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Journal articles on the topic 'Delinquency in Hong Kong'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Chui, Wing Hong, and Paul Vinod Khiatani. "Delinquency Among Members of Hong Kong Youth Street Gangs: The Role of the Organizational Structures of Gangs and Triad Affiliations." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 9 (September 12, 2017): 2527–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17730616.

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This study explores the importance of organizational structures and formal affiliations with the Hong Kong triads to delinquency among youth street gang members in Hong Kong. More specifically, this study examines the relative importance of the number of organizational structures and triad affiliation to patterns of delinquency in a sample of active members of youth street gangs ( N = 201). With the aid of outreach social workers, a convenience sampling method was used to recruit a gender-balanced sample of at-risk youths. Logistic regression analysis of the survey data that was gathered indicated that formal affiliation to Hong Kong triads and the presence of organizational structures significantly increased the odds of delinquency (independently of each other). Suggestions for future research on gang membership and delinquency, with particular reference to the Asian context, are provided.

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2

Wong, Daniel F. K., Priscilla S. Y. Ip, Man Ho Chan, and Xiao Yu Zhuang. "A Preliminary Study on Cognitive–Behavior Interventions for Hong Kong Chinese Delinquent Youth." Research on Social Work Practice 28, no. 7 (December 9, 2016): 838–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731516682596.

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Objectives: This study evaluated a culturally attuned cognitive–behavior intervention for reducing impulsivity and delinquency-related attitudes and behaviors among Chinese delinquent youth in Hong Kong. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was adopted. Twenty participants received CBI, and 20 received routine counseling for a period of 12 months. All participants filled out a standardized questionnaire before the intervention and at 6 and 12 months of intervention. Results: A series of 2 × 3 analyses of variance were used to examine the Time × Group Effects of the two groups of participants. Results suggested, when compared to the control group, the participants in the experimental group showed greater and continuous positive changes in overall impulsivity, nonplanning impulsivity, cognitive impulsivity, and overall delinquency, with effect sizes showing moderate to large magnitude of change. Conclusion: This culturally attuned CBI program may be a useful inclusion in the outreaching social services for Chinese delinquent youth in Hong Kong.

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3

VAGG, J. "DELINQUENCY AND SHAME: Data from Hong Kong." British Journal of Criminology 38, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014234.

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4

Shek, Daniel T. L., and Xiaoqin Zhu. "Paternal and Maternal Influence on Delinquency among Early Adolescents in Hong Kong." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 14, 2019): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081338.

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Objective: The aim was to examine the effects of parental behaviors and the parent-child relationship on delinquency levels as well as growth rates among early adolescents, and to explore the cross-sectional and longitudinal influence of fathers and mothers. Method: The study used and analyzed data collected at Waves 1–3 (N = 2669, age 12.56 ± 0.71 years at Wave 1) in a six-year research project. Results: While both parents’ behavioral control significantly predicted a lower initial level of delinquency, only higher behavioral control of fathers predicted a fast increase in delinquency. In contrast, parental psychological control did not serve as significant predictors in the individual growth curve model. Besides, relationships of father-child and mother-child dyads negatively predicted the initial level of delinquency but not the rate of change in adolescent delinquency. When all factors were investigated simultaneously, fathers’ behavioral control and the relationship between mother and child were robust cross-sectional predictors, whereas only the latter was a stable longitudinal predictor of adolescent delinquency. Conclusions: Parenting and the parent-child relationship are predictors of adolescent delinquency. It is necessary to differentiate between: (1) adolescent delinquency level and its change rate over time; (2) different aspects of parent-child dyadic factors; and (3) paternal and maternal factors.

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5

Davis, Cindy, Catherine Tang, and Janet Ko. "The impact of peer, family and school on delinquency." International Social Work 47, no. 4 (October 2004): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872804046255.

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This study explored the relationship among family, peer and school factors on delinquency among Chinese adolescents. Interviews were conducted with 718 Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. At-risk adolescents had more family problems, negative peer relations and a poorer school environment. Negative peer influence was the most salient predictor of delinquency.

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6

Wong, Dennis S. W. "Juvenile Crime and Responses to Delinquency in Hong Kong." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 44, no. 3 (June 2000): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x00443003.

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7

Chui, Wing Hong, and Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan. "The Gendered Analysis of Self-Control on Theft and Violent Delinquency." Crime & Delinquency 62, no. 12 (July 10, 2016): 1648–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128712470992.

