Journal articles: 'Delinquenza minorile'

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Monti, Fiorella, Alessandra Farneti, and Alessandra Sansavini. "Dalla psicologia dell'età evolutiva alla psicologia dello sviluppo." RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA, no. 2 (October 2021): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rip2021oa12609.

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Il presente lavoro ripercorre alcune tra le principali ricerche nell'ambito della psicologia dell'età evolutiva, avviate dai primi allievi di Renzo Canestrari a partire dagli anni '50 del secolo scorso. In particolare, rilegge il percorso accademico degli allievi Marco Walter Battacchi e Giuliana Giovanelli, che hanno ricoperto la I e la II Cattedra di Psicologia dell'Età Evolutiva, poi Psicologia dello Sviluppo, nell'Ateneo di Bologna, ricordandone i principali contributi scientifici e didattici.Tra questi, i contributi, su numerosi temi, di Battacchi (il ritardo mentale, le difficoltà dei figli degli immigrati italiani in Germania, il pregiudizio etnico, la delinquenza minorile, lo sviluppo del pensiero e delle emozioni e i rapporti con il linguaggio e la teoria della mente) e di Giovanelli (modalità di valutazione e comunicazione tese a valorizzare le potenzialità di ogni bambino/a, psicologia della percezione, del tempo, del neonato a termine e pretermine e dei primi processi percettivi, cognitivi e linguistici) hanno dato un apporto innovativo e ampiamente riconosciuto a questa disciplina e ai primi 50 anni di storia dell'Istituto, poi Dipartimento, di Psicologia. Le loro idee e i loro lavori pioneristici hanno costituito un fondamentale riferimento per i nuovi gruppi di ricerca in ambito evolutivo sia nell'Ateneo di Bologna che a livello nazionale e internazionale.

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Hoffmann, John P., and Jiangmin Xu. "School Activities, Community Service, and Delinquency." Crime & Delinquency 48, no. 4 (October 2002): 568–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001112802237130.

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A common observation is that lack of involvement in communities is linked to a host of social problems, including delinquency. In response to this observation, youth are increasingly encouraged to volunteer for community service projects. Involvement in school activities is also seen as a way to attenuate delinquency. Yet little research has examined the simultaneous and unique impact of school involvement and community activities on delinquency. Using linked individual-level and school-level data, the authors investigate the impact of school and community activities on delinquency. The results indicate that community activities are related negatively to delinquency, especially in schools that are perceived as unsafe. However, race/ethnicity and percentage of minority students in the school condition the impact of school activities on delinquent behavior. In high-minority schools, African American students who participate in school activities are involved in more delinquent behavior, yet those in low-minority schools are less involved in delinquent behavior.

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Stevens, Tia, Merry Morash, and Suyeon Park. "Late-Adolescent Delinquency." Youth & Society 43, no. 4 (October 20, 2010): 1433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x10386078.

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Based on resilience and feminist criminological theories, several individual, family, and community characteristics were hypothesized to predict late-adolescent delinquency for girls varying in early-adolescent risk. Girls aged 12 and 13 were interviewed each year as part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Predictors of late-adolescent delinquency were compared for girls in and below the top 10% in self-reported early-adolescent delinquency. Girls who were higher in delinquency in early adolescence were resilient by 2002 if they had no incarcerated family members and high parental monitoring. Girls with little or no early delinquency were at risk for illegal activity by age 17 primarily due to contextual adversities, low hope for the future, poverty status, and minority racial status. Persistently delinquent girls require programming to address multiple risk and protective factors over an extended time. To prevent delinquency beginning later in adolescence, girls need safe community and school contexts.

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Svensson, Ylva, William J. Burk, Håkan Stattin, and Margaret Kerr. "Peer selection and influence of delinquent behavior of immigrant and nonimmigrant youths: Does context matter?" International Journal of Behavioral Development 36, no. 3 (March 2, 2012): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025411434652.

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This study examines selection and influence related to delinquent behaviors of immigrant and nonimmigrant adolescents attending three majority-immigrant schools (54% to 65.2% immigrant) and four minority-immigrant schools (11.1% to 25.1% immigrant) in one community. The sample included 1,169 youths (50.4% male; 24.2% immigrant) initially between the ages of 12 and 16 years ( M =13.92, SD = 0.85). Results showed that immigrant and nonimmigrant adolescents were similar to their peers on delinquent behaviors, and peer selection and social influence operated in a complementary manner to explain this similarity. The processes did not differ between immigrants and nonimmigrants or between school contexts, suggesting that immigrants do not differ from nonimmigrants on either the prevalence or the processes behind delinquency.

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LeBlanc, Marc. "La réaction sociale à la délinquance juvénile." Acta Criminologica 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2006): 113–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017017ar.

