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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Reno, A. T. Characteristics of urban travel demand. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2002.

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2

Scott, F. S. Characteristics of consumer demand for avocados in Honolulu. [Honolulu, Hawaii]: HITAHR, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, 1986.

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3

Coe, Manchester Alden. Data for food demand analysis: Availability, characteristics, options. Washington, DC (1301 New York Ave., NW, Washington 20005-4788): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1990.

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4

Fouracre, P. R. Travel demand characteristics in three medium sized Indian cities. Crowthorne: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1987.

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5

Fouracre, P. R. Travel demand characteristics in three medium sized Indian cities. Crowthorne, Berks: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Overseas Unit, 1987.

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6

Cheshire, Paul C. The structure of demand for housing, land, and neighbourhood characteristics. Reading: University of Reading, Department of Economics, 1992.

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7

Ellison, Sara Fisher. Characteristics of demand for pharmaceutical products: An examination of four cephalosporins. Cambridge, Mass: Dept. of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996.

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8

Benkard, C. Lanier. Demand estimation with heterogeneous consumers and unobserved product characteristics: A hedonic approach. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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9

Benkard, C. Lanier. Demand estimation with heterogeneous consumers and unobserved product characteristics: A hedonic approach. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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10

Scott, F. S. Characteristics of consumer demand for fresh papayas in Los Angeles and Orange counties. Honolulu, Hawaii: HITAHR, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, 1986.

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11

Bacon, J. R. Regional trends and spatial characteristics of U.S. supply and demand for farm output. Washington, DC (1301 New York Ave. NW, Washington 20005-4788): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Commodity Economics Division, 1989.

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12

An overview: Characteristics, impact, and solutions. [ ]: American Hospital Association, 1990.

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13

J, Ryan Michael. Contradiction, self-contradiction, and collective choice: New directions for commodities and characteristics analysis. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury, 1992.

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14

Laakso, Seppo. Urban housing prices and the demand for housing characteristics: A study on housing prices and the willingness to pay for housing characteristics and local public goods in the Helsinki metropolitan area. Helsinki: Taloustieto, 1997.

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15

Yeo, Steven E. Aquaculture effluents and waste by-products: Characteristics, potential recovery, and beneficial reuse. Ames, Iowa: NCRAC Publications Office, North Central Regional Aquaculture Center, Iowa State University, 2004.

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16

Jamet, Dominique. Demain le Front? Paris: Bartillat, 1995.

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17

Demain sera à l'Afrique. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.

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18

Fokou, Roger Kaffo. Demain sera à l'Afrique. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.

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19

Shumilina, Vera, Tat'yana Sidorina, Mikhail Onopchenko, Valeria Drobotenko, Anna Varchenko, Kristina Bondareva, Anguelina Tepegendjiyan, et al. Problems of the labor market of the Russian Federation and its legal support in the context of economic recession and pandemic. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/978-0-6487435-8-3.

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Today, in a modern market economy, one of the main factors of production is the labor market. The labor market and its mechanisms regulate the levels of employment of the population, supply and demand for labor, the level of wages, and the characteristics of the distribution of labor. To study the labor market, it is necessary to collect statistical data and analyze them. Labor market statistics are an important component of socio-economic statistics. It is closely related to other sections of socio-economic statistics, such as population statistics, statistics of economic sectors, the system of national accounts, etc. The conclusions drawn from the statistical study of the labor market characterize the state and development of the economy and are necessary for making informed economic and social decisions. The main branch of law that regulates relations in the labor market is labor law. It is one of the leading, complex and most important branches of law in the Russian Federation. In the conditions of economic recession and pandemic, new problems of the labor market of the Russian Federation and its legal support have emerged. This monograph, dedicated to modern problems of the labor market, is the result of the joint work of teachers and students of the Department of Economic Security, Accounting and Law of the Don State Technical University.
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20

Lampropoulos, Andreas, ed. Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.

