Journal articles on the topic 'Degree Discipline: Women's Leadership'

Leadership style plays a very important role in determining employee discipline because the leader can be used as an example and determinant for his subordinates. The style of a disciplined leader can affect the discipline of employees / subordinates. Another phenomenon is the provision of proper motivation, where it will be able to generate enthusiasm, passion and sincerity of work. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze: 1) the influence of women's leadership style on work discipline, 2) the effect of work motivation on work discipline, 3) the influence of women's leadership styles on performance, 4) the effect of work motivation on performance, and 5) the effect of work discipline on performance. This type of research is causal associative quantitative with a survey approach. This research was conducted on a ship crew where there was a female leader/officer on the deck and the engine department with a total population of 60 people. The results showed 1) leadership style had a significant effect on work discipline, 2) work motivation had a significant effect on work discipline, 3) women's leadership style had a significant effect on performance, 4) work motivation had a significant effect on performance and 5) work discipline had significant effect on performance.

The historiography of physics has reached a great degree of maturity and sophistication, providing many avenues to consider the making of science from a historical perspective. However, the big picture of the making of physics is characterized by a predominant narrative focused on a conception of disciplinary formation through leadership transfers in research among France, Germany, and Britain. This focus has provided the history of physics with a periodization, a geography, and a fundamental goal commonly considered to be conceptual and theoretical unification. In this paper, I suggest the interest of reassessing this picture by analyzing the temporal, national, and epistemological viewpoint from which it is written. I use for this purpose an exemplary case study: Adolphe Ganot’s physics textbooks in France and their translation by Edmund Atkinson in England. In this context, I suggest future avenues for the study of the making of physics as a discipline, which consider the canonical role of textbooks in disciplinary formation beyond the Kuhnian paradigm.

The conditions of modern pharmaceutical market development require leadership at each level that lets not only respond rapidly and efficiently on the changes of the environment but initiate the necessary changes. Leaders as agents of changes can transform people’s values, to motivate and inspire, to form the vision of development of healthcare system and pharmaceutical sector taking into account the principles of system thinking for the provision of population with available, quality and safe pharmaceutical care and the improvement of their life. The aim of the work is the development of an elective discipline «Leadership in Pharmacy» for training Master of Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy. The literature review based on the data of international and foreign educational standards of higher pharmaceutical education, the current national educational standard, the experience of teaching subjects devoting to leadership in pharmacy both abroad and in Ukraine has been carried out. Such a scientific quantitative method as a survey has been used. 221 students from the School of Pharmacy at Bogomolets National Medical University have taken part in the survey. The recommendations of the International Pharmaceutical Federation pay attention to the advisability of forming leadership competencies for pharmaceutical workers. The national standards of higher pharmaceutical education in the USA, Great Britain, Australia, Canada include a specific list of leadership competencies. The domestic standard of higher education for getting a Master’s degree in Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy includes certain general competencies based on the leadership. Some leadership skills are listed as special competencies and they are reflected in the discipline «Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing». However, a discipline aimed at the complex and systematic formation of leadership competencies is not presented in the working educational plan for training Masters in the field of knowledge «Healthcare» and specialty «Pharmacy». About 70% of the School of Pharmacy students at Bogomolets National Medical University think that the materials devoted to leadership «worth including» to the educational program and 28% of them notice that «rather worth including». According to the students’ opinions, the most interesting leadership topics are traits of leaders aimed at the success, leadership and team, the formation of leadership strategy – 76%, 72% і 70% respectively. The structure of the elective discipline «Leadership in Pharmacy» with an indication of the aim, list of topics, and the desired educational outcomes (competencies) has been presented. The elective discipline «Leadership in Pharmacy» considering the formation of leadership skills at three successive levels, namely individual, team and organization has been developed. This discipline consists of the following modules: «Foundations of Leadership. Personal Leadership», «Leadership and Collaboration», «Leadership and Organizational Change».

هدفت البحث الحالي إلى التعرف إلى متطلبات تفعيل دور القيادة النسوية في الجامعات اليمنية. ولتحقيق هدف البحث، استخدم المنهج الوصفي بأسلوبيه المسحي والتحليلي، وتم اعتماد استبانة مكونة من (43) فقرة، موزعة على خمسة مجالات تمثل متطلبات تفعيل دور القيادة النسوية في الجامعات اليمنية، وهي المتطلبات: (التشريعية، الإدارية، الأكاديمية، الشخصية، المجتمعية). وقد طبقت الأداة بعد التحقق من صدقها وثباتها على عينة قصدية بحجم ( 27) فردا، من الخبراء المختصين في مجال الإدارة والتخطيط التربوي، وعلم الاجتماع، وعلم النفس، وتخصصات أخرى، في تسع جامعات حكومية هي: جامعة ( صنعاء، عدن، إب ، حضرموت، ذمار، البيضاء، حجة، عمران، جبلة)، عبر أسلوب دلفي المعدل لنيل أعلى قدر من الإجماع بين الخبراء على هذه المتطلبات، وبعد تفريغ البيانات وتحليلها في الجولة الأولى، وجد أن نسبة الاتفاق بين الخبراء المشاركين قد تراوحت بين ( 98%- 85%)، وهي نسبة عالية؛ لذلك أكتفى الباحثان بجولة واحدة، وفي ضوء ذلك، توصل الباحثان إلى مجموعة من النتائج؛ أهمها: إجماع الخبراء على كافة متطلبات تفعيل دور القيادة النسوية في الجامعات اليمنية، وهي: المتطلبات التشريعية، الإدارية، الأكاديمية، الشخصية، المجتمعية وبدرجة أهمية كبيرة جداً، حصل مجال المتطلبات الإدارية على الرتبة الأولى من حيث أهميته في تفعيل دور القيادة النسوية في الجامعات اليمنية، يليه مجال المتطلبات المجتمعية، ثم مجال المتطلبات الأكاديمية في المرتبة الثالثة، ومجال المتطلبات الشخصية في المرتبة الرابعة، أما مجال المتطلبات التشريعية فحصل على المرتبة الأخيرة. في ضوء نتائج البحث قدم الباحثان جملة من التوصيات والمقترحات التي من شانها توفير متطلبات تفعيل دور القيادة النسوية في الجامعات اليمنية. الكلمات المفتاحية: القيادة النسوية-المتطلبات-دور القيادة النسوية Abstract The present study aimed to identify the requirements for activating the role of women’s leadership in Yemeni universities. To achieve this objective, the descriptive approach was used in a survey and analytical style, and a questionnaire consisting of (43) items was adopted, distributed into five areas that represent the requirements for activating the role of women’s leadership in Yemeni universities, which are: (legislative, administrative, academic, personal, and societal), After verifying its validity and reliability, the tool was applied to a targeted sample of (27) individuals, of experts in the field of educational administration and planning, sociology, psychology, and other disciplines, in nine government universities, which are: (Sana'a, Aden, Ibb, Hadramout) , Dhamar, Al-Bayda, Hajjah, Amran, Jableh), through the modified Delphi method to obtain the highest level of consensus among the experts on these requirements. After unpacking the data and analyzing it in the first round, it was found that the percentage of agreement among the participating experts ranged between (85% - 98%), which is a high rate, so the two researchers were satisfied with one round. In light of this, the two researchers reached a set of results, the most important of which are: - Experts have unanimously agreed on all requirements for activating the role of women’s leadership in Yemeni universities, which are: legislative, administrative, academic, personal, and societal requirements of a very great degree The field of administrative requirements ranked first in terms of its importance in activating the role of women’s leadership in Yemeni universities, followed by the field of societal requirements, then the field of academic requirements in third place, and the field of personal requirements ranked fourth, and the field of legislative requirements was ranked last. In light of the results of the study, the two researchers presented a set of recommendations and proposals that would provide the requirements for activating the role of women’s leadership in Yemeni universities. Key words: female leadership - requirements - the role of female leadership -

ABSTRACTThis article analyses more than thirty demonstrations by suffragettes of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) connected with the Budget crisis of 1909, and challenges many of the established orthodoxies about suffragette militancy. Demonstrations did not represent spontaneous activity by the rank and file, but were carried out or at least led by WSPU employees or ‘professional’ militants, with several visible changes in tactics which indicate an organized campaign directed by the leadership. Damage to property, and the political violence which culminated in the terrorist tactics of 1912–14, did not begin as a response to wrongs done to the suffragettes, but because the leaders decided it was necessary. But these tactics were a counter-productive mistake which caused an adverse public reaction and justified the government in the introduction of forcible feeding. The WSPU was obliged to retreat in a humiliating reversal.

The study aimed at proposing a strategy for developing the leadership practice in Taif University through wise governance. The study population included all faculty members at the Taif University which represented -1358- members. A questionnaire was administered tostudy a randomized sample which consist of -321- faculty members which represented -24%- of the study population. The findings showed that faculty members perceived the degree of practicing good governance generally as moderate. Also, the results showed statistically significant differences between the degree of importance and the degree of leadership practice through good governance. There were no statistically significant differences according to gender, but there were statistically significant differences according to academic rank in favor of the higher academic rank only in the following three dimensions of leadership practice through good governance: transparency, active participation, and accountability. In light of these results, a strategy was proposed which implied a number of recommendations, including: Application of the proposed strategy, spreading the culture of accountability, and providing equal opportunities for participation in decision-making for both men and women's departments.

The study aimed at proposing a strategy for developing the leadership practice in Taif University through wise governance. The study population included all faculty members at the Taif University which represented -1358- members. A questionnaire was administered tostudy a randomized sample which consist of -321- faculty members which represented -24%- of the study population. The findings showed that faculty members perceived the degree of practicing good governance generally as moderate. Also, the results showed statistically significant differences between the degree of importance and the degree of leadership practice through good governance. There were no statistically significant differences according to gender, but there were statistically significant differences according to academic rank in favor of the higher academic rank only in the following three dimensions of leadership practice through good governance: transparency, active participation, and accountability. In light of these results, a strategy was proposed which implied a number of recommendations, including: Application of the proposed strategy, spreading the culture of accountability, and providing equal opportunities for participation in decision-making for both men and women's departments.

Interviews with Taliban cadres and commanders challenge conventional views about the inherently fragmented character of the Taliban insurgency and about the role of the Quetta Taliban leadership in running the military organization of the Taliban. The so-called Haqqani network operated as a largely autonomous force from 2007 until 2015, as did the Peshawar Shura from 2009 onward. However, both the Haqqanis and the Peshawar Shura were able to impose a much greater degree of coherence and discipline among its ranks than the Quetta Shura was able to, at least until 2015.

The response of the Canadian labour movement to sexual orientation discrimination has been mixed and uneven. The Canadian Labour Congress, along with several provincial federations and a grouping number of unions, have taken a leadership role in promoting equal rights for gays and lesbians, while other labour organizations have done nothing at all. Public sector and Canadian based unions are much more likely to have been active than have American-based unions, even though there are important exceptions to these trends. These developments are partially explained by regional dynamics, membership demographics, degree of activism, the presence of women's committees, and organizational leadership.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to assess the level of administrative empowerment of women and leadership positions in the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, identify the most important challenges, and obstacles facing women working in leadership administrative positions. from the point of view of a sample of female employees and officials in the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Design/ Methodology/ Approach - To achieve the objectives of this study used the descriptive analytical method. The study population consisted of a number of female employees and officials in the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, based on the intentional sampling method. Findings-The researcher reached the results show a high degree of concordance between the study vocabulary regarding the dimensions of empowerment in various jobs (74.18%), participation and qualification (72.06%), compared to the neutrality of consensus about the obstacles facing women’s empowerment in leadership positions (65.49%). With a varying level of agreement on the sub-items of those dimensions, which requires the need to establish the concept of women’s empowerment Administrative and leadership positions. In addition to the absence of statistically significant differences in the trends of the study vocabulary about the dimensions of administrative empowerment according to the educational level, social status and administrative experience. while there were statistically significant differences between the average estimates of the study sample members of the female employees to the degree of empowerment of Saudi women in leadership positions in the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah attributed for the functional status variable. The results also showed the obstacles to achieving women's empowerment in administrative work and leadership positions. The study recommended working on upgrading the role of women in the work environment and believing in their ability to achieve success in the operational job roles that they perform, directing their characteristics and their view of advantages to be used in reaching leadership positions, attracting women leaders with experience to work in departments and branches, benefiting from Technical development and electronic communication and its adaptation to develop women's work through remote work.

The debates over the degree of authority belong to women have been heavily developed on the ground of religious discourse. One of the most ctusial points is the leadership of women in mixed congregation where women and men are aprticipating in the prayers. The majority of Muslim scholars consider that women leadership in mixed congregation is out of question of contextulization reasoning of religious precept. On the one hand, the presence of Muhammad as the Prophet who conveyed the divine revelation has been seen as improving the status of women and their space as so equal to men as shoum clearly in surat An-Niso' (4): 124. On the other hand, however, there are also verses that claimed by scholars, which reduce women's rights, and there are also scholars who have denied women's access and rights to compete with men in good deeds (fastabiqul khairat). This article is specifically addressing and arguing for reinterpreting the right of women to lead mixed congregated prayers by ways of integrating dialectic discourse of Qur'anic verses and prophetic examplary actions.