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AbstractJUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND SOCIAL REACTIONThe object of this research is to define the process of social reaction to juvenile delinquency, as well as the criteria used by the agencies of social control in deciding what factors brand the adolescent a delinquent. Starting with self-reported delinquency, we follow its course within the system of social regulations practised by the public, the police and the courts.The data concern self-reported delinquency (measured by the questionnaire of Nye and Short on self-reported delinquency), delinquency officially known to the police, and the decisions taken by the police and judges with regard to delinquent acts. These data were gathered in five districts in Montreal, representing five social strata.The analysis of the stigma of delinquency showed that there is more chance of working-class subjects entering the juvenile justice system, above all where acquisitive and rebellious delinquency is concerned, especially in relation to the community, the family and sex. Among the middle and upper classes the stigma of delinquency is attached more to aggression and rebellion connected with automobiles and vandalism.As to the origins of social reaction ¦— the way in which an adolescent is admitted to the juvenile justice system .— the citizen reports offences against his person and property, while the police record offences against public order and morals.At the police level, the adolescent is returned to his home if it is a question of rebellion committed by a group between the ages of 12 and 15, whereas he is taken to court if his offence, reported by the citizen, is repeated and of a more serious nature. In the case of those taken to court, the adolescent is detained if he is a recidivist, and receives a summons if it is his first offence.The judges favor special measures in the case of rebelliousness, and no action at all (postponement sine die) in the case of aggression or theft by adolescents of the working class. A recidivist will be institutionalized for a serious infraction and treated within the community in the case of a less serious offence. Re-education in the community is given if the adolescent has been detained, and a fine if he has received a summons.The results clearly show that the characteristics of the delinquent acts are more important than the socioeconomic milieu in determining whatdecisions are taken. However, the socioeconomic milieu does influence admission into the juvenile justice system, as well as judicial reaction. Working-class subjects are given less attention than those from the middle and upper classes, postponement sine die is more often used in the working-class milieu, and fines, re-education within the community and institu-tionalization are more often applied to subjects of the middle and upper classes. Moreover, the margin of discretionary powers in decision making is, on the whole, rather narrow, which means that in the majority of cases, decisions can be explained by no other factors than the characteristics of the delinquent acts. This discretionary margin in decision making is narrow, both at the police and judicial levels, when a choice between particular measures must be made ; on the other hand, there is some leeway, since the judge must choose between postponement sine die and a particular measure. Finally, the course of the offence within the juvenile justice system reinforces the previous decisions through a process of amplification, which, as a consequence, penalizes working-class subjects to some extent.In short, delinquency is an adolescent phenomenon in general, but only a minority of infractions enter and continue to circulate within the juvenile justice system. The criteria for decision making are indeed socio-economic, but more often relate to the past history of the delinquent and the nature of his offence.

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Gresham, Bria, Catheryn A. Orihuela, and Sylvie Mrug. "Moderating Effects of Coping Style on Externalizing Behaviors and Substance Use in Urban Adolescents Exposed to Community Violence." International Journal of Developmental Science 15, no. 3-4 (February 8, 2022): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/dev-210306.

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Community violence exposure is associated with externalizing problems in adolescents, yet little research has examined the moderating role of coping in these relationships. Eighty-four low-income, urban adolescents (Mage = 13.36, 50%male, 95%African American) participated in two waves of a longitudinal study a year and a half apart. Youth reported their community violence exposure and coping styles at Wave 1, and their delinquent behavior, physical aggression, and substance use at Waves 1 and 2. Conduct problems were assessed by parent-report at Waves 1 and 2. Results showed that avoidant coping predicted less delinquency, aggression, substance use, and conduct problems over time. Further, avoidant coping attenuated the effect of community violence on delinquency. Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping did not moderate community violence exposure effects. Findings suggest that among low-income, minority urban youth, avoidant coping may protect against the development of externalizing problems in the context of community violence exposure.

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Lee, Stacey. "More than "Model Minorities" or "Delinquents": A Look at Hmong American High School Students." Harvard Educational Review 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 505–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.71.3.k055628l18wp51v6.

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Hmong American youth are often stereotyped by the popular press as either high-achieving "model minorities" or low-achieving "delinquents." In this ethnographic study, Stacey Lee attempts to move beyond the model minority image of 1.5-generation students and the delinquent stereotype of second-generation students to present a more complex picture of Hmong American students' school experiences. The author explores the way economic forces, relationships with the dominant society, perceptions of opportunities, family relationships, culture, and educational experiences affect Hmong American students' attitudes toward school, and the variation that exists among 1.5- and second-generation youth. This article provides insight into how forces inside and outside school affect attitudes toward education, and suggests possibilities for ways in which schools might better serve these students. (pp. 505–528)

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Craig, Jessica M., and Haley R. Zettler. "Are the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Violent Recidivism Offense-Specific?" Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 19, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204020939638.

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A growing body of literature has found that exposure to child maltreatment and other forms of family dysfunction, often conceptualized as Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), are associated with delinquent and criminal behavior. Recent research has indicated that the effects of ACEs on offending may differ not only by offense type but also by sex and race/ethnicity. However, no study to-date has investigated the effects of ACEs on violent-specific recidivism, nor how these effects differ by sex- and racial/ethnic-specific subgroups. The current study seeks to address this gap by examining a large, diverse sample of serious delinquents institutionalized in a large southern state. The results indicated that while ACEs increased the likelihood of being rearrested for any violent felony, the effects were particularly strong for domestic violence and sexual offenses among white females and minority males. A discussion of these findings are presented, along with the limitations of the study.

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Tapia, Mike. "U.S. Juvenile Arrests." Youth & Society 43, no. 4 (October 25, 2010): 1407–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x10386083.

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This study addresses the link between gang membership and arrest frequency, exploring the Gang × Socioeconomic status interaction on those arrests. Notoriously poor, delinquent, and often well-known to police, America’s gang youth should have very high odds of arrest. Yet it is unclear whether mere membership in a gang increases the risk of arrest or whether it must be accompanied by high levels of delinquency to have an effect. There are surprisingly few tests of the arrest risk associated solely with group membership. The several studies that provide such a test have yielded mixed results. Revisiting this issue with longitudinal youth data for the nation, random effects Poisson models find main effects for gang membership and SES on arrest, controlling for demographic and legal items. However, interaction effects obtain paradoxical findings consistent with research on “out-of-place” effects for high-SES gang youth, and protective effects for low-SES gang youth. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for labeling theory and the federal initiative on disproportionate minority contact (DMC) with the juvenile justice system.

