Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Delay-Doppler'

For more than twenty years, conventional altimeters like Topex, Poseidon-2 or Poseidon-3, have been delivering waveforms that are used to estimate many parameters such as the range between the satellite and the observed scene, the wave height and the wind speed. Several waveform models and estimation processing have been developed for the oceanic data in order to improve the quality of the estimated altimetric parameters. Moreover, a great effort has been devoted to process coastal echoes in order to move the altimetric measurements closer to the coast. In this thesis, we are interested in resolving these two problems, i.e., processing coastal waveforms and improving the quality of the estimated oceanic parameters. The first part of the study considers the problem of coastal waveforms and proposes a new altimetric model taking into account the possible presence of peaks affecting altimetric echoes. In a second part of our work, we have been interested in the delay/Doppler altimetry. This new technology aims at reducing the measurement noise and increasing the alongtrack resolution when compared to conventional altimetry. Two altimetric models have been developed in order to estimate the resulting delay/Doppler echoes. These models allow a clear improvement in parameter estimation when compared to conventional altimetry.

ITC/USA 2012 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Eighth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2012 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California
Radio transmission channel influences greatly the quality of transmitted voice and data signal in terms of data rate and robustness. This degradation is as a result of many factors, notable amongst them are having multiple replica of the transmitted signal at the receiver (multipath), changes of frequency as a result of the movement of the aircraft (Doppler shift) and noise. This paper characterizes the scattered components of the aeronautical channel in terms of delay spread. Geometric representation is used to derive expressions for the maximum delay spread using the 2-ray model and the three dimensional model of the scattered path. Furthermore, the delay and Doppler frequencies are described as a function of the horizontal distance to the specular reflection point between a ground station and a test article. The simulated results are compared to measured data of related articles and the value of the maximum delay spread is compared with the proposed intersymbol guard band for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the Integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) program to see if this proposition can be adapted to the aeronautical channel.

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP)
Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR)
Os sistemas de ultrassom para imagens médicas sempre estão em evolução. Na área de imagem Doppler, em que se pode observar o movimento do objeto, principalmente o fluxo sanguíneo, encontram-se algumas técnicas para obtenção de melhor qualidade de imagem. Os principais problemas da técnica Doppler são a complexidade e a quantidade de dados a serem processados para a formação das imagens. Este trabalho buscou avaliar dois métodos para processamento de imagens Doppler. Inicialmente, foram realizados estudos com o beamforming tradicional gerado pela plataforma de pesquisas ULTRA-ORS no laboratório de ultrassom. Após, foram realizados estudos com o equipamento Verasonics Vantage™ utilizando geração de onda de ultrassom planas, plane-wave, com um transdutor linear modelo L11-4v de 128 elementos. Os phantoms utilizados foram o CIRS Doppler String Phantom model 043 e o Doppler Flow Phantoms & Pumping Systems da ATS. Foram implementados algoritmos para reconstrução das imagens em modo B no Matlab® utilizando os métodos delay-and-sum e f-k migration, com a geração de imagens Doppler colorido e Power Doppler. Os dados para geração de imagem modo B com plane-wave foram adquiridos com variação de 1 a 75 ângulos, na faixa entre -8,88° e 8,88°, com passo de 0,24°. Os resultados obtidos com o f-k migration apresentaram maior resolução, com erros de 1,0 % e 0,8 % para as resoluções lateral e axial, respectivamente, enquanto o método DAS apresentou erros de 12,0 % para resolução lateral e 10,0 % para resolução axial. Para geração das imagens Doppler com plane-wave os dados foram adquiridos com variação de 1 a 21 ângulos, na faixa entre -15,0° e 15,0°, com passo de 1,5°. A estimação da velocidade através da técnica Doppler apresentou melhores resultados utilizando-se o método DAS, com erro de 8,3 %, enquanto o método f-k migration apresentou erro de 16,6 %. Analisando-se os resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que a técnica plane-wave permite a geração de imagens com maior taxa de quadros por segundo do que os métodos tradicionais. Também pode se observar que o método f-k migration gera imagens de maior qualidade com menor número de ângulos de aquisição, cerca de 9 ângulos, porém possui pior desempenho para geração de imagens Doppler quando comparado ao DAS.
The medical ultrasound equipment is always evolving. In the field of Doppler imaging, which object movement and mainly blood flow of vessels can be measured, there are some techniques to improve image quality. The main problems of the Doppler technique are the complexity and the amount of data to be processed for the image reconstruction. The aim of this work was to evaluate two methods for Doppler images processing. Initially, studies were carried out with the traditional beamforming technique, generated by the research platform ULTRA-ORS in the ultrasound laboratory. Then, with the Verasonics Vantage™ equipment, it was generated ultrasound plane waves with a linear transducer L11-4v of 128 elements. Two Doppler phantoms were used, the CIRS Doppler String Phantom model 043 and the Doppler Flow Phantoms & Pumping Systems from ATS. Algorithms for B mode image reconstruction were developed in Matlab® using the methods Delay-and-Sum and f-k Migration to generate Color Doppler and Power Doppler images. The B mode images with plane-wave were generated from the data acquired with 1 to 75 angles, ranging from -8.88° to 8.88° and 0.24º step. The f-k migration’s results presented higher resolutions than DAS method, with errors of 1.0 % and 0.8 % for lateral and axial resolutions, respectively, while the DAS method presented errors of 12.0 % for lateral resolution and 10.0 % for axial resolution. The data for color Doppler images with plane-wave generation were acquired with 1 to 21 angles, ranging from -15.0° to 15.0°and 1.5° step. The Doppler velocity estimation using the DAS method showed better results (error of 8.3 %) than the f-k migration (error of 16.6 %). Analyzing the obtained results, it was possible to see that the plane wave imaging technique allows the improvement of the frame-rate, being faster than traditional methods. Additionally, it was verified that f-k migration method produces images with better quality using less steering angles, approximately 9 angles, but it shows worse performance when generating Doppler images.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California
RF Communication (COMMS) systems where receivers and transmitters are in motion must be proven rigorously over an array of natural RF link perturbations such as Carrier Doppler shift, Signal Doppler shift, delay, path loss and noise. These perturbations play significant roles in COMMS systems involving satellites, aircraft, UAVs, missiles, targets and ground stations. In these applications, COMMS system devices must also be tested against increasingly sophisticated intentional and unintentional interference, which must result in negligible impact on quality of service. Field testing and use of traditional test and measurement equipment will need to be substantially augmented with physics-compliant channel emulation equipment that broadens the scope, depth and coverage of such tests, while decreasing R&D and test costs and driving in quality. This paper describes dynamic link emulation driven by advanced antenna and motion modeling, detailed propagation models and link budget methods for realistic, nominal and worst-case hardware-in-the-loop test and verification.