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<p>Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that despite the continuous developments of novel materials and new strengthening techniques, the majority of the existing structures are still unprotected and at high seismic risk. The repair and strengthening framework is a complex process and there are often barriers in the preventative upgrade of the existing structures related to the cost of the applications and the limited expertise of the engineers. The engineers need to consider various options thoroughly and the selection of the appropriate strategy is a crucial parameter for the success of these applications.</p><p>The main aim of this collection is to present a number of different approaches applied to a wide range of structures with different characteristics and demands acting as a practical guide for the main repair and strengthening approaches used worldwide. This document contains a collection of nine case studies from six different countries with different seismicity (i.e. Austria, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Nepal and New Zealand). Various types of structures have been selected with different structural peculiarities such as buildings used for different purposes (i.e. school buildings, town hall, 30 storey office tower), a bridge, and a wharf. Most of the examined structures are Reinforced Concrete structures while there is also an application on a Masonry building. For each of the examined studies, the local conditions are described followed by the main deficiencies which are addressed. The methods used for the assessment of the in-situ conditions also presented and alternative strategies for the repair and strengthening are considered.</p>
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21

1966-, Fuller Frank, and Iowa State University. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development., eds. China's dairy market: Consumer demand survey and supply characteristics. Ames, Iowa: Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, 2004.

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22

Washington (State). Employment Security Dept. Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch., ed. Occupations in the labor market: Demand, supply and characteristics : Kitsap County. Olympia, Wash: Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, Employment Security Dept., 1990.

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23

J, Muus Kyle, and University of North Dakota. Rural Health Research Center., eds. Characteristics of U.S. primary care physician assistants: An urban/rural comparison. Grand Forks, N.D: University of North Dakota Rural Health Research Center, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, 1995.

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24

Løgstrup, K. E., Bjørn Rabjerg, and Robert Stern. The Ethical Demand. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855989.001.0001.

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This book concerns the nature and basis for the fundamental ethical relation between human beings. Beginning from the fundamental example of trust, it is argued that this relation arises from our interdependence and mutual vulnerability, which then gives us power over the lives of other people. It claimed that in this situation, there arises a demand to care for the other person. This demand is characterized as silent, radical, one-sided, and unfulfillable, as it cannot be satisfied by just doing what the other asks; requires us to act unselfishly; is non-reciprocal; and should not be experienced as a demand. As a result, the demand is distinguished from ordinary social norms, which lack these characteristics, though it is argued that there is a relation between these two levels, as legitimate social norms should ‘refract’ the ethical demand. It is also argued that in order to make sense of a demand of this sort, we must see ‘life as a gift’, rather than treating ourselves as the sovereign grounds for our own existence. In understanding the ethical demand in this way, it is suggested, we can make sense of Jesus’s proclamation to love our neighbour in purely human terms, though at the same time we may have to go beyond a scientific picture which operates with a clear distinction between fact and values, and treats determinism as a basis for rejecting moral responsibility.
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25

Occupations in the labor market: Demand, supply and characteristics : Cowlitz and Wahkiakum counties. Olympia, Wash: Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, Employment Security Dept., 1990.

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26

Washington (State). Employment Security Dept. Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch., ed. Occupations in the labor market: Demand, supply and characteristics : Adams and Grant counties. Olympia, Wash: Labor Market and Analysis Branch, Employment Security Dept., 1990.

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27

Washington (State). Employment Security Dept. Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch., ed. Occupations in the labor market: Demand, supply and characteristics : Clallam and Jefferson Counties. Olympia, Wash: Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, Employment Security Dept., 1990.

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28

Fund, International Monetary, ed. Characteristics of the Euro, the demand for reserves, and policy coordination under EMU. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1997.

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29

Occupations in the labor market: Demand, supply and characteristics : Benton and Franklin counties. Olympia, Wash: Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, Employment Security Dept., 1990.

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30

Washington (State). Employment Security Dept. Labor Market and Analysis Branch., ed. Occupations in the labor market: Demand, supply and characteristics : Chelan, Douglas and Okanogan counties. Olympia, Wash: Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, Employment Security Dept., 1990.

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31

Occupations in the labor market: Demand, supply and characteristics : Grays Harbor and Pacific counties. Olympia, Wash: Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, Employment Security Dept., 1990.

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32

Washington (State). Employment Security Dept. Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch., ed. Occupations in the labor market: Demand, supply and characteristics : Island, San Juan and Skagit counties. Olympia, Wash: Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, Employment Security Dept., 1990.

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33

Orne, Martin T. On the Social Psychology of the Psychological Experiment: With Particular Reference to Demand Characteristics and Their Implications. Irvington Publishers, 1991.

