Academic literature on the topic 'Degree Discipline: Urban Design'

The article substantiates the need for training architects in the field of industrial heritage conservation and re-use. Based on a review of European and domestic experiences in industrial heritage revalorization and advanced approaches to the training of such professionals, a concept of master’s degree course is proposed to be delivered at the Ural States University of Architecture and Art within the discipline “Architectural Design of Urban Industrial Infrastructure”. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the course are defined within the framework of a concept of comprehensive revalorization of the Middle Urals mining and metal-making landscape. This concept allows for the historical background of this Russian old industrial region and includes a specially developed methodology for conducting research at different levels and developing re-use projects. In conclusion, a detailed consideration is given to how relevant research and design skills should be developed in students by engaging them in individual and team work based on specialized historical and theoretical knowledge in the field of industrial heritage management.

This paper is based on the following research questions: i) In which way could the discipline Economic Evaluation of Projects contribute to conveying the sustainability concept in urban settings among master’s degree students? What are the methods/techniques that can support decision processes of sustainable urban transformation? In response to the two research questions, the paper proposes a multi-methodological framework as a design tool for students (future professionals) aimed at representing the decision problem from a sustainable planning perspective. Through a Problem-Based Learning approach based on a case study, the proposed framework considers: SWOT Analysis, Stakeholder Analysis (SA), Multicriteria Analysis (MCDA), Cash Flow Analysis (CFA), and the application of the Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Tools (NSATools). The multi-methodological framework has been applied to an experimental teaching case study as part of the Economic Evaluation of Projects module demonstrating its effectiveness in terms of sustainable spatial planning and structuring of the decision process from a multi-actor perspective. Future directions of the research are aimed at tackling two major limitations of the multi-methodological framework as the need to closely reflect a real decision process through an iterative framework and the sometimes hard interpretation of some elements of urban sustainability.

Aiming at the goal of high-quality development of the landscape architecture industry, we should actively promote the development and integration of digital, networked, and intelligent technologies and promote the intelligent and diversified development of the landscape architecture industry. Due to the limitation of drawing design technology and construction method, the traditional landscape architecture construction cannot really understand the public demands, and the construction scheme also relies on the experience and subjective aesthetics of professionals, resulting in improper connection between design and construction. At present, under the guidance of the national strategy, under the background of the rapid development of digital technologies such as 5G, big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things, and digital twins, the high integration of landscape architecture construction and digital technology has led to the transformation of the production mode of landscape architecture construction. Abundant professional data and convenient information processing platform enable landscape planners, designers, and builders to evaluate the whole life cycle of the project more scientifically and objectively and realize the digitalization of the whole process of investigation, analysis, design, construction, operation, and maintenance. For the landscape architecture industry, the significance of digital technology is not only to change the production tools but also to update the environmental awareness, design response, and construction methods, which makes the landscape architecture planning and design achieve the organic combination of qualitative and quantitative and also makes the landscape architecture discipline more scientific and rational. In this paper, the new method of combining grey relational degree with machine learning is used to provide new guidance for traditional landscape planning by using big data information in landscape design and has achieved very good results. The article analyzes the guidance of landscape architecture design under the big data in China and provides valuable reference for promoting the construction of landscape architecture in China.

Resumen El estudio de las relaciones entre la configuración del espacio público y su uso social es un tema habitual del diseño urbano. También son comunes, en la literatura especializada, las propuestas de tipos de espacio público orientadas al análisis de la trama urbana o como referencias operativas para su diseño. Este artículo pretende cruzar ambas aproximaciones con la intención de confirmar que los tipos de espacio público propuestos hasta ahora no se fundamentan en las relaciones entre forma y uso social sino en otros aspectos: principalmente, en su morfología y aspectos visuales y, de manera secundaria, en su función urbana, percepción sensorial, origen histórico, aspectos ambientales y gestión de su propiedad.Para ello, se establece el alcance de los términos 'espacio público' y 'uso social'. A continuación, se selecciona una bibliografía básica del diseño urbano y se identifican conceptos para posibles clasificaciones de espacio público. Finalmente, se describen y categorizan los numerosos tipos de espacio público recogidos en la bibliografía según los conceptos identificados previamente. Las conclusiones señalan los aspectos comunes en que se basan las distintas propuestas de tipos de espacio público según su enfoque, ámbito territorial y momento de la evolución de la ciudad al que hacen referencia.Abstract Relationships between public space configuration and its social use are common research in urban design and related disciplines. Public space types are usually proposed in specialized literature too, with the aim of being useful to analyse existing urban fabric or to plan and design new urban spaces. This paper intends to integrate both approaches in order to confirm that currently proposed types of public space are not based in a complex vision of relations between its shape and social use, and that there are different key aspects in these classifications: primarily, morphology and visual aspects and, to a lesser degree, urban function, perception, historical origins, environmental aspects and property management.Scope of 'public space' and 'social use' concepts in this text is previously defined in order to achieve this. Hereafter, an essential urban design bibliography is selected and, at the same time, key topics in which these public space types could be based are identified. Finally, public space types included in bibliography are described and categorized on the basis of selected topics. Conclusions identify common aspects in which public space types are based depending on its theoretical approach, territorial scope and historic period covered.

