Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Delta villagers'

Le village d'étude, Mộ Trạch, célèbre vieux village littéraire du centre delta du Nord Vietnam, est composé aujourd'hui à plus de 80 % par une population se réclamant conformément au contenu de livres généalogiques en caractères, appartenir au même groupe de parenté : la "lignée des Vũ [patronyme] de Mộ Trạch". Compte tenu des pratiques d'endogamie villageoise séculaires, toujours dominantes, et sachant que l'exogamie et le culte des ancêtres sont des principes fondamentaux des lignages vietnamiens, la problématique double, se pose en ces termes : quelles interprétations apporter à l'absence actuelle de chef cultuel de la "lignée Vũ" et d'autre part aux pratiques matrimoniales endogames, passées et actuelles, courantes au sein de cette "lignée" ? Concentré sur les pratiques matrimoniales et cultuelles liées à la parenté, nous choisissons de traiter notre sujet sous un angle diachronique. Guidé par l'objet, l'identité généalogique ou l'imaginaire de la parenté, nous adoptons une méthodologie compréhensive et téléologique : l'interprétation des représentations formelles et vécues de la parenté, leurs motivations, finalités et leurs modalités opératoires. Sachant par ailleurs que Mộ Trạch se classe, sur l'ensemble de la période couverte par les concours littéraires, première commune du pays, au vu du nombre de ses inscrits lauréats du titre de "docteur" ; sur la base de nos premières conclusions nous tenterons ensuite, après avoir identifié les formes de la propriété agricole et de l'autorité de ce village de lettrés type, de croiser les principaux dépositaires villageois de ces trois espaces du pouvoir local : lignages, propriétaires fonciers et représentants de l'autorité

The Red River Delta in Vietnam is one of the regions whose quaternary aquifers are polluted by arsenic. Chronic toxification by arsenic can cause severe illnesses such as cancer, skin lesions, developmental defects, cardiovascular and neurological diseas-es, and diabetes. In this study, a food processing craft village in the Red River Delta was investigated regarding the potential risk faced by the population due to arsenic. The potential sources of arsenic are the groundwater, the crops grown in the sur-roundings, and animal products from local husbandry. However, the occurrence of arsenic in nature is variable, and its bioavailability and toxicity depend very much on its specification: trivalent compounds are more toxic and often more mobile than pen-tavalent compounds, while inorganic species are generally more toxic than organic ones. Local conditions, such as the redox potential, strongly influence its specification and thus potential bioavailability. The introduction to this work elucidates the key factors which potentially cause human exposure to arsenic: the geological setting of the study area, land and water use pat-terns, and the current state of research regarding the mobilization, bioavailability and plant uptake of arsenic. Although the study area is located in a region where the groundwater is known to be moderately contaminated by arsenic, the level of arsenic in the groundwater in the village had not previously been determined. In this study, water use in the village was examined by a survey among the farmers and by water analyses, which are present-ed in the following chapters. Four main water sources (rain, river, tube well and a pub-lic municipal waterworks) are used for the different daily activities; the highest risk to human health was found to be the bore well water, which is pumped from the shallow Holocene aquifer. The water from the bore wells is commonly used for cleaning and washing as well as to feed the animals and for food processing. Products like noodles and rice wine were examined as well as local pork and poultry. Vegetables from the gardens and rice plants from the surrounding paddy fields were sampled and ana-lyzed. All plants were found to have accumulated arsenic, leafy vegetables showing the highest arsenic concentrations. The results are discussed and compared, and conclusions are drawn in the last part. The reducing conditions in the paddy fields are likely to have a strong influence on arsenic uptake in rice plants and on transport to the aquifer. The installation of a wastewater treatment plant under the research project INHAND, which was funded by the BMBF German Ministry of Education and Research, led to lower arsenic concen-trations in the groundwater. Soaring industrialization, the growing population, and the consumers’ changing behav-ior will widely affect land and water use and hence the potential mobilization of arse-nic. In order to mitigate further human exposure to arsenic, wastewater needs to be treated and the reducing conditions in the rice fields need to be decreased by means of enhanced cultivation methods.

