chemicals. Therefore the goal of this study is to develop continuous and rapid determination of COD by microware digestion. In this system, the absorbance of Cr3+ generated during sample oxidation is measured at 600 nm, Chemical oxygen demand can be obtained in just 23 second. The optimal experimental condition are: 0.5 mL 0.141 M silver nitrate solution; 3 mL 0.55 % sulfuric acid solution; 0.75 mL 0.0417 M potassium dichromate solution and 2 mL sample. The calibration graph is liner in the range of 0~500 mg/L. The interference of Cl- can be removed up to be moved up to 4700mg/L. The method has a good precision and accuracy for KHP solution , glucose solution and sodium oxalate solution. There is results for a COD certified reference materials were in good agreement with the certified COD value. The viability of this method is demonstrated by analyzing four kinds of industrial wastewater, and the results obtained by using the method presented exhibit good agreement with those given by the standard method of COD determination, and the relative error is less than 10 %.
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Jiang, Song-Lin, and 江松玲. "Preparation of high orderd TiO2 Nanotube Array Electrode for the Photoelectrocatalysis Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75378317415648343216.
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碩士國立宜蘭大學
環境工程學系碩士班
101
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an important index for the detection of organic pollutant in water. Traditional chemical detection method needs to reflux a long time under oxidation (about 2 to 4 hours), and toxic, corrosive chemicals (ex. potassium dichromate, silver sulfate, etc.). It may cause secondary pollution in the environment. In addition, Cl- may interference COD detection. Furthermore, the detection range of COD is very norrow and about 10 ~ 220 mg/L with traditional chemical method. In this study, high ordered titanium dioxide nanotube array films were prepared by anodic oxidation. It can work as electrode for the photoelectrocatalytic system. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles and platinum nanoparticles modified titania nanotube arrays were used to enhance the surface area and active of materials. The series of TiNT-array with Platinum were used to make up a photoelectrocatalytic system. The results of experimental show the suitable measuring range is 0 ~ 500 mg/L. Furthermore, the RSD of ten repetition is under 5 % and the detection limit is 1.04 mg/L. The stability of standard deviation is ± 0.98 mg/L. The unknown sample without Cl- is 500 mg/L, but the COD is only 251 mg/L with traditional chemical detection method. when the COD underestimate about 50 %. The COD is 445 mg/L with the photoelectrocatalytic system. It is more accurate and can not be interfered as Cl-. Therefore, the COD detection system was develop fast, accurate, and no secondary pollution.
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Liu, Yu-Chung, and 劉禹均. "Demand Response with Considering Indoor Thermal Comfort of HVAC and Determination of the Minimum Suppression Contract Capacity." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9y4u4q.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班
100
The cooling load of a building will be changed anytime. To enforce demand load-shedding and to give consideration to indoor thermal comfort, it is difficult to make a decision of a fitting suppression contract capacity that sign with Taiwan Power Company through controlling the frequency of air conditioning facilities such as chilled water pump, air handling unit and fan coil. If the amount of cooling load of a building could be learned in advance, then the load-shedding of air conditioning facilities could be estimated. This study used two cases to test and verify the accuracy of forecasting the cooling load of a building in 24 hours by Artificial Neural Network. The mean error between forecasted and actual cooling load is only 3.56%. This study also proceeded load-shedding experiment twice. The author maintained the indoor thermal comfort to an ideal range that PMV was from 0 to 0.5 and PPD was from 5 to 10 during peak time and enforced demand load-shedding control. The author analyzed the data and compared the forecasted 24-hour cooling load of the experiment day with the actual cooling load after demand load-shedding. This enable the author to estimate the fitting “minimum suppression contract capacity” that sign with Taiwan Power Company. The application of this method in order to enforce demand load-shedding control with the central air conditioning system can not only maintain the indoor thermal comfort but also achieve the goal of reducing electricity costs of air conditioning system, energy conservation and carbon reduction.
