Academic literature on the topic 'Delay discounting'
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Journal articles on the topic "Delay discounting"
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Leverett, Shelby, Christopher Garza, and Kendra Seaman. "The Effect of Delay Duration on Delay Discounting Across Adulthood." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 77, no. 3 (2021): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab198.
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Abstract Objectives Literature about the relationship between age and delay discounting, or the willingness to wait for delayed rewards, is mixed. We posit that some of this heterogeneity may be attributable to inconsistent delay durations across studies. Here we investigate how delay duration influences discounting across adulthood by systematically varying the duration of the delay between the smaller, sooner and the larger, later option. Methods 288 healthy participants (age range: 25–84 years) completed an online delay discounting task that probed 12 different time delays across 3 discount rates. Discounting was analyzed in 2 statistical models that treated delay duration as either a categorical or a continuous predictor. Results Longer delays were generally associated with decreased discounting. However, this was dependent on both age of the participant and delay duration. Both models revealed that, at short to moderate time delays, older adults discounted less than younger adults. However, at very long delays (5 and 10 years), older adults discounted at similar rates to younger adults. Discussion Results suggest that delay length can moderate the relationship between age and discounting. Using delays longer than those tested here (>10 years) could reveal yet another trend (i.e., a reversal) to those found here. Future research should investigate whether this reversal in discounting exists, why it exists, and where the inflection point lies.
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Rachlin, Howard, and Bryan A. Jones. "Social discounting and delay discounting." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 21, no. 1 (2008): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.567.
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Rosch, Keri S., and Stewart H. Mostofsky. "Increased Delay Discounting on a Novel Real-Time Task among Girls, but not Boys, with ADHD." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, no. 1 (2015): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715001071.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine delay discounting in girls and boys with ADHD-Combined type (ADHD-C) relative to typically developing (TD) children on two tasks that differ in the extent to which the rewards and delays were experienced by participants. Children ages 8–12 years with ADHD-C (n=65; 19 girls) and TD controls (n=55; 15 girls) completed two delay discounting tasks involving a series of choices between smaller, immediate and larger, delayed rewards. The classic delay discounting task involved choices about money at delays of 1–90 days and only some of the outcomes were actually experienced by the participants. The novel real-time discounting task involved choices about an immediately consumable reward (playing a preferred game) at delays of 25–100 s, all of which were actually experienced by participants. Participants also provided subjective ratings of how much they liked playing the game and waiting to play. Girls with ADHD-C displayed greater delay discounting compared to boys with ADHD-C and TD girls and boys on the real-time discounting task. Diagnostic group differences were not evident on the classic discounting task. In addition, children with ADHD-C reported wanting to play the game more and liking waiting to play the game less than TD children. This novel demonstration of greater delay discounting among girls with ADHD-C on a discounting task in which the rewards are immediately consumable and the delays are experienced in real-time informs our understanding of sex differences and motivational processes in children with ADHD. (JINS, 2016, 22, 12–23)
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Harvey, Sophie, Greg Jensen, and Kristen G. Anderson. "Gamification and motivation: Impact on delay discounting performance." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0299511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299511.
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Delay discounting is a phenomenon strongly associated with impulsivity. However, in order for a measured discounting rate in an experiment to meaningfully generalize to choices made elsewhere in life, participants must provide thoughtful, engaged answers during the assessment. Classic discounting tasks may not optimize intrinsic motivation or enjoyment, and a participant who is disengaged from the task is likely to behave in a way that provides a biased estimate of their discounting function. We assessed degree of delay discounting in a task intended to vary level of participant motivation. This was accomplished by introducing varying levels of gamification, the application of game design principles to a non-game context. Experiment 1 compared three versions of the delay discounting task with differing degrees of gamification and compared performance and task enjoyment across those variations, while Experiment 2 used two conditions (one gamified, one not). Participants found more gamified versions of the task more enjoyable than the other conditions, without producing substantial between-group differences in most cases. Thus, more polished task gameplay can provide a more enjoyable experience for participants without undermining delay discounting effects commonly reported in the literature. We also found that in all experimental conditions, higher levels of interest in or enjoyment of the task tended to be associated with more rapid discounting. This may suggest that low task motivation may result in less impulsive choice and suggests that participants who find delay discounting experiments sufficiently boring may bias assessments of value across delays.
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Mahalingam, Vaishali, Michael Palkovics, Michal Kosinski, Iva Cek, and David Stillwell. "A Computer Adaptive Measure of Delay Discounting." Assessment 25, no. 8 (2016): 1036–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116680448.
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Delay discounting has been linked to important behavioral, health, and social outcomes, including academic achievement, social functioning and substance use, but thoroughly measuring delay discounting is tedious and time consuming. We develop and consistently validate an efficient and psychometrically sound computer adaptive measure of discounting. First, we develop a binary search–type algorithm to measure discounting using a large international data set of 4,190 participants. Using six independent samples ( N = 1,550), we then present evidence of concurrent validity with two standard measures of discounting and a measure of discounting real rewards, convergent validity with addictive behavior, impulsivity, personality, survival probability; and divergent validity with time perspective, life satisfaction, age and gender. The new measure is considerably shorter than standard questionnaires, includes a range of time delays, can be applied to multiple reward magnitudes, shows excellent concurrent, convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity—by showing more sensitivity to effects of smoking behavior on discounting.
