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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Constitutional courts and deliberative democracy. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2013.

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2

1978-, Röcke Anja, and Herzberg Carsten, eds. Participatory budgeting in Europe: Democracy and public governance. Farnham, Surry, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2016.

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3

1953-, Griffith Gareth, and New South Wales Parliament, eds. Decision and deliberation: The parliament of New South Wales 1856-2003. Sydney: Federation Press, 2005.

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4

Carolyn, Hendriks, ed. The politics of public deliberation: Citizen engagement and interest advocacy. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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5

R, Johnson Timothy, and Wedeking Justin, eds. Oral arguments and coalition formation on the U.S. Supreme Court: A deliberate dialogue. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2012.

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6

Rivera-Rivera, Dominga. Las asociaciones y normas procesales para sus asambleas deliberativas: Guía práctica para la organización y dirección de asociaciones. [Hato Rey, P.R.?]: Casa Editora, 1996.

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7

Forester, John F. Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging Participatory Planning Processes. MIT Press, 1999.

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8

Forester, John F. The Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging Participatory Planning Processes. The MIT Press, 1999.

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9

Consumers And Nanotechnology Deliberative Processes And Methodologies. Pan Stanford Publishing, 2012.

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10

The Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging Participatory Planning Processes. The MIT Press, 1999.

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11

Landwehr, Claudia. Depoliticization, Repoliticization, and Deliberative Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748977.003.0003.

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Deliberative democracy is increasingly criticized as inherently elitist and technocratic, and it is blamed not only for the rise of depoliticized institutions, but also for the rise of anti-political and even populist attitudes in citizens. The chapter analyses the discussion about the depoliticizing implications and effects of deliberation and argues that, contrary to these critics, deliberation must be viewed as a genuinely political mode of interaction. A systemic perspective on deliberation allows us to critically assess the deliberative and democratic qualities of political systems and to see when and where they fail to deliver on their promises. Applied with critical intentions, the deliberative system perspective can be used to identify depoliticized policy areas and undemocratic decision-making processes. Moreover, it can feed into processes of meta-deliberation that allow for a democratization of institutional design.
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12

Kallis, Giorgos, Paula Antunes, Nuno Videira, and Rui Santos. Integrated Deliberative Decision Processes for Water Resources Planning and Evaluation. IWA Publishing, 2007.

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13

(Editor), Giorgos Kallis, Nuno Videira (Editor), and Paula Antunes (Editor), eds. Integrated Deliberative Decision Processes for Water Resources Planning and Evaluation. IWA Publishing, 2007.

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14

Gastil, John. Designing Public Deliberation at the Intersection of Science and Public Policy. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.26.

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An increasingly popular means of engaging the public uses small-scale deliberative forums, with anywhere from a dozen to hundreds or thousands of citizens meeting face-to-face or online to consider policy questions with important scientific dimensions. When designing such processes, policymakers and civic organizations need to consider how they recruit and retain engaged participants, how they structure the deliberative process itself, and the impacts they hope to achieve, not just for participants but also for the wider society. Although research conducted on deliberation shows the efficacy of these processes, the field will benefit from more systematic analysis of alternative deliberative methods, particularly at different points of entry within the policymaking system.
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15

Bächtiger, André, and John Parkinson. Mapping and Measuring Deliberation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672196.001.0001.

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Deliberative democracy has challenged two widely accepted nostrums about democratic politics: that people lack the capacities for effective self-government; and that democratic procedures are arbitrary and do not reflect popular will; indeed, that the idea of popular will is itself illusory. On the contrary, deliberative democrats have shown that people are capable of being sophisticated, creative problem solvers, given the right opportunities in the right kinds of democratic institutions. But deliberative empirical research has its own problems. In this book two leading deliberative scholars review decades of that research and reveal three important issues. First, the concept ‘deliberation’ has been inflated so much as to lose empirical bite; second, deliberation has been equated with entire processes of which it is just one feature; and third, such processes are confused with democracy in a deliberative mode more generally. In other words, studies frequently apply micro-level tools and concepts to make macro- and meso-level judgements, and vice versa. Instead, Bächtiger and Parkinson argue that deliberation must be understood as contingent, performative, and distributed. They argue that deliberation needs to be disentangled from other communicative modes; that appropriate tools need to be deployed at the right level of analysis; and that scholars need to be clear about whether they are making additive judgements or summative ones. They then apply that understanding to set out a new agenda and new empirical tools for deliberative empirical scholarship at the micro, meso, and macro levels.
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16

Robert\'s Rules of Order: Pocket Manual of Rules Of Order For Deliberative Assemblies. BiblioBazaar, 2007.