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34

Occupations in the labor market: Demand, supply and characteristics : Ferry, Lincoln, Pend Oreille, Stevens and Whitman counties. Olympia, Wash: Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch, Employment Security Dept., 1990.

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35

Laakso, Seppo. Urban housing prices and the demand for housing characteristics: A study on housing prices and the willingness to pay for housing characteristics and local ... A / ETLA, Elinkeinoelaman tutkimuslaitos). Taloustieto, 1997.

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36

DeLuca, John. Hand movement asymmetries during visuo-constructive performance as a function of task demand characteristics in male and female college students. 1987.

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37

Brunner, Karl-Michael, Sylvia Mandl, and Harriet Thomson. Energy Poverty: Energy Equity in a World of High Demand and Low Supply. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.18.

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The chapter provides insights into the different characteristics and manifestations of energy poverty—a condition that prevents the achievement of socially and materially necessary levels of domestic energy services. On the one hand, the discourse on energy poverty in developed countries (known as “fuel poverty”) is discussed (especially in the European Union), focusing on different forms of definitions and measurement, coping strategies, and attempts to combat the problem. On the other hand, the discourse on energy poverty in developing countries is outlined, highlighting especially rural electrification processes and gender relations. It is shown that energy poverty is deeply embedded in wider social, economic, political, and cultural structures, reflecting inequalities both within and across nations. Therefore, the chapter concludes that measures and interventions to tackle energy poverty must take into account wider societal structures and power relations in order to achieve a just and sustainable energy system and society.
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38

National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), ed. Adoption experiences of women and men, and demand for children to adopt by women ages 18-44 in the United States: Data from Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2008.

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39

Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (U.S.), ed. Characteristics of foreign nurse graduates in the United States workforce, 2000-2001: A survey by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools. Philadelphia, Pa: Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools, 2002.

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40

Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.001.0001.

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Pharmaceuticals play a critical role in the raging debate over how best to advance and improve healthcare in the United States and the rest of the world. Using the analytical tools of economics, this book explores the conflicting priorities and aims of the biopharmaceutical industry. It starts out by describing the supply side of pharmaceuticals in all its forms, including the traditional pharmaceutical sector, the biotechnology sector, and the generic sector, as well as the increased blending among them. It next turns to the demand side, looking at the determinants of demand for pharmaceutical products. It discusses third-party payer coverage and patient access issues, and considers pharmaceutical demand factors in both emerging markets and industrialized parts of the world. Drawing extensively from recent economics and policy literatures, this book examines if and how a drug’s pricing strategy is influenced by clinical and economic attributes, characteristics of third-party payers, cost of research and development, competition from other branded drugs and generics, and other factors. An in-depth analysis looks at various drug promotional programs, their effectiveness in influencing demand and price, and the corresponding controversies and ensuing public debates. The focus of the book then turns toward pharmaceutical regulation, including the patent system, the approval process for both branded and generic drugs, the regulation of drug promotion, and major drug legislations since the beginning of the twentieth century. The book concludes by offering a look ahead at evolving industry structure, research methods, product characteristics, financing mechanisms, and regulatory policies affecting both price and access to pharmaceuticals worldwide.
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41

Roy, Goode, Kronke Herbert, and McKendrick Ewan, eds. Part II A View Through Illustrative Contracts and Harmonizing Instruments, 11 International Bank Payment Undertakings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198735441.003.0012.

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This chapter introduces the role of banks in financing international trade through documentary credits, demand guarantees, and standby credits. What is interesting is that with the exception of the UN Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit, all the instruments examined consist of rules promulgated by two non-lawmaking institutions and given effect by contractual incorporation into banking documents. The chapter depicts the unique legal characteristics of independent bank payment undertakings before going on to describe the principal features of documentary credits and demand guarantees and key provisions of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600), the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG 758), and the ICC Uniform Rules for Contract Bonds (URCB), all produced by the International Chamber of Commerce. The Rules on International Standby Practices (ISP98), issued by the Institute of International Banking Law and Practice, are also briefly described.
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42

Haigh, Michael S. Fundamentals and Commodity Prices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0006.