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An, Yong-Dong, Guo-Xia Ma, Xing-Kui Cai, Ying Yang, Fang Wang, and Zhan-Lin Zhang. "Examining the association between delay discounting, delay aversion and physical activity in Chinese adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus." World Journal of Diabetes 15, no. 4 (2024): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.675.
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BACKGROUND The role of physical activity in diabetes is critical, influencing this disease's development, man-agement, and overall outcomes. In China, 22.3% of adults do not meet the minimum level of physical activity recommended by the World Health Organization. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the factors that contributing to lack of physical activity must be identified. AIM To investigate the relationship among delay discounting, delay aversion, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and various levels of physical activity in Chinese adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS In 2023, 400 adults with T2DM were recruited from the People's Hospital of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province. A face-to-face questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and details on physical activity, delay discounting, and delay aversion. In addition, HbA1c levels were measured in all 400 participants. The primary independent variables considered were delay discounting and delay aversion. The outcome variables included HbA1c levels and different intensity levels of physical activity, including walking, moderate physical activity, and vigorous physical activity. Multiple linear regression models were utilized to assess the relationship between delay discounting, delay aversion, and HbA1c levels, along with the intensity of different physical activity measured in met-hours per week. RESULTS After controlling for the sample characteristics, delay discounting was negatively associated with moderate physical activity (β = -2.386, 95%CI: -4.370 to -0.401). Meanwhile, delay aversion was negatively associated with the level of moderate physical activity (β = -3.527, 95% CI = -5.578 to -1.476) in the multiple linear regression model, with statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION Elevated delay discounting and increased delay aversion correlated with reduced levels of moderate physical activity. Result suggests that delay discounting and aversion may influence engagement in moderate physical activity. This study recommends that health administration and government consider delay discounting and delay aversion when formulating behavioral intervention strategies and treatment guidelines involving physical activity for patients with T2DM, which may increase participation in physical activity. This study contributes a novel perspective to the research on physical activity in adults with T2DM by examining the significance of future health considerations and the role of emotional responses to delays.
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Green, Leonard, Astrid F. Fry, and Joel Myerson. "Discounting of Delayed Rewards: A Life-Span Comparison." Psychological Science 5, no. 1 (1994): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x.
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In this study, children, young adults, and older adults chose between immediate and delayed hypothetical monetary rewards The amount of the delayed reward was held constant while its delay was varied All three age groups showed delay discounting, that is, the amount of an immediate reward judged to be of equal value to the delayed reward decreased as a function of delay The rate of discounting was highest for children and lowest for older adults, predicting a life-span developmental trend toward increased self-control Discounting of delayed rewards by all three age groups was well described by a single function with age-sensitive parameters (all R2s > 94) Thus, even though there are quantitative age differences in delay discounting, the existence of an age-invariant form of discount function suggests that the process of choosing between rewards of different amounts and delays is qualitatively similar across the life span
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Scherbaum, Stefan, Simon Frisch, and Maja Dshemuchadse. "Step by step: Harvesting the dynamics of delay discounting decisions." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 4 (2018): 949–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307863.
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People show a tendency to devalue rewards when they are delayed in time. This so-called delay discounting often happens to an extent that seems irrational from an economical perspective. Research studying outcomes of delay discounting decisions has successfully derived descriptive models for such choice preferences. However, this outcome-based approach faces limitations in integrating the influence of contextual factors on the decision. Recently, this outcome-centred perspective on delay discounting has been complemented by a focus on the process dynamics leading to delay discounting decisions. Here, we embrace and add to this approach: We show how an attractor model can extend discounting descriptive discounting curves into the temporal dimension. From the model, we derive three predictions and study the predictions in a delay discounting experiment based on mouse tracking. We find differences in discounting depending on the order of option presentation and more direct movements to options presented first. Together with the analysis of specific temporal patterns of information integration, these results show that considering the continuous process dynamics of delay discounting decisions and harvesting them with continuous behavioural measures allow the integration of contextual factors into existing models of delay discounting, not as noise but as a signal on their own.
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Weatherly, Jeffrey N., Thomas V. Petros, Harpa L. Jόnsdόttir, Adam Derenne, and Joseph C. Miller. "Probability Alters Delay Discounting, but Delay Does Not Alter Probability Discounting." Psychological Record 65, no. 2 (2014): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40732-014-0102-3.
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Lu, Huazhang. "Investigating the Impact of Age and Education on Delay Discounting: A Predictive Random Forest Model for Personalized Marketing and Mental Health Risk Detection." Applied and Computational Engineering 109, no. 1 (2024): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2024.17893.
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This study uses a random forest model to predict delay discounting rates, aiming to support mental health interventions and personalized marketing strategies. Delay discounting refers to the tendency to prefer smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards, a behavior closely linked to impulsivity and relevant in both psychological and commercial contexts. Data from Garofalo et al., including 357 healthy Italian adults categorized by age and education level, were used. Two-way ANOVA showed that education significantly influences delay discounting rates, while age does not. The model was utilized to anticipate delay discounting behaviors influenced by various factors. The random forest algorithm reached an impressive accuracy rate of 92%, showing particular proficiency in forecasting both high and low delay discounting classifications. Additionally, the model successfully pinpointed individuals whose actual discounting rates diverged significantly from the predictions, offering crucial insights for proactive mental health interventions. Based on the predictions, personalized strategies were recommended for individuals with different delay discounting rates, demonstrating the value of this predictive model in the fields of mental health and commercial marketing.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Delay discounting"
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Nüsser, Corinna. "Neuronale Korrelate von Delay Discounting." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-23427.
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Delay Discounting im Sinne eines Abwertens zukünftiger Belohnungen ist ein weit verbreitetes Phänomen. Es zeigt sich z. B. in persönlichen Angelegenheiten, wie der Entscheidung für den kurzfristigen Genuss von Süßigkeiten und gegen die langfristigen, durchaus größeren Vorteile einer schlanken Figur. Auch internationale wirtschaftliche und politische Diskussionen zum Klimaschutz oder der Finanzkrise werden von der Präferenz für sofortige, kleinere Belohnungen über verzögerte, größere Belohnungen getrieben. In der Psychologie wird Delay Discounting als Maß für Impulsivität bzw. Selbstkontrolle mit dem Auftreten von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Syndromen und von Abhängigkeitserkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht.
Bezüglich der neuronalen Grundlagen von Delay Discouting ist mithilfe von sogenannten Intertemporal Choice Tasks bereits herausgefunden worden, dass die Entscheidung für eine sofortige Belohnung stärkere neuronale Aktivierung in belohnungsspezifischen Gehirnregionen evoziert als die Entscheidung für eine verzögerte Belohnung. Außerdem wurden sowohl theoretisch wie auch empirisch ein impulsives und ein reflektives System als Grundlage des Delay Discounting beschrieben, deren Existenz jedoch von manchen Wissenschaftlern angezweifelt wird. Ebenso wird angezweifelt, ob Delay Discounting unabhängig vom Einsatz von Intertemporal Choice Tasks und der damit verbundenen Entscheidung zwischen zwei Alternativen überhaupt besteht. Da die neuronalen Grundlagen des Delay Discounting und des impulsiven und reflektiven Systems bisher nicht unabhängig von einer Entscheidungsaufgabe erfasst wurden, konnten diese Zweifel nicht ausgeräumt werden. Ebenso ist zurzeit unbekannt, ob sich die neuronalen Korrelate des Delay Discounting bei Personen mit unterschiedlichen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, bei Männern und Frauen, bei Rauchern und Nichtrauchern und in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Genvarianten unterscheiden.
Um diese Lücke zu schließen, ist im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ein neuartiges Delay Discounting Paradigma zum Einsatz im Magnetresonanztomographen entwickelt worden. Dieses Paradigma ähnelt einem Monetary Incentive Delay Task und ermöglicht es, neuronale Aktivierung bei der Antizipation und bei dem Erhalt einer einzelnen Belohnung zu einem Zeitpunkt zu erfassen. Außerdem kann nach der Antizipation einer Belohnung, die sich durch eine bestimmte Höhe (0,05 €, 0,50 €, 1,00 €) und eine bestimmte Auszahlungsverzögerung (0 Tage, 10 Tage, 100 Tage) auszeichnet, in einer einfachen visuellen Diskriminationsaufgabe eine Reaktionszeit erfasst werden, die als behaviorales Maß für die inzentive Motivation fungiert. Zusammen mit einer Erfassung verschiedener Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und einer Genotypisierung für den COMT Val 158 Met Polymorphismus, den DRD2 Taq 1 A Polymorphismus und den DAT 1 Polymorphismus ist das Delay Discounting Paradigma an insgesamt 90 Probanden im Magnetresonanztomographen eingesetzt worden, so dass 84 auswertbare Datensätze gewonnen werden konnten. Diese 84 Datensätze stammten insgesamt von 42 Frauen und 42 Männern bzw. von 43 strikten Nichtrauchern, 38 starken Rauchern und drei Gelegenheitsrauchern.
Anhand der Auswertung der Gesamtstichprobe konnte bestätigt werden, dass das Delay Discounting Paradigma belohnungs- und verzögerungsspezifisch unterschiedliche Reaktionszeiten und unterschiedliche neuronale Aktivierung hervorruft. In belohnungsverarbeitenden Gehirnregionen wie dem ventralen Striatum zeigte sich sowohl stärkere Aktivierung für größere Belohnungen als auch für Belohnungen, die früher ausgezahlt wurden. Damit steht fest, dass Delay Discounting unabhängig von der Entscheidung zwischen zwei Alternativen auftritt. Außerdem konnte erstmalig ein Interaktionseffekt zwischen Belohnungshöhe und Belohnungsverzögerung aufgedeckt werden: Es zeigte sich eine Abnahme der Differenzen in der neuronalen Aktivierung zwischen größter und kleinster Belohnung über die Zeit, was auf eine Indifferenz gegenüber der Höhe verzögerter Belohnung hindeutet. Ein Einfluss der Belohnungsverzögerung wurde allerdings nur beim Erhalt von Belohnungen messbar, bei der Antizipation von Belohnungen zeigte sich kein Delay Discounting Effekt. Bezüglich der Kontroverse zur Existenz eines impulsiven und reflektiven Systems konnten Ergebnisse gewonnen werden, die beide Positionen integrieren. So wurde zwar die Beteiligung von zwei distinkten neuronalen Systemen beim Abwerten zukünftiger Belohnungen bestätigt, allerdings zeigte sich auch, dass beide Systeme – in einem unterschiedlichen Ausmaß – verzögerte Belohnungen abwerten. Trotzdem wird von den vorliegenden Ergebnissen die Annahme, dass sich aus der Interaktion von impulsivem und reflektivem System impulsives und selbstkontrolliertes Verhalten ergeben kann, gestützt. Im Hinblick auf die interindividuellen Unterschiede, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit aufgedeckt werden sollten, haben sich vor allem Zusammenhänge zwischen dem subjektiv berichteten allgemeinen Stress der Versuchspersonen (operationalisiert über das Selbststeuerungsinventar) und der neuronalen Aktivität von Gehirnregionen, die dem impulsiven und reflektiven System zugeordnet werden, gezeigt. So ist bei niedrigem Stress das impulsive System signifikant weniger aktiviert als das reflektive System, während sich bei hohem Stress dieser Zusammenhang umkehrt. Die relative Hyperaktivierung des impulsiven Systems bei Stress könnte erklären, warum unter Stress vermehrt Rückfälle bei abhängigkeitserkrankten Probanden beobachtet werden. Außerdem ging starkes neuronales Delay Discounting in medial präfrontalen Gehirnregionen mit hohem Stress, ebenso wie mit hoher nichtplanender Impulsivität (gemessen anhand der Barratt Impulsivitätsskala) und mit geringer Selbstkontrolle (gemäß des Selbststeuerungsinventars) einher. Dieses Ergebnis belegt unter anderem, dass das neu entwickelte Delay Discounting Paradigma neuronale Prozesse abbildet, die mit Impulsivität und Selbstkontrolle in Verbindung stehen. Darüber hinaus konnte kongruent mit entsprechenden Vorbefunden ein Einfluss des COMT Val 158 Met Polymorphismus auf das neuronale Delay Discounting im ventralen Striatum und erstmalig ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem DRD2 Taq 1 A A1-Allel und neuronalem Delay Discounting im posterioren Cingulum aufgedeckt werden. Damit ist die Bedeutung des Neurotransmitters Dopamin, der durch die untersuchten Polymorphismen beeinflusst wird, für die neuronalen Grundlagen des Delay Discounting bestätigt worden. Zusammengenommen deuten sowohl die beschriebenen Befunde als auch die sonstigen Ergebnisse der Arbeit darauf hin, dass sich neuronales Delay Discounting interindividuell unterscheidet. Im Hinblick auf Pathologien, die mit diesem Phänomen in Verbindung stehen, sollte daher weitere Forschung zu interindividuellen Unterschieden und zu spezifischen Behandlungsmethoden erfolgen.
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Smith, Lauren Marie. "Optimism, Delay Discounting, and Physical Exercise: The Role of Delay Discounting on Individual Levels of Exercise." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30512/.
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Deciding to exercise requires trade-offs between immediate and delayed benefits. These momentary decisions may be moderated by personality such that patterns of individual behavior emerge. The aim of the current study was to determine if higher levels of optimism and lower levels of delay discounting were related to exercise frequency. A sample of 360 undergraduate students completed a survey study related to understanding the choices made by undergraduates and how other factors relate to their decision-making. The survey included measures of optimism, delayed discounting, and self-reported exercise frequency in four domains: cardiovascular, resistance, sports, active lifestyle. Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine optimism and delay discounting as predictors of exercise frequency. Optimism and delay discounting were negatively correlated, but neither was related to exercise frequency. Furthermore, optimism and delay discounting were not significantly related to frequency spent in cardiovascular, resistance, or active lifestyle exercise. However, women scoring higher in delay discounting were more likely to participate in physical sports. The present study helps inform future research by showing potentially important psychosocial variables related to optimism, delay discounting, and exercise.
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De, Jager Alexis Kate. "Delay Discounting and Campus Speeding Behavior." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2656.
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TITLE: DELAY DISCOUNTING AND CAMPUS SPEEDING BEHAVIORMAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Ryan Redner Speeding, as defined by exceeding the speed limit posted in a designated area, is a problem that has a direct negative effect on a majority of America, college campuses not being exempt. A minimal amount of research has been conducted on specifically dangerous driving such as speeding on university campuses; this paper looks to expand upon the existing research. In addition, this study serves the purpose of attempting to correlate speeding and impulsivity. This was achieved by utilizing a survey in conjunction with delay discounting scenarios embedded within. Participants (n = 89) took a survey that involved questions about demographic information and past driving. The survey also included two hypothetical scenarios that encouraged participants to answer whether they would speed in the presented scenarios and at what point. To complete the survey the MCQ (Monetary Choice Questionnaire) was placed at the end. To assess the results the 89 participants were split into two groups two different times to be analyzed. One group was split into an impulsive group and non-impulsive group while the other group was split into speeders and non-speeders. As expected, both the impulsive and speeders were more likely to discount speed at a faster rate; this shown at higher rates in the penalty hypothetical scenario. The implications of this study include that those with that display higher impulsivity, shown through k-values, may have a higher tendency to engage in dangerous driving such as speeding, as well as understanding that penalty conditions, such as point loss, show a correlation with speeding.
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Collado, Carissa M. "DELAY DISCOUNTING AND TREATMENT OUTCOME PROBABILITY." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2553.
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The purpose of the current study is to apply the delay and probability discounting in the areas of parent training and probability of success of treatment. There was a total of 31 participants that completed one demographic questionnaire and two probability and delay discounting surveys either via computer or with paper and pencil. Participants had two options in the surveys: one was an immediate reward, and one with a probability delay. The first survey gave scenarios of hours of parent training, the second was a monetary probability discounting survey.
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Dai, Zhijie. "Delay Discounting, Probability Discounting, Reward Contrast and Gambling: A Cross-Cultural Study." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7128.
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Problem and pathological gambling has become an increasing public health concern worldwide in recent years, and individuals from China and East Asian countries may be especially vulnerable. Knowledge of how individuals make choices between outcomes that are delayed or uncertain, and of potential differences in decision making across cultures, may contribute to our understanding of factors which increase the risk of problem gambling. Our research is based on a discounting perspective in which the value of a delayed or uncertain reward decreases according to the time until or the odds against its receipt, respectively. We use experimental procedures in which individuals make a series of hypothetical choices so as to estimate an indifference point – an amount of money available immediately or with certainty – that is equal in subjective value to a delayed or uncertain reward. Our starting point is the hypothesis that reward contrast – in which the subjective value of a reward varies inversely with amount of a prior reward – plays a role in choice between delayed or probabilistic outcomes and might contribute to problem gambling. This thesis describes four experiments which investigate these ideas. Experiments 1 and 2 establish that reward contrast is a reliable phenomenon in choice. Indifference points for an intermediate reward ($475/$525) varied as predicted if its subjective value was larger when the individual had previously been making choices with a smaller amount ($50) and smaller when previously making choices with a larger amount ($5,000). Reward contrast was obtained for both delayed and probabilistic choice, using between-subjects (Experiment 1) and within-subjects (Experiment 2) designs. Experiment 3 used a computerized Card Playing Game (CPG) as an analogue gambling task and also measured delay discounting using the same task as Experiment 2. Participants began with an initial stake and could win or lose 10% of the stake with each card that they played. The critical aspect of the procedure was that the probability of winning for each card decreased as more cards were played. Participants played the CPG four times with stakes of $50, $500, $5,000 and $500 (order of $50 and $5,000 was counterbalanced). Results showed that performance on the CPG improved over successive trials, suggesting that participants learned the contingencies in the task. Although this confounded our attempt to measure reward contrast within-subjects, participants who had a $50 stake in the first deck performed better in the second deck with a $500 stake than those who had a $5,000 stake in the first deck, consistent with reward contrast. Results from the delay discounting task were correlated with CPG performance, showing that participants who had lower reward contrast and discounting rates, and greater magnitude effects won more money on the CPG task. Experiment 4 used a larger sample (N = 182) with both Chinese and Caucasian (New Zealand European) participants and recruited individuals with gambling histories, and compared performance on delay and probability discounting tasks and the CPG. Results showed that Chinese participants had higher delay discounting rates and lower probability discounting rates when data were analyzed according to the area under the discounting curve (AUC). Gamblers (those participants with scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen [SOGS; Lesieur & Blume, 1987] > 1) were less risk averse in probability discounting and had reduced magnitude effects in delay discounting and performed more poorly on the CPG. Closer analysis of the probability discounting data showed that compared with Caucasians, Chinese were more risk averse for high probabilities of reward outcome, and less risk averse for low probabilities. Although results do not suggest that individual differences in reward contrast, as measured using our within-subjects delay discounting task, play a significant role in the maintenance of gambling behavior, the cross-cultural differences in delay and probability discounting in Experiment 4 suggest some factors that might contribute to gambling. In the General Discussion, we propose an account of the probability discounting results in terms of a tendency toward dialectical thinking and emotions in Chinese culture. Based on this result and previous research, we propose a framework for the cross-cultural analysis of risky decision making, and consider some of its broader implications for both research in decision making and issues of globalization.
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Garcia, Kurt Joseph. "EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DELAY DISCOUNTING, SOCIAL DISCOUNTING, AND SELF-REPORTED VALUES." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2102.
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The present study examined the relationship between values-based living and delay and social discounting. Thirty-nine individuals acted as participants in the study. Participants were asked to choose between immediate and delayed monetary rewards to determine rates of discounting. They were also asked to make choices between giving way monetary rewards to people with different ranges of closeness or keeping the reward for themselves. A Valued Living Questionnaire was also completed, where participants rated the importance and their action within the past week related to specific values. The results of the study demonstrated numerous moderate positive correlations between valued living and functions of social and delay discounting, and it is suggested that there is a correlation between impulsivity and valued living. This data will be important moving forward in developing therapies in order to guide an individual into the direction of the values important to him or her.
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Galliford, Megan Elizabeth. "Discounting and Values." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2101.
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The present study examines delay, probability, and social discounting with money in relations to self-reported values. The participants completed a values questionnaire including questions regarding God, sex, and politics, and were divided into a low values and a high values group with the low values group n=10 and high values group = 10 for a total n=20. These groups were compared in the delay, probability, and social discounting tasks. Results indicate little to no difference in discounting between groups with an AUC for the low values group (.47), (.322), (.196), respectively and the AUC for the high values group at (.494), (.411), (.288) respectively. Individual scores for area under the curve (AUC) were tested for degree of correlation to each values question. Results indicate moderate correlations between temporal discounting and 5 sex value questions. Moderate correlations between probability discounting and political and sex value questions were observed. Finally, correlations between social discounting and politics, religious, and sex values were observed. Keywords: delay discounting, probability discounting, social discounting, politics, sex, religion
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Pingolt, Ross Pingolt. "HEALTH DISCOUNTING SURVEY: MEASURING DELAY DISCOUNTING OF DIETARY OPTIONS RELATIVE TO WEIGHT CHANGE OUTCOMES." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1963.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of whether pounds are being lost or gained on the rate at which people discount the value of weight change outcomes, as well as determine the effects of whether pounds are being lost or gained and diet length on the value of access to higher calorie foods relative to weight change outcomes. This was accomplished by repeatedly asking participants to choose between two dietary options of the same length but which resulted in gaining or losing a certain number of pounds. Each question varied the length of the diet, how many pounds could be gained or lost, and whether those pounds were being gained when they chose the higher calorie diet or lost when they chose the lower calorie diet. The survey was administered with 30 participants. Whether pounds per being gained or lost did not have a significant effect on the rate at which weight change outcomes were discounted (t = 1.883, p = .07), but did have a significant effect on how many pounds needed to be at stake per day in order for the participant to choose the lower calorie diet (t = 4.995, p < .01). There was also a significant correlation between diet length and how many pounds needed to be at stake per day in order for the participant to choose the lower calorie diet (ρ = -.373, p <.01). The current investigation has implications for our understanding of choice and discounting behavior, and has specific implications for people who wish to make healthier dietary decisions.
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Mui, Nicholas Ker Lik. "Examining delay discounting of hypothetical and real money /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594477141&sid=16&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kim, Miriam. "Discounting in Sex: How Sexual Choices are Impacted by Sexual Impulsivity and Gender." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2243.
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The study examined how individuals make decisions on hypothetical sexual partners and hypothetical monetary rewards in delay and probability discounting. The participants (N-75, males=42 (M=34) and females=33(M=39)) completed an electronic survey via Qualtrics. The survey consisted of 6 tasks: 1. Multiple Stimulus without Replacement Preference Assessment that consisted of pictures of potential sex partners based on the individual’s gender preference (male, female, or both); 2. Sexual Risk Survey; 3. Monetary delay discounting task; 4. Monetary probability discounting task; 5. Delay discounting of hypothetical sexual partners; and 6. Probability discounting of hypothetical sexual partners. An analysis of area under the curve (AUC) were done for the discounting tasks. The results showed that males devalued delayed sexual partner choice rank higher rates than females (t (7.97) = 2.85, p<0.05). This was also observed in females with higher scores of the Sexual Risk Survey than the lower scorers (t (10.95) = 2.35, p<0.05). AUC reflected on the scores of the SRS and with measures of sexual risk behaviours. However, there were no significant difference in discounting monetary rewards between the genders (t (11.96) = 0.1623, p>0.05).
Books on the topic "Delay discounting"
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J, Madden Gregory, and Bickel Warren K, eds. Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting. American Psychological Association, 2010.
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Heinzelmann, Nora. Weakness of Will and Delay Discounting. Oxford University Press, 2023.
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Bickel, Warren, E. Terry Mueller, James MacKillop, and Richard Yi. Behavioral-Economic and Neuroeconomic Perspectives on Addiction. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.015.
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Behavioral economics construes addiction as a pattern of pathological decisions favoring consumption of drugs versus healthy reinforcers. This chapter introduces basic behavioral-economic concepts and reviews results from operant laboratory studies, purchase task studies, and clinical studies that validate the concepts’ utility in addiction research. Research and theory about the economic significance of the delay to receipt of a chosen commodity (delay discounting) is reviewed. Additionally, research bearing on the validity of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems hypothesis, a neuroeconomic theory, is considered by drawing on a diversity of data including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fRMI) and genetic studies. This new theory proposes that addiction is due to hyperactive impulsive and hypoactive executive systems in the brain. Future directions for research and treatment are reviewed.
Book chapters on the topic "Delay discounting"
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Upchurch Sweeney, C. Renn, J. Rick Turner, J. Rick Turner, et al. "Delay Discounting." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_100443.
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Simola, Nicola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, et al. "Delay Discounting Paradigms." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_419.
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Green, Leonard, Joel Myerson, and Ariana Vanderveldt. "Delay and Probability Discounting." In The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Operant and Classical Conditioning. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118468135.ch13.
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Madden, Gregory J., and Patrick S. Johnson. "A delay-discounting primer." In Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting. American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12069-001.
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Redish, A. David, and Zeb Kurth-Nelson. "Neural models of delay discounting." In Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting. American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12069-005.
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de Wit, Harriet, and Suzanne H. Mitchell. "Drug effects on delay discounting." In Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting. American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12069-008.
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Odum, Amy L., and Ana A. L. Baumann. "Delay discounting: State and trait variable." In Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting. American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12069-002.
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Yi, Richard, Suzanne H. Mitchell, and Warren K. Bickel. "Delay discounting and substance abuse-dependence." In Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting. American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12069-007.
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Halcomb, Meredith. "The Delay Discounting Procedure: Methodology and Flexibility." In Neuromethods. Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3267-3_3.
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Winstanley, Catharine A. "The neural and neurochemical basis of delay discounting." In Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting. American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12069-004.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Delay discounting"
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Carpentieri, Michele, Ivana Baldassarre, and Olimpia Matarazzo. "Delay and probability discounting in risky decisions." In 2014 5th IEEE Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coginfocom.2014.7020437.
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Ding, Tao, Warren K. Bickel, and Shimei Pan. "Predicting Delay Discounting from Social Media Likes with Unsupervised Feature Learning." In 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2018.8508277.
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Shin, Yeonsoon, Hyeyoung Kim, and Sanghoon Han. "Devil Takes the Hindmost: An Investigation of Reducing Delay Discounting of Negativity." In Annual International Conference on Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Global Science and Technology Forum (GSTF), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1865_cbp26.
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Szekeres, Adam, and Einar Snekkenes. "Inferring Delay Discounting Factors from Public Observables: Applications in Risk Analysis and the Design of Adaptive Incentives." In 5th International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010663400003060.
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Pepper, Gillian V., Matilda Walker, Niamh Storey, et al. "P02 Early life adversity is associated with phenotypic age but not delay discounting in chronologically young people." In Society for Social Medicine Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2023-ssmabstracts.113.
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Rodwell, Ed, and Albert Machiels. "A Perspective on the U.S. Nuclear Fuel Cycle." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89773.
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There has been a resurgence of interest in the possibility of processing the US spent nuclear fuel, instead of burying it in a geologic repository. Accordingly, key topical findings from three relevant EPRI evaluations made in the 1990–1995 timeframe are recapped and updated to accommodate a few developments over the subsequent ten years. Views recently expressed by other US entities are discussed. Processing aspects thereby addressed include effects on waste disposal and on geologic repository capacity, impacts on the economics of the nuclear fuel cycle and of the overall nuclear power scenario, alternative dispositions of the plutonium separated by the processing, impacts on the structure of the perceived weapons proliferation risk, and challenges for the immediate future and for the current half-century. Currently, there is a statutory limit of 70,000 metric tons on the amount of nuclear waste materials that can be accepted at Yucca Mountain. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the project analyzed emplacement of up to 120,000 metric tons of nuclear waste products in the repository. Additional scientific analyses suggest significantly higher capacity could be achieved with changes in the repository configuration that use only geology that has already been characterized and do not deviate from existing design parameters. Conservatively assuming the repository capacity postulated in the EIS, the need date for a second repository is essentially deferrable until that determined by a potential new nuclear plant deployment program. A further increase in technical capacity of the first repository (and further and extensive delay to the need date for a second repository) is potentially achievable by processing the spent fuel to remove the plutonium (and at least the americium too), provided the plutonium and the americium are then comprehensively burnt. The burning of some of the isotopes involved would need fast reactors (discounting for now a small possibility that one of several recently postulated alternatives will prove superior overall). However, adoption of processing would carry a substantial cost burden and reliability of the few demonstration fast reactors built to-date has been poor. Trends and developments could remove these obstacles to the processing scenario, possibly before major decisions on a second repository become necessary, which need not be until mid-century at the earliest. Pending the outcomes of these long-term trends and developments, economics and reliability encourage us to stay with non-processing for the near term at least. Besides completing the Yucca Mountain program, the two biggest and inter-related fuel-cycle needs today are for a nationwide consensus on which processing technology offers the optimum mix of economic competitiveness and proliferation resistance and for a sustained effort to negotiate greater international cooperation and safeguards. Equally likely to control the readiness schedule is development/demonstration of an acceptable, reliable and affordable fast reactor.
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Britton, Christopher. "Better Predictions, Better Outcomes: How Integrated Cost & Schedule Risk Analysis (iCSRA) Reduces Costly Consequences of Project Delays." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/221836-ms.
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The success of any major capital project within the upstream E&P sector is ultimately determined by the difference between revenue gained from selling the product to the market (money in) versus the associated expenditure (money out) to design, build and operate the field development project. Economists are acutely aware of how the time-phasing of CapEx and revenue can impact the NPV and other economic KPIs due to discounting and inflation/ escalation effects. Time is a critical factor in both sides of the value equation as the project start-up date marks the point at which capital is mostly expended and cashflow finally comes in from revenue. Operators within the E&P industry routinely keep records of how projects actually perform against the promise at FID but this information is seldom shared with the outside world, and even when subscribing to external benchmarking companies, the data is anonymized making it impossible to ascertain the relevance of each data point, e.g., impossible to know which countries the facilities were built in (fabrication yards often not in same country as the field location) or which year contracts were awarded (heated markets can have incredibly detrimental impacts on cost and schedule outcomes, and vice versa). The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, arguably one of the most transparent government administrative bodies in the industry, published a report in January 2020 titled Project execution on the Norwegian continental shelf, which looked back at projects sanctioned over a twelve-year period from 2007 to 2018. The charts in Figure 1 and Figure 2 reference data contained in this report for forty two offshore projects and lead to the following findings: Projects exceeded budgets at FID by a mean average of 14% (P50 median: 9%), and experienced delays averaging 15% exceedance of the promised execution duration (P50: 6%).Outturn Costs versus FID ranged from a 24% underrun to a 56% overrun (positively skewed distribution with downside realizations exceeding upside), excluding outliers, with the top quartile showing a 2% underrun and the bottom quartile a 21% overrun.Schedule outcomes versus FID ranged from a 25% underrun to a 62% overrun with the top quartile showing zero underrun and the bottom quartile a 25% overrun (even more positively skewed).86% of projects experienced cost overruns or delays, whilst 55% of projects faced both cost and schedule overruns.
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Choudhary, Manish Kumar, Gaurav Mahanti, Yogesh Rana, Sai Venkata Garimella, Arfan Ali, and Lin Li. "Integrated Modelling and Performance Reviews Helps to Unlock New Opportunities in a 40-year-old Mature Field Under Waterflood." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21473-ms.
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Abstract Field X is one of largest oil fields in Brunei producing since 1970's. The field consists of a large faulted anticlinal structure of shallow marine Miocene sediments. The field has over 500 compartments and is produced under waterflood since 1980's through 400+ conduits over 50 platforms. A comprehensive review of water injection performance was attempted in 2019 to assess remaining oil and identify infill opportunities. Large uncertainties in reservoir properties, connectivity and fluid contacts required that data across multiple disciplines is integrated to identify new opportunities. It was recognized early on that integrated analysis of surveillance data and production history over 40 years will be critical for understanding field performance. Hence, reviews were first initiated using sand maps and analytical techniques. Tracer surveys, reservoir pressures, salinity measurements, Production Logging Tool (PLT) were all analyzed to understand waterflood progression and to define connectivity scenarios. A complete review of well logs, core data from over 30 wells and outcrop studies was carried out as part of modelling workflow. This understanding was used to construct a new facies-based static model. In parallel, key dynamic inputs like PVT analysis reports and special core analysis studies were analyzed to update dynamic modelling components. Prior to initiating the full field model history matching, a comprehensive impact analysis of the key dynamic uncertainties i.e., Production allocation, connectivity and varying aquifer strength etc. were conducted. An Assisted History Matching (AHM) workflow was attempted, which helped in identifying high impacting inputs which could be varied for history matching. Adjoint techniques were also used to identify other plausible geological scenarios. The integrated review helped in identifying over 50 new opportunities which potentially can increase recovery by over 10%. The new static model identified upsides in Stock Tank Oil Initially in Place (STOIIP) which if realized could further increase ultimate recoverable. The use of AHM assisted in reducing iterations and achieve multiple history matched models, which can be used to quantify forecast uncertainty. The new opportunities have helped to revitalize the mature field and has potential to almost increase the production by over 50%. A dedicated team is now maturing these opportunities. The robust methodology of integrating surveillance data with simulation modelling as described in this paper is generic and could be useful in current day brown field development practices to serve as an effective and economic manner for sustaining oil production and maximizing ultimate recovery. It is essential that all surveillance and production history data are well analyzed together prior to attempting any detailed modelling exercise. New models should then be constructed which confirm to the surveillance information and capture reservoir uncertainties. In large oil fields with long production history with allocation uncertainties, it is always a challenge for a quantitative assessment of History match quality and infill well Ultimate Recovery (UR) estimations. Hence a composite History Match Quality Indicator (HMQI) was designed with an appropriate weightage of rate, cumulative & reservoir pressure mismatch, water breakthrough timing delays. Then HMQI parameter spatial variation maps were made for different zones over the entire field for understanding and appropriately discounting each infill well oil recovery. Also, it is critical that facies variation is properly captured in models to better understand waterfront movements and locate remaining oil. Dynamic modelling of mature field with long production history can be quite challenging on its own and it is imperative that new numerical techniques are used to increase efficiency.
Reports on the topic "Delay discounting"
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Ericson, Keith, John Myles White, David Laibson, and Jonathan Cohen. Money Earlier or Later? Simple Heuristics Explain Intertemporal Choices Better than Delay Discounting. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20948.
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Perrels, Adriaan, and Kaisa Juhanko. Socio-economic Benefits of the EPS Sterna constellation at high latitudes. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361836.
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This report presents a combined meteorological and economic study commissioned by EUMETSAT as part of the planning trajectory for the EPS-Sterna polar-orbiting satellite constellation. The focus of the study is on the foreseeable effects of EPS Sterna on meteorological forecasts and the resulting socioeconomic benefits, particularly regarding application at high latitudes, with emphasis on the Nordic countries. The study has an explorative character, hence the quantified estimates of benefits only indicate orders of magnitude for selected sectors. A more comprehensive assessment of expected benefits would necessitate a larger study. The report focuses on sectors for which significant benefits were expected, being civil aviation in Nordic countries (excluding Iceland) and wind turbine-based electricity production in the Nordpool area. For civil aviation, increased precision in forecasting winterly precipitation enhances preparedness on airports, thereby reducing weather-related delays. The potential annual benefit for the aviation sector in the Nordic countries is estimated at approximately €5 million, with an additional €1 million in avoided travel time loss. The upscaled effect for aviation in Europe is estimated at around €15 million per year. In wind power production, timely identification of probable formation of ice and snow on turbine blades benefits the Nordic power market through smoother operations and cost savings. The expected annual benefits for society are approximately €15 million, growing to €27 million when considering growth in electricity use. Applying a satellite constellation lifetime of 12 years (2029–2040), the estimated cumulative benefits range from €240 million (using base year levels without expansion) to €495 million (using maximum values per sector). No discounting of benefits nor costs has been applied. Other sectors with potential benefits include construction, tourism, urban operational management, and more. A coarse assessment for the Finnish building sector suggests expected annual benefits of about €1 million. The study notes that EPS Sterna's forecast improvements may lead to the development of new smart services, influencing property management and generating economic effects. Realizing the benefit potential of EPS Sterna data requires dedicated weather service development and improved data integration with non-meteorological data. The report recommends establishing a repository of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) data and results to facilitate future evaluations of satellite constellations.