The Red River Delta in Vietnam is one of the regions whose quaternary aquifers are polluted by arsenic. Chronic toxification by arsenic can cause severe illnesses such as cancer, skin lesions, developmental defects, cardiovascular and neurological diseas-es, and diabetes. In this study, a food processing craft village in the Red River Delta was investigated regarding the potential risk faced by the population due to arsenic. The potential sources of arsenic are the groundwater, the crops grown in the sur-roundings, and animal products from local husbandry. However, the occurrence of arsenic in nature is variable, and its bioavailability and toxicity depend very much on its specification: trivalent compounds are more toxic and often more mobile than pen-tavalent compounds, while inorganic species are generally more toxic than organic ones. Local conditions, such as the redox potential, strongly influence its specification and thus potential bioavailability. The introduction to this work elucidates the key factors which potentially cause human exposure to arsenic: the geological setting of the study area, land and water use pat-terns, and the current state of research regarding the mobilization, bioavailability and plant uptake of arsenic. Although the study area is located in a region where the groundwater is known to be moderately contaminated by arsenic, the level of arsenic in the groundwater in the village had not previously been determined. In this study, water use in the village was examined by a survey among the farmers and by water analyses, which are present-ed in the following chapters. Four main water sources (rain, river, tube well and a pub-lic municipal waterworks) are used for the different daily activities; the highest risk to human health was found to be the bore well water, which is pumped from the shallow Holocene aquifer. The water from the bore wells is commonly used for cleaning and washing as well as to feed the animals and for food processing. Products like noodles and rice wine were examined as well as local pork and poultry. Vegetables from the gardens and rice plants from the surrounding paddy fields were sampled and ana-lyzed. All plants were found to have accumulated arsenic, leafy vegetables showing the highest arsenic concentrations. The results are discussed and compared, and conclusions are drawn in the last part. The reducing conditions in the paddy fields are likely to have a strong influence on arsenic uptake in rice plants and on transport to the aquifer. The installation of a wastewater treatment plant under the research project INHAND, which was funded by the BMBF German Ministry of Education and Research, led to lower arsenic concen-trations in the groundwater. Soaring industrialization, the growing population, and the consumers’ changing behav-ior will widely affect land and water use and hence the potential mobilization of arse-nic. In order to mitigate further human exposure to arsenic, wastewater needs to be treated and the reducing conditions in the rice fields need to be decreased by means of enhanced cultivation methods.:Abstract III Zusammenfassung V Acknowledgements VII Contents IX List of abbreviations XIII List of tables XVII 1 Scope of this work 1 2 Introduction 2 2.1 Geographical and geological setting of the study area 2 2.2 Hydrological situation 5 2.2.1 Surface water 5 2.2.2 Impact of human activities on surface water quality and distribution 6 2.2.3 Hydrogeology 7 2.3 Arsenic occurrence 7 2.3.1 Arsenic toxicity 8 2.3.2 Risk potential of arsenic in diet 10 2.4 Arsenic contamination in the groundwater resources of the Red River Delta 11 2.4.1 Occurrence and origin of arsenic in the Red River Delta 12 2.4.2 Mobilization processes 13 2.4.3 As mobilization in paddy fields 15 2.5 Arsenic occurrence in daily rural activities 16 2.5.1 Arsenic in soil 17 2.5.2 Arsenic in drinking water 19 2.5.3 Phytoaccumulation: Current state of research 20 