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Commodity markets occasionally co-move with the broader macro markets for reasons beyond their own fundamentally driven physical characteristics. This chapter focuses on two related avenues to look beyond the fundamentals of counting barrels, tonnes, bushels, or molecules. The first section uses a principal component analysis to disentangle how fundamentals versus non-fundamentals drive commodity prices and focuses on the crude oil market. The results are intuitive and allow isolating the extent to which supply and demand matter to price changes experienced in the market. Furthermore, the results enable understanding whether the diversification benefits of commodity markets exist in almost real time. Second, given the ability to segment fundamentally driven commodities from others, the chapter focuses on how much supply or demand factors attribute to the fundamental variation in prices. The analysis reveals that, in the oil market, supply concerns drive prices during geopolitical tensions, while demand concerns dominate during economic crises.
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43

Holzmann, Vered, Aaron Shenhar, Yao Zhao, and Benjamin Melamed. Cracking the Code of Megaproject Innovation. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.25.

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Boeing Corporation launched its 787 Dreamliner development program in the early 2000s, anticipating quick benefits from a growing demand for next-generation, advanced, and highly efficient aircraft. Budgeted at US$20 billion and designed by a global network of more than 700 subcontractors around the world, the Dreamliner had all the characteristics of a megaproject. Boeing expected that a collection of strategic innovations would add substantial business benefits, but that dream led to years of painful delays, cost overruns, and service introduction problems. Boeing’s previous extensive experience in commercial aircraft building was insufficient to deal with new challenges of a highly innovative program, and the Dreamliner’s difficulties typify many modern megaprojects. With accelerated technological growth, increased complexity of systems, and intensified demand for shorter time cycles, the challenge of strategic innovation in megaprojects becomes a universal struggle. This chapter presents a retrospective analysis of Boeing’s experience and offers a collection of global lessons for future megaprojects and programs.
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44

Hossain, Ashrafee T., Samir Saadi, and Maxim Treff. Characteristics of Successful Hedge Fund Managers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0004.

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Managerial skill is a key determinant of a hedge fund’s success. Identifying the key characteristics of successful managers is important because of a strong relation between hedge fund performance and managerial skills. This chapter provides a brief history of some highly successful hedge fund managers as well as a discussion of the different demands of the hedge fund industry versus other pooled investments, such as mutual funds. Furthermore, the chapter examines the differences between hedge fund and mutual fund managers involving return expectations, performance measures, and compensation. Next the chapter explores the key characteristics that hedge fund managers should possess to be successful. Although some characteristics are easy to identify and measure, others are less so. The chapter also includes a detailed discussion of social versus human capital.
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45

González Huerta, R. G., J. M. Sandoval Pineda, N. Hernández Pérez, and E. Álvarez del Rio. Interconnection to the network and energy storage systems. State of the art. EPOMEX-UAC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26359/epomex.cemie022017.

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For technical reasons, the amount of electricity fed to the electrical grid must always remain at the same level of the demand requested by theconsumers to prevent blackouts and damage to the network. This leads to situations where production is greater than consumption and vice versa. This is where storage system technologies and interconnection to the network play a key role in balancing these disadvantages. Untilrecently, the utility of energy storage systems was focused on improving the efficiency of conventional generation systems, such as the use of pumped hydroelectricity to supplement the supply to the network in periods of extra demand or for plant start-ups. This type of storage technology is today the most reliable and in many ways the only one economically available. However, its use it is limited to specific cases that meet strict characteristics. Currently globally, the approach to storage technologies of energy, is to help improve the overall sustainability of large quantities of renewable energies, coming from intermittent sources such like the sun, the sea or the wind
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46

Daniel, Yvonne. Parading the Carnivalesque: Masking Circum-Caribbean Demands. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036538.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the Carnival and other parade dancing that have brought the people of the African Diaspora together in festive merrymaking. More specifically, it highlights the Carnivalesque experience associated with Circum-Caribbean parading, from Carnaval in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, and Martinique to the Kanaval in Haiti, the Jonkonnu in Jamaica, and the Saints Day Processions in the Caribbean. The chapter begins with an overview of the characteristics of Carnival dance and goes on to describe and compare major masking and parade dance traditions in Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, and Brazil. It argues that Carnival dancing not only functions as a form of entertainment, but in many cases as a medium for sociopolitical criticism, and especially for challenging social and cultural authority. The chapter concludes with an assessment of carnivalesque's contemporary messages.
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47

Trestman, Robert L. Psychiatric aspects of pain management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0039.

