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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Hughes, S., and D. A. York. "Hepatic ∆6-desaturase activity in lean and genetically obese ob/ob mice." Biochemical Journal 225, no. 2 (January 15, 1985): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2250307.

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Hepatic delta 6-desaturase activity is primarily located in the mitochondrial fraction in mice. Both delta 6- and delta 5-desaturase activities are increased in the liver of young (6-week-old) obese mice. The increase in hepatic delta 6-desaturase activity in obese mice does not occur until weaning. Neither restriction of food intake nor hyperinsulinaemia normalize hepatic delta 6-desaturase activity of obese mice. Both cold acclimation and tri-iodothyronine (30 micrograms/day per kg) decreased hepatic delta 6-desaturase activity of obese mice to levels observed in lean mice, whereas the increase in activity in obese mice was still maintained after the induction of hypothyroidism.
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2

Jones, A. L., D. Lloyd, and J. L. Harwood. "Rapid induction of microsomal Δ12(ω 6)-desaturase activity in chilled Acanthamoeba castellanii." Biochemical Journal 296, no. 1 (November 15, 1993): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2960183.

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The activity of microsomal delta 12-desaturase in Acanthamoeba castellanii was increased after growing cultures were chilled from the optimal growth temperature (30 degrees C) to 15 degrees C. This increase was detectable in microsomes isolated from organisms subjected to only 10 min chilling. The mechanism of induction was investigated. The increase in activity on chilling was greatly reduced when protein synthesis was blocked before the temperature shift. Thus the major mechanism for the induction of delta 12-desaturase is increased protein synthesis. delta 12-Desaturase activity was higher when assayed at 20 degrees C than when assayed at 30 degrees C, but these changes were not due to the increased solubility of O2 at 20 degrees C. The major substrate of delta 12-desaturase was found to be 1-acyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine.
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3

Zhang, Lei, Yeeman Ramtohul, Sebastien Gagné, Angela Styhler, Hao Wang, Jocelyne Guay, and Zheng Huang. "A Multiplexed Cell Assay in HepG2 Cells for the Identification of Delta-5, Delta-6, and Delta-9 Desaturase and Elongase Inhibitors." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 15, no. 2 (January 19, 2010): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057109356208.

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A multiplexed cell assay has been optimized to measure the activities of fatty acyl-CoA elongase, delta-5 desaturase (Δ5D), delta-6 desaturase (Δ6D), and delta-9 desaturase (Δ9D) together using 14C-labeled tracers in HepG2 cells, which express the human stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 isoform (SCD1) exclusively. The Δ5 and Δ9 desaturase activities are indexed by the efficient conversion of [1-14C]-eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3, cis-8,11,14) to 14C-arachidonic acid (C20:4, cis-5,8,11,14) and the conversion of [1-14C]-stearic acid to 14C-oleic acid (C18:1, cis-9), respectively. CP-74006 potently blocks the Δ5D activity with an IC50 value of 20 nM and simplifies the metabolism of [1-14C]-α-linolenate (C18:3, cis-9,12,15) by accumulating 14C-eicosatetraenoic acid (C20:4, cis-8,11,14,17) as the major 14C-eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3, cis-11,14,17) and 14C-docosatetraenoic acid (C22:4, cis-10,13,16,19) as the minor metabolites through Δ6 desaturation and elongation. This simplified metabolite spectrum enables the delineation of the Δ6D activity by comparing the combined Δ6D/elongase activity index of the 14C-(C20:4/C18:3) ratio with the corresponding elongation index of the 14C-(C20:3/C18:3) ratio following compound treatment. SC-26196 and sterculic acid specifically inhibit the Δ6D and Δ9D activities with an IC50 value of 0.1 µM and 0.9 µM, respectively. This medium-throughput cell assay provides an efficient tool in the identification of specific desaturase and elongase inhibitors.
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4

Naval, J., M. J. Martínez-Lorenzo, I. Marzo, P. Desportes, and A. Piñeiro. "Alternative route for the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in K562 cells." Biochemical Journal 291, no. 3 (May 1, 1993): 841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2910841.

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K562 human leukaemia cells lack a significant delta 6-desaturase activity. However, they synthesize long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from linoleic (C18:2(9,12)) and linolenic (C18:3(9,12,15)) acids, by reactions involving a C2 chain elongation followed by a delta 5-desaturation step and, to some extent, a further elongation. The main products formed were separated by argentation t.l.c. and identified by g.l.c. as the uncommon fatty acids C20:3(5,11,14) and C20:4(5,11,14,17) respectively. These acids were also produced when cells were supplemented with C20:2(11,14) or C20:3(11,14,17) respectively. The presence of a delta 5-desaturase was further confirmed by using its corresponding normal substrates, C20:3(8,11,14) and C20:4(8,11,14,17), which led to C20:4(5,8,11,14) and C20:5(5,8,11,14,17) respectively. On the other hand, a high delta 9-desaturase activity, but no significant delta 4-desaturase activity, were detected in K562 cells. These results indicate the existence of an alternative pathway, involving delta 5-desaturase, which is the only route for PUFA biosynthesis in K562 cells. This pathway may be relevant for the biosynthesis of PUFA in cells lacking delta 6-desaturase activity.
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5

Bonafini, Sara, Alice Giontella, Angela Tagetti, Irene Bresadola, Rossella Gaudino, Paolo Cavarzere, Diego Alberto Ramaroli, et al. "Fatty Acid Profile and Desaturase Activities in 7–10-Year-Old Children Attending Primary School in Verona South District: Association between Palmitoleic Acid, SCD-16, Indices of Adiposity, and Blood Pressure." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113899.