The aim of this thesis is to estimate parameters of the moving target using different radar configurations. First the Doppler effect and the time delay of the received signal is examined. The investigation of these phenomenons is made for radial and non-radial movement of simple monostatic radar configuration and after that for the bistatic and multistatic MIMO configuration. The ambiguity function is presented for all these configurations. The ambiguity function is then used to estimate target parameters from the received signal. The received signal model and ambiguity function for the monostatic radar configuration is developed using Matlab software. Finally the practical use of these implementations is presented and compared.

Precision measurements of spacecraft range-rate enabled by two-way microwave links are used in navigation and in radio science experiments as planetary geodesy. The final accuracies in the observables depend almost linearly on the Doppler noise in the link. Among all the types of noise that enter a Doppler measurement, the most important are thermal noise, spacecraft antenna buffeting and ground antenna mechanical noise. Several effects at different time scales are responsible for the antenna mechanical noise, such as wind loading, bulk motion due to irregularities in the supporting azimuth ring, unmodeled subreflector motion and long-term differential thermal expansion. Therefore, it is not always simple to prevent and relieve this source of noise. The following thesis is aimed at improve the Doppler measurements exploiting a noise-cancellation technique proposed by John W. Armstrong et al. and elaborated by Virginia Notaro et al. from the mechanical and aerospace engineering department at the Sapienza University. The Time-Delay Mechanical Noise Cancellation (TDMC) technique consists in a combination of Doppler measurements given by a two-way antenna and an additional one which should be stiffer, smaller and placed in a site with good tropospheric conditions. The antenna considered for the two-way link is the DSS 25 in Goldstone, CA from NASA; for the three-way antenna has been taken the 12-m Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) in Chajnantor, Chile. The simulation is performed for a 1000 s integration time.

Thesis (M.S. in Engineering Science (Electrical Engineering))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Murali Tummala, Roberto Cristi. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71). Also available online.