2.5.4 Bioavailablity 22 2.5.5 Arsenic uptake in rice plants 23 2.5.6 Arsenic in meat and animal products 26 2.5.7 Arsenic uptake in golden apple snails 27 2.5.8 Processing: Wine and noodles 28 2.5.9 Arsenic concentrations in wastewater, activated sludge and digestate 29 2.6 Iron and manganese in the nutrient chain 30 2.7 Land and water use in the Red River Delta 31 2.7.1 Historical and political aspects of rural development in Vietnam 33 2.7.2 Craft villages in the Red River Delta 34 3 Materials and methods 36 3.1 Soil sample analyses 36 3.2 Well sampling 37 3.3 Wastewater and sludge analyses 37 3.4 Food analyses 38 3.5 Site visit and field observations 39 3.6 Questionnaire 39 4 Results 40 4.1 Soil samples 40 4.1.1 Total arsenic and total heavy metal concentrations 40 4.1.2 Sequential fractionation procedure 41 4.2 Arsenic in the water cycle in Dai Lam 43 4.2.1 Groundwater analyses 43 4.2.2 Water use in Dai Lam 47 4.2.3 Wastewater in Dai Lam 50 4.3 Arsenic in sewage sludge 51 4.4 Arsenic in manure samples 52 4.5 Arsenic in food samples 52 4.5.1 Rice 52 4.5.2 Arsenic in leaf vegetables 53 4.5.3 Arsenic in poultry products 56 4.5.4 Arsenic in pork samples 57 4.5.5 Arsenic in snails 57 4.6 Economic and demographic development potential 58 5 Discussion 61 5.1 Soil samples 61 5.2 Groundwater samples 62 5.2.1 High arsenic concentrations 62 5.2.2 Strong temporal and spatial variation 63 5.2.3 Weak correlation between measured parameters 69 5.3 Wastewater and sewage sludge 70 5.4 Pig manure 71 5.5 Daily exposure to As from dietary intake 71 5.6 Effects of land and water use on water quality and public health 76 5.7 Against the background of the transition economy 77 6 Conclusion 80 7 Perspectives (further work) 85 8 References 86 9 Annex 110

La thèse se propose de montrer, dans une perspective critique, les pratiques, les représentations et les rhétoriques d'un village roumain du Delta du Danube, Hezra. Celles-ci s'inscrivent dans un processus plus vaste de transformations qui affecte l'ensemble de la zone, focalisant l'attention sur les stratégies des acteurs dans une " arène " ayant pour enjeu central l'utilisation des ressources naturelles. Situé dans un secteur ayant, depuis 1990, le statut de Réserve de la Biosphère, le village a connu une rapide transformation des normes qui régissent l'exploitation de l'environnement. Ce faisant, il a été confronté à l'arrivée de nouveaux acteurs (entrepreneurs, commerçants) avec un fort capital économique et culturel qu'ils ont utilisé à leur avantage. Autrefois, village de pêcheurs, Hezra témoigne aujourd'hui du déclin considérable de l'activité de peche. Ce déclin fait suite principalement à l'interdiction pour dix ans de la peche à l'esturgeon, dans le cadre de la protection de l'espèce. Les pratiques et les politiques de protection de l'environnement sont intégrées à divers projets de développement social et économique du territoire. Elles sont élaborées et mises en place par des acteurs qui utilisent l'écart de savoirs et de pouvoirs au sein de populations locales et entre celles-ci et l'extérieur. De plus, suite à la construction d'un complexe touristique à coté du village traditionnel, ce dernier doit faire face à un développement rapide du tourisme. Bien que promu, au début, par un entrepreneur extérieur, l'activité touristique a été développée au fil du temps par les habitants, en particulier les femmes, qui en ont fait la principale ressource économique du village, tout en composant avec la peche. Cela a représenté une reconversion économique qui n'est pas sans effets sur les relations sociales, les relations entre les sexes et les formes de vivre et d'habiter. Deux fils conducteurs structurent ce travail : d'un coté, les modifications émergeant au sein de la communauté et de l'autre, les rapports de celle-ci avec les étrangers, ou, en somme, comment l'étranger est caractérisé sur un mode ambigu, étant soit sujet soit objet de la manipulations.