This article discusses the women's movement in the organization BKSWI Indonesia Islam (Islam Women Cooperation Agency) West Java. Discussion of the methodology used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The conclusion based on the results of the discussion that: BKSWI can be assumed as the activities pursued women and can strengthen the organization by emphasizing equality and togetherness with me aim materialized unity among Islamic women's organizations as well as the implementation of Islamic teachings in increasing the degree and character of women in the life personal, household, and community are blessed by God, in order to realize the potential of the field of religious struggles of womanhood and society in me run that purpose, the HR (caretaker), facilities and funding access, information, culture management organizations, internal and external communications, leadership, organizational environment conducive Islamic women.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of morale and work discipline on teacher performance at SMPN 1 Taliwang, West Sumbawa Regency. The population in this study were all teachers at SMPN 1 Taliwang, West Sumbawa Regency, totaling 32 people. The researchers took the entire population to be used as a research sample (census sampling). Data in the study were collected through questionnaires distributed to research respondents and analyzed using simple linear regression analysis techniques, individual parameter hypothesis testing (t-test), simultaneous parameter hypothesis testing (F-test), and determinant coefficient test (R2). The results of this study indicate that work enthusiasm and work discipline have a positive and significant effect on teacher performance at SMPN 1 Taliwang, West Sumbawa Regency, both partially and simultaneously. The degree of influence of work enthusiasm and work discipline on teacher performance at SMPN 1 Taliwang, West Sumbawa Regency is 89.1%, while the remaining 10.9% is influenced by other variables outside this research model, such as the work environment, principal leadership patterns and others.

This research investigates the Impact of Parent- Teacher Meeting on Students Academic, Social, Emotional, and Psychological Development at Federal Government Educational Institutions in Pakistan.The quantitative, descriptive, and survey approach for the study. The target population of the current research work consisted of all F G E Is(c/ g) in Pakistan. Two similar questionnaires and one interview protocol were self-constructed. The reliability of both the questionnaires for teachers and parents was 0.961 respectively. The majority of teachers were masters degree holders with a 60.3% or 199 masters degree holding degree in the current work. Most of the parents reported that PTM fosters motivation for students homework completion. The majority of the principals reported that Social participation will develop leadership skills. It is recommended that PTM should be exclusively monitored by higher management. There should be an appropriate guide and discipline committee during the PTM hours.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework to explain how leaders emerge in teams that lack a hierarchical structure. This framework emphasizes the perceptual processes through which team members determine whether or not an individual fits with the task, the group, and the situational context. Design/methodology/approach – This paper builds on prior leadership research to develop a theoretical framework of emergent leadership, a testable model, and research propositions. Findings – The authors suggest that team members’ perceptions of leadership fit depend on the potential leader's domain competence, fluid intelligence, willingness to serve, credibility, and goal attainment. A conceptual framework is developed to suggest these attributes combine to create perceptions of leadership fit that must correspond to the degree of stress in the situational context, which varies according to task criticality and time compression. The framework suggests that an individual perceived by team members to exhibit characteristics that fit with the situation will likely emerge as the leader. Research limitations/implications – This paper focusses on emergent leadership, but does not address which path to leadership may be best. Future research may also address group dynamics (i.e. cohesion or group potency) and the implications for leader emergence. Originality/value – This research contributes to the discipline by suggesting a potential path of leader emergence in multiple contexts of situational stress and leader behaviors.

The purpose about the study was in conformity with discover the stage on presidency behavior potential amongst students on the teams and scholar things to do yet to check the effectiveness over the program Guidance based totally concerning affirmative coaching In enhancing theirs president ship behavior, a descriptive analytical approach was once ancient to answer questions Descriptive, then semi-experimental processes in accordance with instruction the hypotheses over the pilot study, the discipline population is (230) students Of the college students on the scholar teams at the University regarding Murtha, the leading behavior strip was once utilized out of the researcher's sample after (117) college students (10) college students whosoever showed a low degree on leading behavior, yet after the implementation about the development-based expansion program.

The purpose about the study was in conformity with discover the stage on presidency behavior potential amongst students on the teams and scholar things to do yet to check the effectiveness over the program Guidance based totally concerning affirmative coaching In enhancing theirs president ship behavior, a descriptive analytical approach was once ancient to answer questions Descriptive, then semi-experimental processes in accordance with instruction the hypotheses over the pilot study, the discipline population is (230) students Of the college students on the scholar teams at the University regarding Murtha, the leading behavior strip was once utilized out of the researcher's sample after (117) college students (10) college students whosoever showed a low degree on leading behavior, yet after the implementation about the development-based expansion program.

Sister Catherine Wallace (1917-91) was president of Mount Saint Vincent University (MSVU), Canada’s only degree-granting women’s post-secondary institution, from 1965 to 1974. Wallace’s appointment coincided with a transformative era not only in the North American post-secondary landscape, but also in the Roman Catholic Church and the women’s movement. Wallace was acutely aware that this combination of factors would require a transformation of MSVU itself for the institution to survive the next decade. Wallace ultimately strengthened MSVU’s identity and gave it a more outward-looking vision by embedding many of the goals of second-wave feminism, including the recommendations of the Report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada (1970), in the University’s renewal. She also gave the university a more national profile through her work on the executive of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC), including in 1973 as their first woman president.

This paper deals with defining leadership as one of the basic determinants of behavior in organizations. It points to the increasing importance of the discipline of organizational behavior (OB), which is devoted, as an interdisciplinary field of study, to better understanding and managing human side of the work. Three basic levels of analysis in OB are individual, group and organizational level. Leadership represents the key variable of organizational behavior, which is predominantly determined by personal individuals' traits and characteristics of the environment. Definition of the leadership from the project GLOBE was accepted, claiming that it is "the ability of an individual to influence, motivate and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members". In second part of the paper, very influential theoretical differentiation between managers and leaders (and, of course between management and leadership) has been analyzed. According to this standing point, it is emphasized how good manager brings certain degree of predictability and order in organization, while successful leader initiates change, often to dramatic proportions. Nevertheless, overemphasizing the differences between them is often inappropriate, because concepts of leader and manager in above-mentioned sense represent more "ideal types" that almost never exist in reality in its "pure" forms. Last part of the text discusses the role of leadership in organizational transformation (OT). Very frequently assertion that key moment of OT is changing the culture of organization is cited and the role of leadership in three main phases of transformation is analyzed: "unfreezing", moving and "refreezing".

Conventional wisdom suggests that parties in candidate-centered electoral systems should be associated with less cohesive policy preferences among legislators. We model the incentives of party leaders to achieve voting unity accounting for the costs of discipline, showing that candidate-centered systems have the counterintuitive effect of promoting party agreement on policies and preference cohesion. These implications for cohesion derive from the degree of control over list rank held by leaders under open lists (open-list proportional representation, OLPR) and closed lists (closed-list proportional representation, CLPR). Because discipline is costlier in OLPR, owing to leaders’ lack of control over list rank, leaders seeking voting unity propose policies that promote agreement between members and leadership. Under CLPR, however, leaders can more easily achieve voting unity by relying on discipline and therefore lack incentives to promote internal agreement. We then extend the model to allow the party leader to replace members, showing that preference cohesion itself is greater under OLPR. Further, our baseline results hold when allowing legislative behavior to affect vote share and when accounting for candidates’ valence qualities. We interpret our results to suggest that candidate-centered systems result in stronger incentives for developing programmatic parties, compared with party-centered systems.

Women and Politics in Chile, Susan Franceschet, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005, pp. x, 203.The Pinochet dictatorship in Chile (1973–1990) was marked by a high degree of women's activism focusing on human rights, economic survival and feminism. Many women expected that their active role during the dictatorship would lead to a new way of doing politics and greater inclusion of women in the political process once democracy was restored. But despite the recent election of Michelle Bachelet as president of Chile, Chilean women continue to be vastly underrepresented in political party leadership and elected office. In this clearly written and cogently argued book, Susan Franceschet addresses the important question of the marginalization of women from Chilean politics under democracy.

The teaching of skin and venereal diseases as a compulsory subject at the medical faculty of the Kazan Imperial University began in 1872. Previously, this discipline was considered optional and its teaching was entrusted to obstetricians-gynecologists, surgeons and other specialists. The first head of the department was Alexander Genrikhovich Ge. He was born on October 26, 1842 in the family of a French language teacher at the 1st Kazan gymnasium. In 1865 he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of Kazan University with the right to present a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. From the fall of 1866 A.G. Ge worked in the Kazan provincial zemstvo hospital, where he headed the women's syphilitic department. In 1868, Alexander Genrikhovich defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine and in 1870 was sent abroad at the expense of the Ministry of Iarod Education for 2 years abroad to study skin and venereal diseases. During this time, he worked in the clinics of the largest dermatologists - Gebra, Siegmund and Zeisl, in the laboratories of Stricker and Brcke (in Vienna and Wrzburg).

AbstractIn Lima in the seventeenth century, both free and enslaved black women held elected leadership roles in black confraternities (corporate bodies of lay Catholics). These women occupied a public position generally reserved for men; their Spanish and indigenous counterparts did not hold comparable roles. Though their experiences have not been documented in scholarly literature, they were highly visible in their own lifetimes. In ecclesiastical court, they acted as the confraternity's legal agents. In everyday operations, they were primarily responsible for collecting and managing funds. This gave them a large say in how money ought to be spent, whether on festivals, members’ funerals, medical aid, or financial support for imprisoned members. Though black limeños made up a majority of the city's population, other forms of mutual aid were often inaccessible to them. Confraternity leaders in general, and these women in particular, managed one of their community's only officially recognized spaces for civic organization. As the century wore on, men successfully challenged the women's authority in court, and militia officers became more and more central to leadership. Yet even with that curtailment, these positions gave black women in Lima a degree of publicly acknowledged power highly unusual for early modern women.

Aim/Purpose: This study examined an educational leadership doctoral preparation program to better understand how students’ self-efficacy evolves from the lens of a scholarly practitioner researcher as they progress through specified checkpoints to degree completion. The aim was to identify what factors contributed to building scholarly practitioner researcher skills and what factors hindered the development of doctoral students as they progressed through their educational leadership preparation program. Background: Doctoral programs have the highest attrition of graduate programs, with almost half of the successful students taking six to seven years to complete. Thus, educational leadership doctoral preparation programs must find ways to enhance students’ perceived capability in an effort to facilitate their progress through the program in a timely manner. The researchers believe having high research self-efficacy coupled with evidence-based practices to strengthen scholarly practitioner research skills may be a contributor to effective program progression if viewed from the lens of a scholarly practitioner researcher. Methodology: A mixed-methods study utilizing an ex-post-facto research design based on descriptive statistics coupled with an analysis of qualitative data examined students’ perceived self-efficacy of educational leadership doctoral students in relation to their rate of progression. Contribution: This study provides other doctoral programs a lens into the importance of maintaining students’ high self-efficacy, specifically in the area of scholarly practitioner research to ensure efficient progression through the program to completion in a timely manner. Findings: Educational leadership doctoral students in the specified cohorts reported high self-efficacy at the pre-, mid-, and post-assessment checkpoints in the program during their coursework tier, and findings revealed this high self-efficacy was sustained throughout this progression to the dissertation tier. Four overarching narrative themes influencing students self-efficacy in scholarly practitioner research were identified as Social Support, Academic Challenges, Discipline, Effort, and Motivation, and Personal Challenges. Recommendations for Practitioners: Educational leadership and related doctoral programs should consider using a scholarly practitioner researcher approach. This focus may lead to faster rates of degree completion and better prepared students to solve problems of practice in their practitioner settings. Recommendation for Researchers: While the results are promising in support of evidence-based practices to prepare scholarly practitioner researchers, in turn sustaining or supporting high levels of self-efficacy may prove impactful, thus warranting further research. Impact on Society: Ensuring high levels of self-efficacy may help students to complete their doctoral degree in a timelier manner due to the perception they are capable of program completion and may also, better prepare students to serve as scholarly practitioner researchers in their educational settings. Future Research: Future research should continue longitudinally to examine self-efficacy from the lens of a scholarly practitioner researcher to better understand how this shapes doctoral students’ efforts and capabilities in their doctoral work from admit to program completion. Additionally, future research can quantitively assess a model identifying the relationship between self-efficacy and the four identified themes for the development of doctoral students’ research skills as scholarly practitioners.