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In previous studies, dietary and circulating fatty acids (FA) and desaturases activity (delta-5 desaturase [D5D], delta-6 desaturase [D6D], and stearoyl-CoA desaturase [SCD-16]) involved in their metabolism were associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. The aim of the study was to assess the association between different FAs and desaturases activity (estimated as product:precursor ratios) with individual cardiovascular risk factors (in particular, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure [BP]) in children. The FA profile was determined on a whole-blood drop in 243 children (age: 8.6 ± 0.72 years) participating in a school-based cross-sectional study. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inversely correlated with indices of adiposity, glucose, and triglycerides. Palmitoleic acid and SCD-16 were directly associated with markers of adiposity and BP, even after adjustment for main confounders. D6D correlated directly with the waist/height ratio. Children with excess weight (>85th percentile; that is overweight plus obese ones) showed higher palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and higher SCD-16 activity as compared to normal-weight children. Most of the associations were confirmed in the excess-weight group. Omega-3 FAs, particularly DHA, but not omega-6 FA, showed a potentially beneficial association with metabolic parameters, whereas palmitoleic acid and SCD-16 showed a potentially harmful association with indices of adiposity and BP, especially in obese children.
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6

Tharuni, Boya, T. Sathish, G. Nadana Raja Vadivu, and K. Vasumathi. "IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF DELTA 6 DESATURASE - A KEY ENZYME FOR OMEGA €“3/6€“ FATTY ACID PRODUCTION." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 818–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12519.

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Delta 6 desaturase is a key enzyme involved in the production of omega 3/6 fatty acids and it is the rate-limiting step. The study aims to characterize the delta 6 desaturase enzyme and to find the binding affinity of various ligand with the protein by docking. It is found that delta 6 desaturase enzyme sequence is very unique and has less similarity with the other desaturase protein. The structural analysis was performed by Ramachandran plot and SCOPe structure prediction. Modeller is used to determine the DOPE score of the selected enzyme. The lowest DOPE score protein is chosen to determine the binding affinity of ligand molecules. Three different ligands were selected and its interaction was determined by the PyRX - Autodock Vina. These studies will give a better idea of the interaction of various molecules, which help to deduce its function by further experimentation.
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7

Nakamura, M. T., A. B. Tang, J. Villanueva, C. H. Halsted, and S. D. Phinney. "Selective reduction of delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase activities but not delta 9 desaturase in micropigs chronically fed ethanol." Journal of Clinical Investigation 93, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci116981.

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8

Griffiths, G., A. K. Stobart, and S. Stymne. "Δ 6- and Δ12-desaturase activities and phosphatidic acid formation in microsomal preparations from the developing cotyledons of common borage (Borago officinalis)." Biochemical Journal 252, no. 3 (June 15, 1988): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2520641.

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Microsomal membrane preparations from the maturing cotyledons of common borage (Borago officinalis) exhibit delta 12- and delta 6-desaturase activities, which resulted in the synthesis of linoleate and gamma-linolenate respectively. The desaturase enzymes utilized the complex lipid substrate phosphatidylcholine. The activity of these enzymes was sufficiently high to allow the monitoring of the mass changes in the endogenous oleate, linoleate and gamma-linolenate in the microsomal phosphatidylcholine in the presence of NADH (i.e. under desaturating conditions). The results illustrate that the delta 12-desaturase uses the oleate substrate at both the sn-1 and -2 positions of sn-phosphatidylcholine, whereas the delta 6-desaturase is almost totally restricted to the linoleate at position 2 of the complex lipid. Estimate of the acyl-substrate pool size at position 2 of sn-phosphatidylcholine for both desaturases indicated that some 50% of the oleate and linoleate was available to the enzymes. The microsomes (microsomal fractions) had a somewhat impaired Kennedy [(1961) Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 20, 934-940] pathway for the formation of triacylglycerols when compared with other oil-rich plant species that have been studied [Stymne & Stobart (1987) The Biochemistry of Plants: a Comprehensive Treatise (Stumpf, P.K., ed.), vol. 10, chapter 8, pp. 175-214, Academic Press, New York]. In the presence of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and acyl-CoA, large quantities of phosphatidic acid accumulated in the membranes. Acyl-selectivity studies on the glycerol-acylating enzymes showed that gamma-linolenate could be acylated to both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. However, stereochemical analysis of the acyl components of the sn-triacylglycerol obtained from mature seeds indicated that, whereas no gamma-linolenate was present at the sn-1 position, it accounted for over 50% of the fatty acids at position sn-3. The results indicate that the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20) may show a strong selectivity for gamma-linolenoyl-CoA and hence result in the efficient removal of this fatty acid from the acyl-CoA pool in vivo, leaving negligible substrate for utilization by the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15).
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9

Wolters, Maike, Heike Schlenz, Claudia Börnhorst, Patrizia Risé, Claudio Galli, Luis A. Moreno, Valeria Pala, et al. "Desaturase Activity Is Associated With Weight Status and Metabolic Risk Markers in Young Children." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 3760–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2693.