Cette thèse se propose de montrer, dans une perspective critique, les pratiques, les représentations et les rhétoriques d’un village roumain du Delta du Danube, Hezra. Celles-ci s’inscrivent dans un processus plus vaste de transformation qui affecte l’ensemble de la zone, focalisant l’attention sur les stratégies des acteurs dans une « arène » ayant pour enjeu central l’utilisation des ressources naturelles.Situé dans un secteur ayant, depuis 1990, le statut de Réserve de la Biosphère, le village a connu une rapide transformation des normes qui régissent l’exploitation de l’environnement. Ce faisant, il a été confronté à l’arrivée de nouveaux acteurs (entrepreneurs, commerçants), avec un fort capital économique et culturel qu’ils ont utilisé à leur avantage. Autrefois village de pêcheurs, Hezra témoigne aujourd’hui du déclin considérable de l’activité de pêche. Ce déclin fait suite principalement à l’interdiction, pour dix ans, de la pêche à l’esturgeon, dans le cadre de la protection de l’espèce.Les pratiques et les politiques de protection de l’environnement sont intégrées à divers projets de développement social et économique du territoire. Elles sont élaborées et mises en place par des acteurs qui utilisent l’écart de savoirs et de pouvoirs au sein des populations locales et entre celles-ci et l’extérieur. De plus, suite à la construction d’un complexe touristique à côté du village traditionnel, ce dernier doit faire face à un développement rapide du tourisme. Bien que promu, au début, par un entrepreneur extérieur, l’activité touristique a été développée au fil du temps par les habitants, en particulier les femmes, qui en ont fait la principale ressource économique du village, tout en composant avec la pêche. Cela a représenté une reconversion économique qui n’est pas sans effets sur les relations sociales, les relations entre les sexes et les formes de vivre et d’habiter.Deux fils conducteurs structurent ce travail : d’un côté, les modifications émergeant au sein de la communauté et de l’autre, les rapports de celle-ci avec les étrangers, ou, en somme, comment l’étranger est caractérisé sur un mode ambigu, étant soit sujet soit objet de la manipulation
The aim of the present research is that of showing, in a critical perspective, the practices, the representations and the rhetoric of a Danube Delta village, Hezra (Romania), that develops as part of a broader process of transformation that affects the whole area, focusing on the participants' strategies in an “arena” which has at its core the use of natural resources. The village, situated in an area of the Danube Delta recognized as a Biosphere Reserve in 1990, has seen rapid transformations of the rules governing the use of the environment and had to face with the arrival of new subjects (businessmen, traders) armed with economic and cultural capitals that they use to their advantage. Once a fishing village, Hezra witnesses today a substantial decline of the fishing activity, mainly due to the ban of sturgeon fishing for a ten year period, motivated by reasons of species protection. The practices and policies of environmental protection are an integral part of various projects of social and economical development of the area and are being realized and acted by different participants, using the gap of knowledge and power within local populations and between them and the outside world. In addition, following the construction of a tourist resort, situated at the periphery of the village, the old fishing village is facing a rapid development of tourism, which, promoted in the beginning, by an external businessman, with the passing years, it has become the main economic resource of the villagers, particularly for the women, integrating slowly with the trade of fishing.It is an economic conversion not free from effects on social relations and on the relations between the sexes and on the forms and living. This work follows two analytical lines linked between them: the first regarding the changes that are developing inside the community, and the second takes into account the relationship of the community with the “strangers”, trying to show how the “stranger” is an ambiguous figure and in the mean time he is subject and object of manipulation

L'enjeu de cette recherche ethnologique consiste à saisir quelques traits et expressions de la socialité vietnamienne à travers l'étude de la circulation non marchande dans un village au Nord du Vietnam. La première partie vise à définir les manifestations concrètes, la nature et le fonctionnement de la circulation non marchande telle qu'elle se déploie dans le village. La deuxième partie s'attache à analyser les significations et les fonctions sociales de ce système de prestations symboliques. La description ethnographique de ce système montre qu'il s'affirme comme un dispositif de transferts ritualisés, selon lequel les agents sociaux donnent, lors d'occasions définies, à celui qui en a besoin au moment où il en a besoin. Ce système de dons cérémoniels est fondé sur l'entraide, la réciprocité des gestes et l'entretien de dettes morales. L'examen des rapports sociaux en jeu dans la circulation des dons permet de dresser une carte de l'organisation des relations sociales selon les degrés de proximité relationnelle. Cette étude se termine sur la fonction sociale de ces prestations réciproques, qui consiste à inaugurer et à perpétuer des relations tình cảm, c'est-à-dire des relations chargées d'affection spontanée et morale à la fois. En tant que dons d'alliance qui participent à réguler les relations personnelles, nous estimons que les transferts cérémoniels incarnent l'« instant fugitif où la société prend » (Mauss, 1999 : 275) en milieu rural au Nord du Vietnam. La conclusion tente une généralisation du propos à travers la description du giao lưu, qui consiste à se rencontrer et à échanger en vue d'actualiser, de sceller et de renforcer des relations sociales