AbstractThe 2008 Constitution of the Union of Myanmar establishes the framework for a ‘discipline-flourishing’ constitutional democracy in which the Tatmadaw, the Burmese military, retains a significant degree of power. Under this Constitution, the Union Election Commission (UEC) is vested with significant authority to supervise elections, regulate political parties and electoral campaigns, register voters, suspend elections, and to make conclusive determinations in electoral disputes. Between 2010 and 2020, the UEC oversaw three consecutive general elections and three by-elections. Following a term under the former military leadership, the country's major democratic opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), won a resounding victory in the 2015 elections. In the years that followed, civilian-military relations were a source of tension, as the NLD attempted to reform the executive and legislative roles for the military guaranteed by the Constitution. These tensions became in particular tangible during the 2020 elections, which the NLD again won in a landslide victory. The military alleged the election was marred by fraud while the UEC rejected this allegation. On 1 February 2021, hours before the new parliament was to convene, the Tatmadaw staged a coup d’état. This article reviews the UEC in its constitutional and political context. It identifies its institutional features, significant points in its brief history, and the impact of UEC leadership as a contributing factor in fostering confidence in the electoral process.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the leadership role of authors, institutions, and countries based on research co-authorship networks in the field of operations management (OM) and ranks European authors, institutions, and countries using network centrality measures. It also identifies the primary research areas of each of the leading European authors and maps the areas that European research in general has focussed most on. Design/methodology/approach – Based on co-authorships in publications appearing in a representative set of three leading OM journals over the 15-year period of 1998-2012, network measures of total degree centrality and betweenness centrality are used to identify influential European agents serving as leaders and bridge builders in OM research. Keyword analysis is used to identify the dominant areas of OM research in Europe as well as the primary areas of research of the leading authors. Findings – With UK, Spain, The Netherlands, and Italy accounting for the dominant share of authorship of papers in the journal set, many authors and institutions from these countries are also found to rank high on network centrality measures. While certain authors, institutions, and countries are found ranking high on total degree centrality based on number of direct connections in the network, others are found to play uniquely important roles as gatekeepers and bridge builders in network relationships. The body of research is found to be focussed most on the area of supply chain management. It is also found to be focussed more on manufacturing than service. Research limitations/implications – The examination of networks in this study based on co-authorships in publications in the set of three leading journals: Journal of Operations Management, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, and Production and Operations Management, is not all encompassing as there are likely other co-authorship relationships of OM researchers that go beyond publications in this set of journals. Practical implications – Co-authorship of papers in the leading academic journals in a discipline provides a window on patterns of collaboration among key researchers within that academic community. The findings of this study inform the community of stakeholders on who the leading European agents in OM research are, what the primary areas of research of the leading European authors are, and areas that European research has focussed most on. Originality/value – This is the first study of its kind that identifies and maps key European authors, institutions, and countries based on the analysis of co-authorship networks of researchers who have published in a set of leading OM journals that are considered to be among the most relevant outlets in the field of OM. It also maps the primary areas of research.

Background: Education world has a very important role in improving the quality of human resources, as it is the environment in which the process of the formation of professional behavior through a series of teaching and learning process. Professional behavior should be clearly seen as an aspect of personal identity and character developed over time. Based on this, the focus of professionalism began to shift from individual to the institution and stated that professionalism must be embedded in an educational institution with a complete integration of the culture of professionalism that involves the institution leader, staffs, lecturers, and students. The purpose of this study is to investigate the professional behavior of the institution of Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Guna Bangsa Yogyakarta. Methods: This study is a descriptive qualitative research. Subjects were the institutional leader, lecturers, staffs and students are determined by purposive sampling. Interview instruments include altruism, honor and integrity, caring and compassion, respect for others, responsibility and accountability, excellence and scholarship, and leadership. Participant at the data collection focused group discussion (FGD) is 10 persons and on interview data collection is 21 persons. Efforts to achieve the credibility of the informant are done by triangulation and discussions with colleagues. Research supervisor role as auditors, maintain dependency and certainty degree of this research. Results: Participants considered that the lecturers, staffs, students and institutional leader have done with the guidance of a good, high integrity, good communication, mutual respect, responsibility and provide exemplary. However, some behavioral components still require improvement such as the level of lecturers’ discipline, staffs’ job and responsibility distribution, student discipline and responsibility, and supervisor leadership patterns. Conclusion: As there are still some components of professional behavior that needs any improvement, requires institutions to increase self-understanding and awareness to professional behavior. Institutions need to consider any strategies to be taken to overcome any problems faced by the institution to achieve professional behavior.

A leader must have a good competence to successfully bring the organization for its intended purpose. If a led organization is engaged in education field, of course a leader must also have a competence that qualified both skill, science, and experience in the field of education. However, related to that, it also found some problems about leadership, namely the leader is less exemplary discipline, less competent in the field, less provide guidance, less coordination and unable to make their own decisions. Based on the above things, this study aims to find out how the leadership in the field of basic education (DIKDAS) is, what factors affect the leadership in the field of basic education (DIKDAS), and what effort are being made to improve the leadership in the field of basic education (DIKDAS) at Dinas Pendidikan Balangan district. The location of research is at the office of Dinas Pendidikan Balangan district. The approach used is a qualitative approach with a qualitative description type. Data collection technique used are interviews, observation, and documentation. The source of data is amounted to 14 people. After the data collected, then analyzed through 3 stages, namely data editing, data presentation, and verification or drawing conclusion. The result of the research indicate that the leadership in the field of basic education (DIKDAS) has not been entirely good. This can be seen from the side of responsibility that is less independent as a leader and does not have the desire to excel. On the other hand, the leader in the field of basic education (DIKDAS) is considered to have capacity in the from of intelligence, speech and judgment ability. From the aspect of achievement is an appropriate bachelor degree and a quite estensive knowledge. From the aspect of responsibility is a quite good initiative, diligent, tenacious, and confident. From the aspect of participation, that is active, have high sociability, cooperative, and able to adjust. The factors that influence leadership are the expertise and employee loyalty to leader, education and training experience, and the leader’s intelligence. Then, the effort to improve the leadership is delegation of tasks to subordinates, the approach by the leadership to subordinates and training as well as discussion. The suggestions to improve the leadership in the field of basic education (DIKDAS) are the leaders need to be a motivator for subordinates, have the attitude of independence, one of them is able to make their own decisions that precarious, and have the desire to excel in order to spur achievement. Keywords : Leadhership, Education

This article investigates the mediation of teachers in a reality-TV program, how gender, femininity, masculinity and emotions interact in a school fiction. The reality-TV program, Klass 9A, consisting of 13 episodes, was broadcasted in Swedish television during spring 2008. In the program, viewers could follow a high school class during the fall semester 2007. The class teachers were replaced by “eight of Sweden’s foremost educators” (the TV-producer´s words) to help the pupils improve their scores from low level to the third best class in the country during that semester. In that sense this was a Makeover-television and in analyzing the teachers, they are treated as constructions of the producers. Theoretically and methodologically Sara Ahmed’s concept of emotions are used – what emotions do between people, giving and constructing attributes. Three teachers, two men and one woman, are exemplifying the analysis. The (male) math teacher’s pedagogical strategy is love, an approach he both articulate and perform. Love as a teaching method appears as an exercise of power, a patriarchal and biblically informed performance and a powerful discipline tool. In the sport subject, the (male) teacher act to a high degree as a coach, engaging in a democratic sport leadership. He is doing it with empathy, in a way feminine, but without loosing his masculinity, secured by his traditionally male subject sport. The female teacher (Swedish language) is doing masculinity, disembodied by how the producers represent her, but is embodied in the end of the semester, by being represented as sentimental and caring when it comes to the final test. In that sense she is castrated, made less powerful and brought back to the conception of female teachers as carrying. The program supports the conception of missing male teachers in school and a longing for old time discipline.

There Has Been Much Concern In The Past Few Years About the ‘decline of parliament’ in West European democracies. In the United Kingdom, criticism of the New Labour government has included its apparent neglect of Parliament demonstrated by the style and strategies of the government, ranging from reduction in the time allotted to prime minister's question-time and the utilization of the mass media rather than Parliament as the forum for important policy statements, to the government's refusal to accept reforms to the method of appointments to House of Commons select committees, as recommended by the House of Commons Liaison Committee. Strong party discipline, coupled with sanctions which can affect the political careers of MPs for failure to obey the edicts of the party leadership, have limited the autonomy of MPs in Britain, and, to a varying degree, in other West European countries also. Certainly the German Bundestag has been criticized for being too much under the control of the leaderships of the political parties, in terms of voting on legislation, the stage-management of debates and the choice of leaders of the parliamentary parties (the removal by Chancellor Schröder of Scharping as leader of the SPD parliamentary party in 1998 at the instigation of Lafontaine, the then party chairman, is a notorious instance).

Purpose The main purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between human capital investments and financial performance in the professional football industry. The authors examine this association by controlling for internal (club-level) mechanisms of governance. Specifically, as they deal with a context of highly concentrated ownership and familial control of football clubs, they posit that the degree of family board representation and a dual leadership structure exert a moderating effect on the decision to spend on playing talent. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis employs a fixed-effect econometric model on a panel data set of 16 Italian football clubs that spans a nine-year time period ending up with 144 firm-year observations. Findings The main novel finding of this investigation is that clubs with CEO duality and a high degree of family board representation manage to profit from investments in player contracts as opposed to clubs which lack these governance mechanisms. Research limitations/implications A clear implication is that the presence of corporate governance mechanisms at club level may be value-enhancing. In terms of policy direction, the finding makes the case that regulatory bodies should consider the imposition of governance mechanisms at club level as a means to promote actual financial discipline and a further ally to current regulations that are restricted to monitoring processes tied to accounting data. Originality/value This study attempts to explain the financial outcomes of player investments by combining insights from the mainstream governance and family business literature. Prior works in the field are restricted to testing the direct relation between player investments and performance, but fail to consider the potential moderators of this association.

Background: globally the existence of the midwifery profession is needed by a wide range of stakeholders. The midwife profession has been proven to be able to change discipline and leadership in the world of health. Independent Practice Midwives (PMB) becomes one of the basic health facilities engaged in the field of women's health in which requires the management of health management. Methods : this type of research uses descriptive quantitative methods to look at the management of the Independent Practice system of Midwives Bekti, Kulon Progo. The populations in this study are all officers who are registered as employees. Samples are being used in this study determined by accidental sampling, namely employees who were found to be at work at the time of the research was carried out, as well as the founder of PMB. Results : building requirements, space and infrastructure can be known that the percentage number that has met the standard as much as 95% and 5% of them that do not meet the fire extinguisher (APAR) is not available in ready-made conditions. The percentage of employee indicators has met as much as 100%. The entire process of each examination is recorded in the patient's Medical Record (RM) in the form of a book or hard copy. The types of services provided include ANC (Antenatal Care), Ultrasound, pregnant women, maternity, post-partum and infants, MTBS (Integrated Management of Sick Toddlers), family planning for pills, injections, implants, Intrauterine Device, simple Emergency Unit services, infant massage and immunization. Conclusion : Organizational Management in PMB Bekti Kulon Progo has fulfilled the requirements rules in the implementation of Standards of Midwifery Services and permenkes RI Number 28 Year 2017 on the License of Midwife Practice Implementation but in the use of ambulances are still not in accordance with health standards. Keyword : Midwife, PMB, Management

The introduce analysis the synodal resolution of the dioceses of Włocławek on space eight centuries on angle dean’s office, its authorization, duty and tasks in diocese, give conviction haw important is this office and necessary to realization religious mission of Church and his spiritual mission. From the beginning formation this office, through its evolution and actual obligatory norms of canon law, this office always write in mission of Church, joint action in realize and many methods activity community of the People of God. Moreover office of deans, definite authorizations and obligations always have on in view help of the diocesan bishop in performance pastoral service in particular Church. The deans as representative of presbytery the Włocławek Church, in light discussion rules of Włocławek synodal legislation, had belong and belong to nearest and most trustworthy collaborators of the diocesan bishop and have very important part in structure of this Church. The synodal legislation of Włocławek made and make with dean assistant of the diocesan bishop, mediator between the diocesan bishop and the diocesan curia, and priest and faithful deanery in specified matter. In the beginning dean introduced synodal legislation and orders of the diocesan bishop in life denary and individual parishes, was guardian of faith, customs and discipline. After the Council of Trent this office took bigger meaning and not limit to function control and inspect work priest in deanery, but also administrative in design assistance of the diocesan bishop in control of the diocese. After the Council of Vatican II to duty of the dean join pastoral duty in deanery. On the person dean and his service in big degree depend realization of mission of the Church. The synodal legislation of Włocławek made for detail designation function and assignment of deans servant designs inspection and administration-pastoral of the Włocławek Church. In they light office and service dean had and has take for this, that under leadership of the dean all priest in deanery commit in priesthood realize priest and pastoral vocation, realize duty result with leadership of parish, take cooperation, with fruit will be animation religious and pastoral life in the particular Church, and also will be realize – peaceably with rules of cannon law – service pastoral, sanctify and teaching of faithful.