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Context: Activity of delta-9, delta-6, and delta-5 desaturases (D9D, D6D, D5D) are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Objective: To investigate the association of estimated desaturase activities with weight status, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in children, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Design: The IDEFICS (Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants) cohort study was used, with examinations at baseline (T0) and after 2 years (T1). Setting and Participants: Children aged 2 to less than 10 years from eight European countries were recruited in kindergartens/primary schools. Children with available data on fatty acids, outcome, and covariate information were included in the analyses. Methods: Whole blood fatty acids were analyzed in 2600 children at baseline. D9D (16:1n-7/16:0), D6D (20:3n-6/18:2n-6), and D5D (20:4n-6/20:3n-6) activities were estimated from product-precursor fatty acids ratios. Body mass index (BMI), Homeostatic Model Assessment index, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides (TG) served as outcomes for weight status, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, respectively. Linear and logistic regression and repeated measures models were used to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between desaturase activity and outcomes. Results: In the cross-sectional analysis, D9D and D6D were positively associated with BMI and TG z-scores and inversely with HDL z-scores. D5D was inversely associated with BMI and TG z-scores (ie, a D5D increase of 1 unit is associated with a BMI z-score decrease of 0.07 and a 28% lower odds ratio for TG ≥75th percentile). Longitudinally, similar associations were found for T0 desaturase activities with BMI and for T0 D6D with HDL at follow-up (T1). Baseline D6D and D5D were positively associated with the change of HDL z-score from T0 to T1, and D6D with the change of Homeostatic Model Assessment index z-score. Conclusion: Desaturase activities are associated with metabolic risk markers already in young children and appear to predict the metabolic risk.
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10

Zietemann, Vera, Janine Kröger, Cornelia Enzenbach, Eugene Jansen, Andreas Fritsche, Cornelia Weikert, Heiner Boeing, and Matthias B. Schulze. "Genetic variation of the FADS1 FADS2 gene cluster and n-6 PUFA composition in erythrocyte membranes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 12 (August 9, 2010): 1748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510002916.

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Delta-5 (D5D) and delta-6 (D6D) desaturases are key enzymes in PUFA metabolism. Several factors (e.g. hyperglycaemia, hypertension, blood lipids, statins and fatty acids in diet and biological tissues) may influence desaturase activity. The goals were to evaluate the associations between variation in genes encoding these desaturases (FADS1 and FADS2) and blood concentrations of n-6 PUFA and estimated D5D and D6D activities (evaluated as product/precursor ratio), and to investigate whether other factors influencing the activity of desaturases modify these associations. A random sample of 2066 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study (n 27 548) was utilised in the analyses. Crude and adjusted associations between rs174546 genotypes (reflecting genetic variation in the FADS1FADS2 gene cluster), n-6 PUFA in erythrocytes and estimated desaturase activities were evaluated using multiple linear regression. Potential effect modification was determined by performing stratified analyses and evaluating interaction terms. We found rs174546 genotypes to be related to linoleic (r2 0·060), γ-linolenic (r2 0·041), eicosadienoic (r2 0·034), arachidonic (r2 0·026), docosatetraenoic acids (r2 0·028), estimated D6D activity (r2 0·052) and particularly strongly to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, r2 0·182) and D5D activity (r2 0·231). We did not observe effect modifications with regard to the estimated D5D activity, DGLA and arachidonic acid (AA) for most of the factors evaluated; however, the genetic effect on D5D activity and DGLA may be modified by the dietary n-6:n-3-ratio (P-values for interaction: 0·008 and 0·002), and the genetic effect on DGLA and AA may be modified by lipid-lowering medication (P-values for interaction: 0·0004 and 0·006). In conclusion, genetic variation in the FADS1 FADS2 gene cluster affects n-6 PUFA profiles in erythrocytes reflecting altered D5D activity.
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11

Andersson-Hall, Ulrika, Nils-Gunnar Carlsson, Ann-Sofie Sandberg, and Agneta Holmäng. "Circulating Linoleic Acid is Associated with Improved Glucose Tolerance in Women after Gestational Diabetes." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111629.