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Chiang, Lee-Chen, and 姜禮城. "Ⅰ. Determination of the Chemical Oxgen Demand. Ⅱ. Determination the Efficiency of Detection Chemical Components and Physical Components for the Rainwater in Jong-Lih Area by Acid rain Automatic Monitoring." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85025288337277938831.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
87
Ⅰ. Determination of the Chemical Oxgen Demand in the Wastewater Using Microwave Energy — The Comparison Between the Closed Method And the Open Focus Reflux Method. In environmental analytic chemistry microwave-assisted methods for sample preparation have been increased rapidly in recent years .The closed vessel method and open focus reflux method were used for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the digestion-oxidation step which was by using microwave energy. The goals of this study are to develop the mercury-free microwave assisted,digestion for COD determination and to compare between the open focus microwave and the closed vessel sample preparation methods. The optimized conditions for the closed vessel method are： sample, 5ml； sulfuric acid(0.55﹪Ag+), 7ml；0.0705M silver nitrate,1ml； 0.0417M potassium dichromate, 2ml； power(using domestic microwave oven): 512 W, reaction time: 5mins. The optimized conditions for the open focus reflux method are： sample, 5ml； sulfuric acid(0.55﹪Ag+), 7ml；0.0705M silver nitrate,1ml； 0.0417M potassium dichromate, 2ml； power(using open focus microwave oven): 300W, reaction time: 5mins. The average recovery of the closed vessel method for quality control samples were 98.3﹪and S. D. 1.8﹪.The average recovery of the open focus reflux method for quality control samples was 98.7﹪and S. D. 1.2﹪The ratio between COD values, determined by the open focus method and the closed vessel methods is 0.9360. The results show that both methods are comparable. Ⅱ. Determination the Efficiency of Detection Chemical and Physical Components for the Rainwater in Chung-Li Area by Acid rain Automatic Monitoring. The aims of this study are to characterize the rainfalls by physical and chemical parameter Chung-Li area and to compare the data from acid rain monitor with the results obtained in the laboratory. The physical and chemical parameters included temperature, rainfalls intensity, electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH value cation concentration (Na+,K+,NH4+,Ca2+,Mg2+) and anion concentration( Cl-,NO3-,SO42-).The results showed that the pH values, temperature, rainfalls intensity and electrical conductivity were very good as compared with that from the lab. However, the sulfate and nitrate by acid rain monitor, s spectrophotometer were poor probably because of bubbles and contamination in the line . Ion chromatography with conductivity detector has been used to determine cations and anions separately. The nitric acid solution(0.5mM) was used with cation-exchange column (MCI GEL SCK01) having low cation exchange capacities. The dilute 3mM Vanillin Acid and 2.8mM N-Methydiethanolamine(pH6.2) have been the main eluent species used for anions. The result shows the range of ratios (SO42 /NO3-)was 1~5 and the range of pH values were 4~7 for the rainwater in Chung-Li area.