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Fagan, Jeffrey, Ellen Slaughter, and Eliot Hartstone. "Blind Justice? The Impact of Race on the Juvenile Justice Process." Crime & Delinquency 33, no. 2 (April 1987): 224–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001112878703300203.

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The increasing prevalence of minority youth in the juvenile justice system has renewed concerns over racial disparities in juvenile justice processing. Previous research has yielded ambiguous results, with findings complicated by methodological shortcomings, divergent research strategies, and design artifacts. To resolve questions on the extent and source of racial disparities in juvenile justice processing, research is needed on the nature, location, and magnitude of discrimination in the juvenile justice system. This study examines racial disparities in decision making at six points in the juvenile justice process, from apprehension through judicial commitment decisions. Samples of Anglo and minority youth were drawn at each point, controlling for offense severity, other offense characteristics, and extralegal factors in addition to race. The results show racial disparities at each point, with minorities consistently receiving harsher dispositions. Disparities took different forms at various stages of the process, usually for nonserious offenses. Race was a direct, indirect, and interactive influence at various decision points. Disparities were observed at other times only when controlling for other extralegal factors such as family status. The results suggest that the juvenile justice system reflects social and economic disparities endemic in other social domains. The correlates of delinquency in minority and predominantly Anglo populations are similar. Accordingly, base rate differences may be less important than societal reaction in explaining the overrepresentation of minorities in the juvenile justice process. The narrowing of social gaps may also reduce disparate perceptions of minorities in the juvenile justice system, and restore their population balance in delinquent populations.

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Jean, Jean-Paul. "Le riforme penali in Francia nell'ultimo decennio (Tra inflazione legislativa e rivoluzioni silenziose)." QUESTIONE GIUSTIZIA, no. 2 (June 2010): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qg2010-002013.

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1. Dieci anni di cambiamenti all'insegna dell'ideologia sicuritaria2. Prioritŕ alle vittime e lotta contro la reiterazione dei reati sessuali3. La repressione della delinquenza minorile4. L'ampliamento delle ipotesi di reato e l'aggravamento delle pene5. Il rafforzamento delle prerogative dei servizi di polizia6. Le modifiche della detenzione provvisoria e della procedura d'istruzione7. Le rivoluzioni silenziose: una nuova filosofia del sistema penale8. La modernizzazione e la specializzazione della giustizia penale9. Le sollecitazioni contraddittorie della fase di esecuzione delle pene.

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Go, Charles G., and Thao N. Le. "Gender Differences in Cambodian Delinquency: The Role of Ethnic Identity, Parental Discipline, and Peer Delinquency." Crime & Delinquency 51, no. 2 (April 2005): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128704273466.

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Contrary to the model minority stereotype, Asian youth are increasingly becoming more involved in crime and delinquency. For instance, in the California Youth Authority, Southeast Asian adolescents are disproportionately represented, including Cambodian, Hmong, and Lao and Mien youth. However, few studies have focused on factors that are associated with Southeast Asian adolescent delinquency. Using a Cambodian adolescent sample, this study found significant gender similarities as well as differences. In both groups, peer delinquency was significantly associated with juvenile delinquency. However, for males, ethnic identity search was also a significant factor whereas for females, parental discipline was significant. These findings argue for the need to consider gender differences in conducting research and intervention programs for Cambodians and generally, for Southeast Asian adolescents. These results also suggest a need for more research, not only with respect to gender differences, but also on how they are similar to their Southeast Asian, Asian, and U.S. counterparts.

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Huizinga, David, and Delbert S. Elliott. "Juvenile Offenders: Prevalence, Offender Incidence, and Arrest Rates by Race." Crime & Delinquency 33, no. 2 (April 1987): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001112878703300202.

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There is general consensus that a disproportionate number of minority youth are incarcerated, with incarceration rates for minorities that are two to four times that of Whites (for example, see Krisberg and Schwartz, this volume). Given the disproportionate rate of incarceration among minority youth, an obvious question is whether this reflects differences in individual behavior or official responses to behavior (or both). One possible answer is simply that minorities have a greater involvement in delinquent and criminal behavior (Hindelang, 1978). This greater involvement would then be anticipated to result in more frequent arrests, more frequent juvenile court appearances, and larger incarceration rates. In this article differences in delinquent behavior and arrest rates among racial groups are explored to see if such differences could explain the observed differentials in incarceration rates.

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Ntamu, Blessing Agbo, and Margaret Oyo-Ita. "Identifying and catering for gifted learners in an inclusive classroom: A means of reducing delinquency, school drop out rate and increasing national development in Nigeria." Global Journal of Educational Research 21, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjedr.v21i1.5.

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A regular classroom contains a diverse group of learners. Learners with very divergent characteristics sometimes. Classroom activities should be planned in such a way that every learner‟s needs are provided for and every learner is guided towards achieving his maximum potential. Failure to do so may lead some learners into delinquent behaviors and some may even drop out. Classroom activities seem to be planned with the average learners and the learning disadvantaged in mind. Most times learning facilitators do not factor in the needs of gifted children when planning classroom activities. It is believed that 6% of students in the public school are gifted. This percentage of students have the capacity to impact positively on national development if their gifts are identified and maximized. However, this seems not to be the case. Only the gifted students who find their way into specialized gifted schools have the privilege of having their gifts developed. The program for selection of students into gifted programs seems to be flawed in climes where statistics exist. To the extent that minority groups and low-income groups seem to be discriminated from assessing gifted programs. The researcher‟s position regarding this situation is that every school prepares for the gifted child as well while selecting and designing learning experiences. That every classroom facilitator be equipped to identify and to cater the needs of the gifted child within the normal inclusive classroom in order that no child‟s gift is ignored. Teacher‟s training programs should include training for identification and catering for gifted children. This will also reduce the rate of delinquency and school drop out that results from boredom of gifted children who are under-challenged and contribute to national development. This paper covers the following areas: Introduction, theoretical framework, the concept of giftedness in the classroom, characteristics of gifted learners, Giftedness as a means for reducing delinquency, school dropout rate and achieving national development, identifying gifted learners, meeting the needs of the gifted child in an inclusive classroom, and conclusion.