This artide is an overview of feminist or gender perspectives within Swedish media research during the last ten to fifteen years. Books and contributions to anthologies are described and the research sorted into two categories, populär culture within media and journalism. Although this categorisation is to be questioned due to blurred boundaries of fact and fiction in media, it is useful in an overview in order to avoid the risk of neglecting one orthe otherfield. One can conclude that feministic or gender oriented research about populär culture in the media is mostly dealing with the content and questions of gender constructions, especially representation of women, but there is also an increasing interest for male constructions including representation of relations between women and men. There is a claim for not talking of the existence of one woman voice but instead of a manifold of women's voices. Little is to be found regarding the reception of populär culture and even less regarding conditions of production. The research about journalism is more oriented towards texts by women journalists and often historically oriented. Here questions of gender constructions are not salient and to some degree this can be understood by the unwillingness to let journalistic products be analysed as constructions. Nevertheless one of the most remarkable features of the feminist media research in Sweden during the last decade has been to identify and make visible (and readable) women journalists from the early part of the last century. Media and communication studies as a discipline was established at the Swedish universities around 1990. As a new academic field it should be expected to be free of old traditional bonds, but gender or feministic aspects within media research constitutes less than 10 percent of the total registered media research.

In this article I discuss parts of tny book Gender in and as Organization. An Overview of Swedish Research on Work & Gender. The overall aim of the book is to describe and analyze research on gender and work in organizations in Sweden during the 1990s and it focuses in particular on six domains of research. This article builds on three of these: 1) Structural Transformation, 2) Leadership and 3) Technology and Organization. Studies of structural transformation usually focus on more encompassing changes in the organization of production, such as the transformation of the public sector in the 1990s, as well as on more minor themes such as the closing down of local industries. On a general level, the studies show that men become unemployed less frequently and furthermore that they have greater opportunities to get new permanent jobs in times of structural change. The opportunities for women to get new jobs seem dependent on the local labour märket and to what degree it can offer traditional women's jobs in the public sector. In the research on leadership, studies show that women seldom become leaders/ managers in the private sector. Only 17 percent of the leaders in the private sector were women in 1999. Studies of the development in the public sector show a change from 29 percent of women leaders in 1990 to 51 percent in 1999. Qualitatively oriented studies provide explanations for these figures. The equal opportunity strategies and the law against sex discrimination in employment seem to have had a more profound impact in the public organizations - a state of affairs which most probably has its roots in the close connection between these organizations and "the state". The overall results from research on technology and organization show that in most organizations, when new technology and/or new ways of organizing work are introduced, gender regimes are resistant to change. Initially some changes due to the gender division of labour can be seen, but after only a short period of time most organizations go back to "normal", i.e. an organization with a traditional and stereotypical gendered division of labour.

El Perfil de Egreso se puede definir como la declaración institucional de la formación profesional considerando el contexto social, involucrando al profesional y las habilidades más relevantes asociadas a la disciplina. El objetivo del estudio buscó analizar los perfiles de egreso de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física de Chile, con el fin de identificar las competencias que aparecen con mayor frecuencia y cuáles son las más reconocidas tanto en las instituciones públicas como privadas a nivel nacional. La muestra estuvo constituida por 23 universidades que dictan la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física. Los resultados muestran que las principales competencias son: Interpretación crítica del conocimiento y/o reflexión sobre la práctica pedagógica y profesional; Diseñar y aplicar actividades de aprendizaje y evaluación; y Trabajo colaborativo y liderazgo. Son necesarias futuras investigaciones donde se pueda acceder al documento o Perfil de Egreso completo de las carreras de Educación Física, esto con el fin de identificar los elementos medulares relacionados con los estándares pedagógicos y disciplinares que actualmente rigen la formación del profesorado de Educación Física en Chile. Abstract. The Graduate Profile can be defined as the institutional declaration of vocational training considering the social context, involving the professional and the most relevant skills associated with the discipline. The aim of the study was to analyze the graduate profiles of Physical Education Pedagogy in Chile, in order to identify the competences that appear most frequently and which are most recognized in both public and private institutions at national level. The sample was constituted by 23 universities that dictate the career of Pedagogy in Physical Education. The results show that the main competencies are: Critical interpretation of knowledge and/or reflection on pedagogical and professional practice; Design and apply learning and evaluation activities; and Collaborative work and leadership. Further research is needed where you can access the document or Complete Leaving Profile of Physical Education Careers, this in order to identify the core elements related to the pedagogical and disciplinary standards that currently govern the training of physical education teachers in Chile.

Educationists are professionals who develop and design educational policies and conduct research on different aspects of education. Some of them also teach ‘Education’ as a subject. Education is being more streamlined and accepted as a separate entity in medical education, with more and more doctors opting for courses in medical education such as certificates, diplomas and masters in medical education (Tekian, Roberts, Batty, Cook, & Norcini, 2014). Hence, a discussion often ensues regarding the definition of medical educationists, educators, and teachers. Literature does not discriminate clearly between these three terms. In this editorial, I will share my perspective on these terminologies based on my experience and supportive evidence from the literature. A clinician needs a license to practice, so it is unfair to consider a doctor as a teacher by default, without a license to teach. Hence, to be considered a medical teacher, a prerequisite of obtaining a certificate, diploma, or masters in medical education should be fulfilled. At the least, courses or workshops in different aspects of medical education should be completed by the doctors. Regarding medical education, faculty in medical and dental colleges in Pakistan can be divided into three categories: (1) Doctors with basic medical education (MBBS or BDS) and a postgraduate degree in medical education (e.g. MHPE or MME, etc). These professionals are usually concerned with medical education as a discipline and work in the department of medical education (DME) and can be called ‘Medical Educationists’. (2) Doctors with a post-graduate degrees in their primary discipline (such as Physiology or Surgery etc ) but an additional post-graduate degree in medical education. These professionals teach their primary disciplines but at the same time work actively with DME in a collaborative or leadership role. They can be considered as ‘Medical Educators’. (3) The third type of faculty confines them to teaching their own subjects who can be considered as ‘Medical Teachers’. They either have a license to teach (CHPE, Diploma or Masters) in addition to a postgraduate qualification in their own discipline or have learned the art and craft of teaching through experience and self-training. However, in this day and age when teaching is no more delivery of knowledge (Harden & Crosby, 2000), it is difficult to be a medical teacher without a formal degree and training in teaching. All these professionals define and shape the structure and role of medical education departments or units. In Pakistan, where medical education departments are still in infancy in the majority of the medical schools, it is important to understand how these departments should be run (Batool, Raza, & Khan, 2018; Davis, Karunathilake, & Harden, 2005). Department of medical education may be headed by either a medical educationist or medical educator, but the gist is that they should have a basic degree in medical education. In the author’s experience, it is better to have all three types of professionals in the DME or related to it. Each has its own benefit. The medical educationist is focused on administrative and research areas related to educationists, the medical educator can act as a bridge between DME and other disciplines, and the medical teacher is the brace of DME, ensuring the implementation of the educational program. Successful collaboration between these three types of professionals is important for the effective implementation of the curriculum. The nomenclature of medical educationists, educators, and teachers do not have strict boundaries and are being interchangeably used in practice. It would be interesting to define them empirically and describe the roles and responsibilities for each one of them separately. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- References Batool, S., Raza, M. A., & Khan, R. A. (2018). Roles of medical education department: What are expectations of the faculty? Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 34(4). https://doi. org/10.12669/pjms.344.14609 Davis, M. H., Karunathilake, I., & Harden, R. M. (2005). AMEE Education Guide no. 28: the development and role of departments of medical education. Medical Teacher, 27(8), 665– 675. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590500398788 Harden, R. M., & Crosby, J. O. Y. (2000). AMEE Guide No 20 : The good teacher is more than a lecturer - the twelve roles of the teacher. Medical Teacher, 22(4), 334–347. https://doi. org/10.1080/014215900409429 Tekian, A., Roberts, T., Batty, H. P., Cook, D. a, & Norcini, J. (2014). Preparing leaders in health professions education. Medical Teacher, 36(3), 269–271. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421 59X.2013.849332

The article presents structural-functional analysis for the socio-practical potential of such educational component as philosophy of business, as well as research the degree of its impact on evolution of strategic thinking abilities, progress of creative potential, values and attitudes of students. Therefore, in the text of the article is outlined the author’s structure of the analyzed educa­tional component, that is relevant for socio-economic sphere of contemporary Ukraine and, at the same time, one that will motivate younger generation to apply cross-disciplinary knowledge for improving the national business sphere and for making progress in economic culture of Ukrainian society in general. The structure of analyzed educational component must include: studying the philosophy of business problem field in the context of game theory; analysis of business ontological specifics as well as related risks and success criteria; de­scription the philosophical aspects of branding and business-leadership; analy­sis of such phenomena connection as capital, property and wealth; determining the basics of culture, ethics and social responsibility of business, its role in the structure of social institutions; and also studying of such instruments for strate­gic thinking evolution as theory of game Go and 36 ancient Chinese stratagems; and, finally, a detection of essential transformations for business-processes in conditions of digitalization and active artificial intelligence development. So we consider that socio-creative manifestations of that educational discipline should be analyzed, first of all, on three main levels: economic, administrative law and culturological. Article proves that in each of these professional educa­tional areas, philosophy of business, as separate educational component, pro­vides specific functional effects, significantly supplementing and improving cur­ricula with additional knowledge and competencies that increases preparation level of modern specialists, creates opportunities for their better understanding of business practical value for national and global economies.

Professor Sandip Kumar Ray, a brilliant, highly committed, renowned Community Medicine teacher and distinguished public health expert and researcher left for his heavenly abode on 17th July 2020.Prof. Ray had dedicated his entire professional career to public health teaching, training and research. He had brought about a radical change in Community Medicine training by orienting it more towards practical approach i.e. field based training.Prof. Ray was the elder son of Prof. Bidhu Sekhar Ray, an eminent medical teacher and former Principal of R.G.Kar Medical College, Calcutta. He was born on 28th April 1947. He passed MBBS from R.G. Kar Medical College in the year 1971 and joined “Kadambini” Primary Health Centre, Monteswar, Burdwan as Medical Officer in 1973. He attained Post Graduate degree in Community Medicine from Benaras Hindu University in the year in 1979. After that he joined as faculty in Community Medicine Department of Burdwan Medical College and attained the post of Professor and Head of the department. During his tenure, the department flourished under his able leadership and the teaching and training modalities of Community Medicine was strengthened as well. In 1994 he joined Medical College, Kolkata as Professor and Head and continued his term till his superannuation from West Bengal Medical Education Services. Thereafter he continued to render his expertise as senior faculty/ HoD of Community Medicine in several Medical Colleges of West Bengal, Karnataka and also in Nepal. He was Guest Professor at Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, Kolkata. He was also program coordinator of PGDMCH course of IGNOU study centre at Medical College, Kolkata. He had a pleasant personality with an ever smiling face and was the loving ‘dada’ and an ideal role model for the junior colleagues. His passion for the discipline and his dedication towards teaching inspired thousands of undergraduate, post graduate and PhD students.

Business schools throughout the world strive to admit “quality” students to their MBA programmes. To achieve this, various measures are employed during the selection processes. These measures include various tests such as the General Management Admissions Test, Test of English as foreign language and the Common Admission Test, to name but a few. Although these tests may be successful in indicating the quality of applicants, their predictive capabilities with reference to the academic performance in the discipline of management and leadership are unproven, while some researchers even regard these tests to be biased or unscientific across cultural boundaries.This article attempts to provide a preliminary model that could be applied to applicants in order to predict their academic success on an MBA programme. To do so, the model makes use of historical academic performance of 729 MBA students who enrolled during the years 1999, 2000 and 2001 at the Potchefstroom Business School of the Northwest University. These students graduated in the years 2001, 2002 and 2003. A vast array of demographic, academic and historical variables is employed by discriminant analyses to categorise the applicants into 2 groups, namely:• “Low-to-no -isk” applicants for the MBA programme (most preferred applicants that should graduate within the minimum period of 3 years);• Applicants who did not complete their degree in 3 years. This category contains two groups of students, namely those who extended their studies to 4 years, and those who failed and subsequently dropped out of the MBA programme. Further analysis of this category identified:o “Medium-to-low-risk” applicants who are expected to complete their degree in 4 years (they need an additional year to complete the 3-year degree). Although this category is less favourable, they do complete their studies. o “High-risk” applicants are those who are not expected to complete their degrees and would probably exit the programme without obtaining any qualification. These applicants should not be allowed to enter into the MBA programme.The reliability of the discriminant function rates favourably with 71% (MBA in 3 years), 62% (MBA in 4 years) and 83% (dropping out of the programme) being categorised correctly by the respective discriminant functions. Being a preliminary model, its predictive capabilities need to be verified in practice before it can be implemented as tool to render assistance in MBA admissions. The value of this research lies in the fact that it constitutes a model that could be employed and improved as a predictive tool in an environment where very limited predictive tools exist. Therefore, although it is by no means a tried and tested model, it sets the scene by supplying a scientific base from which incremental improvements could result.