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Women with previously diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at increased risk of type-2-diabetes mellitus (T2D). We aimed to establish links between glucose tolerance (GT) and serum fatty acid (FA) profile in the transition from GDM to T2D. Six years after GDM, 221 women were grouped as having normal GT (NGT), impaired GT (IGT), or T2D based on oral GT test results. Fasting serum FAs were profiled, anthropometric measures taken, and dietary intake determined. Linoleic acid (LA) was significantly higher in NGT women (p < 0.001) compared with IGT and T2D, and emerged as a strong predictor of low glucose and insulin levels, independently of BMI. Self-reported vegetable oil consumption correlated with LA serum levels and glucose levels. Delta-6-, delta-9-, and stearoyl-CoA-desaturase activities were associated with decreased GT, and delta-5-desaturase activities with increased GT. In a subgroup of women at high risk of diabetes, low LA and high palmitic acid levels were seen in those that developed T2D, with no differences in other FAs or metabolic measurements. Results suggest that proportions of LA and palmitic acid are of particular interest in the transition from GDM to T2D. Interconversions between individual FAs regulated by desaturases appear to be relevant to glucose metabolism.
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12

He, Chengwei, Xiying Qu, Jianbo Wan, Rong Rong, Lili Huang, Chun Cai, Keyuan Zhou, Yan Gu, Steven Y. Qian, and Jing X. Kang. "Inhibiting Delta-6 Desaturase Activity Suppresses Tumor Growth in Mice." PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (October 24, 2012): e47567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047567.

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13

Gautier, Camille, Dragos Scarlet, Reinhard Ertl, Ingrid Walter, Manuela Wulf, Christina Nagel, Jörg Aurich, and Christine Aurich. "Expression of enzymes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in the stallion testis and epididymis." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 9 (2020): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd19342.

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The aim of the present study was to characterise key enzymes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis in the testis and epididymis collected from 2-year-old healthy warmblood stallions (n=10). The mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase, the Δ9-, Δ6-, Δ5- and Δ4-desaturases and elongases 6, 5 and 2 (encoded by the fatty acid synthase (FASN), the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), the delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1 (DEGS1), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6(ELOVL6), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 2 (ELOVL2) genes respectively) was determined in equine testis and epididymis. All enzymes were present in testicular tissue and along the epididymis, but mRNA expression differed among localisations. The protein localisation of FADS1, FADS2 and ELOVL5 was determined by immunohistochemistry. In the testes, FADS1 was expressed in the germinal cells and ELOVL5 was expressed in germinal and Leydig cells; FADS2 was not detected. In the epididymis, FADS1 and FADS2 were expressed in the principal and basal cells, whereas ELOVL5 was found only in the principal cells of the caput. All three enzymes were present in epididymal vesicles secreted by an apocrine mechanism. These results suggest active PUFA metabolism during spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation in stallions.
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14

Khan, Md, Junhuan Yang, Syed Hussain, Huaiyuan Zhang, Victoriano Garre, and Yuanda Song. "Genetic Modification of Mucor circinelloides to Construct Stearidonic Acid Producing Cell Factory." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 4, 2019): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071683.

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Stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4, n-3) is the delta 15-desaturase product of gamma linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3, n-6) and delta 6-desaturase product of alpha linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3, n-3). Construction of engineered oleaginous microbes have been attracting significant interest in producing SDA because of its nutritional value and pharmaceutical applications. Mucor circinelloides is a GLA producing filamentous fungus, which can be a useful tool to produce SDA. This study has, therefore, overexpressed the delta-15 desaturase (D15D) gene from Mortierella alpina in this fungus to construct a SDA-producing cell factory. To produce SDA in M. circinelloides, the homologous overexpression of D15D gene was analyzed. When the gene was overexpressed in M. circinelloides CBS 277.49, up to 5.0% SDA was accumulated in this strain. According to current knowledge, this is the first study describing the construction of a SDA-producing cell factory by overexpression of D15D gene in oleaginous fungus M. circinelloides. A new scope for further research has been established by this work to improve SDA production in this fungus, specifically in its high lipid-producing strain, WJ11.
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15

Li, Mingxun, Xubin Lu, Qisong Gao, Mengqi Wang, Abdelaziz Adam Idriss Arbab, Yujia Sun, Zhi Chen, et al. "A Functional 3′ UTR Polymorphism of FADS2 Affects Cow Milk Composition through Modifying Mir-744 Binding." Animals 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121090.

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This study determined the associations of FADS2 c.1571G>A with milk FAs content and revealed that cows with the GG genotype had improved levels of delta-6 desaturase substrates (linoleic acid, C18:2n-6; p < 0.001) and decreased levels of desaturase products (gamma-linolenic acid, C18:3n-6; p < 0.001), indicating a reduction in FADS2 expression or delta-6 desaturase activity caused by this polymorphism. Computer alignment demonstrated that c.1571G>A occurred within a potential miR-744 binding site. When the c.1571G allele was present, the luciferase activity of reporter constructs was significantly suppressed by miR-744, while no such effect was observed with the A allele. Overexpression of miR-744 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (with the 1571GG genotype) downregulated FADS2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, inhibition of endogenous miR-744 with a specific inhibitor dramatically upregulated FADS2 expression. Taken together, these lines of evidence indicated that the c.1571A minor allele abolished the ability of miR-744 to bind FADS2, with a consequent increase in FADS2 expression levels and synthesis of omega-6 LC-PUFAs.
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16

Yary, T., S. Voutilainen, T. P. Tuomainen, A. Ruusunen, T. Nurmi, and J. K. Virtanen. "Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, serum zinc, delta-5- and delta-6-desaturase activities and incident metabolic syndrome." Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 30, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12437.