Urban green infrastructure is not acknowledged in the Global South for the critical social and ecological functions it can provide. Contextual design solutions and innovative approaches are urgently needed to transform the status quo. University-local government collaboration could be a way to encourage new thinking, new roles and design skills to develop solutions to these complex problems. This paper presents a case study analysis of such a collaboration. Qualitative research was conducted to establish the degree to which the exposure to real-life projects stimulates postgraduate design students’ transformative learning. The researchers also inquired into the benefits of the collaboration for the municipality. The participants’ reflections were recorded by means of anonymous questionnaires. The findings show that the live project created a municipal setting for seeking alternative solutions in design processes and outcomes. For the students, the project created rich social dynamics and an interplay of familiarity and uncertainty, which aided transformative learning. The students’ deeper learning indicates greater social empathy, reconsidering the role of the profession, greater design process flexibility, and learning and valuing skills across disciplines. The findings hold promise for a more just and sustainable future built environment through collaborations that transform the design professionals involved, the outcomes they pursue, and the processes they follow.

The functional characteristics of urban systems vary predictably with Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) population, with certain metrics increasing apace with population (e.g., housing stock), some increasing faster than population (e.g., wealth), and others increasing slower than population (infrastructure elements). Culture has been designated the fourth pillar of sustainability. The population-dependent scaling of operating revenue, work space, and number of employees was investigated for almost 3000 arts organizations in the US, both in aggregate and by arts discipline (music, theater, visual and design arts, dance, and museums). Unlike general measures of creativity, the three measures of economic footprint did not scale supra-linearly with the population of metropolitan areas. Rather, operating revenue scaled linearly (e.g., like amenities), and work space and employee number scaled sub-linearly (e.g., like infrastructure). The cost of living, proxied by housing costs, increased with MSA population, though not as rapidly as did arts organization operating revenue, indicating a degree of uncoupling. The generally higher educational attainment of adults in larger cities, coupled with the growth of the education-dependent arts patronage, suggest a funding focus on less populous (50,000–1,000,000), as well as on under-performing, cities.

Large scale projects tasked with designing infrastructures and urban networks resilient to disasters face a common challenge, i.e. the need to address concomitant technological issues and social problems. What is more, conflicting technologies and the diverse philosophical underpinnings of distinct academic disciplines pose difficulties in the collaboration among experts of different fields. These difficulties and possible ways to tackle them have been highlighted by a questionnaire developed in the framework of an EU project named ANDRDD (Academic Network for Disaster Resilience to optimize Educational development). More specifically, the project investigated the level of interdisciplinary work in current research and educational projects within the field of disaster resilience. findings illustrate the number and types of disciplines involved in disaster resilience projects and suggest that a higher degree of integration between different disciplines in tertiary education could promote a transdisciplinary approach to disaster resilience, resulting in design efficiency and innovation.