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17

Maia, Rousiley C. M. Politicization, New Media, and Everyday Deliberation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748977.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates ‘everyday talk’ within the deliberative system. The democratic potential of everyday talk is assessed against the normative criteria of deliberation and then with reference to the politicizing and depoliticizing effects of this practice. Against scholars who argue that government-focused forums and mini-publics are internally more democratic than broader processes of everyday discussion in the public sphere, this chapter contends that there is no space that is intrinsically more deliberative than any other, especially when seen from a network of governance. This chapter argues that connections across governmental networks and social spaces are more intricate in an increasingly hybrid media environment. Everyday talk is becoming ever more important for helping citizens to discover problems that may otherwise remain hidden or consigned to the realm of fate or necessity, converting topics of conversation into issues of broader public concern, and criticizing and demanding review of certain political decisions.
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18

Robert, Henry M. Robert\'s Rules of Order (Large Print Edition): Pocket Manual of Rules Of Order For Deliberative Assemblies. BiblioBazaar, 2007.

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19

Kornblith, Hilary. Philosophy, Science, and Common Sense. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462758.003.0006.

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Wilfrid Sellars recognized a conflict between what he called “the scientific image” of our place in the world, and “the manifest image.” Sellars sought, somehow, to join these views together in spite of their apparent conflict. This chapter argues that we should endorse features of the manifest image only to the extent that they are part of the scientific image. It presents a case study in epistemology, showing how these issues play out in discussion of doxastic deliberation. The manifest image of such deliberation is flatly in conflict with the best current scientific theorizing about the nature of deliberative processes. The only reasonable response to such conflict, the chapter argues, is to embrace the scientific account and reject our first-personal view of deliberation as illusory. This case study is suggestive of a broader conclusion about the relationship between the scientific and the manifest image.
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20

Robert's Rules of order: Revised for deliberative assemblies : inclusive of Robert's Rules of order, five hundred and twenty-fifth thousand. Toronto: W. Briggs, 1996.

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21

Fishkin, James S. Reimagining Democratic Possibilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820291.003.0004.

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Consider four main arguments against applications of deliberative democracy—domination by the more advantaged, polarization, lack of citizen competence, and the gap between mini-publics and the broader society. We consider why these problems seem intractable according to the political theory literature. Drawing on the case studies in Part III, we show that these challenges can be overcome. Thought experiments for deliberation are considered, drawing on work from John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas. The argument for applied deliberative democracy, as in Deliberative Polling, is developed. “Deliberative systems,” where deliberation enters a democratic decision process at one point or another, are discussed. Topics include reform of the US presidential selection process, commissions within specific issue domains such as the Texas utility experience, the Japanese use of Deliberative Polling, and the use of Deliberation Day. The issue of constitutional change is also discussed, drawing on the recent Deliberative Poll in Mongolia.
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22

Deliberation and Democracy: Innovative Processes and Institutions. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.

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23

Coleman, Stephen, Yves Sintomer, and Anna Przybylska. Deliberation and Democracy: Innovative Processes and Institutions. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.

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24

Coleman, Stephen, Yves Sintomer, and Anna Przybylska. Deliberation and Democracy: Innovative Processes and Institutions. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.

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25

Coleman, Stephen, Yves Sintomer, and Anna Przybylska. Deliberation and Democracy: Innovative Processes and Institutions. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.

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26

Coleman, Stephen, Anna Przybylska, and Yves Sintomer, eds. Deliberation and Democracy: Innovative Processes and Institutions. Peter Lang D, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-03727-2.

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27

MacKenzie, Michael K. Future Publics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197557150.001.0001.