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17

Ferreri, Carla, Anna Sansone, Sandra Buratta, Lorena Urbanelli, Eva Costanzi, Carla Emiliani, and Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu. "The n-10 Fatty Acids Family in the Lipidome of Human Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Cell Membranes and Extracellular Vesicles." Cancers 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040900.

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A new pathway leading to the n-10 fatty acid series has been recently evidenced, starting from sapienic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) resulting from the transformation of palmitic acid by delta-6 desaturase. Sapienic acid has attracted attention as a novel marker of cancer cell plasticity. Here, we analyzed fatty acids, including the n-10 fatty acid contents, and for the first time, compared cell membranes and the corresponding extracellular vesicles (EV) of two human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell lines of different aggressiveness (PC3 and LNCaP). The n-10 components were 9–13% of the total fatty acids in both cancer cell lines and EVs, with total MUFA levels significantly higher in EVs of the most aggressive cell type (PC3). High sapienic/palmitoleic ratios indicated the preference for delta-6 versus delta-9 desaturase enzymatic activity in these cell lines. The expressions analysis of enzymes involved in desaturation and elongation by qRT-PCR showed a higher desaturase activity in PC3 and a higher elongase activity toward polyunsaturated fatty acids than toward saturated fatty acids, compared to LNCaP cells. Our results improve the present knowledge in cancer fatty acid metabolism and lipid phenotypes, highlighting EV lipidomics to monitor positional fatty acid isomer profiles and MUFA levels in cancer.
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18

Martorelli Di Genova, Bruno, Sarah K. Wilson, J. P. Dubey, and Laura J. Knoll. "Intestinal delta-6-desaturase activity determines host range for Toxoplasma sexual reproduction." PLOS Biology 17, no. 8 (August 20, 2019): e3000364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000364.

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19

Vaittinen, Maija, Paula Walle, Emmi Kuosmanen, Ville Männistö, Pirjo Käkelä, Jyrki Ågren, Ursula Schwab, and Jussi Pihlajamäki. "FADS2genotype regulates delta-6 desaturase activity and inflammation in human adipose tissue." Journal of Lipid Research 57, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m059113.

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20

Shi (史海粟), Haisu, Haiqin Chen (陈海琴), Zhennan Gu (顾震南), Yuanda Song (宋元达), Hao Zhang (张灏), Wei Chen (陈卫), and Yong Q. Chen (陈永泉). "Molecular mechanism of substrate specificity for delta 6 desaturase fromMortierella alpinaandMicromonas pusilla." Journal of Lipid Research 56, no. 12 (October 20, 2015): 2309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m062158.

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21

Solakivi, Tiina, Tarja Kunnas, Olli Jaakkola, Jaana Renko, Terho Lehtimäki, and Seppo T. Nikkari. "Delta-6-desaturase gene polymorphism is associated with lipoprotein oxidation in vitro." Lipids in Health and Disease 12, no. 1 (2013): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-12-80.

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22

Stymne, S., and A. K. Stobart. "Biosynthesis of γ-linolenic acid in cotyledons and microsomal preparations of the developing seeds of common borage (Borago officinalis)." Biochemical Journal 240, no. 2 (December 1, 1986): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2400385.

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The developing seeds of Borago officinalis (common borage) accumulate a triacylglycerol oil that is relatively rich in the uncommon fatty acid gamma-linolenate (octadec-6,9,12-trienoic acid). Incubation of developing, whole, cotyledons with [14C]oleate and [14C]linoleate showed that the gamma-linolenate was synthesized by the sequential desaturation of oleate—linoleate—gamma-linolenate. Microsomal membrane preparations from the developing cotyledons contained an active delta 6-desaturase enzyme that catalysed the conversion of linoleate into gamma-linolenate. Experiments were designed to manipulate the [14C]linoleate content of the microsomal phosphatidylcholine. The [14C]linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine labelled in situ was converted into gamma-linolenoyl phosphatidylcholine in the presence of NADH. The substrate for the delta 6-desaturase in borage was, therefore, the linoleate in the complex microsomal lipid phosphatidylcholine, rather than, as in animals, the acyl-CoA. This was further confirmed in experiments that compared the specific radioactivity of the gamma-linolenate, in acyl-CoA and phosphatidylcholine, that was synthesized when [14C]linoleoyl-CoA was incubated with microsomal membranes, NADH and non-radioactive gamma-linolenoyl-CoA. The delta 6-desaturase was positionally specific and only utilized the linoleate in position 2 of sn-phosphatidylcholine. Analysis of the positional distribution of fatty acids in the endogenous microsomal sn-phosphatidylcholine showed that, whereas position 1 contained substantial linoleate, only small amounts of gamma-linolenate were present. The results shed further light on the synthesis of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants and in particular its relationship to the regulation of the acyl quality of the triacylglycerols in oilseeds.
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Gonzalez-Soto, Melissa, Salma A. Abdelmagid, David W. L. Ma, Ahmed El-Sohemy, and David M. Mutch. "Soy Consumption, but Not Dairy Consumption, Is Inversely Associated with Fatty Acid Desaturase Activity in Young Adults." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 2817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082817.