The following ethnological research aims at grasping a few characteristic features of the Vietnamese principles of sociality, through the study of non-commercial transactions taking place in a village located in the Northern Vietnam. The first part of the doctoral thesis lists the forms, the practices and the nature of non-commercial transactions occurring in the village. The second part analyses the social meanings and functions of those symbolics transactions. The ethnographic description of the system shows that most of the transactions occurring are ritualized : on defined occasions, villagers give a gift to someone else in need and at the moment when they need it. Those non-commercial transactions can be defined as a system of ceremonial gif-giving based on mutual aid, gesture reciprocity, and moral debt. The study of the connections between the gifts given and the social relations involved in the transactions allow us to map out the organization of the social relations according to the degrees of closeness. This study ends with the analysis of the social function entailed by mutual gifts. Their role is mainly to create and strengthen tình cảm, relationships, that is to say relationships filled with spontaneous and moral feelings. Because those « bonding gifts » participate to the regulation of the personnel relationship in the village, we can consider that they embody that «fleeting moment when society sets » (Mauss, 1999: 275) in rural area in Northern Vietnam

Les sources écrites renferment, à partir du XIe siècle, les témoignages d’un grand nombre de villages dispersés, fondés pour la plupart grâce au mécénat des juges-rois. Toutefois, ces villages n’ont eu qu’une courte durée de vie, car ils ont été frappés, au cours du XIVe siècle, par une terrible crise politico-sociale qui a entraîné la disparition d’un grand nombre d'entre eux. Les principaux et souvent uniques témoignages architecturaux de leurs existences sont des églises. Autrefois placées au centre des agglomérations rurales, elles sont issues d’un renouvèlement ecclésiastique promu par Grégoire VII pour réaffirmer la souveraineté papale sur l’île. Ces édifices de dimensions modestes, aujourd’hui souvent à l’état d’abandon, renferment d’importantes informations que seule une lecture attentive peut dévoiler et interpréter, et qui sont susceptibles de précéder ou d’accompagner une intervention de fouille archéologique. Les enjeux de cette recherche ont été de déchiffrer ces documents matériels au travers l’archéologie du bâti, sans pour autant négliger les autres disciplines (histoire, archéologie du sous-sol, épigraphie), pour reconstruire les dynamiques qui ont caractérisé les villages et les savoir techniques qu’y circulaient. Il a été ainsi possible de collecter de nouvelles informations sur ces réalités disparues et de caractériser les éléments qui composent le plus grand tableau référentiel des différents établissements dans les contextes territoriaux du nord-ouest de l’île
Since the XI century in Sardinia we have evidence of a great number of scattered villages, founded mostly thanks to the support of the king-judges of the area. Those villages lived quite shortly though because, since the XIV century, they were hit by a severe crisis which led to the desertion of many of them. In our time we only have few architectural remains from this period, like the small churches that used to be the main gathering point of the villages and which represent the result of the clerical renovation started by Pope Gregory VII who wanted to reaffirm the papal supremacy over the whole island. Nowadays these small buildings are often completely deserted; however they still keep very important information that can be unveiled by a careful examination and matched with the outcome of the historical research made as an early stage study before the archaeological excavations are made. The present research is aimed to show the results of the study conducted in the area of the ‘Rio Mannu’ river basin (in the North West of Sardinia) through the archaeology of architecture method
In Sardegna a partire dall’XI secolo troviamo testimonianza nelle fonti documentarie di un gran numero di villaggi a carattere sparso, sorti per la maggior parte grazie alla ‘sponsorizzazione’ dei giudici-re. Tali villaggi ebbero però una vita relativamente breve, in quanto dal XIV secolo furono colpiti da una crisi che portò alla scomparsa gran parte di essi. Della loro esistenza non restano spesso che poche testimonianze architettoniche attribuibili a questa fase storica: le chiesette che in passato costituivano il centro degli agglomerati rurali e che rappresentano il frutto di quel rinnovamento ecclesiastico, cercato da Gregorio VII, per riaffermare la sovranità papale sull’isola. Spesso in stato di completo abbandono, questi piccoli edifici conservano in se ancora importanti informazioni, che una lettura attenta delle strutture può svelare ed interpretare affinché possano integrare i dati derivanti dalla ricerca storica e porsi come studio preliminare allo scavo archeologico. L’obiettivo della ricerca intrapresa è stato ‘leggere’ questi documenti materiali attraverso l’archeologia dell’architettura. È stato così possibile aggiungere nuove informazioni su queste realtà scomparse e definire le tessere che compongono il più ampio quadro conoscitivo dei diversi insediamenti nel contesto territoriale del Bacino idrografico del Rio Mannu