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Huang, Shih-Yang, and 黃式揚. "A Study on the Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewaters Using Open Focus Microwave Digestor Coupled with Spectrophotometry." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34036937788096986163.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
87
Ⅰ.A Study on the Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wasterwaters Using Open Focus Microwave Digestor Coupled with Spectrophotometry The traditional method for the determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in wastewaters is mainly to digest the organics by open reflux method and then to titrate the residual Potassium dichromate by ferrous ammonium sulfate. This process not only is time-consuming but also requires a large amount of reagent. Therefore, the goals of this study are to digest the organics in wastewaters using open focus microwave digestor and then to determine the COD values by spectrophotometry. The four factors of mix-level orthogonal array design were used in this study to search the best condition for microwave diges-tion . Those four factors were microwave power, digestion time, sample/digestion reagent ratio, Ag2SO4 volume. The results were showed that the optimized digestion conditions were(1) microwave power: 90W, (2)digestion time: 2 mins, (3) sample/digestion reagent ratio: 2.5/1.5 (v/v), (4) Ag2SO4 solution volume: 3.0mL. In the beginning,the recovery of COD using potassium biphthalate(KHP) as standard were good by the microwave digestion , but poor for COD quality control sample. Therefore, the power of microwave was changed from 90W to 300W. For QC sample, average recovery was increased to 98.9%. The average recovery of the wasterwaters from different sources were good using the best microwave digestion if chloride concentration were below 1000mg/L and COD values were below 500mg/L in wastewaters. After digesting and centrifuging samples, samples were injected into flow injection analysis system and the results were comparable. The average COD recovery of the wastewaters from garbage leachate (diluted 4 times) were 94.1%. Ⅱ. Decomposition of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Using Microwave Energy The aims of this study were to treat the organic compounds in soil by microwave irradiation then to detect residual compounds by microwave extraction and gas chromatography(GC). The advantages of decomposing the organics in soil by microwave energy are easy operation and simple equipment. The treating process was to add Cu2O and NaOH into the microwave vessel containing pyrene spiked sand(60~45 mesh), followed by microwave irradiation. First, the pyrene(20μg/g) was spiked into the sand before homogeneous test was completed, extracted by microwave-assisted extraction and the average recovery of pyrene was good, proven by F test and t test. Then, the parameters used for decomposing the pyrene in the soil were household microwave: 713.6W, treatment time: 40mins., reagent: Cu2O (0.3g), NaOH (10N 0.1mL) and water (5mL). Finally, the average decomposing efficiency of the pyrene was 92.7 %.
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MacPherson, Jerry R. "Long-term energy demand forecasting : determination of an energy baseline and energy conservation supply curves for the Manitoba Health Care subsector." 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/22867.
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Lin, Feng-Hsiang, and 林鳳祥. "1.Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater using Closed Microwave Digestion 2.Decomposition of the PCBs in Soil Using Microwave Energy." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79629166032163310339.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
88
Ⅰ. Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater using Closed Microwave Digestion The traditional method to determine the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater is mainly by reflux method. This process is not only time-consuming but also requires a large amount of reagents. Our laboratory have reported a study about using microwave energy to determine the COD in wastewater. The previous study needs only 4 minutes to digest the sample, and AgNO3 to restrain the chloride interference. As a result, the recoveries of KHP tests are good, but not consistent for all real samples. Therefore, the goal of this study is to improve the defects of previous process. Using microwave power 712.6W, digesting time 5minutes, and improving the reagent spiking process, the recoveries of KHP tests are above 95%. Also, two COD QC samples and a COD blind program are tested, the results are pretty well. Further more, study tested 20 samples from different sources, the results are less 10% difference to reflux method, shows the application of advanced process to real sample test. Ⅱ. Decomposition of the PCBs in Soil Using Microwave Energy The aim of this study is to decompose PCBs in soil by the chemical reagents and microwave energy. First, quartz sand were spiked with PCB congener (PCB-170, PCB-194, PCB-206), homogenized, divided and stored in vials. The spiked sand was placed in a Teflon vessel, followed by adding reagents and heating in a household microwave oven. The results showed that most of PCBs spiked in sand were decomposed in less than 20 minutes under microwave power 712W by adding Cu2O & NaOH & H2O or graphite & NaOH & H2O or Cu2O & NaOH. Further more, the treating efficiency of PCBs could be more than 85% by NaOH & water.