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Past research using hepatic rat microsomes showed that soy protein suppressed delta-6 desaturase activity (D6D) compared to casein (a dairy protein). The effects of soy and dairy on desaturase pathway activity in humans remain poorly investigated. The objective of this analysis was to investigate the association between soy and dairy consumption with plasma fatty acids and estimate the desaturase pathway activity in a multiethnic Canadian population of young adults. We analyzed data from men (n = 319) and women (n = 764) previously collected for the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study. Food frequency questionnaires and plasma fatty acids were assessed. Relationships between soy and dairy beverages and food consumption with estimated desaturase activities were assessed by regression models and by grouping participants according to beverage and food intake data. Weak inverse associations (p ≤ 0.05) were found between soy consumption and the overall desaturation pathway activity, specifically D6D activity. When participants were grouped based on soy and dairy consumption habits, omega-6 LC-PUFAs, as well as various estimates of the desaturase pathway activity, were significantly lower in individuals consuming soy (with or without dairy) compared to individuals consuming only fluid milk and dairy products. In conclusion, soy consumption, not dairy consumption, appears to suppress desaturase pathway activity.
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Nagano, Nobuhiko, Tomoo Okada, Kazunori Kayama, Shigeharu Hosono, Yohei Kitamura, and Shigeru Takahashi. "Delta-6 desaturase activity during the first year of life in preterm infants." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 115 (December 2016): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2016.09.006.

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Dunbar, Brent L., and John E. Bauer. "Conversion of Essential Fatty Acids by Delta 6-Desaturase in Dog Liver Microsomes." Journal of Nutrition 132, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 1701S—1703S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.6.1701s.

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Ma, Xiaolei, Jianzhong Yu, Baohua Zhu, Kehou Pan, Jin Pan, and Guanpin Yang. "Cloning and characterization of a delta-6 desaturase encoding gene from Nannochloropsis oculata." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 29, no. 2 (March 2011): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-011-0048-0.

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Czauderna, M., J. Kowalczyk, and K. A. Krajewska. "Influence of dietary selenium level on the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid isomers, other fatty acids and amino acids in the liver and femoral muscles of rats." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 2 (February 25, 2011): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/55/2010-cjas.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of diets containing conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLAmix) with or without low (<sub>L</sub>Se) or high (<sub>H</sub>Se) concentration of selenised yeast (SeY) on body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and concentrations of CLA isomers and other fatty acids (FA) in the liver and femoral muscle of rats. The investigation was performed on 48 female rats (Wistar, Hsd Brl Han: WIST), aged 8 weeks with an initial body weight of 195.7 &plusmn; 0.8 g. After one week of submaintenance feeding, for 6 weeks the rats were fed ad libitum the Labofeed H diet supplemented with 1.5% CLAmix with or without low (0.2 &mu;g Se/g diet) or high (0.5 &mu;g Se/g diet) concentration of Se as SeY. The diet enriched with <sub>L</sub>Se or <sub>H</sub>Se elevated the BWG of rats compared with the control group, while the <sub>L</sub>Se diet resulted in the most efficient increase in BWG. The diet containing CLAmix, irrespective of the presence of SeY, stimulated the accumulation of Se in the liver and muscles in comparison with the diet enriched with SeY. The addition of SeY to the diet enriched with CLAmix stimulated the accumulation of cis9trans11 (c9t11), t10c12 and cc isomers of CLA in the liver. The diet containing CLAmix and LSe most efficiently increased the concentration of these CLA isomers in muscles. The diets enriched with SeY increased the concentration of essential, endogenous and total amino acids (AA) in the liver, whereas the diets enriched with SeY or CLAmix reduced the concentration of these AA in muscles. The diets enriched with CLAmix and/or SeY decreased the &Delta;9-desaturase index in the liver and muscles compared with the control group. These diets increased &Delta;4-, &Delta;5- and &Delta;6-desaturase indexes in muscles, but significantly reduced the elongase index compared with the control group. Our study shows that dietary CLAmix increased the concentration of C14:0, C18:0 and the sum of saturated FA (SFA) in the liver, whereas the diets enriched with SeY, irrespective of the presence of CLAmix, slightly reduced the concentration of C14:0, C18:0, and SFA in muscles compared with the control group. The diets containing SeY and/or CLAmix increased the accumulation of arachidonic acid (ArA), linolenic acid (&alpha;LNA) and c4c7c10c13c16c19C22:6 in the liver compared with the control rats. Negative effects of dietary SeY and/or CLAmix on the accumulation of &alpha;LNA, c5c8c11c14c17C20:5, c7c10c13c16c19C22:5, c4c7c10c13c16c19C22:6, linoleic acid, ArA and c8c11c14C20:3 in muscles were found out. The CLAmix diet increased the &Delta;4-, &Delta;5-desaturase and elongase indexes in the liver. It also increased the &Delta;4-, &Delta;5- and &Delta;6-desaturase indexes in muscles, but significantly reduced the elongase index compared with the control group. The finding that the diet with CLAmix and <sub>H</sub>Se fed to rats decreased total FA and most efficiently increased the content of Se and essential AA in muscles is valuable information for nutritionists carrying out research on farm animals to improve the nutritive value of food from the aspect of human health.
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Dias, V. C., and H. G. Parsons. "Modulation in delta 9, delta 6, and delta 5 fatty acid desaturase activity in the human intestinal CaCo-2 cell line." Journal of Lipid Research 36, no. 3 (March 1995): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39889-8.