The article presents the training of future educators-methodologists for methodical work in preschool institutions. Particularly, the formation of professional and methodological competence in applicants for higher education in the master's degree. The concept of "methodical work in preschool education" was determined, and we perceive it as a comprehensive pedagogical system of interaction of all participants in the educational process and the teaching staff of the institution which were aimed at improving the quality of the educational process; raising the professional and competence level of psychological, pedagogical and methodological readiness for the organization and content of the educational process of the preschool educational institution, the pedagogical skills of educators in the conditions of the preschool educational institution where they work. In Ukraine was developed the State Standard for the formation of professional and methodological competence of educators-methodologists preschool educational institutions. At the University of Ushinsky (Odessa) under the leadership was conducted an experimental study on the training of future educators-methodologists of preschool educational institution in the master's program. The educational work program "Methodical work in preschool educational institutions" and "Syllabus" to the required discipline was developed. The purpose of the educational program was the formation of future educators-methodologists of professional and methodological competence. We understand the professional and methodological competence of future educators-methodologists as the integration of professional and personal qualities of a specialist necessary for successful methodical activity of an educator-methodologist: its intelligence, mobility, flexibility, critical thinking, self-criticism, methodological maturity and methodological cultures. Future educators-methodologists scores are involved in various forms of experimental methods: lectures-dialogues, polylogues, dual lectures with prior training of students, development of innovative projects, laboratory classes directly in the preschool educational institutions under the guidance of an educator-methodologist, etc . The formation of professional and methodological competence of future educators-methodologists was determined by the following criteria: professionalism, methodological literacy, methodological culture. The obtained results were quite positive in terms of the formation of professional and methodological competence in the applicants of the experimental group compared to the control.

Abstract: Spirituality is highly emphasized for someone who wants to dive into the field of theological schools, especially in Malaysia Evangelical Seminary Belaga highlights the three main pillars for the existing Theology schools, which is to want those schools to be identical to the three pillars that are standard. such as; High academic, high discipline and high spirituality. The question that arises in the following question: How important is the Spiritual Development of Theological Students? How is the Bible's Guide to Improving Spirituality? What is the spirituality of a Condition to Meet the Degree Standards of Theology School Students? The answer is (1) Learning strategies to increase spirituality in METS Belaga schools will definitely continue to be realized with the involvement and cooperation of the center and METS itself with full submission to the leadership of the Holy Spirit. (2) The guide to improving the quality of spirituality based on the Bible is that teachers should give comprehensive attention so that students can assess and track the extent of their spiritual development. (3) By giving systematic instruction to the students alone they can understand this life which must change constantly in this life for the glory of His name. Abstrak: Kerohanian sangat ditekankan bagi seseorang yang mahu menerjunkan diri dalam bidang sekolah teologi, khususnya di Malaysia Evangelical Seminary Belaga mengetengahkan tiga pilar utama untuk sekolah-sekolah Teologia sedia ada, iaitu mahu sekolah-sekolah tersebut identik dengan tiga pilar yang menjadi piawan(standard) seperti; Academis yang tinggi, disiplin yang tinggi dan kerohanian yang tinggi. Persoalan yang muncul dalam pertanyaan berikut: Bagaimanakah pentingnya Membangun Spiritual Pelajar Teologi? Bagaimanakah panduan Meningkat Mutu Kerohanian berdasarkan Alkitab? Bagaimanakah kerohanian satu Syarat untuk Memenuhi Standar Gelar Pelajar Sekolah Teologi? Jawaban adalah (1) Strategi learning untuk meningkatkan kerohanian di sekolah METS Belaga pasti akan terus terealisasi dengan penglibatan dan kerjasama pihak pusat dan METS itu sendiri dengan penuh penyerahan kepada pimpinan Roh Kudus. (2) Panduan meningkat mutu kerohanian berdasarkan Alkitab adalah para guru harus memberi perhatian yang menyeluruh agar para pelajar dapat menilai dan mengesan sejauh mana keadaan perkembangan kerohanian mereka. (3) Dengan memberi pengajaran yang sistematis kepada para pelajar saja mereka dapat mengerti kehidupan ini yang harus berubah terus menerus dalam hidup ini bagi kemuliaan nama-Nya.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the social and legal support of the military personnel of the National Guard of Ukraine. During which it was found out that, according to the norms of the current legislation, social and legal support is an activity to create the necessary social and legal conditions for observing constitutional rights and freedoms, meeting the social needs and interests of military personnel in the course of preparing and performing combat missions; compliance with international humanitarian law; maintaining high discipline, organization and order. Based on this, the author's vision of the factors, influencing the formation of the social and legal consciousness of military personnel during military service and performing tasks for their intended purpose, is formulated, and three levels of their implementation are defined: micro-level, medium level and macro-level. The micro level includes: basic knowledge (obtained at school, higher educational institutions, higher military educational institutions); safety conditions in the performance of service and combat missions (norms of the current legislation); socio-cultural development (the degree of development of a serviceman in all spheres of human activity under the influence of changes in the dominant system of values). Medium level – self-realization (realization of the potential of a serviceman through career achievements); qualification of the military team/chief (formed by the personal attitude of the team/chief to the legal norms of the current legislation and implemented by observing them). Macro level – the mentality of society (way of thinking, general spiritual mood of society); state policy of Ukraine (the reaction of the state to specific problems of society (or groups in this society) is a fundamental guide to action for public authorities in accordance with laws and social customs). Based on the results of the study, the author's position on the very legal-ideological model of the formation of the social and legal consciousness of military personnel as a component of social and legal support for the activities of the personnel of the National Guard of Ukraine and its levels is provided. In order to increase the effectiveness of the functioning of the legal-ideological model for the formation of the social and legal consciousness of NGU military personnel, it is advisable: within the macro-level – the state leadership adhere to the implementation of social guarantees for military personnel and strengthen the propaganda of the authority of the "man in uniform" through the media; within the framework of the middle level – the local leadership independently make decisions on improving the quality potential of personnel, based on the specifics of the assigned tasks; within the framework of the micro level – during individual training, constantly inform the personnel about the latest changes in the current legislation and instill legal consciousness for the actions taken. Attention is focused on the problematic issues that arise at the present stage of development of the state

Purpose The study aims to map the intellectual structure of business ethics studies by analyzing 17,246 citations of 225 papers published in Business Ethics Quarterly (BEQ) in the year between 2005 and 2014. Specifically, the purpose of the study is to describe the current state of BEQ, identify the most influential journals and works, identify the key themes of business ethics studies during 2005-2014 and, at the same time, report the changes in themes by making a comparison between two time periods – 2005-2009 and 2010-2014. Design/methodology/approach First, the study presents the information of the authors, institutions and countries that contribute to BEQ with a statistical analysis. Second, the study identifies the most cited journals and works in BEQ during 2005-2014 with a citation analysis. Third, the study identifies the key research themes in business ethics studies with a co-citation analysis. With the help of factor and social network analysis (NA), the study groups the research themes and maps their links. Findings First, the statistical results show that many well-known researchers from famous US institutions publishing in BEQ. Second, the citation analysis results show that quite a few journals become mature gradually in business ethics domain. Besides, most of the influential works are normative and theoretical. Third, the co-citation results indicate that “stakeholder management” and “corporate social responsibility” (CSR) are two main themes in business ethics studies in the past decade. Specifically, “stakeholder management” attracts the most research interests in both two sub-time periods. In addition, compared with the pure studies on CSR during 2005-2009, increasing researchers are keen on the theme of “political CSR under globalization” in the second five years. Meanwhile, other focus like “society, state and business ethics” earns a certain degree of attention in the time window 2005-2009. And “accountability in MNCs” and “political philosophy” are the new concerns in the year between 2010 and 2014. Originality/value The study confirms BEQ’s leadership role in business ethics domain. And, it further proves that business ethics has evolved as an independent discipline. It also helps the researchers to have a concise knowledge of the main contents and key points of business ethics research. Methodologically, co-citation analysis combined with factor and NA provides clear results and visualized figures which can be understood easily by the researchers and practitioners.

This study examines the Role of Women's Leadership in Madrasah Quality Development (Case Study at Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah Belang Southeast Minahasa). The purpose of this study is to determine the planning program in quality development. This study uses qualitative research, namely in collecting data used observation, interviews and documentation. The location of this research is Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah Belang with the research subject being the Head of Madrasah, Deputy Head of Madrasah, Administrative Staff as well as teachers and students. This study indicates that: (1) The Head of Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah Belang has been maximal in carrying out her duties as a female leader or head of Madrasah in establishing good communication with all educators, staff or all students in the madrasa. The head of the madrasa also has an assertive nature so that she is not underestimated by his subordinates, this assertive nature makes one of his characteristics that is feared by students and teachers. (2) The Head of Madrasah involves many people in planning the programs that have been implemented. The head of the madrasa is also very enthusiastic in carrying it out so that the activities that have been carried out have gotten good results as long as she is the Head of Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah Belang. (3) The head of the Madrasah who provides opportunities for teachers, especially those with a bachelor's degree, to attend training or workshop. Some teachers already have a bachelor's degree and are certified. (4) Then the reality on the ground is that the condition of the facilities and infrastructure in the madrasa is not sufficient when compared to the number and needs of students Abstrak Penelitian ini adalah tentang Peran Kepemimpinan Perempuan Dalam Pengembangan Mutu Madrasah (Studi Kasus di Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah Belang Minahasa Tenggara). Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui program perencanaan dalam pengembangan mutu. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif yaitu dengan pengumpulan data yang digunakan seperti pedoman observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Lokasi penelitian adalah Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah Belang dengan subjek penelitian Kepala Madrasah, Wakil Kepala Madrasah, Bagian Tata Usaha sekaligus sebagai guru dan juga siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: (1) Kepala Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah Belang sudah maksimal dalam menjalankan tugasnya sebagai seorang pemimpin perempuan atau kepala Madrasah dalam memotivasi menjalin komunikasi yang baik dengan seluruh tenaga pendidik, staf ataupun seluruh peserta didik yang ada di madrasah. Kepala madrasah juga memiliki sifat tegas agar supaya tidak di anggap remeh oleh bawahan, sifat tegas ini menjadikan salah satu sifat khas beliau yang ditakuti siswa maupun guru. (2) Kepala Madrasah melibatkan banyak orang dalam perencanaan program-program yang telah terlaksanakan. Kepala Madrasah juga sangat antusias dalam menjalankannya sehingga kegiatan yang telah terlaksanakan mendapatkan hasil yang baik selama beliau menjadi kepala madrasah di Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah Belang. (3) Kepala Madrasah yang memberikan peluang bagi guru-guru khususnya bergelar S1 untuk mengikuti pelatihan atau diklat. Beberapa guru sudah memiliki ijasah S1 dan bersertifikasi. Kemudian kenyataan di lapangan bahwa kondisi sarana dan prasarana yang ada di madrasah cukup baik. (4) sarana dan prasarana belum mencukupi bila dibandingkan dengan jumlah dan kebutuhan peserta didik.

In some respects, the prospect of returning to some degree of normality is evident on the horizon. However, climate and the future of energy show little sign of a return to prepandemic normalcy. The future of our energy system is being transformed, and oil and gas are crucial for energy stability as well as the transformation. One of the miracles over the past year has been the accumulated knowledge around the human genome and application of this science to the rapid development of efficacious vaccines. As within oil and gas, humans can rise to the challenge to solve complex problems when identified. This is playing out as we see societal drivers around climate change and net-zero carbon emissions. Over the past year, SPE produced 11 events focused on the energy transition and continued the development of the Gaia Sustainability Program initiated by the SPE Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability (HSES) discipline. It is now a thriving community of SPE members across all disciplines committed to enabling and empowering all members and other interested parties who wish to engage in the alignment of the future of energy with sustainable development. An on-demand library of Gaia Talks and other resources has been built using the strategic programming framework (www.spe.org/en/gaia). Advances in our understanding and application of technology, and the development of those who can use it to better the world, are highlighted in the selections made for this month’s Technology Focus—genome sequencing of invasive species, technology to identify fatigue, and development of human capital for the industry in Kazakhstan. We must not forget the key element in any strategic improvement of performance: the human being. This starts with developing human capital at the university level. The industry is also working on progressing our understanding and application of human factors and human performance. As mentioned in the October 2020 JPT, the oil and gas industry has formed the Human Performance Oil and Gas (HPOG) alliance modeled after the very successful Dropped Objects Prevention Scheme program. The return to a more-normal life also means that our traditional conference model can reengage membership. Face-to-face meetings accelerate networking and the transfer of knowledge, which is core to the SPE mission. Events focusing on HSES this year include a planned in-person gathering the first week of November: HSES Focus on the Future—Responding to Changes and How the HSES Function Will Grow (3–5 November). This event will primarily cover health, environment, and sustainability with one panel on land transportation safety. It is strategically planned for the same week and at the same hotel in Fort Worth, Texas, where the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers will hold its first Joint Congress on Safety (1–3 November). A key element in building strategies within the SPE HSES discipline is the future of the function. Leading the efforts around this will be the newly formed HSES Executive Advisory Committee (EAC). This EAC, led by Fawaz (Fuzzy) Bitar, senior vice president of HSE and carbon at BP and former chair of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers, includes HSE leadership from various upstream operators and contractors and will help with guidance and direction for SPE HSES Technical Director Annamaria Petrone. The EAC will hold a meeting and participate in plenary panels during the SPE HSES event in November. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 202737 6×6 Occupational Health Hazard Risk Rating Matrix: A Useful Tool in the Determination of Risk Levels of Workplace Health Hazards by Bufford Ang, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, et al. OTC 30840 Self-Certification and Safety Compliance for Robotics Platforms by Osama Farouk Zaki, Heriot-Watt University, et al. SPE 201312 Long-Term, Periodic Aerial Surveys Cost-Effectively Mitigate Methane Emissions by Sri Sridharan, Pioneer Natural Resources, et al.