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Sun, Kuo-Shu, and 孫國書. "I.A Study for the Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Waters by the Solid Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography (SPME-GC). II.Continuous Monitoring Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewaters by Microwave Digestion/ Spectrophotometric Method." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87142169928476048334.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
90
Ⅰ. A Study for the Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Waters by the Solid Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography (SPME-GC). The traditional extraction method (liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction) was used as pretreatment in the determination of the organochlorine pesticides in water. The analytical method consisted of water removal, condensation, clean-up, rinsing, fractional distilltion for liquid-liquid extraction and filtering, elution for solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography detection. The whole processes were complex and time-consuming. In this study, the solid phase microextraction combined gas chromatography-electron capture detector (ECD) for determination of organochlorine pesticides were presented. This analytical method is solvent free and easy to operate, with the potential that can be used to analyze a large number of samples within a short period of time (usually less than two hours). In this study, we used SPME fiber which coating 30 μm polydimethylsioxane(PDMS), and sample volume was 60 mL. The SPME experiments were designed to use mix level orthogonal array to find four optimized operation factors. The optimized factors were that adsorption time, 60 min; adsorption temperature, 25℃; desorption temperature, 230℃;and salt concentration, 5%.The fiber of SPME after adsorption were analysed by GC-ECD. The method detection limits of organochlorine pesticides were between 0.01 ng/mL and 0.02 ng/mL, and were similar to those in the reference related. The real water samples were collected from Tamshui, Taipei and Hsinchu and the results analysed by SPME-GC-ECD showed that the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were very closed to method detection limits. Ⅱ. Continuous Monitoring Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewaters by Microwave Digestion/ Spectrophotometric Method. The traditional method for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater is mainly to digest the wastewater by open reflux method and the potassium dichromate as oxidant. This process is not only time-consuming but also produces a large amount of toxic waste. Therefore the goal of this study was to develop continuous and rapid determination of the COD by flow injection combined microwave digestion. We used peristaltic pump (4 channels) to sucked silver nitrate solution 1mL, potassium dichromate solution 1mL, silver sulfate solution 1 mL, sample volume 1 mL. First, a simple method for the continuous and rapid determination of the COD by flow injection with combined microwave digestion was setup. The results showed that the linearity relation R-squared for determination of the COD (concentration between 100mg/L and 500mg/L, potassium dichromate solution concentration is 0.0417M) with ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) titration and spectrophotometric detection were 0.9992 and 0.9806 respcetively. The detection limits for COD with FAS titration and spectrophotometric detection were 11.25 mg/L and 19.88 mg/L respectively.
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LIN, JIAN-ZHONG, and 林建仲. "The study of low chemical oxygen demands determination." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61282036066127173605.
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Handfield, Stéphane. "S’autodéterminer « dans la bonne direction » : enjeux éthiques et relationnels de l’accompagnement auprès de personnes catégorisées comme ayant une déficience ou des limitations intellectuelles et vivant en situation d’itinérance ou de grande précarité." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20364.
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YANG, MING-HSIEN, and 楊明賢. "Production lot size determinating procedures with probabilistic demanad pattern." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79304046221015282550.
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Ilten, Paul. "Ansätze für profitables Wachstum von BPO-Dienstleistern: Marktbearbeitungsmöglichkeiten auf Basis theoretisch-konzeptioneller Ansatzpunkte zur Bedarfsermittlung." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A5711.