La tomographie acoustique oceanique s'est developpee depuis une quinzaine d'annees en apparaissant comme un moyen jusque-la inexistant d'observer la dynamique des oceans sur des espaces de grandes echelles (100, 1000 km) et sur de longues periodes (1 mois, 1 an). Mais le principe de faisabilite de la methode est encore au cur du probleme surtout pour les zones experimentees par les laboratoires francais et europeens. Les resultats experimentaux ont remis en cause les procedes classiques de traitement du signal. Les instruments et la chaine de pretraitement ont fait l'objet d'une etude complete. Nous mettons en evidence les proprietes de la reponse impulsionnelle instrumentale et l'impact du doppler sur le systeme de mesure des temps de propagation des trajets multiples. Les proprietes spatiales du doppler et la sensibilite des signaux utilises en font une grandeur qui peut etre maintenant exploitee sous la forme d'une antenne a ouverture synthetique. Les methodes avancees de traitement du signal necessaires pour estimer les temps de propagation des trajets multiples et pour les identifier aux trajectoires predites par un modele acoustique sont formalisees avec les outils statistiques de decision. L'estimation bayesienne de temps de retard est analysee en detail et les domaines ou elle ameliore la precision des estimateurs sont donnes. Un nouveau concept, resolvant le probleme de l'identification, est propose. Il utilise d'une maniere fondamentale une information d'origine oceanique et un modele acoustique de trace de rayons. Les algorithmes qui en decoulent permettent d'identifier statistiquement les trajets acoustiques instables ou non resolus. Tous les concepts proposes sont valides sur des donnees experimentales

This thesis aims to contribute to the developments of wireless communication systems. The work generally consists of three parts: the first part is a discussion on general digital communication systems, the second part focuses on wireless channel modelling and fading mitigation techniques, and in the third part we discuss the possible application of advanced digital signal processing, especially time-frequency representation and blind source separation, to wireless communication systems. The first part considers general digital communication systems which will be incorporated in later parts. Today's wireless communication system is a subbranch of a general digital communication system that employs various techniques of A/D (Analog to Digital) conversion, source coding, error correction, coding, modulation, and synchronization, signal detection in noise, channel estimation, and equalization. We study and develop the digital communication algorithms to enhance the performance of wireless communication systems. In the Second Part we focus on wireless channel modelling and fading mitigation techniques. A modified Jakes' method is developed for Rayleigh fading channels. We investigate the level-crossing rate (LCR), the average duration of fades (ADF), the probability density function (PDF), the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and the autocorrelation functions (ACF) of this model. The simulated results are verified against the analytical Clarke's channel model. We also construct frequency-selective geometrical-based hyperbolically distributed scatterers (GBHDS) for a macro-cell mobile environment with the proper statistical characteristics. The modified Clarke's model and the GBHDS model may be readily expanded to a MIMO channel model thus we study the MIMO fading channel, specifically we model the MIMO channel in the angular domain. A detailed analysis of Gauss-Markov approximation of the fading channel is also given. Two fading mitigation techniques are investigated: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and spatial diversity. In the Third Part, we devote ourselves to the exciting fields of Time-Frequency Analysis and Blind Source Separation and investigate the application of these powerful Digital Signal Processing (DSP) tools to improve the performance of wireless communication systems.