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Chen, Chin-Chih, Frank J. Symons, and Arthur J. Reynolds. "Prospective Analyses of Childhood Factors and Antisocial Behavior for Students with High-Incidence Disabilities." Behavioral Disorders 37, no. 1 (November 2011): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874291103700102.

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This prospective longitudinal study investigated the association between childhood factors (individual, family, and school characteristics) and later antisocial behavior (official juvenile delinquency and adult crime) for students identified with high-incidence disabilities (i.e., learning disabilities, emotional disturbance). The sample consisted of 1,370 economically disadvantaged, predominantly minority students living in a large urban area. Findings indicated that students with high-incidence disabilities had higher rates of juvenile delinquency and adult crime. Individual (classroom adjustment), family (parent participation in school and child abuse/neglect), and school factors (preschool program participation, school quality, and school mobility) were differentially associated with juvenile delinquency and adult crime while controlling for demographics and early child and family risks. Implications for intervention, policy, and future research to address the needs of students with high-incidence disabilities are discussed.

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Krisberg, Barry, Ira Schwartz, Gideon Fishman, Zvi Eisikovits, Edna Guttman, and Karen Joe. "The Incarceration of Minority Youth." Crime & Delinquency 33, no. 2 (April 1987): 173–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001112878703300201.

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Minority youth are being incarcerated in public juvenile correctional facilities at rates three to four times that of whites. Their numbers are growing even though overall rates of serious youth crime are declining. FBI data and self-report data indicate that minority youth are somewhat more likely than white youngsters to be involved in serious crime but not to the extent that generally has been assumed. Recent research suggests that minority youth are more likely to be arrested and charged with serious crimes than comparably delinquent white youth. Although further research on these issues is imperative, it is also crucial that public officials begin testing out new strategies to reduce the tragic trend of ever more minority children growing up behind bars.

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Pickett, Justin T. "Blame Their Mothers: Public Opinion About Maternal Employment as a Cause of Juvenile Delinquency." Feminist Criminology 12, no. 4 (January 11, 2016): 361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085115624759.

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Juvenile justice reformers and practitioners have long blamed mothers for juvenile delinquency, identifying maternal employment as a key cause of youthful offending. The current study uses data from registered voters ( N = 10,144) to examine public views about whether maternal employment in two-parent households promotes juvenile delinquency. The results show that only a small minority of citizens blame working mothers for youth crime. The findings also reveal that views about the criminogenic consequences of maternal employment for children are predicted by factors that are strongly associated with gendered self-interest and exposure to nonegalitarian narratives. Implications of the findings are discussed.

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Fix, Rebecca L., Melissa A. Cyperski, and Barry R. Burkhart. "Disproportionate Minority Contact." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 3 (August 2, 2016): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215601436.

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The overrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system relative to their population percentage, a phenomenon termed disproportionate minority contact, has been examined within general adult and adolescent offender populations; yet few studies have tested whether this phenomenon extends to juvenile sexual offenders (JSOs). In addition, few studies have examined whether offender race/ethnicity influences registration and notification requirements, which JSOs are subject to in some U.S. states. The present study assessed for disproportionate minority contact among general delinquent offenders and JSOs, meaning it aimed to test whether the criminal justice system treats those accused of sexual and non-sexual offenses differently by racial/ethnic group. Furthermore, racial/ethnic group differences in risk, legal classification, and sexual offending were examined for JSOs. Results indicated disproportionate minority contact was present among juveniles with non-sexual offenses and JSOs in Alabama. In addition, offense category and risk scores differed between African American and European American JSOs. Finally, registration classifications were predicted by offending characteristics, but not race/ethnicity. Implications and future directions regarding disproportionate minority contact among JSOs and social and legal policy affecting JSOs are discussed.

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Peck, Jennifer H. "The Importance of Evaluation and Monitoring Within the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) Mandate." Race and Justice 8, no. 4 (November 4, 2016): 305–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368716675923.

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In 2002, the reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 required that states participating in the Formula Grants Program must put forth a good faith effort at addressing juvenile delinquency and the presence of minority youth at all decision-making points of the juvenile justice system without the use of numerical quotas. The last decade has brought about increases in states’ efforts at identifying and assessing the extent of disproportionate minority contact (DMC) across juvenile court contacts. Many states have already implemented or are currently implementing intervention and prevention efforts at reducing DMC. However, the segments of identification, assessment, and intervention are only three of the five phases of the DMC mandate. In light of the progression of the DMC mandate since its original implementation in 1988, the purpose of this essay is to spark discussion on the future of examining DMC in the juvenile justice system through a researcher’s perspective. Various topics that relate to DMC are presented as ideas for readers to consider, as they progress with their research agendas.

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Kwaning, Karen, Mitchell Wong, Kulwant Dosanjh, Christopher Biely, and Rebecca Dudovitz. "Gender stigma awareness is associated with adolescent risky health behaviors." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e0251332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251332.