Contending Views and Conflicts over Land in the Red River Delta since Decollectivization is an anthropological study in which I offer a new approach exploring the viewpoints of various parties to analyze their attitudes, relations and conflicts over land in Vietnam's dynamic Red River delta after decollectivization. I also evaluate how and in what ways industrialization and modernization, as well as the effects of urbanization, marketization, and to a lesser extent globalization, have affected Red River Delta villagers' views and relations towards agricultural land. Drawing on various sources of data, especially ethnographic field research, I examine local responses to a number of essential land issues such as the process of agricultural decollectivization, programs for land use rights compensation, the politics of communal land management and use, and the problem of local cadre corruption in relation to land resources. My detailed descriptions and analyses of a number of land-based conflicts not only demonstrate the various meanings and values of land for the parties involved, but also show the complicated picture of attitudes, relations and conflicts over land. Moving beyond reflections of various existing theoretical perspectives on agrarian and peasant studies such as moral economy,political economy, socio-cultural dynamics, everyday politics and others, I present an overall argument of contending views as the dynamics for conflicts over land rights. More specifically, I argue that in the context of significant changes in the land tenure regime and related socio-economic programs in Vietnam, and under the effects of urbanization, marketization and globalization in the studied area since decollectivization, the meaning and value of agricultural land have increased to both villagers, the state and other parties. In such a dynamic context, diverse groups of ordinary villagers share some· common views that both agree and disagree with the view of some state institutions over decision-making, distribution, and holding of quyJn sa hitu [ownership rights], quyen quam ly (management rights], and quyen su dung [use rights] to agricultural land. The contending views toward such land rights have led a number of villagers to become involved in public resistance in land conflicts, and as a result, in the dynamics of land-based conflicts in a number of communities. These contending views and conflicts over land have affected the state in different ways, including changing state land tenure policy to accommodate the villagers' views and to resolve land-based conflicts.

碩士
臺灣大學
建築與城鄉研究所
98
In the beginning of 2010, the No.1 document of China central government focuses on the issues of agriculture, farmers and rural areas (三農問題) once again. This is the twelfth central No.1 document in the last seven consecutive years which concerns village/agriculture issues. These documents indicate the importance of these issues under the ongoing rapid-urbanization. The socialist legacy of urban-rural dichotomy in land ownership maintains to this day and results in a geographical pattern where state-owned urban areas are surrounded by village-owned countryside. Under the state-monopolized market of urban land ownership, village collectives become the source of low-cost land for the purpose of urban development initiated by the local state, the so-called “town villages” are the results of state-led land expropriation. This thesis chooses three urbanized-villages in Pearl-river Delta as cases to look into the process how socialist villages, pursuing their own economic interests, have joined the regional urban/economic development with their own collective land. With focus on the village collective land, this research conceptualizes the dynamics between the village and local state into “social force” and “public "public authorities”, in order to discuss different types of land development in Chinese villages under rapid urbanization. Development conditions of these three cases are different according to their “locality” and “collectivity.” Locality includes: 1. Locational conditions as determined by land nationalization; and 2. The land development types determined by the location. Collectivity takes account of: 1. The institution of public ownership; and 2. Kinship network. The results of the three villages indicate different paths of evolution of the socialist village public ownership: Yu-nong (漁農) village -- “collective privatization”; Shi-jing (石井) village -- “dispersed collective ownership”; Nan-ting (南亭) village -- “partial collective ownership”. oWe conclude that: 1. Local clanship is a crucial factor in collectivity formation; 2. The conflict hbetween the social force and public powers happens in village land development, that is to say, the locality, as determined by both the village and local state, effects the performance of the local collective economy; and 3. The performance of collective economy determines whether the “socialist village public ownership” would be supported by the farmers.