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In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, wie eine theoriegeleitete Bewertung der Auslagerungseignung von Geschäftsprozessen erfolgen kann und welche Ansatzpunkte für profitables Wachstum von Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)-Anbietern in Deutschland sich aus der Nutzung einer entsprechenden Methodik ableiten lassen. Dazu wird in drei Schritten vorgegangen. In einem ersten Schritt wird ein theoretisch-konzeptionelles Bewertungsmodell zur Bestimmung der Auslagerungseignung von Geschäftsprozessen entwickelt. In einem zweiten Schritt werden Möglichkeiten einer konzeptionellen Übertragung dieses Modells auf Praxisanwendungen geprüft. Im abschließenden dritten Schritt wird gezeigt, wie die Verwendung des in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Bewertungsmodells im Rahmen der Marktbearbeitungsaktivitäten von BPO-Dienstleistern einen Beitrag zum profitablen Wachstum dieser Anbieter leisten kann.:1 Einführung: Organisationen im Wandel
1.1 Problemstellung
1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit und wissenschaftliche Vorgehensweise
1.3 Stand der Publikationen
2 Business Processs Outsourcing: Entwicklung, Systematisierung und Definition
2.1 Entwicklung des Business Process Outsourcing
2.2 Systematisierungsansätze für die Begriffe Sourcing und Outsourcing
2.3 Definition und Abgrenzung des Business Process Outsourcings
3 Entwicklung eines theoretisch-konzeptionellen Modells zur Bedarfsermittlung an BPO-Leistungen
3.1 Grenzen der Theorieauswahl
3.2 Vorstellung ausgewählter theoretischer Ansätze
3.3 Klassifizierung von Entscheidungsmodellen
3.4 Multikriterielle Entscheidungsmodelle
3.5 Eingrenzung der theoretischen Elemente zur Entwicklung eines BPO-Entscheidungsmodells
3.6 Entwicklung eines BPO-Entscheidungsmodells
4 Ansätze zur konzeptionellen Übertragung des BPO-Entscheidungsmodells auf Praxisanwendungen
4.1 Entwicklung einer individuellen Bewertungsmethodik
4.2 Entwicklung einer Gesamtbewertungsmethodik
4.3 Zwischenfazit
5 Ansätze für profitables Wachstum von BPO-Dienstleistern
5.1 Marktbegriffe
5.2 Marketing und Marketing-Wissenschaft
5.3 Entwicklung von Marketingansätzen für BPO-Dienstleister
6 Fazit und Ausblick
6.1 Fazit
6.2 AusblickIn this thesis it is studied how a theory-based assessment of business processes regarding their adequacy for outsourcing can be carried out and what starting points for profitable growth of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) providers in Germany can result from the application of such a methodology. For this purpose a three step approach is taken. As a first step a theory-based concept of an assessment model to determine the adequacy of outsourcing business processes is developed. As a second step possibilities for transferring the concept of this model to real life applications are examined. In a final third step it is shown how the assessment model developed here can be used as part of the marketing activities of BPO companies to contribute to their profitable growth.:1 Einführung: Organisationen im Wandel 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit und wissenschaftliche Vorgehensweise 1.3 Stand der Publikationen 2 Business Processs Outsourcing: Entwicklung, Systematisierung und Definition 2.1 Entwicklung des Business Process Outsourcing 2.2 Systematisierungsansätze für die Begriffe Sourcing und Outsourcing 2.3 Definition und Abgrenzung des Business Process Outsourcings 3 Entwicklung eines theoretisch-konzeptionellen Modells zur Bedarfsermittlung an BPO-Leistungen 3.1 Grenzen der Theorieauswahl 3.2 Vorstellung ausgewählter theoretischer Ansätze 3.3 Klassifizierung von Entscheidungsmodellen 3.4 Multikriterielle Entscheidungsmodelle 3.5 Eingrenzung der theoretischen Elemente zur Entwicklung eines BPO-Entscheidungsmodells 3.6 Entwicklung eines BPO-Entscheidungsmodells 4 Ansätze zur konzeptionellen Übertragung des BPO-Entscheidungsmodells auf Praxisanwendungen 4.1 Entwicklung einer individuellen Bewertungsmethodik 4.2 Entwicklung einer Gesamtbewertungsmethodik 4.3 Zwischenfazit 5 Ansätze für profitables Wachstum von BPO-Dienstleistern 5.1 Marktbegriffe 5.2 Marketing und Marketing-Wissenschaft 5.3 Entwicklung von Marketingansätzen für BPO-Dienstleister 6 Fazit und Ausblick 6.1 Fazit 6.2 Ausblick
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Ribeiro, Marta Holroyd Kendall Cruz. "Startups vs. empresas estabelecidas : a autonomia e o excesso de trabalho na motivação dos trabalhadores." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/32877.