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Objectives Although racial stigma in school is associated with adolescent risky health behaviors, there are no studies investigating how gender stigma relates to adolescent risky health behaviors among low-income, minority youth. We sought to determine whether gender stigma awareness is associated with adolescent risky health behaviors (delinquency, fighting, and substance use) and whether this association is mediated by school disengagement (low perceived teacher support, low school engagement, cutting classes, and breaking school rules) among low-income, minority students. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional survey data, collected from 2017 to 2019, from 412 high school students. Multi-level logistic regressions tested whether gender stigma awareness was associated with delinquency, fighting, and substance use, controlling for covariates, baseline behaviors, and clustering within schools. Mediation analyses tested whether school disengagement (low school engagement, perceived teacher support, cutting class, and breaking school rules) mediated these associations. Secondary analyses explored whether associations differed for male versus female, high-performing versus low-performing, and Latinx versus non-Latinx students. Results In this predominantly Latinx (83%) sample, gender stigma awareness was associated with delinquency (AOR = 1.48, P< 0.001) and fighting (AOR = 1.15, P< 0.001). School engagement, perceived teacher support, breaking school rules, and cutting classes mediated 42.7% of the association between gender stigma awareness and delinquency and 65.42% of the association between gender stigma awareness and fighting. Gender stigma awareness was also associated with substance use for low-performing (AOR = 1.68, P = 0.003) and non-Latinx adolescents (AOR = 3.80, P = 0.03). School disengagement did not mediate the association between gender stigma awareness and substance use for non-Latinx students but mediated 50% of this association for low-performing students. Conclusions Gender stigma awareness is associated with adolescent risky health behaviors. A decreased sense of acceptance in the school community and increased school misbehavior may mediate these associations. School environments that value and accept all students may better support adolescent health.

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Bayer, Patrick, Fernando Ferreira, and Stephen L. Ross. "The Vulnerability of Minority Homeowners in the Housing Boom and Bust." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140074.

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This paper examines mortgage outcomes for a large sample of individual home purchases and refinances linked to credit scores in seven major US markets. Among those with similar credit scores and loan attributes, black and Hispanic homeowners had much higher rates of delinquency and default in the downturn. These estimated differences are especially pronounced for loans originated near the peak of the housing boom. These findings suggest that black and Hispanic homeowners drawn into the market near the peak were especially vulnerable to adverse economic shocks and raise concerns about homeownership as a mechanism for reducing racial disparities in wealth. (JEL D14, J15, R23, R31, R38)

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Wampler, Richard S., and Adam B. Downs. "Parent and Peer Attachment in Minority Males at High Risk for Delinquency." Clinical Social Work Journal 38, no. 1 (October 21, 2009): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10615-009-0239-8.

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G. Jennings, Wesley. "Editorial - Health Disparities in Alcohol Use, Delinquency and Violence among Minority Adolescents." Open Family Studies Journal 4, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401104010015.

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Nellis, Ashley, and Brad Richardson. "Getting Beyond Failure: Promising Approaches for Reducing DMC." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 8, no. 3 (April 22, 2010): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204009361180.

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States that wish to receive federal financial support through the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act for their juvenile justice systems are mandated to address disproportionate minority contact (DMC). A vast number of studies now exist that try to explain the presence, cause, and severity of DMC in states and local jurisdictions, but most work does not move past this point. A newer set of works explores reasons why DMC-reduction efforts fail. In recent years, generous investments from private foundations have led to a renewed sense of hope for success in the seemingly intractable problem of minority overrepresentation in the juvenile justice system. This article presents promising approaches that have resulted from these investments and suggests steps that should be taken from here.

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Leiber, Michael J. "Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC) of Youth: An Analysis of State and Federal Efforts to Address the Issue." Crime & Delinquency 48, no. 1 (January 2002): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001112870204800101.

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Since the mid-1990s, states participating in the Federal Formula Grants Program have been required to determine whether disproportionate minority confinement (DMC) exists in secure facilities, identify the causes, and develop and implement corrective strategies. DMC, a core requirement of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, as amended, consists of four interrelated stages: identification, assessment, intervention, andmonitoring. The objective of the present research is to examine compliance with the identification and assessment stages of the DMC mandate. More specifically, the inquiry focuses on the extent of minority overrepresentation in states' juvenile justice systems and assessments of its causes. The discussion concludes with an examination of the politics and practical limitations that affect implementation of the DMC requirement.

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Factor, R., D. Mahalel, A. Rafaeli, and D. R. Williams. "A Social Resistance Perspective For Delinquent Behaviour Among Non-Dominant Minority Groups." British Journal of Criminology 53, no. 5 (June 14, 2013): 784–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt035.

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PIQUERO, ALEX. "Applying an Evaluability Assessment Tool to Community-Based Programs in Pittsburgh." Prison Journal 78, no. 1 (March 1998): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032855598078001006.

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In the city of Pittsburgh, in 1994, of the approximately 53% of the 2,916 delinquency cases disposed by the juvenile court, about 70% involved African American Youth. This disproportionality is magnified by the time youths reach the correctional system, and recent efforts to address the problem have stressed the need to intervene before offenders initially enter the system. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, it attempts to provide some insight into three community-based prevention programs that were funded by the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency to address the problem of minority overrepresentation. Second, it discusses the obstacles associated with evaluating the programs and provides recommendations for overcoming them. Finally, it describes a tool that was used in early process evaluations for the three programs using experiences in those programs as case studies illustrating the hazards of conducting outcome studies in any setting in the absence of preliminary evaluability assessments and process evaluations.