2022 SPE President Kamel Ben-Naceur Kamel Ben-Naceur is CEO of Nomadia Energy Consulting, where he advises on sustainable energy policies and global and regional energy economics and outlooks. He has worked as the chief economist for a major oil and gas company and for an oilfield services company. Ben-Naceur has also worked as a director of the International Energy Agency and as the industry, energy, and mines minister for the Tunisian government. He has chaired several SPE global committees, including Business Management and Leadership, the International Forum Series, and CO2 Capture, Utilization, and Storage. He has also taught several SPE courses on global energy and strategic thinking and planning. He was technical director for the Management and Information discipline on the SPE International Board of Directors from 2008 to 2011. Ben-Naceur was also an SPE Distinguished Lecturer during the 2009–2010 season and received an SPE Distinguished Member Award and SPE Distinguished Service Award in 2014, the AIME Charles F. Rand Memorial Gold Award in 2019, and the 2020 Sustainability and Stewardship in the Oil and Gas Industry Award. He has coauthored more than 150 publications and 17 books. Ben-Naceur holds the Agrégation de Mathématiques degree from the École normale supérieure and a master’s degree in engineering from École Polytechnique in Paris. What key issues will you emphasize as 2022 SPE President? Our industry, along with many other economical sectors, has experienced a major impact from the pandemic. The magnitude of the drop in oil demand in 2020, both in absolute and relative terms, is unprecedented. It led also to a major reduction in oilfield investment activity around the world, in the order of 30% compared to pre-COVID-19 levels. The fast-track development of vaccines and their availability, even though progress is still required to ensure that they are distributed fairly around the world, is raising hope that the worst may be behind us. SPE members have also been impacted in their ability to meet at technical conferences and exhibitions and participate in workshops or forums. As 2022 SPE President, the theme I wish to develop is the “sustainable recovery” for our industry and for SPE. The industry has experienced in 2020–2021 a major loss of valuable employees ranging from young professionals to senior members. This has followed a major downcycle in 2014–2015. After a 30% drop in Capex in 2020 compared to 2019, 2021 should see a modest recovery in activity (6–8% increase). The next year should welcome a 10–12% activity surge, providing an increase in employment opportunities for our members in transition, as well as for our student members. Barring new negative developments in the pandemic, the recovery in activity should strengthen to reach pre-COVID levels by 2025, albeit 15–20% below the level that was expected before. The recovery of demand and activity should also be linked to a more sustainable trajectory of energy demand and supply. Sustainability will be my second area of focus, with SPE having already engaged significantly. I had the opportunity to participate in the startup of the SPE GAIA Sustainability Program, which is now developing into many different directions, thanks to the efforts of SPE volunteers. 2019 SPE President Sami Al-Nuaim had put sustainability at the heart of his presidency, and I am pleased to see several of his initiatives materialize. The third area of focus will be a gradual restart of physical meetings, where we will transition with the increase of hybrid (in-person/virtual) events, which is eagerly anticipated by our members. The fourth area of focus is related to the development of the new SPE Strategic Plan. Last but not least, is the proposed merger between SPE and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG).

Plant diseases can be traced back almost as far as recorded history. Numerous ancient writings describe plagues and blasts destroying crops and modern civilization still faces many plant disease challenges. Plant pathology has its roots in botany and notable scientists such as Tillet, Prevost, and deBary already had concluded microscopic organisms could cause plant diseases before Robert Koch established the rules of proof of pathogenicity with sheep anthrax. Plant pathologists can be credited with helping improve crop yields and food production throughout the world. However, at a time when there are increasing challenges to crop production, some that potentially may increase the severity or distribution of plant diseases, the training of future plant pathologists appears to be declining, at least in the United States. The ability of the U.S. Land Grant University (USLGU) system to attract and train future generations of plant pathologists may be at risk. Recent data from university plant pathology departments collected by The American Phytopathological Society (APS) documents a decline in the number of students completing advanced degrees in plant pathology, departments with fewer faculty with a diverse expertise in applied plant pathology, fewer stand-alone, single discipline departments of plant pathology, a reduced ability of many departments to offer specific curricular aspects of plant pathology, and a demographic profile that casts an ominous prediction for an unusually large number of faculty retirements over the next decade. The impact of these factors could be a shortage of highly skilled, applied plant pathologists in the U.S. in coming years. The affect also may be felt globally as fewer international students may receive pre-doctoral and post-doctoral training in plant pathology in the U.S. as faculty retire and are not replaced. On the other hand, this likely will create greater opportunities for universities around the world to take leadership in many aspects of plant pathology education. While a decline in students and young faculty trained in applied and field-level specialties of plant pathology (mycology, bacteriology, plant nematology, forest pathology, epidemiology, etc.) is occurring, those trained in the cellular and molecular host-pathogen interactions specialties appear to be increasing. Many plant pathology faculty hired at USLGUs in the last decade are trained in molecular biology and received their Ph.D. degree in a field other than plant pathology. They are now applying those skills to research numerous aspects of host-pathogen interactions of model pathosystems. A shift to a greater research emphasis on molecular host-pathogen interactions over the last decade is evidenced by the number of research articles published in the three APS journals; Plant Disease, Phytopathology and Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (MPMI). From 1985 to 2007, there has been a decline in the number of articles published in Plant Disease (–29%) and Phytopathology (–36%) and a steady increase in those published in MPMI since its inception in 1990 (+111%). With new research tools come new research questions. The tools of molecular biology have allowed us to look deeper into questions than ever before and provided us with a perspective not before seen. As we dissect and decode the genomes of the world’s most notorious plant pathogens we get closer and closer to alleviating the global losses and human suffering caused by plant diseases. New “designer crops” with engineered traits for drought and cold tolerance, pest resistance, increased levels of micronutrients, healthier oils such as omega fatty acids, and plant-derived pharmaceuticals are all on the horizon. Research in the future likely will focus on new problems, traditionally seen as outside the discipline of plant pathology. The impact of climate change on plant diseases will be significant. As many parts of the world become warmer and drier some plant diseases likely will increase in severity. Pathogens are likely to migrate and survive in more northern latitudes greatly expanding their range and diseases exacerbated by abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity will increase. Plant pathology will continue to evolve as a multidisciplinary science. These changes will open up many new research opportunities. Plant pathology will play a bigger role in global food security. Research into the molecular and cellular interactions of symbiotic and endophytic organisms will help provide answers to food-borne illnesses caused by E. coli and Salmonella and how these and other human pathogens become established in plants in the field. Plant pathologists will team up with biomedical and aeronautical engineers, nanotechnologists, and computer scientists to develop microsensory technology to detect the introduction and spread of pathogens for biosecurity, diagnostics and epidemiological modeling purposes. Traditional areas of plant disease management and the use of biologicals for disease control also will benefit from a better understanding of the molecular and cellular processes and the similarity of virulence mechanisms and pathogen effectors between plant, insect, and vertebrate pathogens likely will bring new insights into human diseases. And last, but not least, there likely will be a resurgence in plant disease management and epidemiological research as the world’s dependence on biofuels increases and results in new diseases on intensively cultivated plant species used for biomass production.

Purpose Project management is an essential skill in the hospitality organization that is only becoming more important (Tereso et al., 2019). Bridging the gap between academia and industry is achievable by experiential learning or providing students with curriculum that gives them hands-on access to real-world industry research projects that attempt to solve real-world industry issues (Steed and Schwer, 2003). The purpose of this paper is to understand the scope of project management curriculum in universities’ hospitality programs, to understand the scope of project management skill requirements in hospitality firms and to narrow the disconnect between project management in academia and in hospitality firms. Design/methodology/approach The study used a mixed method approach. On the side of academia, a quantitative collection method was used to gage which universities offered a project management course, how many universities offer these courses and how many project management courses each university had. On the side of industry, a survey was administered to industry professionals in senior management positions. It was a quantitative survey designed to gage the importance of having project management as part of university curriculum. The aim was to show what was expected to be a disconnect between the two sides – academia and industry. A total of 57 responses were collected. Out of them 49 were usable. The Human Subjects consisted solely of two populations: individuals who worked in the hospitality industry. This accounted for 12 of the responses; individuals who worked in academia – more specifically in higher education at schools that offer Hospitality Management curriculum. This accounted for 37 of the responses. The subjects were identified and recruited through the professional networking site LinkedIn (for subjects that were industry professionals) and through both LinkedIn and American Hotel Lodging and Educational Institute databases for the subjects in academia. There were no direct potential benefits to the subject. The potential societal benefits of the study were the advancement of knowledge within the disciplines of both Hospitality Management and Project Management. The authors used the University of Memphis’ Qualtrics system and changed settings to anonymize responses so IP addresses would not be collected. The Qualtrics’ default is to collect IP addresses and GPS coordinates of those who responded. By setting the survey to anonymized responses the investigators were not able to collect this identifiable information. This information was included in the confidentiality, methods/procedures and in any other necessary sections/documents noting that the investigators would set Qualtrics to anonymize responses. Findings H1 was supported. The findings showed that most colleges and universities did not require project management classes for degree completion. Preliminary research showed that of 68 of the top hospitality programs in the world that were researched, only 7.5 percent required taking project management centric courses in order to graduate (College Choice, 2019; The Best Schools, 2019; Top Universities, 2018). In total, 43.2 percent of respondents answered “yes” when asked if their school offers courses in project management based on this definition of project management: “A project is temporary in that it has a defined beginning and end in time, and therefore the defined scope and resources. And a project is unique in that it is not a routine operation, but a specific set of operations designed to accomplish a singular goal. A project team often includes people who do not usually work together – sometimes from different organizations and across multiple geographies. Project management, then, is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirement” (Project Management Institute) (See Table A1). Of 43.2 percent that answered yes, 64.3 percent said that the courses were required for graduation (See Table AII). Meaning, only 27.8 percent of schools surveyed offered and required completing project management courses for graduation. It should be noted that this number may be lower as bias may have played a factor. It is evident that hospitality programs understand the importance of project management because 85.7 percent of the colleges and universities surveyed are teaching project management concepts in courses that are not project management centric, like Meeting and Event Planning (See Table AIII). H2 was supported. Only 9.1 percent of respondents believed that project management skills are not at all important to line level employees. Most, 54.6 percent, believed that project management skills are important to some extent for line level employees. In total, 9.1 percent believed that project management skills are not at all important for supervisory level employees; 27.3 percent believed they are needed to some extent and 36.4 percent believed they are needed to a moderate extent. As for management level employees, it was found that 63.6 percent believed project management skills were needed to a great extent. For director level employees, 63.6 percent believed project management skills are necessary. Finally, 72.7 percent of respondents believed project management skills are necessary for both VP level employees and executive leadership (See Table AIV). It should be noted that one person did not believe themselves qualified to answer questions regarding project management within their organization. More than half of respondents said that project management skills are used to a great extent within their organization. H3 was not supported. Both hospitality schools and hospitality companies agreed that project management skills have some level of importance in academia and in industry – most believed the skills were very important at both junctions (See Tables AV and AVI). However, in the preliminary research the authors found that 55 percent of the top 111 hospitality companies had project management positions, meaning that there was a potential need for project management courses in colleges and universities (Ranker, 2019). As stated earlier, only 7.5 percent of the top 68 colleges and universities required project management courses to be completed upon graduation. So, the discrepancy lies within the vastly different percentages between project management positions within companies and project management courses within schools. Research limitations/implications The data provided strong evidence that supported the idea that project management is not required in hospitality programs upon completion. This opens new avenues to research the reasons behind schools not offering project management courses or making it a requirement for degree completion. On the other hand, project management skills are considered to be needed by hospitality managers. This provides valuable information for future studies that look to close the gap between academia and industry. The results indicated that project management is important for hospitality companies and schools, but the lack of project management education in colleges and universities is evident. The results of this study provided good news to students that aim to work in hospitality companies, since they can improve their project management skills and encourage their programs to stay updated with the industry needs so that they can succeed in their professional lives. Though this was an exploratory study of the project management discipline within the hospitality industry – with a limited sample size – the data clearly justified that there is room for additional data collection and research in this area of study. Practical implications The results show that there is a disconnect between project management curriculum in schools and project management skill demand in the hospitality industry. The research should encourage schools to invest appropriate resources into required project management curriculum. The hospitality industry is vast in the types of businesses that fall under it. Project management is one skill set that can be useful across most of the different businesses in the hospitality industry. From a practical standpoint, providing students with a solid background in the project management discipline provides them an advantage in the highly competitive hospitality industry. It accomplishes this by providing the students with in-demand knowledge and competencies that are both universally accepted and highly regarded by hospitality management companies as a skill set that is widely used in the industry. Social implications There were limitations to this study. Some pieces may be improved in future research. The Qualtrics survey could have been reduced in number and order of questions for a better interaction and results. The use of the Qualtrics database might be helpful to reach a bigger population. Potential steps could be taken to reduce bias that may play a factor in the responses. For example, some respondents may have claimed that their schools offer project management curriculum when in fact they do not, or they do not know to what extent. Originality/value Project management is an essential skill in the hospitality organization that is only becoming more important (Tereso et al., 2019). Bridging the gap between academia and industry is achievable through experiential learning or providing students with curriculum that gives them hands-on access to real-world industry research projects that attempt to solve real-world industry issues (Steed and Schwer, 2003). Most graduate level curriculum at universities was found to hone skills like written and oral communications, problem solving and decision making, organization, time management and cost control (Steed and Schwer, 2003). It has been suggested that universities add project management curriculum and experiential learning to their programs for a more streamlined transition from academia to industry (Steed and Schwer, 2003). Existing research on this subject is a bit dated, so the objectives were: to understand the scope of project management curriculum in universities’ hospitality programs; to understand the scope of project management skill requirements in hospitality firms; to narrow the disconnect between project management in academia and in hospitality firms.