Lam Chau Lui.
"Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2005-2006, design report."
Includes bibliographical references.
Text in English with some Chinese.
Chapter A. --- INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW
Chapter A-1. --- Thesis Introduction
Chapter A-2. --- Urban Village Overview
Chapter B. --- URBAN VILLAGE DOCUMENTATION
Chapter B-1. --- "Shipai Village, Guangzhou"
Chapter B-2. --- "Daxin Village, Shenzhen"
Chapter B-3. --- "Yumin Village, Shenzhen"
Chapter B-4. --- "Huanggang Village, Shenzhen"
Chapter B-5. --- "Xiasha Village, Shenzhen"
Chapter B-6 --- "Tianmian Village, Shenzhen"
Chapter C. --- A TYPOLOGICAL STRATEGY
Chapter C-1. --- Typological Experiments
Chapter C-2. --- Typological Hybrids
Chapter D. --- Transforming Daxin Village
Chapter D-1. --- Site
Chapter D-2. --- Urban Village Transformation Strategy
Chapter D-3. --- Courtyard Housing

A class of migrant workers in China that have left their official rural residence in search of work and wealth in the more developed coastal cities have created a new process of urbanization. The ‘floating population’ numbering 150 million has created immense demand for low-cost housing. Village enterprises within the city region of expanding metropolises have self-organized to supply affordable housing. However, economic incentives and ownership constraints on rural land deter long-term considerations and favour rapid development. The building (and destruction) of a country cannot be recklessly left to coincidental solutions of profit opportunities in remnant policies. An understanding of the systemic political, economic and social properties that generate the built fabric of today and of traditional villages can allow us to manipulate the current process of development. The village of Zhangpeng in Dongguan city of the Pearl River Delta region is on the brink of explosive growth. Major infrastructural developments have been constructed and planned on its expropriated lands. Without proper guidance, the status quo process of urbanization will destroy the village overnight. The proposed alternative is to manipulate market-demand through village-led investment in its public space network in order to spur private development of village properties. The method is through strategic and incremental investment on village public space and property and monitoring the catalytic effect of these changes on private redevelopment. Adjustments in land development is made to steer the built fabric into a form between what the village wants it to become and what it has the propensity to be. The aim is to create a system of land development that will preserve, adapt and extend traditional village fabric and its way of life.

This research examined the political narratives of national leaders regarding an international border dispute between Costa Rica and Nicaragua from 2010-2015 and the subsequent social relations in an affected border village known as Delta, Costa Rica. Based on eighteen months of qualitative and quantitative ethnographic research conducted on the binational border, this work documents political discourses about the conflicted territory, referred to as Isla Calero or Isla Portillos, through first-hand interviews with national figures and military officials central to the conflict. These discourses are then juxtaposed to the lived realities in the village through an ethnographic analysis of social relations and community happenings amid this conflict. Particular attention is paid to the patrón-peon relationship between Costa Rican farm owners and Nicaraguan migrant workers, and how this relation exists in the midst of an unprecedented influx of police, military personnel, and security infrastructure beginning in 2010. To accomplish this goal, the first section of this work provides a detailed report of the rapid changes and security developments that took place in the community of Delta, Costa Rica. An analysis of the different political discourses and narratives to justify these rapid actions follows. The local reality of how this conflict was experienced by villagers of Delta, Costa Rica comprises the second half of this work in the form of an ethnographic account of the social relations and daily interactions between landowners, migrant workers, and the National Police in the border community. The findings highlight the disconnect between national-level political narratives and local experiences of conflict and how a transborder identity supersedes constructed barriers based on nationality, race, ethnicity, language, and even notions of (il)legality.