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Nesterov, Artyom Y. "ESSENCE AND FEATURES OF THE CRIMINAL ACTIVITY OF THE MARGINAL ADOLESCENT: MODERN CONDITION AND TRENDS." BULLETIN 5, no. 387 (October 15, 2020): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.149.

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. The article presents the main problems of the theory and practice of criminal activity in the modern teenage environment. The statistical data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of criminal offenses committed from 2003 to the present period by juvenile offenders are given [as of June 1, 2020]. The author analyzes the features of the criminal youth subculture. Typologization is carried out according to the types of youth informal groups. The main causes of juvenile delinquency are identified and justified. Spectral analysis is carried out for these reasons (motives). The factors provoking crime in a teenage environment are determined. The author revealed that one of the negative conditions for the formation of delinquent and deviant behavior of adolescents is the early start of work. At present, adolescents from 14 years old are going through a process of socialization and familiarization with work in the conditions of transformation of socio-economic, political, sanctions relations. The transformation in Russia led to the use of various illegal forms, in particular related to the involvement of street children (10-15 years old and 16-18 years old) in the criminal business. The author determines that juvenile delinquency is primarily determined by the characteristics of the personality of the offender. The main thing in its consideration was the minority of the offender. Certain biological, psychological and mental changes in the structure of the personality are associated with it. Age determines a certain level of development of forces, intelligence, drives, and even the “physical” ability to commit certain crimes. Also, the author of the article determined that the process of socialization of an individual begins at an early age, when he begins to assimilate the roles that form his personal qualities. It is in childhood that any person is formed as a social being, he develops intelligence, the ability to analyze and generalize the surrounding phenomena, the ability to anticipate the possible consequences of his actions; such volitional qualities as perseverance, determination, self-control, activity, initiative are developed; self-awareness, self-esteem, desire for independence are formed. All this is closely related to the subsequent behavior of the personality of a minor offender. The author interprets such a basic concept as “criminal youth subculture”. The regional statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on offenses as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia is given. All materials presented in the article do not contain information (information) related to state secrets of the Russian Federation.

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Nichols, Tracy R., Julia A. Graber, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Gilbert J. Botvin. "Sex differences in overt aggression and delinquency among urban minority middle school students." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 27, no. 1 (January 2006): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2005.12.006.

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Spiegler, Olivia, Ralf Wölfer, and Miles Hewstone. "Dual Identity Development and Adjustment in Muslim Minority Adolescents." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 48, no. 10 (September 13, 2019): 1924–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01117-9.

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Abstract Dual identity (e.g., strong ethnic and national identity) is a psychological resource for minority groups, but how it develops during adolescence is less clear. In this 3-wave longitudinal study, a person-oriented approach was used to examine dual identity development in a sample of 2145 Muslim adolescents (MT1 = 15 years, 51% female) in four Western European countries. The results of a growth-mixture model pointed toward four distinct developmental Classes: (1) “Dual identity”, (2) “Separation to dual identity”, (3) “Assimilation to dual identity”, and (4) “Separation”. Multiple group comparisons further showed that adolescents in Class 1 were well adjusted, but well-being (e.g., internalizing problems, life satisfaction) and health were even higher among adolescents in Class 2. Adolescents in Class 3 had consistently lower levels of well-being, and adolescents in Class 4 had lower levels of socio-cultural adjustment (e.g., problem behaviour at school, delinquent behaviour, and lack of intergroup contact). The findings underscore that most Muslim minority adolescents in Western Europe develop a dual identity, and that the developmental process, not simply the outcome, matters for adjustment.

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Taylor, Matthew J., Tara L. Shoemaker, Desiree Z. Welch, and Maurice Endsley Jr. "Sports Participation and Delinquent Peer Associations: Implications for Individual Behavior among Minority Girls." International Journal of Sport and Society 1, no. 3 (2010): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/cgp/v01i03/54026.

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WELSH, WAYNE N., PATRICIA H. JENKINS, and PHILIP W. HARRIS. "Reducing Minority Overrepresentation in Juvenile Justice: Results of Community-Based Delinquency Prevention in Harrisburg." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36, no. 1 (February 1999): 87–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427899036001006.

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Scott III, Julian L., and Gbolahan S. Osho. "An Assessment of Disproportionate Minority Confinement: Evidence from Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act." Journal of Sociological Research 6, no. 1 (March 12, 2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v6i1.6328.

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Lynne-Landsman, Sarah D., Julia A. Graber, Tracy R. Nichols, and Gilbert J. Botvin. "Trajectories of aggression, delinquency, and substance use across middle school among urban, minority adolescents." Aggressive Behavior 37, no. 2 (November 30, 2010): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20382.

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Garrido, Edward F., Lindsey M. Weiler, and Heather N. Taussig. "Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health-Risk Behaviors in Vulnerable Early Adolescents." Journal of Early Adolescence 38, no. 5 (January 12, 2017): 661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431616687671.

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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with health-risk behaviors in general samples of adults and adolescents. The current study examined the association between ACEs and these behaviors among a high-risk sample of early adolescents. Five hundred fifteen 9- to 11-year-old children placed in foster care due to maltreatment were interviewed about their engagement in violence, substance use, and delinquency. A multi-informant ACEs score was derived based on exposure to six adverse experiences. Regression analyses examined the relationship between ACEs and risk behaviors and the potential moderating effects of age, sex, and minority status. ACE scores were predictive of risk behaviors after controlling for age, sex, and minority status. Although males and older youth were more likely to engage in risk behaviors, none of the demographic characteristics moderated the ACE-risk behavior association. This study extends previous research by demonstrating an association between ACEs and risk behaviors in extremely vulnerable early adolescents.