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Chronic pain differs from acute pain in many ways. First, by definition, it has become enduring and goes beyond the expected period of healing, whether post-trauma, post-surgery, or as part of a degenerative or progressive disease. The typical time frame used for defining chronic pain is defined as pain that persists beyond a six month window. Another characteristic that distinguishes chronic from acute pain is the emotional element of perceived suffering. This component of chronic pain becomes important in the assessment and subsequent treatment of chronic pain. Chronic pain management in a correctional setting is very challenging due to a host of factors. First, the majority of people being treated have a history of substance abuse disorders. Further, as a whole, the population of incarcerated adults has a disproportionate prevalence of significant chronic medical and psychiatric conditions. Finally, access to illicit drugs is limited, if not completely eliminated in correctional settings, shifting the environmental demand characteristics to prescription medication misuse. This chapter addresses issues of the psychiatric assessment and management of chronic pain in correctional settings. Information is provided regarding the factors to be elicited in a chronic pain interview, the methods used to assess chronic pain, and the assessment factors appropriate to integrate into a management plan. The methods used to manage chronic pain, including close coordination with a treatment team, cognitive behavioral interventions, and pharmacological management are presented. Tracking treatment outcomes from a psychiatric perspective in the correctional setting are then discussed.
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48

Trestman, Robert L. Psychiatric aspects of pain management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0039_update_001.

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Chronic pain differs from acute pain in many ways. First, by definition, it has become enduring and goes beyond the expected period of healing, whether post-trauma, post-surgery, or as part of a degenerative or progressive disease. The typical time frame used for defining chronic pain is defined as pain that persists beyond a six month window. Another characteristic that distinguishes chronic from acute pain is the emotional element of perceived suffering. This component of chronic pain becomes important in the assessment and subsequent treatment of chronic pain. Chronic pain management in a correctional setting is very challenging due to a host of factors. First, the majority of people being treated have a history of substance abuse disorders. Further, as a whole, the population of incarcerated adults has a disproportionate prevalence of significant chronic medical and psychiatric conditions. Finally, access to illicit drugs is limited, if not completely eliminated in correctional settings, shifting the environmental demand characteristics to prescription medication misuse. This chapter addresses issues of the psychiatric assessment and management of chronic pain in correctional settings. Information is provided regarding the factors to be elicited in a chronic pain interview, the methods used to assess chronic pain, and the assessment factors appropriate to integrate into a management plan. The methods used to manage chronic pain, including close coordination with a treatment team, cognitive behavioral interventions, and pharmacological management are presented. Tracking treatment outcomes from a psychiatric perspective in the correctional setting are then discussed.
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49

López-Basaguren, Alberto. Regional Defiance and Enforcement of Federal Law in Spain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0018.

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This chapter analyses three cases of challenges to the federal law in Spain. These episodes can offer an ideal opportunity to consider the resources available to the Spanish constitutional system in order to impose compliance with federal law. The first issue under discussion is the so-called ‘Ibarretxe plan’, which initially consisted of the proposal for a ‘New Political Statute’ for the Basque Country, which was rejected by the Lower House of the Spanish Parliament. The second great political challenge concerns the Catalan Parliament’s claim to the ‘right to decide’: a demand for a referendum in which Catalan citizens could decide their political future. The third episode is the ‘Atutxa case’, involving the former President of the Basque Parliament, which showcases the characteristics of criminal coercion in the event of non-compliance with Court decisions as a form of refusal to comply with federal law.
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50

Surdam, David George. Economics of Antitrust. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039140.003.0002.

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This chapter examines the economics of antitrust, with particular emphasis on how antitrust law affects professional team sports. In the late 1800s, Americans worried about the growing concentration of power in the hands of a few producers such as Standard Oil, American Tobacco, and other large firms that consolidated their holds over industries by merging and acquiring other companies. Other industrial leaders sought to fix prices above those obtained under competition. The Sherman Antitrust Act, enacted in 1890, contains provisions addressing “contract,” “conspiracy,” and “trade and commerce.” This chapter first considers how courts applied the Sherman Act to cases involving professional team sports before discussing the characteristics of professional sports leagues, how owners of professional sports teams reported profits and losses, the issue of player salaries and exploitation, and competitive balance and revenue sharing in professional leagues. It also describes franchise relocation and expansion and how television created demand in sports.
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