Background/Context The Research Training Grant (RTG) program at the University of Pennsylvania's Graduate School of Education aimed to create strong research training experiences for predissertation fellows through generous financial aid, mentored research apprenticeships, and cocurricular experiences. Collectively these offerings sought to broaden knowledge of urban education and exposure to diverse research methods. Initiated in a context of significant institutional growth and change, the RTG also sought to improve the research training experiences of PhD students outside the RTG program, making broader discussions of urban education, educational research, and social research more integral to the general PhD student experience and to the life of the school. This was attempted with the launch of a schoolwide seminar series on educational research, the introduction of an annual student research symposium administered by the RTG fellows, and continuing faculty attention to policies affecting doctoral student mentoring and research training. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The article describes the aims and organization of the program and discusses strengths and challenges identified by students and faculty. Research Design This is a qualitative case study. Conclusions/Recommendations The operation of the RTG program at Penn offers several insights into how education schools might get the most out of their investments in doctoral students and doctoral education: (1) Its support of rigorous, discipline-based research training complemented by opportunities for interdisciplinary exposure seems to be important. Further, such initiatives are systematically supported with investments by the faculty and the administration. (2) The opportunity for students to approach research and problems of practice from multiple disciplinary perspectives was a significant perceived benefit of the RTG program's operation at Penn. (3) A flexible model of research apprenticeship, creative seminars, and symposia all helped to illuminate the strengths and limitations of discipline-based research. (4) Penn GSE PhD students who engaged in discussions that promoted epistemological diversity were better off for it. This sort of work is unlikely to occur at the level of the individual degree program, so engagement and support from the whole faculty are implied. (5) “Institutionalizing” these sorts of experiences and opportunities for students may mean consideration of structures and supports for doctoral student training that are unconventional, multidisciplinary, and collaborative.

In 1999, the Governing Council of the Universitat de Barcelona approved the creation of the POLIS Research Center. Later, in 2016, the Center was ratified after passing an assessment of the Catalan Accreditation Agency (AGAUR). The Centre has an interdisciplinary vocation and brings together researchers from different research groups at the University of Barcelona and cooperates with nine European and Ibero-American universities in the fields of Arts, Architecture and Human and Social Sciences. Academically, the Centre has promoted the doctoral program Public Space and Urban Regeneration (1998–2017) and the Master’s Degree in Urban Design: Art, City, Society (since 2007) and the publication of the journal On the w@terfront. The research object of the Centre is the city and its public space and, more specifically, the role of citizens in the production of Public Art and Urban Design. For this reason, the work of the Centre covers the topics related to Urban Regeneration, Sustainability, Urban Governance, Civic Remembrance, Heritage. Throughout its twenty-year history, the Centre has developed a series of projects for citizen participation in various areas of the periphery of Barcelona: River Besòs (municipality of Sant Adrià de Besòs) La Mina neighbourhood (municipality of Sant Adrià de Besòs) and the Barcelona’s neighbourhoods of Baró de Viver and Bon Pastor. A characteristic of the work of the centre has been, and is, the endorsement of citizen participation, through an innovative approach based on enabling the creative empowerment of the neighbours within the framework of Participatory Action Research. This approach is based on a project methodology, as it is understood in various project disciplines from Art to Architecture, from Design to Engineering. This article, associated with the itinerant exhibition “20 years working with neighbours,” reviews the founding project carried out by the Centre, “Social Uses of the River Besòs” (1997–1999), analysing the lessons learned, with the aim of clarifying the research criteria that the Centre follows for the development of citizen participation projects.

The article deals with doctoral dissertations prepared and defended at the Faculty of Architecture at current Vilnius Gediminas Technical University in spite of changes of its institutional subordination. It deepens into fields of scientific research investigated during doctoral studies that are considered an important part of research in architecture. The tendencies of evolution of doctorate at the Faculty of Architecture of VGTU are contextualised in architectural research and doctoral studies in architectural research and education institutions both in Lithuania and abroad. During the Soviet times, Lithuanian architects had a possibility to prepare and defend dissertations for a scientific degree of candidate of architectural sciences either at the Faculty of Architecture at Kaunas Polytechnic Institute (afterwards – at Vilnius Engineering Building Institute) or at institutions of architectural research and education in the Soviet Union, outside Lithuania, depending if Lithuanian institutions had the right to educate the aspirants for scientific degree and the right to defend their dissertations. It mostly influenced the dynamics of scientific degrees obtained (see Fig. 1). Architecture was defined as an autonomous research field under the Soviet classification and it helped to shape the identity of the discipline: its width, specific methods and questions. Architectural dissertations of Soviet times were rigorously specialised and empiric, closely connected with practice, deepening into urban issues more than architectural ones (see Fig. 2). Since 1998, architecture loses its integrity and becomes a subfield of Art Critics in Humanities. Since then doctoral dissertations defended at the Faculty of Architecture of VGTU investigate architectural history, theory and critics according traditional methodologies of humanities including interdisciplinary contexts; fundamental academic research dominates. Recent international dynamic changes in both doctoral studies and architectural research directs for the impact of research beyond academia generating more efficient contribution to architectural research and innovation related to ideas, forms, techniques, materials and practices based upon technological advances for the so-called society of knowledge; one of the means is creating various forms of doctorates. Nevertheless, the present situation of doctorate at the Faculty of Architecture of VGTU is not supportive for tuning to new tendencies – revision of national classification of research towards integrity of architecture field, and also introduction of a program of research by design, priorities for innovative, practice-embedded, interdisciplinary, future-oriented research in doctorate at the school might create much more positive medium for the progress. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama doktorantūros (aspirantūros) Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Architektūros fakultete, nepaisant jo kitusios institucinės priklausomybės, raida. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas apgintų disertacijų mokslinių tyrimų kryptims ir pobūdžiui kaip sudėtinei architektūros mokslo daliai, jų raidą ir kaitos tendencijas siejant su procesais kitose šalyse. Apžvelgiamos šiame amžiuje vykstančios aktualios dinamiškos permainos doktorantūros studijų sampratoje ir architektūros mokslo raidoje kaip architektūros doktorantūros studijų kaitą formuojančiuose veiksniuose. Naujų požiūrių kontekste įvertinamos doktorantūros studijų VGTU Architektūros fakultete pokyčių galimybės.