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Wang, Jie, Huaxin Liang, Meiyan Sun, Lei Zhang, Huijing Xu, Wei Liu, Yan Li, Yue Zhou, Yingya Li, and Miao Li. "Delta-6-desaturase inhibitor enhances radiation therapy in glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo." Cancer Management and Research Volume 10 (December 2018): 6779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/cmar.s185601.

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Kim, Sun Hee, Jong Bum Kim, So Yun Kim, Kyung Hee Roh, Hyun Uk Kim, Kyeong-Ryeol Lee, Yo Soon Jang, Mi Kwon, and Jong Sug Park. "Functional characterization of a delta 6-desaturase gene from the black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli)." Biotechnology Letters 33, no. 6 (February 12, 2011): 1185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-011-0555-2.

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31

Cahoon, E. B., A. M. Cranmer, J. Shanklin, and J. B. Ohlrogge. "delta 6 Hexadecenoic acid is synthesized by the activity of a soluble delta 6 palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase in Thunbergia alata endosperm." Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, no. 44 (November 1994): 27519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47015-9.

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32

Melin, T., and Å. Nilsson. "Delta-6-desaturase and delta-5-desaturase in human Hep G2 cells are both fatty acid interconversion rate limiting and are upregulated under essential fatty acid deficient conditions." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 56, no. 6 (June 1997): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-3278(97)90596-2.

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33

Alam, Shaan E., R. B. Singh, Siddharth Gupta, Parinita Dherange, Fabien De Meester, Agnieszka Wilczynska, Suniti Dharwadkar, Douglas Wilson, and Pali Hungin. "Nutritional aspects of epigenetic inheritance." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 90, no. 8 (August 2012): 989–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y2012-105.

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The impact of diet and environmental factors on genes concerned with epigenetic inheritance and the mechanism of evolution has grown significantly beyond the Modern Synthesis period. Epigenetic inheritance is the passing of phenotypic change to subsequent generations in ways that are outside the genetic code of DNA. Recently, polymorphisms of the human Delta-5 (fatty acid desaturase, FADS1) and Delta-6 (FADS2) desaturase genes have been described as being associated with the level of several long-chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in serum phospholipids. Increased consumption of refined starches and sugar increases the generation of superoxide anion in the tissues and free fatty acids (FFA) in the blood. There is an increased amount and activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcriptional factor regulating the activity of at least 125 genes, most of which are pro-inflammatory. The consumption of glucose may be associated with an increase in 2 other pro-inflammatory transcription factors: activating protein-1 (AP-1), and early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1). AP-1 regulates the transcription of matrix metallo-proteinases and Egr-1 modulates the transcription of tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. It is possible that a complex set of factors, including nutritional factors, come into play during epigenetic inheritance.
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34

Ngcobo, Jabulani Nkululeko, Fhulufhelo Vincent Ramukhithi, Khathutshelo Agree Nephawe, Takalani Judas Mpofu, Tlou Caswell Chokoe, and Tshimangadzo Lucky Nedambale. "Flaxseed Oil as a Source of Omega n-3 Fatty Acids to Improve Semen Quality from Livestock Animals: A Review." Animals 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2021): 3395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123395.

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The demand to conserve indigenous species through the cryo-gene bank is increasing. Spermatozoa remain sensitive to cryopreservation damages especially that of avian species thus limiting the use of reproductive biotechnologies such as artificial insemination in the conservation programs. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFAs), specifically omega n-3, expanded a research interest to improve animal reproductive efficiency through improving spermatozoa quality. This is driven by the fact that mammals cannot synthesize omega-3 de-novo because they lack delta-12 and delta-15 desaturase enzymes thus supplemented in the diet is mandatory. Delta-12 and delta-15 add a double bond at the 12th and 15th carbon-carbon bond from the methyl end of fatty acids, lengthening the chain to 22 carbon molecules. Fish oil is a pioneer source of omega n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. However, there is a report that numerous fisheries are over-exploited and could collapse. Furthermore, processing techniques used for processing by-products could complement alterations of the amino acid profile and reduce protein retrieval. Alternatively, flaxseed oil contains ±52–58% of total fatty acids and lignans in the form of α-linolenic and linoleic acid. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA,18:3n-3) is enzymatically broken-down de-novo by delta-6 desaturase and lengthened into a long-chain carbon molecule such as eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3). Nevertheless, controversial findings following the enrichment of diet with flaxseed oil have been reported. Therefore, this paper is aimed to postulate the role of flaxseed oil as an alternative source of omega n-3 and n-6 fatty acids to improve semen quality and quantity from livestock animals. These include the interaction between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and spermatogenesis, the interaction between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and testicular cells, and the effect of flaxseed oil on semen quality. It additionally assesses the antioxidants to balance the level of PUFAs in the semen.
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35

Gardiner, N. S., and J. R. Duncan. "Possible involvement of delta-6-desaturase in control of melanoma growth by gamma-linolenic acid." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 42, no. 3 (March 1991): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(91)90149-y.