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Lanier, Mark M., and John J. Sloan. "Cynicism, Fear, Communication, and Knowledge of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among Juvenile Delinquents." Crime & Delinquency 42, no. 2 (April 1996): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128796042002005.

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Understanding attitudes toward AIDS among institutionalized juveniles is a crucial issue for administrators of health education programs. This study examined cynicism, fear, communicatin skills, and the impact of AIDS education. The results indicated that education is significantly related to objective knowledge and to cynicism about AIDS, but is not related to other attitudes about AIDS. Membership in racial minority groups was correlated with lower objective knowledge scores and greater cynicism. Although females possessed slightly less knowledge about AIDS, they were less cynical and reported practicing more precautionary behavior than males. Implications of these findings for juvenile correctional policy are discussed.

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Hu, Guanzhong, and Xiaohang Chen. "Adverse Mental Health of Juvenile Delinquency and Suicide: A Bibliometrics Study and Visualization Analysis via CiteSpace." Humanities and Social Science Research 5, no. 3 (October 4, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/hssr.v5n3p1.

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Juvenile delinquency and suicide have been growing worldwide, behind which mental health issues cannot be ignored. Research status, hotspots, and frontiers in this field were mined in this study. Based on 4681 related publications from the Web of Science Core Collection, collaboration, hotspots, and frontiers were revealed via CiteSpace (from January 1st, 2000 to July 19, 2022). There is a continuous growth of relevant research, especially in the last five years. Alan Apter from Tel Aviv University in Israel was the author who published the most articles in the field (49 articles). The USA and University of California System were the leading country and institution with 2603 and 222 articles cited 88964 and 7891 times, respectively. There was active collaboration between institutions, countries, and authors on conducting research on the issues. Hot topics focused on mental health, behavior, depression, prevalence, ideation, suicide, substance use, psychiatric disorder, reliability, intervention, and risk factors. Research frontiers include adverse childhood experience, gay, and stigma. Healthy family dynamics (harmonious marital relationship, stable family structure, and correct parenting style) is the first layer of defense against juvenile delinquency and suicide. And the second layer is positive social determinants (neighbor influence, social support, stigma, and minority stress).

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Barnett, Andrew P., Christopher D. Houck, David Barker, and Christie J. Rizzo. "Sexual Minority Status, Bullying Exposure, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Delinquency Among Court-Involved Adolescent Girls." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 51, no. 3 (November 26, 2021): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01542-9.

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Carol, Sarah, Freya Peez, and Michael Wagner. "Delinquency among majority and minority youths in Cologne, Mannheim and Brussels: the role of religion." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46, no. 17 (June 14, 2019): 3603–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2019.1620415.

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Griffin, Kenneth W., Gilbert J. Botvin, Lawrence M. Scheier, Margaret M. Doyle, and Christopher Williams. "Common predictors of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, aggression, and delinquency among inner-city minority youth." Addictive Behaviors 28, no. 6 (August 2003): 1141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(02)00225-3.

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Case, Andrew D. "A critical-positive youth development model for intervening with minority youth at risk for delinquency." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 87, no. 5 (2017): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ort0000273.

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Shukla, Kathan, and Margit Wiesner. "Relations of Delinquency to Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure Among Economically Disadvantaged, Ethnic-Minority Mid-Adolescents." Crime & Delinquency 62, no. 4 (July 19, 2013): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128713495775.

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Burnside, Amanda N., and Noni K. Gaylord-Harden. "Hopelessness and Delinquent Behavior as Predictors of Community Violence Exposure in Ethnic Minority Male Adolescent Offenders." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 47, no. 5 (October 8, 2018): 801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0484-9.

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Kim, Hannah. "Death in Philadelphia, 1958." Pacific Historical Review 89, no. 2 (2020): 232–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2020.89.2.232.

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In 1958, In-Ho Oh, a foreign student from South Korea, was beaten to death in West Philadelphia by a group of black youths. The brutal murder shocked people all over the nation who wrote hundreds of letters to the newspapers and the mayor about the incident. Some letter writers focused on the implications of the murder for Cold War diplomacy, while some believed there were moral lessons to be learned from the generous actions of Oh’s family. Yet other letter writers focused on race and juvenile delinquency and constructed an idealized “model” minority in the Korean student, contrasting him to the young suspects. The death of In-Ho Oh came to have different meanings to different groups and challenged America’s self-perception about racial equality and exceptionalism.

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McCafferty, James T. "Unjust Disparities? The Impact of Race on Juvenile Risk Assessment Outcomes." Criminal Justice Policy Review 29, no. 5 (February 26, 2016): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403416634163.

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Research on risk assessments has illustrated many utilitarian purposes of these tools, including the robust prediction of recidivism and uniformity in correctional decision making. Recently, however, Former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder vocalized his position that actuarial risk assessments could be unintentionally contributing to disproportionate minority contact in the correctional system. This study used data from approximately 2,600 juvenile delinquents assessed with the Ohio Youth Assessment System–Disposition Instrument to examine these claims across subsamples of White and Black youth. Bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated that the instrument predicted recidivism similarly across the two groups. There were slightly more prediction errors for Black youth than White youth; however, these differences may be the result of methodological factors rather than empirical realities. The article concluded with a discussion of the implications that potential racial biases have on risk assessment research and practice.

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Campbell, Christina A., William Miller, Jordan Papp, Ashlee R. Barnes, Eyitayo Onifade, and Valerie R. Anderson. "Assessing Intervention Needs of Juvenile Probationers: An Application of Latent Profile Analysis to a Risk–Need–Responsivity Assessment Model." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 1 (September 15, 2018): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818796869.