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Despite previous gender-based studies of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory, limited empirical attempts have been made outside of the Western hemisphere. This study is set to examine the cross-cultural and/or national boundaries generalizability of the self-control concepts in predicting gender differences on theft and violent delinquency in a rarely examined Hong Kong adolescent population. In addition, this study is among the first to investigate the age-effect gender differences on delinquency in the East. Using a cross-sectional design, 1,377 randomly selected native-Chinese secondary school–aged male and female adolescents of nine stratified randomly selected schools were surveyed. Multivariate analyses were used to examine gender differences, with and without controlling for the adolescent age, aside from the general offending propensity among Hong Kong adolescents with respect to their self-control level. Overall findings suggest that the relationship between low self-control indicators and types of delinquency differs across gender. Hence, findings of previous gender-based self-control studies conducted in the West are generally supported in this study. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are outlined.

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8

Wong, Dennis S. W. "Pathways to Delinquency in Hong Kong and Guangzhou (South China)." International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 10, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2001.9747893.

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9

Wong, Dennis S. W. "Girl Delinquency in Hong Kong: Implications for Gender-specific Programmes." Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development 11, no. 2 (September 2001): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21650993.2001.9755861.

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10

WONG, DENNIS S. W. "UNCOVERING THE ETIOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS OF THE RESPONSE TO JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN HONG KONG." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 31, no. 01n02 (January 1997): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246297000090.

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This paper highlights the profiles of juvenile crime and the responses to juvenile delinquency in Hong Kong in the last few decades. With the aid of criminological literature and policy documents, the author uncovers the underlying etiological assumptions of delinquency. The assumptions are biased in favour of the functionalist perspective. Until the publication of a recent study on the social causes of delinquency, interactionist theories seemed to have no part in explaining crime in Hong Kong. The author argues that under the dominance of the positive non-interventionist political culture in Hong Kong, the academics are prone to be conservative. This paper suggests that future research should focus on testing interactional effects among the social variables derived from the social control, strain, labelling and differential association theories. 这篇文章讨论本港青少年犯罪概念的转变及社会对青少年犯罪的对策。透过分析本港之犯罪研究及政策文件，作者发掘解释青少年犯罪的背后假设。这些假设大部份是倾向功能主义学派的。直至近年，作者才发现以互动学派的论点来解释犯罪渐被社会人士所重视。作者建议未来的研究应朝向探讨社会契约、社会压力、负面标签及朋辈关系等因素与犯罪行为的交互影响。

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11

Ngai, Steven Sek-yum, and Chau-kiu Cheung. "When Does Career Strain Reduce Delinquency? Friendship Concern in Hong Kong." International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 12, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2005.9747947.

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12

NGAI, NGAN-PUN, and CHAU-KIU CHEUNG. "A STUDY OF MARGINAL YOUTH'S LIKELIHOOD AND DELINQUENCY IN HONG KONG." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 37, no. 02 (January 2003): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246203000202.

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13

Shek, Daniel T. L., and Lu Yu. "Prevention of Adolescent Problem Behavior: Longitudinal Impact of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong." Scientific World JOURNAL 11 (2011): 546–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2011.33.

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The present study attempts to examine the longitudinal impact of a curriculum-based positive youth development program, entitled the Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes), on adolescent problem behavior in Hong Kong. Using a longitudinal randomized group design, six waves of data were collected from 19 experimental schools (n = 3,797 at Wave 1) in which students participated in the Project P.A.T.H.S. and 24 control schools (n = 4,049 at Wave 1). At each wave, students responded to questions asking about their current problem behaviors, including delinquency and use of different types of drugs, and their intentions of engaging in such behaviors in the future. Results based on individual growth curve modeling generally showed that the participants displayed lower levels of substance abuse and delinquent behavior than did the control students. Participants who regarded the program to be helpful also showed lower levels of problem behavior than did the control students. The present findings suggest that the Project P.A.T.H.S. is effective in preventing adolescent problem behavior in the junior secondary school years.

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14

Wong, Dennis S. W. "Culturally Specific Causes of Delinquency: Implications for Juvenile Justice in Hong Kong." Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development 9, no. 1 (March 1999): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21650993.1999.9755809.