We’ll have trouble now!The Archaeological Society of Jutland was founded on Sunday, 11 March 1951. As with most projects with which P.V Glob was involved, this did not pass off without drama. Museum people and amateur archaeologists in large numbers appeared at the Museum of Natural History in Aarhus, which had placed rooms at our disposal. The notable dentist Holger Friis, the uncrowned king of Hjørring, was present, as was Dr Balslev from Aidt, Mr and Mrs Overgaard from Holstebro Museum, and the temperamental leader of Aalborg Historical Museum, Peter Riismøller, with a number of his disciples. The staff of the newly-founded Prehistoric Museum functioned as the hosts, except that one of them was missing: the instigator of the whole enterprise, Mr Glob. As the time for the meeting approached, a cold sweat broke out on the foreheads of the people present. Finally, just one minute before the meeting was to start, he arrived and mounted the platform. Everything then went as expected. An executive committee was elected after some discussion, laws were passed, and then suddenly Glob vanished again, only to materialise later in the museum, where he confided to us that his family, which included four children, had been enlarged by a daughter.That’s how the society was founded, and there is not much to add about this. However, a few words concerning the background of the society and its place in a larger context may be appropriate. A small piece of museum history is about to be unfolded.The story begins at the National Museum in the years immediately after World War II, at a time when the German occupation and its incidents were still terribly fresh in everyone’s memory. Therkel Mathiassen was managing what was then called the First Department, which covered the prehistoric periods.Although not sparkling with humour, he was a reliable and benevolent person. Number two in the order of precedence was Hans Christian Broholm, a more colourful personality – awesome as he walked down the corridors, with his massive proportions and a voice that sounded like thunder when nothing seemed to be going his way, as quite often seemed to be the case. Glob, a relatively new museum keeper, was also quite loud at times – his hot-blooded artist’s nature manifested itself in peculiar ways, but his straight forward appearance made him popular with both the older and the younger generations. His somewhat younger colleague C.J. Becker was a scholar to his fingertips, and he sometimes acted as a welcome counterbalance to Glob. At the bottom of the hierarchy was the student group, to which I belonged. The older students handled various tasks, including periodic excavations. This was paid work, and although the salary was by no means princely, it did keep us alive. Student grants were non-existent at the time. Four of us made up a team: Olfert Voss, Mogens Ørsnes, Georg Kunwald and myself. Like young people in general, we were highly discontented with the way our profession was being run by its ”ruling” members, and we were full of ideas for improvement, some of which have later been – or are being – introduced.At the top of our wish list was a central register, of which Voss was the strongest advocate. During the well over one hundred years that archaeology had existed as a professional discipline, the number of artefacts had grown to enormous amounts. The picture was even worse if the collections of the provincial museums were taken into consideration. We imagined how it all could be registered in a card index and categorised according to groups to facilitate access to references in any particular situation. Electronic data processing was still unheard of in those days, but since the introduction of computers, such a comprehensive record has become more feasible.We were also sceptical of the excavation techniques used at the time – they were basically adequate, but they badly needed tightening up. As I mentioned before, we were often working in the field, and not just doing minor jobs but also more important tasks, so we had every opportunity to try out our ideas. Kunwald was the driving force in this respect, working with details, using sections – then a novelty – and proceeding as he did with a thoroughness that even his fellow students found a bit exaggerated at times, although we agreed with his principles. Therkel Mathiassen moaned that we youngsters were too expensive, but he put up with our excesses and so must have found us somewhat valuable. Very valuable indeed to everyon e was Ejnar Dyggve’s excavation of the Jelling mounds in the early 1940s. From a Danish point of view, it was way ahead of its time.Therkel Mathiassen justly complained about the economic situation of the National Museum. Following the German occupation, the country was impoverished and very little money was available for archaeological research: the total sum available for the year 1949 was 20,000 DKK, which corresponded to the annual income of a wealthy man, and was of course absolutely inadequate. Of course our small debating society wanted this sum to be increased, and for once we didn’t leave it at the theoretical level.Voss was lucky enough to know a member of the Folketing (parliament), and a party leader at that. He was brought into the picture, and between us we came up with a plan. An article was written – ”Preserve your heritage” (a quotation from Johannes V. Jensen’s Denmark Song) – which was sent to the newspaper Information. It was published, and with a little help on our part the rest of the media, including radio, picked up the story.We informed our superiors only at the last minute, when everything was arranged. They were taken by surprise but played their parts well, as expected, and everything went according to plan. The result was a considerable increase in excavation funds the following year.It should be added that our reform plans included the conduct of exhibitions. We found the traditional way of presenting the artefacts lined up in rows and series dull and outdated. However, we were not able to experiment within this field.Our visions expressed the natural collision with the established ways that comes with every new generation – almost as a law of nature, but most strongly when the time is ripe. And this was just after the war, when communication with foreign colleagues, having been discontinued for some years, was slowly picking up again. The Archaeological Society of Jutland was also a part of all this, so let us turn to what Hans Christian Andersen somewhat provocatively calls the ”main country”.Until 1949, only the University of Copenhagen provided a degree in prehistoric archaeology. However, in this year, the University of Aarhus founded a chair of archaeology, mainly at the instigation of the Lord Mayor, Svend Unmack Larsen, who was very in terested in archaeology. Glob applied for the position and obtained it, which encompassed responsibility for the old Aarhus Museum or, as it was to be renamed, the Prehistoric Museum (now Moesgaard Museum).These were landmark events to Glob – and to me, as it turned out. We had been working together for a number of years on the excavation of Galgebakken (”Callows Hill”) near Slots Bjergby, Glob as the excavation leader, and I as his assistant. He now offered me the job of museum curator at his new institution. This was somewhat surprising as I had not yet finished my education. The idea was that I was to finish my studies in remote Jutland – a plan that had to be given up rather quickly, though, for reasons which I will describe in the following. At the same time, Gunner Lange-Kornbak – also hand-picked from the National Museum – took up his office as a conservation officer.The three of us made up the permanent museum staff, quickly supplemented by Geoffrey Bibby, who turned out to be an invaluable colleague. He was English and had been stationed in the Faeroe Islands during the war, where he learned to speak Danish. After 1945 he worked for some years for an oil company in the Gulf of Persia, but after marrying Vibeke, he settled in her home town of Aarhus. As his academic background had involved prehistoric cultures he wanted to collaborate with the museum, which Glob readily permitted.This small initial flock governed by Glob was not permitted to indulge inidleness. Glob was a dynamic character, full of good and not so good ideas, but also possessing a good grasp of what was actually practicable. The boring but necessary daily work on the home front was not very interesting to him, so he willingly handed it over to others. He hardly noticed the lack of administrative machinery, a prerequisite for any scholarly museum. It was not easy to follow him on his flights of fancy and still build up the necessary support base. However, the fact that he in no way spared himself had an appeasing effect.Provincial museums at that time were of a mixed nature. A few had trained management, and the rest were run by interested locals. This was often excellently done, as in Esbjerg, where the master joiner Niels Thomsen and a staff of volunteers carried out excavations that were as good as professional investigations, and published them in well-written articles. Regrettably, there were also examples of the opposite. A museum curator in Jutland informed me that his predecessor had been an eager excavator but very rarely left any written documentation of his actions. The excavated items were left without labels in the museum store, often wrapped in newspapers. However, these gave a clue as to the time of unearthing, and with a bit of luck a look in the newspaper archive would then reveal where the excavation had taken place. Although somewhat exceptional, this is not the only such case.The Museum of Aarhus definitely belonged among the better ones in this respect. Founded in 1861, it was at first located at the then town hall, together with the local art collection. The rooms here soon became too cramped, and both collections were moved to a new building in the ”Mølleparken” park. There were skilful people here working as managers and assistants, such as Vilhelm Boye, who had received his archaeological training at the National Museum, and later the partners A. Reeh, a barrister, and G.V. Smith, a captain, who shared the honour of a number of skilfully performed excavations. Glob’s predecessor as curator was the librarian Ejler Haugsted, also a competent man of fine achievements. We did not, thus, take over a museum on its last legs. On the other hand, it did not meet the requirements of a modern scholarly museum. We were given the task of turning it into such a museum, as implied by the name change.The goal was to create a museum similar to the National Museum, but without the faults and shortcomings that that museum had developed over a period of time. In this respect our nightly conversations during our years in Copenhagen turned out to be useful, as our talk had focused on these imperfections and how to eradicate them.We now had the opportunity to put our theories into practice. We may not have succeeded in doing so, but two areas were essentially improved:The numerous independent numbering systems, which were familiar to us from the National Museum, were permeating archaeological excavation s not only in the field but also during later work at the museum. As far as possible this was boiled down to a single system, and a new type of report was born. (In this context, a ”report” is the paper following a field investigation, comprising drawings, photos etc. and describing the progress of the work and the observations made.) The instructions then followed by the National Museum staff regarding the conduct of excavations and report writing went back to a 19th-century protocol by the employee G.V. Blom. Although clear and rational – and a vast improvement at the time – this had become outdated. For instance, the excavation of a burial mound now involved not only the middle of the mound, containing the central grave and its surrounding artefacts, but the complete structure. A large number of details that no one had previously paid attention to thus had to be included in the report. It had become a comprehensive and time-consuming work to sum up the desultory notebook records in a clear and understandable description.The instructions resulting from the new approach determined a special records system that made it possible to transcribe the notebook almost directly into a report following the excavation. The transcription thus contained all the relevant information concerning the in vestigation, and included both relics and soil layers, the excavation method and practical matters, although in a random order. The report proper could then bereduced to a short account containing references to the numbers in the transcribed notebook, which gave more detailed information.As can be imagined, the work of reform was not a continuous process. On the contrary, it had to be done in our spare hours, which were few and far between with an employer like Glob. The assignments crowded in, and the large Jutland map that we had purchased was as studded with pins as a hedge hog’s spines. Each pin represented an inuninent survey, and many of these grew into small or large excavations. Glob himself had his lecture duties to perform, and although he by no means exaggerated his concern for the students, he rarely made it further than to the surveys. Bibby and I had to deal with the hard fieldwork. And the society, once it was established, did not make our lives any easier. Kuml demanded articles written at lightning speed. A perusal of my then diary has given me a vivid recollection of this hectic period, in which I had to make use of the evening and night hours, when the museum was quiet and I had a chance to collect my thoughts. Sometimes our faithful supporter, the Lord Mayor, popped in after an evening meeting. He was extremely interested in our problems, which were then solved according to our abilities over a cup of instant coffee.A large archaeological association already existed in Denmark. How ever, Glob found it necessary to establish another one which would be less oppressed by tradition. Det kongelige nordiske Oldsskriftselskab had been funded in 1825 and was still influenced by different peculiarities from back then. Membership was not open to everyone, as applications were subject to recommendation from two existing members and approval by a vote at one of the monthly lecture meetings. Most candidates were of course accepted, but unpopular persons were sometimes rejected. In addition, only men were admitted – women were banned – but after the war a proposal was brought forward to change this absurdity. It was rejected at first, so there was a considerable excitement at the January meeting in 1951, when the proposal was once again placed on the agenda. The poor lecturer (myself) did his best, although he was aware of the fact that just this once it was the present and not the past which was the focus of attention. The result of the voting was not very courteous as there were still many opponents, but the ladies were allowed in, even if they didn’t get the warmest welcome.In Glob’s society there were no such restrictions – everyone was welcome regardless of sex or age. If there was a model for the society, it was the younger and more progressive Norwegian Archaeological Society rather than the Danish one. The main purpose of both societies was to produce an annual publication, and from the start Glob’s Kuml had a closer resemblance to the Norwegian Viking than