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36

Shi, Haisu, Rina Wu, Yan Zheng, and Xiqing Yue. "Molecular mechanisms underlying catalytic activity of delta 6 desaturase from Glossomastix chrysoplasta and Thalassiosira pseudonana." Journal of Lipid Research 59, no. 1 (November 22, 2017): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m079806.

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WANG, DEPEI, MINGCHUN LI, DONGSHENG WEI, YI CAI, YINGHUI ZHANG, and LAIJUN XING. "Identification and Functional Characterization of the Delta 6-Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene from Thamnidium elegans." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 54, no. 1 (January 2007): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00136.x.

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38

Pender-Cudlip, Marilla C., Karen J. Krag, David Martini, Jeanne Yu, Anthony Guidi, Sandy S. Skinner, Yu Zhang, et al. "Delta-6-desaturase activity and arachidonic acid synthesis are increased in human breast cancer tissue." Cancer Science 104, no. 6 (March 19, 2013): 760–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cas.12129.

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39

Roqueta-Rivera, Manuel, Chad K. Stroud, Wanda M. Haschek, Sandeep J. Akare, Mariangela Segre, Richard S. Brush, Martin-Paul Agbaga, Robert E. Anderson, Rex A. Hess, and Manabu T. Nakamura. "Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation fully restores fertility and spermatogenesis in male delta-6 desaturase-null mice." Journal of Lipid Research 51, no. 2 (August 18, 2009): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m001180.

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40

Hsiao, Tracy Y., Bradley Holmes, and Harvey W. Blanch. "Identification and Functional Analysis of a Delta-6 Desaturase from the Marine Microalga Glossomastix chrysoplasta." Marine Biotechnology 9, no. 2 (January 25, 2007): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-006-6075-8.

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41

Chen, Qing, Jonathan Nimal, Wanli Li, Xia Liu, and Wenguang Cao. "Delta-6 desaturase from borage converts linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid in HEK293 cells." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 410, no. 3 (July 2011): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.003.

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42

Brown, Katie M., Sunita Sharma, Ella Baker, William Hawkins, Marie van der Merwe, and Melissa J. Puppa. "Delta-6-desaturase (FADS2) inhibition and omega-3 fatty acids in skeletal muscle protein turnover." Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 18 (July 2019): 100622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100622.

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43

de Toro-Martín, Juan, Frédéric Guénard, Iwona Rudkowska, Simone Lemieux, Patrick Couture, and Marie-Claude Vohl. "A common variant in ARHGEF10 alters delta-6 desaturase activity and influence susceptibility to hypertriglyceridemia." Journal of Clinical Lipidology 12, no. 2 (March 2018): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.020.

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44

Skrzypski, Jérémy, Sandrine Bellenger, Jérôme Bellenger, Andrew Sinclair, Jean-Pierre Poisson, Christian Tessier, Mickaël Rialland, and Michel Narce. "Revisiting delta-6 desaturase regulation by C18 unsaturated fatty acids, depending on the nutritional status." Biochimie 91, no. 11-12 (November 2009): 1443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2009.08.001.

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45

Biagi, P. L., S. Hrelia, G. F. Stefanini, P. Zunarelli, and A. Bordoni. "Delta-6-desaturase activity of human liver microsomes from patients with different types of liver injury." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 39, no. 1 (January 1990): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(90)90169-l.

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46

Liu, Yanhong, and Robert K. McNamara. "Elevated Delta-6 desaturase (FADS2) gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder." Journal of Psychiatric Research 45, no. 2 (February 2011): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.010.

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47

Zhu, Bao-Hua, Chang-Chao Tu, Hong-Ping Shi, Guan-Pin Yang, and Ke-Hou Pan. "Overexpression of endogenous delta-6 fatty acid desaturase gene enhances eicosapentaenoic acid accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum." Process Biochemistry 57 (June 2017): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.013.

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48

Dinh, L., J. M. Bourre, O. Dumont, and G. Durand. "Comparison of Recovery of Previously Depressed Hepatic Δ6 Desaturase Activity in Adult and Old Rats." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 39, no. 2 (1995): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000177851.

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49

Kim, Sun Hee, Kyung Hee Roh, Jung-Bong Kim, Kwang-Soo Kim, Nam Shin Kim, Hyun Uk Kim, Kyeong-Ryeol Lee, Jong-Sug Park, and Jong-Bum Kim. "Isolation and functional characterization of a delta 6-desaturase gene from the pike eel (Muraenesox cinereus)." Journal of Microbiology 51, no. 6 (October 5, 2013): 807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3144-3.

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Wang, Shuai, Li Zheng, Zhisong Cui, Junhui Chen, Baijuan Yang, Xiaotian Han, and Chenguang Liu. "Cloning and molecular characterization of a delta-6 fatty acid desaturase gene from Isochrysis sp. CCMM5001." Journal of Applied Phycology 28, no. 2 (June 4, 2015): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0623-4.

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