Malgrat representar només el 2,7% de la superfície del planeta, les ciutats del món són responsables del 75% del consum d'energia, i el 80% de les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle.
Encara que el focus d'atenció per mitigar el canvi climàtic s'ha centrat en els combustibles alternatius, vehicles, i la generació d'electricitat; la millora del disseny urbà, representa una oportunitat important que sovint no es valora prou. Aquesta tesi estén l'anàlisi de l'Ecologia Industrial a l'avaluació ambiental de les obres civils en l'entorn urbà, incloent parcs de serveis en zones urbanes.
Pel que fa al sector serveis, el capítol II avalua, des de la perspectiva de l'Ecologia Industrial, l'eficiència energètica dels serveis dins del Parc urbà de Montjuïc i determina el seu impacte ambiental global. A més, aquest estudi determina quins són els serveis més intensius energèticament i analitza la seva eficiència per visitant o unitat de superfície.
El consum d'electricitat representa gairebé el 70% de l'energia total consumida pels serveis en el Parc de Montjuïc, i la superfície forestal necessària per absorbir les emissions de CO2 equivalent produïdes pel cicle de vida de l'energia consumida representa 12,2 vegades la superfície del Parc.
El capítol III analitza l'optimització ambiental de les voreres a les zones urbanes. Encara que una àmplia gamma de materials i solucions constructives estan disponibles per a la pavimentació de les voreres, aquest estudi es centra en tres solucions constructives de formigó molt comunes. Cada solució constructiva té característiques diferents que afecten la seva funcionalitat en: trànsit, característiques de la superfície, i manteniment.
Pel que fa a principals aportacions, aquest estudi fa una descripció general i proveeix l'inventari dels sistemes de vorera estudiats. Segons l'Anàlisi de Cicle de Vida (ACV), el sistema de panot és el que presenta valors més elevats d'impacte ambiental, tanmateix és el tipus de paviment de vorera més utilitzat en l'àrea d'estudi, degut principalment a les preocupacions estètiques i els imperatius del manteniment dels serveis urbans subterranis.
Restringir l'ús dels paviments de formigó per a vianants amb una major capacitat estructural a aquelles seccions de carrer que en realitat els exigeixen podria reduir els impactes ambientals fins un 73,8% a les àrees exclusives per vianants.
Els capítols IV i V utilitzen la metodologia de l'ACV per analitzar el tipus i origen dels impactes ambientals relacionats amb les xarxes de distribució de gas natural i calor.
Per a la xarxa de gas natural, els resultats mostren que l'impacte per habitatge en les categories ambientals estudiades és d'entre 1,9 i 4,8 vegades més gran en un barri de baixa densitat, en funció de la categoria d'impacte. A més, a les zones d'alta densitat el principal impacte s'origina a partir de components i materials relacionats amb els edificis i habitatges, mentre que en zones de baixa densitat el principal impacte s'origina a la xarxa de barri. Tenint en compte aquest últim resultat, s'avalua la conveniència de substituir la xarxa de barri per un sistema discontinu basat en tancs de propà. El resultat indica que quan es necessita una canonada de barri de més d'1 km per arribar a un usuari, és ambientalment preferible per a totes les categories d'impacte utilitzar el sistema de tancs de propà.
Per a la xarxa de distribució de calor, els resultats mostren que les fonts d'impacte no ubiquen especialment a la xarxa principal (menys del 7,1% de contribució a totes les categories d'impacte), que és el subsistema que ha centrat l'atenció en la literatura; sinó que aquest es troba a les plantes de generació energètica i als components dels habitatges. Aquests dos subsistemes contribueixen conjuntament entre un 40% i un 92% a l'impacte ambiental en funció de les categories d'impacte. Pel que fa als components, només un nombre reduït són responsables de la majoria dels impactes ambientals.
Com a conclusió general, l'enfocament de l'Ecologia Industrial aplicat als sistemes urbans, estudiant el metabolisme de les ciutats, barris, sectors econòmics o les infraestructures, proveeix de dades sobre el metabolisme dels sistemes urbans, assenyala els punts febles des d'una perspectiva ambiental i assenyala les oportunitats de millora dels nostres sistemes urbans. Per tant, l'Ecologia Industrial es converteix en el primer pas per orientar els processos de disseny ecològic a escala de barri o d'infraestructura.