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This book challenges the idea that democratic processes are functionally short-sighted. Many observers assume that long-term issues will be ignored or discounted in democratic systems because of the myopic preferences of voters, the political dynamics of short electoral cycles, the exclusion (or absence) of future others in decision-making processes, and the reality that democratic processes are often captured by powerful actors with dominant short-term interests. The evidence is clear: we have poorly managed many long-term issues, including climate change, nuclear waste disposal, plastics pollution, natural disaster preparedness, infrastructure maintenance, and budget deficits. This idea—which Michael K. MacKenzie calls the “democratic myopia thesis”—is a sort of conventional wisdom: It is one of those things that scholars and pundits take for granted as a truth about democracy without subjecting it to adequate critical scrutiny. This book challenges this conventional wisdom and articulates a deliberative, democratic theory of future-regarding collective action. It is argued that each part of the democratic myopia problem can be addressed through democratic—rather than authoritarian—means. At a more fundamental level, the book argues that if democratic practices are world-making activities that empower us to make our shared worlds together, they should also be understood as future-making activities. Despite the short-term dynamics associated with electoral democracy, MacKenzie argues that inclusive and deliberative democratic processes are the only means we have for making our shared futures together in collectively intentional, mutually accommodating ways.
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28

Gray, Barbara, and Jill Purdy. Collaborative Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782841.003.0009.

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Governance involves the processes of managing the delivery of public goods. As problems increase in complexity, governments need capabilities that lie beyond the scope of their agencies. Collaborative governance processes involve nongovernmental stakeholders in the work of government using deliberative processes designed to find consensus on complex public issues. This creates a more comprehensive approach to planning, policy, and implementation than government could achieve on its own. The chapter examines various forms of collaborative governance such as transnational policy regimes (like the Kyoto Protocol), certification schemes (such as the Soya Roundtable), public–private partnerships, co-management of natural resources and mandated collaboration. Numerous examples reveal barriers, tensions, structural features, leadership roles, and frameworks for evaluating the success of collaborative governance arrangements.
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29

Epstein, Joshua M. Extensions. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158884.003.0004.

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This part discusses the fourteen extensions of Agent_Zero: endogenous destructive radii; age and impulse control; fight vs. flight; replication of the Latané–Darley experiment; introduction of memory; couplings (entanglement of passion and reason); endogenous dynamics of connection strength; growing the 2011 Arab Spring; jury processes; endogenous dynamics of network structure; multiple social levels; the 18th Brumaire of Agent_Zero; prices and seasonal economic cycles; and mutual escalation spirals. Each of these extensions is explained in detail. In particular, the affective, deliberative, and social components of Agent_Zero are modeled as independent; they all affect disposition and they are entangled. This part also presents examples involving the activation of the yellow spatial sites as well as violent occupation by Blue Agent_Zero actors.
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30

Ekenberg, Love. Deliberation, Representation, Equity: Research Approaches, Tools and Algorithms for Participatory Processes. Open Book Publishers, 2017.

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31

Ackerman, Bruce A., and James S. Fishkin. Deliberation Day. Yale University Press, 2004.

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32

Anderson, Amanda. Psychology contra Morality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755821.003.0002.

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This chapter summarizes key elements of the challenge psychology has posed to morality beginning with Freud and extending to three consequential claims of the current literature on social psychology and cognitive science: the undermining of deliberative moral agency by intuitive or automatic processes; the post-hoc or rationalizing nature of moral reasoning; and the emphasis on psychological mechanisms of self-justification. A clear resonance between the challenge to rational agency in the history of literary studies and the claims of more recent forms of psychology is established, leading to discussion of those elements of moral experience that elude both of these frameworks. Focusing on the importance of moral experience in time (especially with respect to slow processes such as grief or repair), this chapter establishes the persistent importance of moral understanding and moral transformation, both in ordinary life and in literary genres and modes.
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33

Lacey, Joseph. Democratic Process and Democratic Purpose. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796886.003.0002.

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Theories of democracy have been refined to two main types by the latter part of the twentieth century, namely competitive and deliberative theories. This chapter attempts to provide an improved articulation of democracy by highlighting two concepts commonly overlooked by both schools of thought. These are the voting space that structures public discourse and the democratic difference principle that regulates power inequalities in a democratic system. The author’s conception of democratic legitimacy can be briefly summarized as prescribing the maximization of citizen control over the decisions in which they have a stake, through a moderate proliferation of voting spaces and the opinion formation processes they engender. In practical terms, this may be translated as the need for multilevel electoral bodies and corresponding multifaceted direct democratic institutions.
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34

Psygkas, Athanasios. France. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632762.003.0003.