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15

Chui, Wing Hong, and Heng Choon Oliver Chan. "An Empirical Investigation of Social Bonds and Juvenile Delinquency in Hong Kong." Child & Youth Care Forum 41, no. 4 (February 1, 2012): 371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-012-9172-z.

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16

Cheung, Chau-kiu, Jessica Chi-mei Li, and Tak-yan Lee. "Social Work Contribution to Desistance Among At-Risk Youth." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 5 (October 7, 2016): 1216–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16672865.

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Desistance as a process to forgo delinquent habits is an important target for intervention into youth at risk of delinquency. The intervention through social work services, nevertheless, has not clearly demonstrated its effectiveness. For such a demonstration, the present study examines the contribution of social work services with reference to the voluntaristic theory of action. The theory suggests that promoting the youth’s voluntarism underlying desistance, encompassing appreciation, facilitation, observation, and identification concerning desistance is essential. The suggestion leads to the hypothesis that social work services promote the youth’s desistance through the promotion of voluntarism for desistance. This hypothesis gets support from this study of 586 at-risk youths in Hong Kong, with data collected from both the youths and their responsible social workers. The support implies the value of social work services for sustaining the youth’s desistance.

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17

Cheung, Chau-Kiu, Ngan-Pun Ngai, and Steven Sek-Yum Ngai. "Family Strain and Adolescent Delinquency in Two Chinese Cities, Guangzhou and Hong Kong." Journal of Child and Family Studies 16, no. 5 (January 4, 2007): 626–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9112-3.

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18

CHAN, KAM WAH, and FUNG YI CHAN. "GENEALOGY OF THE LONE PARENT." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 44, no. 01 (January 2010): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246210000033.

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Lone parent families are often portrayed as welfare-dependent, and social policies and social services can be hostile to and discriminating against lone parents especially in societies dominated by traditional familism, such as Hong Kong. This resentment of lone parent families has not been present throughout Hong Kong's history, but has arisen over the past decade. This paper is based on a study that traced the changing discourses of the lone parent family in Hong Kong. Adopting the Foucauldian concept of genealogy of knowledge and inspired by Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon's work on "genealogy of dependency", we trace the discourses of the lone parent family from the 1970s to the early 21st century. The term "lone parent" did not exist before the mid-1980s, and when it first appeared it was closely associated with vulnerability and charity. In the early 21st century, the lone parent discourse developed into a problematic discourse, with lone parents associated with welfare dependency, social security fraud, juvenile delinquency, family violence, and perceived as a threat to social stability. This paper notes that the "success" of this discourse may help to rationalize the cutting back of social security benefits for lone mothers and regulate welfare recipients.

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19

Chui, Wing Hong, and Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan. "Social bonds and male juvenile delinquency while on probation: An exploratory test in Hong Kong." Children and Youth Services Review 33, no. 11 (November 2011): 2329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.003.

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20

Cheng, Christopher, and Po F. Cheng. "Effects of Moral Self, Self Esteem and Parental Bonding on Delinquency among Young People in Hong Kong." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 4 (June 30, 2015): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2015.04.12.

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21

Fung, Hong Wang, Long Yin Kasper Ho, and Colin A. Ross. "Pathological Dissociation and Its Relationships with Aggression and Delinquency in a College Student Sample in Hong Kong." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 27, no. 2 (February 7, 2018): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1421283.

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22

Wong, Dennis S. W., and Katie H. H. Tu. "Restorative justice for delinquents in Hong Kong: current practices and challenges." Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development 28, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2018.1498386.

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23

Cheung, Nicole W. T., and Yuet W. Cheung. "Self-Control, Social Factors, and Delinquency: A Test of The General Theory of Crime Among Adolescents in Hong Kong." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 37, no. 4 (September 11, 2007): 412–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9218-y.

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24

Shek, Daniel T. L., and Cecilia M. S. Ma. "Impact of Project P.A.T.H.S. on adolescent developmental outcomes in Hong Kong: findings based on seven waves of data." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh.2012.034.

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Abstract The present study examined the longitudinal impact of Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes) on adolescent developmental outcomes in Hong Kong. Using a longitudinal randomized group design, seven waves of data were collected from 24 experimental schools (n=4049 at wave 1) in which students participated in the Tier 1 Program of Project P.A.T.H.S. and 24 control schools (n=3797 at wave 1). Results based on individual growth curve modeling generally showed that, relative to the control participants, participants in the experimental group had: (a) a higher level of positive development; (b) a lower level of substance abuse; and (c) a lower level of delinquent behavior. Participants who regarded the program to be beneficial also showed higher levels of positive development and lower levels of problem behavior than did the control school students. The present findings suggest that Project P.A.T.H.S. is effective in promoting positive development and preventing adolescent problem behavior in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong.

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25

Yamada, Mika. "The Schools for Juvenile Delinquents in Hong Kong after World War II." Journal of Asian Culture Society International 17, no. 17 (2010): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6031/jacsi.17.49.

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26

Shek, Daniel T. L. "Effectiveness of the Tier 1 Program of Project P.A.T.H.S.: Findings Based on the First 2 Years of Program Implementation." Scientific World JOURNAL 9 (2009): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2009.66.

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The Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes) is a curricular-based program that attempts to promote positive youth development in Hong Kong. In the second year of the Full Implementation Phase, 20 experimental schools (N = 2,784 students) and 23 control schools (N = 3,401 students) participated in a randomized group trial. Analyses of covariance and linear mixed models, controlling for differences between the two groups in terms of Wave 1 pretest scores, personal variables, and random effect of schools, showed that participants in the experimental schools had significantly higher positive youth development levels than did participants in the control schools at post-test, based on different indicators derived from the Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale. The students in the experimental schools also displayed a lower level of delinquency, but better school adjustment than did students in the control schools. Differences between experimental and control participants were also found when students who joined the Tier 1 Program and perceived the program to be beneficial were employed as participants of the experimental schools.

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27

Ma, Hing Keung, Daniel T. L. Shek, Ping Chung Cheung, and Ka Keung Tam. "A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PEER AND TEACHER INFLUENCES ON PROSOCIAL AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF HONG KONG CHINESE ADOLESCENTS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.2.157.

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The influences of peers and teachers on the prosocial and antisocial behavior of 56 Hong Kong Chinese adolescents were investigated over a two-year period (Time 1 and Time 2). Results indicated that (i) a significant decrease in teacher influence occurred from Time 1 to Time 2 in subjects studying Grade 7 at Time 1; (ii) students who maintained a relatively high level of delinquent behavior from Time 1 to Time 2 demonstrated significantly higher peer influence than did those who maintained a relatively low level of delinquent behavior in the time interval; (iii) concurrent positive correlation was found between peer influence and delinquent behavior at Time 1 and Time 2; (iv) delinquent behavior at Time 1 was negatively correlated with teacher influence at Time 1; and (v) peer influence was negatively correlated with teacher influence at Time 1.

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28

Davis, Cindy, Catherine Tang, and Janet Ko. "Exploring current behaviors and social service needs for Chinese juvenile delinquents in Hong Kong." Children and Youth Services Review 20, no. 8 (October 1998): 733–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-7409(98)00036-x.

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29

Shek, Daniel T. L., and Li Lin. "Delinquent Behavior in High School Students in Hong Kong: Sociodemographic, Personal, and Family Determinants." Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 29, no. 1 (February 2016): S61—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.009.

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30

Wong, Ngai-ying, and S. Lau. "Effects of self-monitoring and perceived approval on delinquent behavior among Hong Kong adolescents." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 22, no. 2 (April 1993): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01536652.

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31

Shek, Daniel T. L., and Li Lin. "What Predicts Adolescent Delinquent Behavior in Hong Kong? A Longitudinal Study of Personal and Family Factors." Social Indicators Research 129, no. 3 (November 13, 2015): 1291–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1170-8.

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32

Tam, Hau-lin. "“Delinquent behaviour as a kind of body politics” against adult regulations — Young people's discourses in Hong Kong." Children and Youth Services Review 33, no. 6 (June 2011): 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.12.013.

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33

Cheng, Christopher. "The Predictive Effects of Self-Esteem, Moral Self, and Moral Reasoning on Delinquent Behaviors of Hong Kong Young People." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 3 (April 24, 2014): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.12.

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34

Newbery, Peter. "A DESCRIPTION OF THE CAREER PATH OF A "STREET KID" IN HONG KONG AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR LABOR LAWS, THE EDUCATION SYSTEM AND SOCIAL SERVICE PROVISION." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 33, no. 01n02 (January 1999): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246299000066.

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A study of existing research focusing on marginal and delinquent youths in Hong Kong makes it possible to describe a typical career path for marginal youths. They typically pass through five stages beginning with casually running away at the age of ten until eventually serving a second prison term at the age of 18. The age of 14 is an important turning point at which young people make crucial decisions, which either take them out of this path or fix them more firmly in it. The fact that 14 is a critical age has implications for labor laws, for the educational system and for the provision of social services. It is suggested that (rather than search for causes) this data makes it possible to identify the target group and prescribe interventions. 现时对香港边缘少年及年青罪犯的研究，可以清楚描述一个典型的边缘少年误入歧途所经过的阶段，就如十岁便离家出走 ... ... 十八岁便已经在监狱第二次服刑。「十四岁」为这些少年，是他们生命中的一个转捩点，他们一是决定回归正途，或是更加泥足深陷，难以自拔。故此劳工法例、教育制度，以及社会服务等，应作出适当的修订及改革。文中的资料并非为研究青年人误入歧途的原因，而是为确认出这类型的青少年及如何为他们提供协助。

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35

Hing, Lo Shiu. "Teaching Hong Kong Politics in Hong Kong." Political Science 49, no. 1 (July 1997): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003231879704900109.

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36

Ho, Louise. "Hong Kong writing and writing Hong Kong." World Englishes 19, no. 3 (November 2000): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-971x.00186.

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37

Churchley, A. R. "Hong Kong." Safety and Reliability 8, no. 3 (September 1988): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09617353.1988.11691174.

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Ng, Mee Kam. "Hong Kong." disP - The Planning Review 46, no. 180 (January 2010): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2010.10557059.

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39

Drakakis-Smith, David, and C. P. Lo. "Hong Kong." Geographical Journal 159, no. 2 (July 1993): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3451419.

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40

Dworkin, M. S. "Hong Kong." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 21 (December 2, 1988): 3216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.260.21.3216.

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41

Go, Frank, Ray Pine, and Ricky Yu. "Hong Kong." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 35, no. 5 (October 1994): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049403500515.

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42

Davies, Derek. "Hong Kong." Asian Affairs 25, no. 1 (March 1994): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714041237.

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43

Zheng, Jinming. "Hong Kong." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 8, no. 2 (April 14, 2015): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2015.1031813.

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44

Hills, Peter, and William Barron. "Hong Kong." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 32, no. 8 (October 1990): 16–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1990.9929046.

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45

Chan, Sally, Frances Kamyuet Wong, and Tanya D. Whitehead. "Hong Kong." Recherche en soins infirmiers N° 100, no. 1 (2010): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rsi.100.0055.

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46

Sparrow, Glen W. "Hong Kong." Cities 5, no. 2 (May 1988): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(88)90002-9.

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47

Wu, R. S. S. "Hong Kong." Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, no. 2 (February 1990): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(90)90186-c.

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48

Pickett, Loretta. "Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong." Spine 33, no. 11 (May 2008): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000319084.13122.ff.

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49

Parris, B. S., and M. L. So. "Hong Kong Ferns. Hong Kong Flora and Fauna Series." Kew Bulletin 51, no. 1 (1996): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4118772.

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50

Sánchez César, Miriam Laura. "Hong Kong 2018." Anuario Asia Pacífico el Colegio de México, no. 18 (January 1, 2019): 190–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/aap.2019.288.

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Abstract:

Desde que Hong Kong pasó a dominio colonial británico como resultado del Tratado de Nanjing de 1842, la brecha entre China continental y la isla se hizo muy amplia, política y económicamente. En primer lugar, gran parte de la población de Hong Kong estaba constituida por chinos que huían de los conflictos en continente (Segunda Guerra Mundial y Guerra Civil China) y de la inestabilidad política y económica de las primeras décadas del régimen maoísta. En segundo lugar, aunque el gobierno colonial de Hong Kong no fue de ninguna manera democrático, garantizaba un respetable nivel de libertades civiles y de derechos humanos; no se puede decir lo mismo del sistema político en China (Wong, 2017). Además, Hong Kong ha practicado una economía de mercado con un alto nivel de internacionalización comparable con el de otros países desarrollados en términos de PIB per cápita. Todas estas diferencias han contribuido a la “crisis de confianza” surgida durante el periodo de transición que se intensificó después de 1989.

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