by Wing-Kit Chung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-127).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Application of Time Delay and Doppler Shift Estimation in Active Radar --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Joint Time delay and Doppler Shift Estimation Algorithm based on Correlation --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- A Brief Review of Radar Signal Design --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Suppression of Range Sidelobes Level --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Reduction of Ambiguity of Delay-Doppler Plane --- p.8
Chapter 1.4 --- Goal and Outline of the Thesis --- p.9
Chapter 2 --- CAF and Pulse Diversity for Radar Signals --- p.11
Chapter 2.1 --- Radar Ambiguity Function --- p.12
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Properties of Radar Ambiguity Function --- p.12
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Ideal Ambiguity Function --- p.13
Chapter 2.2 --- Composite Ambiguity Function (CAF) --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Properties of Composite Ambiguity Function --- p.15
Chapter 2.3 --- CAF of Joint Phase and Frequency Shift Keying (PSK-FSK) Mod- ulated Signal --- p.17
Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.21
Chapter 3 --- CAF Algorithm and Its Performance Analysis --- p.22
Chapter 3.1 --- CAF Algorithm for Time Delay and Doppler Shift Estimation --- p.23
Chapter 3.2 --- The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound of the CAF Algorithm --- p.24
Chapter 3.3 --- Performance Analysis of the CAF Algorithm --- p.28
Chapter 3.4 --- Global Accuracy --- p.31
Chapter 3.5 --- Numerical Results for Derivation of CAF Algorithm --- p.35
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Simulation Results of CRLB for Various Multi-pulse Signals --- p.35
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Simulation Results of Global Accuracy for Various Multi- pulse Signals --- p.36
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Simulation on Global Accuracy with Different Parameters --- p.37
Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.39
Chapter 4 --- Optimum Pulse-Diverse Waveforms Design --- p.46
Chapter 4.1 --- Criteria for Optimum Waveforms --- p.46
Chapter 4.2 --- Optimum Signals Based on Joint Phase and Frequency Shift Key- ing (PSK-FSK) Modulated Signal --- p.48
Chapter 4.3 --- Genetic Algorithm (GA) --- p.50
Chapter 4.4 --- Numerical Results --- p.54
Chapter 4.4.1 --- "Comparison of Optimized PSK, FSK and PSK-FSK Signals" --- p.55
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Simulation on Large Number of Pulses for Pulse-diverse Waveform Set --- p.59
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Simulation Results of CAF algorithm for Time Delay and Doppler Shift Estimation --- p.63
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Various Distribution of Ambiguity Volume on the Delay- Doppler Plane --- p.70
Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.74
Chapter 5 --- Wideband CAF (WCAF) and Its Analysis --- p.75
Chapter 5.1 --- WCAF Algorithm for Time Delay and Doppler Stretch Estimation --- p.76
Chapter 5.2 --- Theory of Wavelet Packets --- p.77
Chapter 5.3 --- Design of Wideband Optimum Waveforms for WCAF Algorithm --- p.80
Chapter 5.4 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.82
Chapter 5.4.1 --- The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound of WCAF Algorithm --- p.83
Chapter 5.4.2 --- The Global Accuracy of WCAF Algorithm --- p.84
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Numerical Results --- p.86
Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.89
Chapter 6 --- Conclusion and Suggestion for Future Research --- p.90
Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusion --- p.90
Chapter 6.2 --- Suggestion for Future Research --- p.93
Chapter A --- Derivation of Ambiguity Function and CAF --- p.94
Chapter A.1 --- Properties of Radar Ambiguity Function --- p.94
Chapter A.2 --- Properties of Composite Ambiguity Function --- p.96
Chapter B --- Derivation of Fisher Information Matrix of CAF Algorithm --- p.98
Chapter C --- Derivation of Performance Analysis of CAF Algorithm --- p.103
Chapter C.1 --- Derivation of TD and DS Estimate by Proposed Estimator --- p.103
Chapter C.2 --- Derivation the Asymptotic Variance of The Estimates --- p.106
Chapter D --- Derivation of Probability of Decision Error --- p.113
Chapter E --- PSK-FSK Modulating Code of Various Multi-pulse Signals --- p.116
Chapter F --- Derivation of Wavelet-Based Wideband CAF --- p.120
Chapter F.1 --- Volume of Wideband Ambiguity Function --- p.120
Chapter F.2 --- Volume of Wideband Composite Ambiguity Function --- p.121
Bibliography --- p.123

by Xin-xin Niu.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references.
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
The estimation of time delay and Doppler difference of a signal arriving at two physically separated sensors is investigated in this thesis. Usually, modified cross power spectrum coupled with Doppler compensation is used to detect a common, passive signal received at two separated sensors. Another successful approach uses the cross coherence to achieve this goal. This thesis modifies these two techniques to model the Doppler difference via an autoregressive (AR) technique. Analytical results are derived and experimentally verified via a computer simulation. Performance at high and low signal to noise ratios (SNRs) is examined.
http://archive.org/details/armodelingofcohe00leej
Captain, Korea Air Force

Bruce R. Musicus and Ehud Weinstein.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-156).
Supported by the USA AMCCOM and ARDEC. Supported by the U.S. Army Research Office managed by Battelle. DAAL03-86-D-0001 Supported in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency monitored by ONR. N00014-85-K-0272