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This chapter presents the first country case. The French example is illuminating because the EU procedural mandates were transposed into a policymaking environment traditionally described as “statist” and suspicious toward interest groups. This pattern has its origins in the French Revolution and the “republican” perception of the state which would squarely oppose the deliberative-participatory model of chapter 1. Chapter 3 examines how the EU push for new mechanisms of public accountability has translated into institutional practice in the electronic communications sector. It situates these developments in the historical context of the evolution of the French administrative model and state-society relations. It also discusses whether these new processes may gradually give rise to a different perception of the administrative state, one that will be more open to participatory influences in all sectors of administrative policymaking.
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35

Scoones, Ian. Agricultural Futures. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.031.

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Global assessments have become central to international debates on a range of key policy issues. They attempt to combine “expert assessment” with processes of “stakeholder consultation” in what are presented as global, participatory assessments on key issues of major international importance. This chapter focuses on the IAASTD—the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development—through a detailed analysis of the underlying knowledge politics involved, centered particularly on the controversy over genetically modified crops. Global assessments contribute to a new landscape of governance in the international arena, offering the potential for links between the local and the global and new ways of articulating citizen engagement with global processes of decision making and policy. The chapter argues that in global assessments the politics of knowledge need to be made more explicit and that negotiations around politics and values must be put center stage. The black-boxing of uncertainty, or the eclipsing of more fundamental clashes over interpretation and meaning, must be avoided for processes of participation and engagement in global assessments to become more meaningful, democratic, and accountable. A critique is thus offered of simplistic forms of deliberative democratic practice and the need to “bring politics back in” is affirmed.
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36

Brett, Mark G. Narrative Deliberation in Biblical Politics. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.47.

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A number of social theorists have recently expressed doubts about the possibility of political deliberation in ancient Israel on the grounds that divine initiative in biblical narrative ultimately tends to overwhelm merely human action. Michael Walzer, for example, suggests that debates among tribal elders might provide evidence of political deliberation, but the absence of such debate in biblical narrative leads him to think that elders came to have a “secular and non-covenantal character” in the eyes of biblical narrators. This chapter argues that the arrival of kingship in Israel was forged through the deliberations of tribal elders, rather than through the application of Deuteronomy’s law of kingship, and that this is briefly, but quite explicitly, depicted in a number of narratives. The biblical texts then reveal an ongoing process of reflection on the performance of kings, with northern tribal elders and southern “people of the land” taking decisive political initiatives.
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37

Sexual harassment in academic institutions: The effects of grievance procedures on deliberation processes and outcomes. 1994.

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38

Kyritsis, Dimitrios. Two Modes of Judicial Deference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672257.003.0007.

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In order to preserve the courts’ subsidiarity, even when they monitor the legislature, we must develop a suitable concept of judicial deference. This is the aim of this chapter. It distinguishes two modes of deference, the epistemic and the robust. On the epistemic model, deference affects the deliberative process of judges but does not change the standard by which we evaluate legislative decisions. On the robust model, deference does not affect judicial deliberation but changes what is the right thing to do; it may require giving effect to the authority’s decision, although it is sub-optimal as far as its content is concerned on the strength of countervailing considerations of institutional design. These two modes of deference can also be combined (composite deference). Deference, thus understood, is not erratic and ad hoc but sensitive to reasons of political morality and amenable to rational application.
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39

(Editor), Craig E. Taylor, and Erik Vanmarcke (Editor), eds. INfrastructure Risk Management Processes: Natural, Accidental, and Deliberate Hazards (Asce Council on Disaster Risk Management Monograph). American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005.

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40

Blanshard, Alastair J. L. Jurors and Serial Killers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190649890.003.0006.

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In this chapter, Blanshard examines one of the peculiarities of deliberative practice in the Athenian democratic governmental system, namely the tendency for decision-making to occur within the supportive presence of a network of peers. No major life decision, whether it related to the marriage of children, the sale of property, or the arrangements of funerals, was taken without wide consultation among friends and family. This means that when individuals were forced into situations of decision-making without the presence of their support networks, those decisions became, at the least, unsettling and potentially traumatic. One of the few occasions where we find such isolated decision-making is the Athenian lawcourt. The process of jury-sortition, combined with randomized seating allocation within the lawcourt, meant that the Athenian juror when he sat to deliberate was uniquely alone. Analysis of forensic rhetoric reveals how orators played up this sense of isolation and confusion.
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41

Donovan, Caitrin, Cordelia Fine, and Jeanette Kennett. Reliable and Unreliable Judgments About Reasons. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.41.

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The new skepticism about practical reason is predicated upon empirical findings which challenge the primacy traditionally afforded to reasoning in contexts of normative deliberation. These findings, which are associated with dual-process theories of cognition, are taken to support two skeptical claims: our reasons for action are not what we take them to be, and reasoning is an unreliable means for arriving at reliable judgments. After providing a critical overview of empirically based skepticism and its implications, we argue that skeptics underestimate the role that reasoning processes play in moral deliberation. We then canvass ways in which threats to the reliability of individual-level moral reasoning can be countenanced by social-level practices such as “nudging,” inter-agent reasoning, and testimonial expertise.
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42

Browning, Birch P. Coda. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928200.003.0013.

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This chapter is a retrospective view of some of the key topics from the text. The concept of deliberate practice introduced earlier is extended to deliberate learning. Steps to assure deliberate learning, including setting high goals and making a plan to reach them, focusing on the fundamentals, sharing one’s work for input from colleagues, managing time and staying on task, and developing a firm work ethic, are outlined. Transforming the myth of talent into the habit of hard work is reviewed and encouraged. The reader-student is asked to carefully consider how he or she will build and project the desired identity and roles as a musician and a pedagogue in a suitable community of practice. Probing questions are asked about the reader-student’s growth process and advances in understanding many key concepts and processes that inform the work of becoming a musician-pedagogue.
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43

Lafont, Cristina. Democracy without Shortcuts. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848189.001.0001.

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This book articulates a participatory conception of deliberative democracy that takes the democratic ideal of self-government seriously. It aims to improve citizens’ democratic control and vindicate the value of citizens’ participation against conceptions that threaten to undermine it. The book critically analyzes deep pluralist, epistocratic, and lottocratic conceptions of democracy. Their defenders propose various institutional “shortcuts” to help solve problems of democratic governance such as overcoming disagreements, citizens’ political ignorance, or poor-quality deliberation. However, it turns out that these shortcut proposals all require citizens to blindly defer to actors over whose decisions they cannot exercise control. Implementing such proposals would therefore undermine democracy. Moreover, it seems naïve to assume that a community can reach better outcomes “faster” if it bypasses the beliefs and attitudes of its citizens. Unfortunately, there are no “shortcuts” to making a community better than its members. The only road to better outcomes is the long, participatory road that is taken when citizens forge a collective will by changing one another’s hearts and minds. However difficult the process of justifying political decisions to one another may be, skipping it cannot get us any closer to the democratic ideal. Starting from this conviction, the author defends a conception of democracy “without shortcuts.” This conception sheds new light on long-standing debates about the proper scope of public reason, the role of religion in politics, and the democratic legitimacy of judicial review. It also proposes new ways to unleash the democratic potential of institutional innovations such as deliberative minipublics.
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44

Clune, David, and Gareth Griffith. Decision and Deliberation: The Parliament of New South Wales 1856-2003. Federation Press, 2006.

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45

Pidgeon, Nick, Barbara Herr Harthorn, Terre Satterfield, and Christina Demski. Cross-National Comparative Communication and Deliberation About the Risks of Nanotechnologies. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.16.

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This chapter presents some of the methodological and philosophical challenges faced when conducting public engagement with emerging technologies. The intellectual origins and challenges of conducting upstream public engagement for science communication are discussed, illustrated through the case of nanotechnologies. A series of cross-national workshops held simultaneously in the United States and the UK are described. Findings included that benefits continued to be weighted more heavily than risks in participants’ perceptions of nanotechnologies, as well as did the type of application; that there were more US–UK cross-cultural similarities than differences in the data; the differences that did emerge were both subtle and contextual; and that discourses about social concerns rather than physical risk issues were more salient for participants in both countries. Four methodological challenges for upstream engagement are outlined. We argue that we must also place diverse publics and other concerned stakeholders at the heart of processes of responsible innovation
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46

Democratic Deliberation In Deeply Divided Societies From Conflict To Common Ground. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

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47

van Hooft, Edwin. Self-Regulatory Perspectives in the Theory of Planned Job Search Behavior: Deliberate and Automatic Self-Regulation Strategies to Facilitate Job Seeking. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.31.

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Because job search often is a lengthy process accompanied by complexities, disruptions, rejections, and other adversities, job seekers need self-regulation to initiate and maintain job search behaviors for obtaining employment goals. This chapter reviews goal/intention properties (e.g., specificity, proximity, conflicts, motivation type) and skills, beliefs, strategies, and capacities (e.g., self-monitoring skills and type, trait and momentary self-control capacity, nonlimited willpower beliefs, implementation intentions, goal-shielding and goal maintenance strategies) that facilitate self-regulation and as such may moderate the relationship between job search intentions and job search behavior. For each moderator, a theoretical rationale is developed based on self-regulation theory linked to the theory of planned job search behavior, available empirical support is reviewed, and future research recommendations are provided. The importance of irrationality and nonconscious processes is discussed; examples are given of hypoegoic self-regulation strategies that reduce the need for deliberate self-regulation and conscious control by automatizing job search behaviors.
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48

de Figueiredo, John M., and Edward H. Stiglitz. Democratic Rulemaking. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.014.

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This chapter examines to what extent agency rulemaking is democratic. It identifies four major theoretical approaches to administrative rulemaking: the unitary executive theory, emphasizing presidential control and accountability; the structure and process school of thought, emphasizing congressional control; the insulation perspective, holding that the public interest and democratic values are often best advanced by limiting political control over administrative agencies; and the deliberative perspective, arguing that rulemaking is the “best hope” for achieving a vision of deliberative democracy. Each theory is evaluated in light of two normative benchmarks: a “democratic” benchmark based on voter preferences, and a “republican” benchmark based on the preferences of elected representatives. It then evaluates how the empirical evidence lines up in light of these two approaches. The chapter concludes with a discussion of avenues for future research.
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49

Gianni, Matteo. The Migration-Mobility Nexus: Rethinking Citizenship and Integration as Processes1. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428231.003.0010.

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In Western societies multiculturalism is increasingly perceived neither as a legitimate nor an efficient way to promote a fair conception of citizenship and an efficient integration of religious and cultural minorities. This has led to a higher political relevance of the notion of integration, defining the perimeter and the modalities of accommodation of minority groups. However, the dominant existing conceptions of integration and citizenship implicitly assume the immobility of immigrants. The chapter aims at thinking about a conception of democratic integration which is suited to tackle issues related to mobility of individuals and groups. It discusses the concept of integration in distinguishing two main conceptions of it, namely integration as adjustment and integration as an inter-subjective process of negotiation and/or reinterpretation of the specific content of common values and of common belonging. On the basis of the moral superiority of integration as process over integration as adaptation, there are not compelling reasons that this should preclude mobile individuals. Immobility is not needed to deliberate about democratic norms of common belonging. But this cannot result in the diminution of rights and resources of individuals who do not have the choice of mobility. Multicultural terms of fair integration are therefore still needed to accommodate societies where minority groups are marked by difference.
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50

Manuel José Cepeda, Espinosa, and Landau David. Part Three The Separation of Powers, 10 The Congress: Problems of Abdication and Deliberation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190640361.003.0010.

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Just as the Colombian president has historically been very strong, the Colombian Congress has historically played a relatively minor role in the conduct of national policy. The 1991 Constituent Assembly sought to rationalize congressional behavior and give it a more substantial role. However, problems of legislative corruption and dysfunctionality have persisted. This chapter reviews the Court’s attempts to police the scope of congressional inviolability, limit congressional delegation to the executive, and incentivize and ensure adequate legislative deliberation in the lawmaking process. This jurisprudence has sought to alter legislative behavior and ensure that laws are a product of adequate social deliberation, thus improving the role of the Colombian Congress in public life.
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