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The assessment of criminogenic risk is critical in the prediction of future delinquency and the ability to provide appropriate services and interventions for youth offenders. The goal of this study was to determine whether using latent profile analysis (LPA) produced better risk classification profiles than traditional linear methods. Archival data were used to examine 1,263 male and female youth probationers. Criminogenic profiles were developed using the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory, a widely used juvenile risk assessment. LPA determined that there were three distinct profiles: Minimal Intervention Needs, Social Behavior and Social Bonding Needs, and Maximum Intervention Needs. The profiles that youth fit into differed across demographic variables such as gender, age, recidivism, and history of child maltreatment, but not minority status and offense type. This research may aid in addressing specific intervention needs of offenders.

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McCarter, Susan, and Tierra Durant. "Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) to Racial and Ethnic Disparities (RED) in Juvenile Justice: What does it Mean and Does it Matter?" JoFSW 6, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.1936-9298.2022.6.1.57-76.

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Youth of color have been overrepresented in the American juvenile justice system/juvenile court since its inception in 1899. Additionally, the court's philosophy has changed over time from a more informal and rehabilitative model to a more formal and punitive model. And minoritized and marginalized youth continue to experience disparate and more severe outcomes than their White counterparts; outcomes that cannot be explained by behavior/legal factors. Moreover, the nation's Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 was not reauthorized from 2008 to 2018. On December 21, 2018, the JJDPA was reauthorized as the Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-385). This article documents racial and ethnic overrepresentation over time, examines the philosophy shifts in juvenile justice and DMC/RED policy changes including the progression from DMC to RED, and provides evidence-based recommendations to reduce RED for all social workers.

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Alothman, Raya, Hassanein Ali Talib, and Mazin S. Mohammed. "Fraud detection under the unbalanced class based on gradient boosting." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 2 (116) (April 30, 2022): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.254922.

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Credit fraud modeling is an important topic covered by researchers. Overdue risk management is a critical business link in providing credit loan services. It directly impacts the rate of return and the bad debt percentage of lending organizations in this sector. Credit financial services have benefited the general public as a result of the development of the mobile Internet, and overdue risk control has evolved from the manual judgment that relied on rules in the past to a credit model built using a large amount of customer data to predict the likelihood of customers becoming delinquent. When creating a credit rating model, the emerging nature of the credit samples makes the minority class sample score very few; that is, when a large number of actual samples are obtained, this causes machine learning models to be biased towards the majority class when training. Traditional data balancing methods can reduce the bias of models to the majority category when the data is relatively unbalanced rather than excessive. Gradient boosting algorithms (XGBoost and CatBoost) are proposed in this paper to model highly unbalanced data to detect credit fraud. To find hyperparameters and determine the accuracy of the minority class as an optimization function of the model, Bayesian optimization is used to increase the model's accuracy for the minority class. The paper was tested with real European credit card fraud data. The results were compared to traditional machine learning (decision trees and logistic regression) and the performance of the bagging algorithm (random forest). For comparison, the traditional data balancing method (Oversample) is used

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MacDonald, John M., and Meda Chesney-Lind. "Gender Bias and Juvenile Justice Revisited: A Multiyear Analysis." Crime & Delinquency 47, no. 2 (April 2001): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128701047002002.

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This study presents a multiyear empirical examination of gender bias in the handling of juvenile court cases in Hawaii. Based on prior qualitative and quantitative data, it is hypothesized that once female juvenile offenders are found delinquent, they will be sanctioned more severely than male offenders by the juvenile court, holding other factors constant. Results from a series of analyses indicate significant differences between male and female juvenile justice outcomes, particularly for youth of color. Female offenders are more likely than male offenders to be handled informally at the early stages of the system, but the court's benevolence declines as girls move into the disposition stage. The implications of these findings for resolving inconsistencies in prior research are discussed. Also considered are policy implications with regard to congressional initiatives to de-emphasize the deinstitutionalization of status offenses and reduce concerns about minority overrepresentation in the juvenile justice system.

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Fagan, Jeffrey, Martin Forst, and T. Scott Vivona. "Racial Determinants of the Judicial Transfer Decision: Prosecuting Violent Youth in Criminal Court." Crime & Delinquency 33, no. 2 (April 1987): 259–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001112878703300204.

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In the past decade, juvenile justice policy has shifted from “the best interests of the child” to approaches blending punishment and rehabilitation. The result has been efforts to narrow juvenile justice system jurisdiction, especially for violent, serious, and chronic offenders. Judicial transfer is the most widely applied mechanism to remove juvenile offenders to criminal jurisdiction. Transferred youth, particularly violent offenders, often receive lengthy prison sentences. A disproportionate share of male, minority adolescents are arrested for serious and violent crime. Thus, the harsh consequences of transfer, compounded by racial disparities in both juvenile and criminal justice processes have major implications for serious juvenile offenders considered for transfer. Transfer as a juvenile court disposition has received little scholarly attention, and racial determinants of transfer have yet to be analyzed. This study examines racial differences in judicial transfer decisions for chronically violent delinquents in four urban juvenile courts. Though minority youth were transferred more often, race was not predictive of transfer in multivariate models combining offense and offender characteristics. Rather, offense characteristics and defendant's age at the time of the offense are the strongest contributors to the transfer decision. Murder, in particular, is a determinant of transfer. The results suggest that juvenile court judges have adopted implicit policies to reserve transfer for older violent offenders, especially those charged with capital crimes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Delinquenza minorile'

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