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are satellite based systems primarily capable of determining the location of receivers on the Earth. However, these systems can also receive and process bistatically surface reflected signals, studying the scattering from the signal off the reflection surface. In order to achieve these results, accurate and fast technology are necessary. In this work, a Delay-Doppler mapping module of a GNSS system has been implemented in VHDL and synthesized on FPGA Xilinx-Virtex 6 to map the delay and frequency domains of Earth scattered signals. The designed system presents high timing performance to provide quick and accurate measurements. In this work, a FFT based GNSS mapping algorithms has been designed to process raw samples GNSS data. The remote sensing module has been implemented, generating all the 32 possible C/A codes and then processing the received signal for each of the 32 C/A codes in a pipelined circuit. Once the GNSS power signals have been detected, a final detector is used to compare all the GNSS power signals found with a magnitude twice the noise and with the highest peak to detect the best candidate signal for the Delay Doppler Map (DDM). Different timing delay ranges and Doppler frequency ranges have been considered to compare the performance of the mapping algorithm. The use of an FPGA based algorithm permits significantly higher performance and greater flexibility than software based solutions and opens up the GNSS remote sensing application for integration into real-time instruments.

Systeme mit Zeitverzögerung sind dadurch charakterisiert, dass deren zukünftige Entwicklung durch den Zustand zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt nicht eindeutig festgelegt ist. Die Historie des Zustands muss in einem Zeitraum bekannt sein, dessen Länge Totzeit genannt wird und die Gedächtnislänge festlegt. In dieser Arbeit werden fundamentale Effekte untersucht, die sich ergeben, wenn die Totzeit zeitlich variiert wird. Im ersten Teil werden zwei Klassen periodischer Totzeitvariationen eingeführt. Da diese von den dynamischen Eigenschaften einer eindimensionalen iterierten Abbildung abgeleitet werden, die über die Totzeit definiert wird, werden die Klassen entsprechend der zugehörigen Dynamik konservativ oder dissipativ genannt. Systeme mit konservativer Totzeit können in Systeme mit konstanter Totzeit transformiert werden und besitzen gleiche charakteristische Eigenschaften. Dagegen weisen Systeme mit dissipativer Totzeit fundamentale Unterschiede z.B. in der Tangentialraumdynamik auf. Im zweiten Teil werden diese Ergebnisse auf Systeme angewendet, deren Totzeit im Vergleich zur internen Relaxationszeit des Systems groß ist. Es zeigt sich, dass ein durch dissipative Totzeitvariationen induzierter Mechanismus, genannt resonanter Dopplereffekt, unter anderem zu neuen Arten chaotischer Dynamik führt. Diese sind im Vergleich zur bekannten chaotischen Dynamik in Systemen mit konstanter Totzeit sehr niedrig-dimensional. Als Spezialfall wird das so genannte laminare Chaos betrachtet, dessen Zeitreihen durch nahezu konstante Phasen periodischer Dauer gekennzeichnet sind, deren Amplitude chaotisch variiert. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wird auf der Basis experimenteller Daten und durch die Analyse einer nichtlinearen retardierten Langevin-Gleichung gezeigt, dass laminares Chaos robust gegenüber Störungen wie zum Beispiel Rauschen ist und experimentell realisiert werden kann. Es werden Methoden zur Zeitreihenanalyse entwickelt, um laminares Chaos in experimentellen Daten ohne Kenntnis des erzeugenden Systems zu detektieren. Mit diesen Methoden ist selbst dann eine Detektion möglich, wenn das Rauschen so stark ist, dass laminares Chaos mit bloßem Auge nur schwer erkennbar ist.:1. Introduction 2. Dissipative and conservative delays in systems with time-varying delay 3. Laminar Chaos and the resonant Doppler effect 4. Laminar Chaos: a robust phenomenon 5. Summary and concluding remarks A. Appendix
In systems with time-delay, the evolution of a system is not uniquely determined by the state at the current time. The history of the state must be known for a time period of finite duration, where the duration is called delay and determines the memory length of the system. In this work, fundamental effects arising from a temporal variation of the time-delay are investigated. In the first part, two classes of periodically time-varying delays are introduced. They are related to a specific dynamics of a one-dimensional iterated map that is defined by the time-varying delay. Referring to the related map dynamics the classes are called conservative or dissipative. Systems with conservative delay can be transformed into systems with constant delay, and thus have the same characteristic properties as constant delay systems. In contrast, there are fundamental differences, for instance, in the tangent space dynamics, between systems with dissipative delay and systems with constant delay. In the second part, these results are applied to systems with a delay that is considered large compared to the internal relaxation time of the system. It is shown that a mechanism induced by dissipative delays leads to new kinds of regular and chaotic dynamics. The dynamics caused by the so-called resonant Doppler effect is fundamentally different from the behavior known from systems with constant delay. For instance, the chaotic attractors in systems with dissipative delay are very low-dimensional compared to typical ones arising in systems with constant delay. An example of this new kind of low-dimensional dynamics is given by the so-called Laminar Chaos. It is characterized by nearly constant laminar phases of periodic duration, where the amplitude varies chaotically. In the third part of this work, it is shown that Laminar Chaos is a robust phenomenon, which survives perturbations such as noise and can be observed experimentally. Therefore experimental data is provided and a nonlinear delayed Langevin equation is analyzed. Using the robust features that characterize Laminar Chaos, methods for time series analysis are developed, which enable us to detect Laminar Chaos without the knowledge of the specific system that has generated the time series. By these methods Laminar Chaos can be detected even for comparably large noise strengths, where the characteristic properties are nearly invisible to the eye.:1. Introduction 2. Dissipative and conservative delays in systems with time-varying delay 3. Laminar Chaos and the resonant Doppler effect 4. Laminar Chaos: a robust phenomenon 5. Summary and concluding remarks A. Appendix

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia de Comunicações
This dissertation aims to describe all the research work performed to study binary digital modulations in the aquatic environment using acoustic waves. The underwater environment is considered an unreliable communication system due to countless factors affecting the propagation of the acoustic waves such as: high attenuation at long distances, low sound speed, existence of great noise diversity, multipath and Doppler effect. These features make it extremely difficult to establish any kind of underwater communication. Thus, initially it is necessary to perform an exhaustive survey of all the research in this area in order to understand how these characteristics may affect communication in underwater environments and subsequently identify the key concepts to future specify this type of communication systems. After that, a study about digital modulations was done in order to identify those that could be possible to conduct on this type of system. After perform an intensive research about this subject it was developed an underwater communication system using MatLab/Simulink tool with specific Xilinx blockset to verify and allow a theoretical study about the behaviour of digital modulations in underwater environment. In order to verify the system performance and the efficiency of the performed study, a comparison between the results obtained in the theoretical system and the results obtained through practical tests was done. Through these practical tests it was possible to observe the influence of the above factors affecting the propagation of acoustic waves in underwater environments. As was initially expected, the obtained results validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the studies that were performed. Finally, it was still possible to identify some issues that could be addressed later, in the developing of future work in this area of research.
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo descrever todo o trabalho de pesquisa realizado para estudar as modulações binárias digitais em ambientes subaquáticos usando ondas acústicas. O ambiente subaquático é considerado um sistema de comunicações instável, devido a inúmeros factores que afectam a propagação das ondas acústicas tais como: alta atenuação em longas distâncias, a baixa velocidade de som, a existência de uma grande diversidade de ruído, o fenómeno de multipercurso e o efeito de Doppler. Estas características fazem com que seja extremamente difícil estabelecer qualquer tipo de comunicação subaquática. Assim, inicialmente, foi necessário realizar um levantamento exaustivo de todas as pesquisas nesta área, a fim de entender como essas características podem afetar a comunicação em ambientes subaquáticos e, posteriormente, identificar os conceitos-chave para uma futura especificação deste tipo de sistemas de comunicação. Depois disso, foi realizado um estudo sobre modulações digitais a fim de identificar as candidatas a serem usadas neste tipo de sistemas. Depois de realizar uma intensa pesquisa sobre este assunto, foi desenvolvido um sistema de comunicação subaquático usando a ferramenta MatLab/Simulink com blocos específicos Xilinx para verificar e permitir um estudo teórico sobre o comportamento das modulações digitais em ambiente subaquático. De modo a verificar o desempenho do sistema e da e ciência da pesquisa realizada, foi feita uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos no sistema teórico e os resultados obtidos por meio de testes práticos. Através destes testes práticos, foi possível observar a influência dos fatores anteriormente mencionados que afetam a propagação de ondas acústicas em ambientes subaquáticos. Como era inicialmente esperado, os resultados obtidos validam e demonstram a eficácia dos estudos que foram realizados anteriormente. Finalmente, foi ainda possível identificar algumas questões que podem ser abordadas mais tarde, no desenvolvimento de trabalhos futuros nesta área de pesquisa.