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O presente estudo procura explorar a relação entre a motivação intrínseca dos indivíduos e a sua perceção sobre a autonomia e o excesso de trabalho, bem como o efeito moderador dos diferentes contextos de trabalho (i.e., startups e empresas estabelecidas), nesta relação. A autonomia e o excesso de trabalho têm potencial para influenciar a motivação dos trabalhadores, sendo pertinente explorar estas características de trabalho, principalmente em startups, onde a perceção dos trabalhadores é pouco explorada pela literatura. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário online, tendo-se obtido uma amostra com 601 inquiridos – 353 a trabalhar em contexto de startups e 248 em empresas estabelecidas. De acordo com o esperado, os resultados demonstram que a autonomia prediz positivamente a motivação intrínseca, enquanto que o excesso de trabalho a prediz negativamente. Apesar de não ser possível inferir que as startups aumentam a relação positiva entre a autonomia e a motivação intrínseca, foi possível concluir que as startups diminuem a relação negativa entre o excesso de trabalho e a motivação intrínseca. Foram discutidas as limitações do presente estudo, assim como as implicações do mesmo para futuras investigações.The present study seeks to explore the relationship between employees’ intrinsic motivation and their perception of autonomy and work overload, as well as the moderating effect of different work contexts (i.e., startups and established companies), in this relationship. Autonomy and work overload influence employees’ motivation, therefore it is relevant to assess these job characteristics, particularly in startups where employees’ perceptions have not been thoroughly studied in published literature. Data was collected through an online questionnaire, obtaining a sample of 601 respondents – 353 working in startups and 248 in established companies. As expected, the results demonstrate that autonomy positively predicts intrinsic motivation, while work overload negatively predicts it. Although it was not possible to infer that startups increase the positive relationship between autonomy and intrinsic motivation, it was possible to conclude that startups reduce the negative relationship between work overload and intrinsic motivation. The limitations of this study and its implications for future investigations were also discussed.
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Wambui, Lydiah. "Interrelationship between work calling orientation, work engagement and burnout among nurses in the Namibian health care sector." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26886.
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Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and ZuluThis research investigated work as a calling, the relationship with work engagement and the effect on burnout in the Namibian health care sector. A quantitative survey was conducted on a convenient sample of nurses (N = 261) employed by government and private hospitals in Namibia. Kendall's tau_b correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between job/calling orientation and total work engagement, and a negative correlation with the burnout sub-dimensions of exhaustion and cynicism/ depersonalisation. The results of this study also suggest that both job/calling and work engagement are statistically related to the respondents’ positive world view, which is an important attribute for quality of life. Additionally, the study revealed that burnout had a partial mediation effect on the interaction between job/calling and work engagement. Selected demographic characteristics had a partial moderation effect on the relationship between job/calling orientation, work engagement and burnout. These findings may provide new knowledge for the design of workplace practices that assess calling orientation, and may enhance work engagement. The study provided a deepened understanding of the interrelationships between work as a calling, work engagement and burnout. On a practical level, the recommendations provided can be used by human resource management practitioners, nurse managers and health care providers to motivate health care workers to become more productive in the provision of quality health care, and to improve the management of employees throughout their employment life cycle.
In hierdie studie is werk as ʼn roeping en die verband tussen werkverbintenis en die uitwerking van ooreising in die Namibiese gesondheidsorgsektor ondersoek. ʼn Kwantitatiewe opname is onder ʼn geriefsteekproef van verpleegsters (N = 261) by private en staatshospitale in Namibië gedoen. Volgens Kandall se tau_b-korrelasieanalise is daar ʼn positiewe korrelasie tussen pos/roepingsgerigtheid en totale werkverbintenis, en ʼn negatiewe korrelasie met die ooreisingsubdimensies van uitputting en sinisme/ontpersoonliking. Die uitslag van hierdie studie dui daarop dat sowel pos/roeping as werkverbintenis statisties met die respondente se positiewe wêreldbeskouing, ʼn belangrike kenmerk vir lewenskwaliteit, verband hou. Afgesien hiervan dui die uitslag daarop dat ooreising ʼn gedeeltelike mediasie-effek op die wisselwerking tussen pos/roeping en werkverbintenis het. Die gekose demografiese kenmerke het ʼn gedeeltelik matigende effek op die verband tussen pos/roepingsgerigtheid, werkverbintenis en ooreising. Hierdie bevindings is nuwe kennis vir die ontwerp van werkplekpraktyke wat roepingsgerigtheid evalueer en dit kan werkverbintenis verbeter. Hierdie studie bied groter insig in die onderlinge verbande tussen werk as ʼn roeping, werkverbintenis en ooreising. Op ʼn praktiese vlak kan mensehulpbronbestuurders, verpleegsterbestuurders en gesondheidsorgverskaffers die aanbevelings gebruik om gesondheidsorgwerkers te motiveer sodat hulle produktiewer in die lewering van goeie gesondheidsorgdienste raak. Dit kan eweneens gebruik word om gesondheidsorgwerkers hulle hele werkslewensiklus deur beter te bestuur.
Lolu cwaningo beluphenya umsebenzi njengobizo lomsebenzi, ubudlelwano bokuzibandakanya emsebenzini kanye nomthelela wokukhathala kakhulu kwabasebenzi emkhakheni wezempilo eNamibia. Isaveyi eyencike kumanani iye yenziwa ngokuthi kuthathwe isampuli efanele yabahlengikazi (N = 261) abaqashwe yizibhedlela zikahulumeni kanye nezibhedlela zangasese eNamibia. Uhlaziyo lukaKendall lwe-tau_b luveze ubudlelwano obuhle obuphakathi kobizo/kokufundiswa umsebenzi kanye nokuzibandakanya ngokugcwele emsebenzini, kanye nobudlelwano obubi bokukhathala kwezigatshana ezincane zokudangala kanye nokwenza into ngesizathu sokuzinceda wena wedwa/ukuqeda ukuzibheka wena wedwa. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo nayo iphakamisa ukuthi kokubili umsebenzi/nobizo lomsebenzi kanye nokuzibandakanya emsebenzini ngokwamanani kuhlobene nombono omuhle wabaphenduli bemibuzo mayelana nomhlaba, okungumthelela obalulekile kwizinga elihle lempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luveze ukuthi ukukhathala kakhulu ngakolunye uhlangothi kunomphumela omuhle wokuxazulula kahle lapho kuhlangana khona umsebenzi/ubizo lomsebenzi kanye nokuzibandakanya emsebenzini. Izimpawu ezikhethiwe zedemografi ngakwenye ingxenye zinomthelela wozinzisa kahle ubudlelwano obuphakathi kohlelo lokungeniswa emsebenzi/obizweni lomsebenzi, kokuzibandakanya emsebenzini kanye nokukhathala kakhulu emsebenzini. Lolu lwazi olutholakele lungaletha ulwazi olusha olumayelana nedizayini yezingqubo zendawo yomsebenzi, okuyizingqubo ezihlola ukufundiswa ngobizo lomsebenzi kanti lokhu kungaqinisa ukuzibandakanya emsebenzini. Empilweni yangempela, izincomo zingasetshenziswa abasebenzi bomnyango wezokuqhashwa kwabasebenzi, abaphathi babahlengikazi kanye nabahlinzeki bezempilo ngesizathu sokukhuthaza abasebenzi bezempilo ukuba babe abasebenzi abaqotho mayelana nokunikezwa kwezinsiza zempilo zezinga eliphezulu, kanyenokuthuthukisa nohlelo lokuphathwa kwabasebenzi empilweni yabo yonke yokusebenza.
Business Management
D. Com. (Business Management)