to the Danish Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie. The name of the publication caused careful consideration. For a long time I kept a slip of paper with different proposals, one of which was Kuml, which won after having been approved by the linguist Peter Skautrup.The name alone, however, was not enough, so now the task became to find so mething to fill Kuml with. To this end the finds came in handy, and as for those, Glob must have allied him self with the higher powers, since fortune smiled at him to a considerable extent. Just after entering upon his duties in Aarhus, an archaeological sensation landed at his feet. This happened in May 1950 when I was still living in the capital. A few of us had planned a trip to Aarhus, partly to look at the relics of th e past, and partly to visit our friend, the professor. He greeted us warmly and told us the exciting news that ten iron swords had been found during drainage work in the valley of lllerup Aadal north of the nearby town of Skanderborg. We took the news calmly as Glob rarely understated his affairs, but our scepticism was misplaced. When we visited the meadow the following day and carefully examined the dug-up soil, another sword appeared, as well as several spear and lance heads, and other iron artefacts. What the drainage trench diggers had found was nothing less than a place of sacrifice for war booty, like the four large finds from the 1800s. When I took up my post in Aarhus in September of that year I was granted responsibility for the lllerup excavation, which I worked on during the autumn and the following six summers. Some of my best memories are associated with this job – an interesting and happy time, with cheerful comradeship with a mixed bunch of helpers, who were mainly archaeology students. When we finished in 1956, it was not because the site had been fully investigated, but because the new owner of the bog plot had an aversion to archaeologists and their activities. Nineteen years later, in 1975, the work was resumed, this time under the leadership of Jørgen Ilkjær, and a large amount of weaponry was uncovered. The report from the find is presently being published.At short intervals, the year 1952 brought two finds of great importance: in Februar y the huge vessel from Braa near Horsens, and in April the Grauballe Man. The large Celtic bronze bowl with the bulls’ heads was found disassembled, buried in a hill and covered by a couple of large stones. Thanks to the finder, the farmer Søren Paaske, work was stopped early enough to leave areas untouched for the subsequent examination.The saga of the Grauballe Man, or the part of it that we know, began as a rumour on the 26th of April: a skeleton had been found in a bog near Silkeborg. On the following day, which happened to be a Sunday, Glob went off to have a look at the find. I had other business, but I arrived at the museum in the evening with an acquaintance. In my diary I wrote: ”When we came in we had a slight shock. On the floor was a peat block with a corpse – a proper, well-preserved bog body. Glob brought it. ”We’ll be in trouble now.” And so we were, and Glob was in high spirits. The find created a sensation, which was also thanks to the quick presentation that we mounted. I had purchased a tape recorder, which cost me a packet – not a small handy one like the ones you get nowadays, but a large monstrosity with a steel tape (it was, after all, early days for this device) – and assisted by several experts, we taped a number of short lectures for the benefit of the visitors. People flocked in; the queue meandered from the exhibition room, through the museum halls, and a long way down the street. It took a long wait to get there, but the visitors seemed to enjoy the experience. The bog man lay in his hastily – procured exhibition case, which people circled around while the talking machine repeatedly expressed its words of wisdom – unfortunately with quite a few interruptions as the tape broke and had to be assembled by hand. Luckily, the tape recorders now often used for exhibitions are more dependable than mine.When the waves had died down and the exhibition ended, the experts examined the bog man. He was x-rayed at several points, cut open, given a tooth inspection, even had his fingerprints taken. During the autopsy there was a small mishap, which we kept to ourselves. However, after almost fifty years I must be able to reveal it: Among the organs removed for investigation was the liver, which was supposedly suitable for a C-14 dating – which at the time was a new dating method, introduced to Denmark after the war. The liver was sent to the laboratory in Copenhagen, and from here we received a telephone call a few days later. What had been sent in for examination was not the liver, but the stomach. The unfortunate (and in all other respects highly competent) Aarhus doctor who had performed the dissection was cal1ed in again. During another visit to the bogman’s inner parts he brought out what he believed to be the real liver. None of us were capable of deciding th is question. It was sent to Copenhagen at great speed, and a while later the dating arrived: Roman Iron Age. This result was later revised as the dating method was improved. The Grauballe Man is now thought to have lived before the birth of Christ.The preservation of the Grauballe Man was to be conservation officer Kornbak’s masterpiece. There were no earlier cases available for reference, so he invented a new method, which was very successful. In the first volumes of Kuml, society members read about the exiting history of the bog body and of the glimpses of prehistoric sacrificial customs that this find gave. They also read about the Bahrain expeditions, which Glob initiated and which became the apple of his eye. Bibby played a central role in this, as it was he who – at an evening gathering at Glob’s and Harriet’s home in Risskov – described his stay on the Persian Gulf island and the numerous burial mounds there. Glob made a quick decision (one of his special abilities was to see possibilities that noone else did, and to carry them out successfully to everyone’s surprise) and in December 1952 he and Bibby left for the Gulf, unaware of the fact that they were thereby beginning a series of expeditions which would continue for decades. Again it was Glob’s special genius that was the decisive factor. He very quickly got on friendly terms with the rulers of the small sheikhdoms and interested them in their past. As everyone knows, oil is flowing plentifully in those parts. The rulers were thus financially powerful and some of this wealth was quickly diverted to the expeditions, which probably would not have survived for so long without this assistance. To those of us who took part in them from time to time, the Gulf expeditions were an unforgettable experience, not just because of the interesting work, but even more because of the contact with the local population, which gave us an insight into local manners and customs that helped to explain parts of our own country’s past which might otherwise be difficult to understand. For Glob and the rest of us did not just get close to the elite: in spite of language problems, our Arab workers became our good friends. Things livened up when we occasionally turned up in their palm huts.Still, co-operating with Glob was not always an easy task – the sparks sometimes flew. His talent of initiating things is of course undisputed, as are the lasting results. He was, however, most attractive when he was in luck. Attention normally focused on this magnificent person whose anecdotes were not taken too seriously, but if something went wrong or failed to work out, he could be grossly unreasonable and a little too willing to abdicate responsibility, even when it was in fact his. This might lead to violent arguments, but peace was always restored. In 1954, another museum curator was attached to the museum: Poul Kjærum, who was immediately given the important task of investigating the dolmen settlement near Tustrup on Northern Djursland. This gave important results, such as the discovery of a cult house, which was a new and hitherto unknown Stone Age feature.A task which had long been on our mind s was finally carried out in 1955: constructing a new display of the museum collections. The old exhibitio n type consisted of numerous artefacts lined up in cases, accompaied ony by a brief note of the place where it was found and the type – which was the standard then. This type of exhibition did not give much idea of life in prehistoric times.We wanted to allow the finds to speak for themselves via the way that they were arranged, and with the aid of models, photos and drawings. We couldn’t do without texts, but these could be short, as people would understand more by just looking at the exhibits. Glob was in the Gulf at the time, so Kjærum and I performed the task with little money but with competent practical help from conservator Kornbak. We shared the work, but in fairness I must add that my part, which included the new lllerup find, was more suitable for an untraditional display. In order to illustrate the confusion of the sacrificial site, the numerous bent swords and other weapons were scattered a.long the back wall of the exhibition hall, above a bog land scape painted by Emil Gregersen. A peat column with inlaid slides illustrated the gradual change from prehistoric lake to bog, while a free-standing exhibition case held a horse’s skeleton with a broken skull, accompanied by sacrificial offerings. A model of the Nydam boat with all its oars sticking out hung from the ceiling, as did the fine copy of the Gundestrup vessel, as the Braa vessel had not yet been preserved. The rich pictorial decoration of the vessel’s inner plates was exhibited in its own case underneath. This was an exhibition form that differed considerably from all other Danish exhibitions of the time, and it quickly set a fashion. We awaited Glob’s homecoming with anticipation – if it wasn’t his exhibition it was still made in his spirit. We hoped that he would be surprised – and he was.The museum was thus taking shape. Its few employees included Jytte Ræbild, who held a key position as a secretary, and a growing number of archaeology students who took part in the work in various ways during these first years. Later, the number of employees grew to include the aforementioned excavation pioneer Georg Kunwald, and Hellmuth Andersen and Hans Jørgen Madsen, whose research into the past of Aarhus, and later into Danevirke is known to many, and also the ethnographer Klaus Ferdinand. And now Moesgaard appeared on the horizon. It was of course Glob’s idea to move everything to a manor near Aarhus – he had been fantasising about this from his first Aarhus days, and no one had raised any objections. Now there was a chance of fulfilling the dream, although the actual realisation was still a difficult task.During all this, the Jutland Archaeological Society thrived and attracted more members than expected. Local branches were founded in several towns, summer trips were arranged and a ”Worsaae Medal” was occasionally donated to persons who had deserved it from an archaeological perspective. Kuml came out regularly with contributions from museum people and the like-minded. The publication had a form that appealed to an inner circle of people interested in archaeology. This was the intention, and this is how it should be. But in my opinion this was not quite enough. We also needed a publication that would cater to a wider public and that followed the same basic ideas as the new exhibition.I imagined a booklet, which – without over-popularsing – would address not only the professional and amateur archaeologist but also anyone else interested in the past. The result was Skalk, which (being a branch of the society) published its fir t issue in the spring of 1957. It was a somewhat daring venture, as the financial base was weak and I had no knowledge of how to run a magazine. However, both finances and experience grew with the number of subscribers – and faster than expected, too. Skalk must have met an unsatisfied need, and this we exploited to the best of our ability with various cheap advertisements. The original idea was to deal only with prehistoric and medieval archaeology, but the historians also wanted to contribute, and not just the digging kind. They were given permission, and so the topic of the magazine ended up being Denmark’s past from the time of its first inhabitant s until the times remembered by the oldest of us – with the odd sideways leap to other subjects. It would be impossible to claim that Skalk was at the top of Glob’s wish list, but he liked it and supported the idea in every way. The keeper of national antiquities, Johannes Brøndsted, did the same, and no doubt his unreserved approval of the magazine contributed to its quick growth. Not all authors found it easy to give up technical language and express themselves in everyday Danish, but the new style was quickly accepted. Ofcourse the obligations of the magazine work were also sometimes annoying. One example from the diary: ”S. had promised to write an article, but it was overdue. We agreed to a final deadline and when that was overdue I phoned again and was told that the author had gone to Switzerland. My hair turned grey overnight.” These things happened, but in this particular case there was a happy ending. Another academic promised me three pages about an excavation, but delivered ten. As it happened, I only shortened his production by a third.The 1960s brought great changes. After careful consideration, Glob left us to become the keeper of national antiquities. One important reason for his hesitation was of course Moesgaard, which he missed out on – the transfer was almost settled. This was a great loss to the Aarhus museum and perhaps to Glob, too, as life granted him much greater opportunities for development.” I am not the type to regret things,” he later stated, and hopefully this was true. And I had to choose between the museum and Skalk – the work with the magazine had become too timeconsuming for the two jobs to be combined. Skalk won, and I can truthfully say that I have never looked back. The magazine grew quickly, and happy years followed. My resignation from the museum also meant that Skalk was disengaged from the Jutland Archaeological Society, but a close connection remained with both the museum and the society.What has been described here all happened when the museum world was at the parting of the ways. It was a time of innovation, and it is my opinion that we at the Prehistoric Museum contributed to that change in various ways.The new Museum Act of 1958 gave impetus to the study of the past. The number of archaeology students in creased tremendously, and new techniques brought new possibilities that the discussion club of the 1940s had not even dreamt of, but which have helped to make some of the visions from back then come true. Public in terest in archaeology and history is still avid, although to my regret, the ahistorical 1960s and 1970s did put a damper on it.Glob is greatly missed; not many of his kind are born nowadays. He had, so to say, great virtues and great fault s, but could we have done without either? It is due to him that we have the Jutland Archaeological Society, which has no w existed for half a century. Congr tulat ion s to the Society, from your offspring Skalk.Harald AndersenSkalk MagazineTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle