Academic literature on the topic 'Dehulled kernels'

"TABLE 11 Common Methods of Processing Sorghum for Use in Livestock Feed Category Type of process Procedure Characteristics Mechanical action Grinding/Rolling Particle size reduction using hammer, Most commonly used, least expensive. plate, pin, or roller mills. Increase feed efficiency and digestibility by 10-20% of whole grain. Wet process Reconstitution Increase grain moisture to 25-30%. Wet Improves feed efficiency about 10-15% grain is anaerobically stored for 2-3 over dry ground grain due to higher weeks prior to grinding and feeding. protein and energy digestibility. Early harvest Grain is harvested at 20-30% moisture Similar to reconstitution. and stored anaerobically or with organic acids (e.g., propionic). Grain is ground prior to or after storage. Soaking Soak grain in water for 12-24 h. Feed Tendency for grain to ferment or sour. whole or crush. Only limited use. Heat and moisture Steam-rolling Grain subjected to live steam (180°F) Slight increase over dry rolling. Reduces 3-5 min then rolled. fines and dust. Steam-flaking Grain exposed to high moisture steam Most common method in feedlots. Thin for 5-15 min to reach 18-20% flaking of sorghum increases moisture. Then grain is rolled to digestibility and feed efficiency equal desired flake thickness. to that of reconstitution. Pelleting Ground grain is conditioned with steam, Reduces dust, improves palatability, forced through a die, and pellets are uniformity, and handling of feeds. cooled. Prevents segregation of micronutrients. Exploding Grain exposed to high-pressure steam, Similar to puffing of cereals for breakfast the starch is gelatinized, the pressure foods. Feed efficiency is similar to is decreased, and rapid expansion of steam flaked or reconstituted grain. the kernel occurs. Hot dry heat Popping Hot, dry air expansion of grain. Bulk Ruptures endosperm increasing starch density is low. Density is increased availability. Feed efficiency is similar by spraying with water and rolling to steam flaking or reconstitution. sometimes. Micronizing Heat grain with gas-fired infrared Feed efficiency similar to steam flaking, burners to the point of eversion exploding or popping. Bulk density followed by rolling through a roller similar to steam-flaked grain. mill. From Refs. 14, 43, 44, and 86. sorghums, especially waxy endosperm types, have im-sorghum production is consumed directly by humans proved feed-processing properties [62]. [71,88]. Moist, dry, and semi-moist pet foods contain sorghum at For the production of most traditional foods, sorghum is various levels depending upon the formulation. The avail-decorticated using a wooden mortar and pestle. Hand-ability of new food-type sorghums with light color and decortication is a laborious chore generally done by house-bland flavor will lead to more use of sorghum in pet foods. wives. Sorghums with thick pericarp and hard endosperm are preferred because they are easier to decorticate [93]. In some instances, mechanical dehullers are used to service Xl. PROCESSING FOR FOOD small villages and urban areas. Milling yields are related to A. Traditional Food Systems kernel hardness, size, and shape. Most of the sorghums are milled to remove 10-30% of the original weight. The use Sorghum is processed into many different traditional foods of diesel or electrically powered abrasive mills for de-around the world (Table 12). About 30-40% of world hulling and grinding has been increasing slowly." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-21.