A pesar de representar sólo el 2,7% de la superficie del planeta, las ciudades del mundo son responsables del 75% del consumo de energía, y el 80% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
Aunque el foco de atención para mitigar el cambio climático se ha centrado en los combustibles alternativos, vehículos, y la generación de electricidad; la mejora del diseño urbano, representa una oportunidad importante que a menudo no se valora suficientemente. Esta tesis extiende el análisis de la Ecología Industrial en la evaluación ambiental de las obras civiles en el entorno urbano, incluyendo parques de servicios en zonas urbanas.
En cuanto al sector servicios, el capítulo II evalúa, desde la perspectiva de la Ecología Industrial, la eficiencia energética de los servicios dentro del Parque urbano de Montjuïc y determina su impacto ambiental global. Además, este estudio determina cuáles son los servicios más intensivos energéticamente y analiza su eficiencia por visitante o unidad de superficie.
El consumo de electricidad representa casi el 70% de la energía total consumida por los servicios en el Parque de Montjuïc, y la superficie forestal necesaria para absorber las emisiones de CO2 equivalente producidas por el ciclo de vida de la energía consumida representa 12,2 veces la superficie del Parque.
El capítulo III analiza la optimización ambiental de las aceras en las zonas urbanas. Aunque una amplia gama de materiales y soluciones constructivas están disponibles para la pavimentación de las aceras, este estudio se centra en tres soluciones constructivas de hormigón muy comunes. Cada solución constructiva tiene características diferentes que afectan a su funcionalidad en: tráfico, características de la superficie, y mantenimiento.
En cuanto a principales aportaciones, este estudio hace una descripción general y provee el inventario de los sistemas de acera estudiados. Según el Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), el sistema de pavimento hidráulico es el que presenta valores más elevados de impacto ambiental, sin embargo es el tipo de pavimento de acera más utilizado en el área de estudio, debido principalmente a las preocupaciones estéticas y los imperativos del mantenimiento de los servicios urbanos subterráneos.
Restringir el uso de los pavimentos de hormigón para peatones con una mayor capacidad estructural a aquellas secciones de calle que en realidad los exigen podría reducir los impactos ambientales hasta un 73,8% en las áreas exclusivas para peatones.
Los capítulos IV y V utilizan la metodología del ACV para analizar el tipo y origen de los impactos ambientales relacionados con las redes de distribución de gas natural y calor. Para la red de gas natural, los resultados muestran que el impacto por vivienda en las categorías ambientales estudiadas es de entre 1,9 y 4,8 veces mayor en un barrio de baja densidad, en función de la categoría de impacto. Además, en las zonas de alta densidad el principal impacto se origina a partir de componentes y materiales relacionados con los edificios y viviendas, mientras que en zonas de baja densidad el principal impacto se origina en la red de barrio. Teniendo en cuenta este último resultado, se evalúa la conveniencia de sustituir la red de barrio por un sistema discontinuo basado en tanques de propano. El resultado indica que cuando se necesita una tubería de barrio de más de 1 km para llegar a un usuario, es ambientalmente preferible para todas las categorías de impacto utilizar el sistema de tanques de propano.
Para la red de distribución de calor, los resultados muestran que las fuentes de impacto no se ubican especialmente en la red principal (menos del 7,1% de contribución en todas las categorías de impacto), que es el subsistema que ha centrado la atención en la literatura, sino que éste se encuentra en las plantas de generación energética y los componentes de las viviendas. Estos dos subsistemas contribuyen conjuntamente entre un 40% y un 92% al impacto ambiental en función de las categorías de impacto. En cuanto a los componentes, sólo un número reducido son responsables de la mayoría de los impactos ambientales.
Como conclusión general, el enfoque de la Ecología Industrial aplicado a los sistemas urbanos, estudiando el metabolismo de las ciudades, barrios, sectores económicos o las infraestructuras, provee de datos sobre el metabolismo de los sistemas urbanos, señala los puntos débiles desde una perspectiva ambiental y señala las oportunidades de mejora de nuestros sistemas urbanos. Por tanto, la Ecología Industrial se convierte en el primer paso para orientar los procesos de diseño ecológico a escala de barrio o de infraestructura.
Despite representing only 2.7% of the world's surface area, the world's cities are responsible for 75% of the world's energy consumption, and 80% of greenhouse gas emissions.
Although much attention on mitigating climate change has focused on alternative fuels, vehicles, and electricity generation, better urban design represents an important yet undervalued opportunity. This thesis extends the analysis of Industrial Ecology to the environmental assessment of civil works in the urban environment, including service estates in urban areas.
Concerning the service sector, chapter II evaluates, from an Industrial Ecology perspective, the energy performance of the services inside the Montjuïc urban park and determines their global environmental impact. Additionally, this study determines which are the most energy demanding services and the efficiency of their energy use per visitor and per surface area unit.
Electricity consumption represents nearly 70% of the total energy consumed by the services at Montjuïc Park. The forest surface area required to absorb the CO2-equivalent emissions produced by the life cycle of the energy consumed at Montjuïc Park represents 12.2 times the Park's surface area.
Chapter III analyzes the environmental optimization of concrete sidewalks in urban areas. Although a wide range of materials and constructive solutions are available for sidewalk paving, this study focuses on three very common concrete-based systems with different functionalities in terms of traffic, surface characteristics, and maintenance.
In terms of main findings, this study provides a comprehensive description and inventory of the sidewalk systems under study. According to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the slab system has the highest environmental impacts; this happens to be the most widely used sidewalk type in the area studied, mainly due to aesthetic concerns and the imperatives of maintaining underground urban services. Regardless of the thickness of the concrete base, the slab system has the highest impact in all categories compared with the other two sidewalk types.
Restricting the use of concrete sidewalks with high structural capacity to street sections that actually require them could reduce environmental impacts by up to 73.8% in pedestrian-only areas.
Chapters IV and V use the LCA methodology to analyze the type and origin of environmental impacts related to natural gas and district heating distribution networks.
For the natural gas network the results show that the impact per dwelling in the environmental categories studied is between 1.9 and 4.8 times higher in a low density neighborhood, depending on the impact category. Besides, in high density areas the main impact originates from components and materials related to the buildings and dwellings, whereas in low density areas the main impact originates on the neighborhood network. Given this last result, the advisability of substituting the neighborhood network by a discontinuous system based on propane tanks has been evaluated, obtaining as a result that when a single neighborhood pipe, longer than 1 km, is required to reach one user, it is environmentally preferable for all the studied environmental categories to use the propane tank system.
For the district heating network, the results show that the sources of impact are not particularly located in the main grid (less than 7.1% contribution in all impact categories), which is the focus of attention in the literature, but in the power plants and dwelling components. These two subsystems together contribute from 40% to 92% to the overall impact depending on the impact categories. Concerning the components, only a reduced number are responsible for the majority of the environmental impact.
As a very general conclusion, the Industrial Ecology approach applied to urban systems, studying the metabolism of the cities, neighborhoods, economic sectors or infrastructures, provides clarifying data about the metabolism of urban systems; identifies the environmental flaws and improvement opportunities of our urban systems and becomes the first step for guiding ecodesign processes on an infrastructural or neighborhood scale.

Scansion is the act of discerning a poem’s meter and measure to discover its overall meaning. To achieve beauty in poetry, just as in interior design, content must continually be in conversation with form. And, just as a building must be scaled against the human figure to determine its final shape, a poem is scaled against human breath, the breadth of our sounds. Scan & Scansion is a Richmond-based residency with a six-month term providing a work, living and exhibition space to poets and artists who wish to work collaboratively across disciplines. As the program is essentially about applied poetics and process, it presents the perfect moment to place these two modes of measurement alongside one another, exploring how poetics may be used as a design driver--how a space might be both architectural and lyrical, and, ultimately, how poetry and the arts, or the sound and the image, may enrich each other.

Town planning entails the complex task of studying the habitat in its variegated aspects, with the objective of introducing functional transformations in response to the demands of the community. Since it is an experimental discipline, however, methods of approach and elaboration can be very different. This book represents the synthesis of the degree theses produced in the Department of Town and Territorial Planning of the University of Florence between 2000 and 2004, selected with a view to achieving a significant overview of the various issues and disciplinary areas. The volume thus addresses topical questions such as the protection of the historic identity, the rethinking of the modern city, obsolete areas and urban gaps, relational processes and spaces, sustainable development and planning, and the settlements of developing countries.

The traditional thematic realms of urban design, such as liveability, social interaction, and quality of urban life, considered to be closely related to urban form and specifically to public space, have long since been recognised as important, and have given the discipline a certain identity. The book Realms of Urban Design: Mapping Sustainability is certainly rooted in this fundamental urban design thinking, but its main contribution belongs to the second part of the book’s title – discourse on sustainability. Its chapters, considered as a whole, put forward the importance of the discipline and the designerly way of thinking in the context of the discussion about unprecedented environmental transformation. The eleven chapters of the book represent the major sustainability concerns that the authors have seen as being related to the urban design discipline in their specific professional and environmental contexts. Therefore, the chapters as an entity could be seen as an act of mapping the sustainability issues that are coming “from the front” of urban design research and practice at the universities involved in the project Creating the Network of Knowledge Labs for Sustainable and Resilient Environments (KLABS). They show disciplinary, mostly methodological, concerns with the larger scales in comparison to those of the neighbourhoods and public space that are traditionally connected to urban design; with the collective or common nature of urban space; and with the distinctive, underused spaces coming not only as a legacy of the 20th century, but also as an important by-product of contemporary economic trends.

This workshop was developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard 3 ++ and the bachelor's degree curriculum in the field of training 29.03.03 "Technology of artistic processing of materials", profile "Technology of artistic processing of materials" in higher educational institutions. The workshop contributes to the formation of competencies in the discipline "Fundamentals of vocational and technical activities." It presents: all practical work with a description of tasks and examples of the implementation of these tasks, as well as guidelines for the implementation of extracurricular independent work of students. The workshop is intended for students and teachers of higher educational institutions, a wide range of educational workers.

This workshop was developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard 3 ++ and the bachelor's degree curriculum in the field of training 29.03.03 "Technology of printing and packaging industries", profile "Branding and chemical modeling" in higher educational institutions. The workshop contributes to the formation of competencies in the discipline "Fundamentals of vocational and technical activities." It presents: graphic design of packaging, all practical work with a description of tasks and examples of the implementation of these tasks, as well as guidelines for the implementation of extracurricular independent work of students. The workshop is intended for students and teachers of higher educational institutions, a wide range of educational workers.

The inhabitants of most urban and rural communities in both Britain and Ireland during the later medieval period would have lived a relatively short distance from either a watermill or windmill. This chapter examines the most recent archaeological evidence for water- and wind-powered mills in later medieval Britain. The use of water power, in particular, was widespread in the later medieval period for a wide range of industrial activities. However, during this same period nearly all of the grain harvest was processed in either wind- or water-powered mills. The archaeological record also demonstrates a large degree of continuity, from the late Roman and early medieval periods, in the design of waterwheels and the mechanisms they actuated.

Once the province of film and media scholars, today the moving image concerns historians of art and architecture and designers of everything from websites to cities. As museums and galleries devote increasing space to video installations that no longer presuppose a fixed viewer, urban space becomes envisioned and planned through “fly-throughs,” and technologies such as GPS add data to the experience of travel, images in motion have captured the attention of geographers and scholars across the humanities and social sciences. Mobility studies is remaking how we understand a contemporary world in relentless motion. Media theorist and historian Anne Friedberg (1952–2009) was among the first practitioners of visual studies to theorize the experience of mobile vision. Her books Window Shopping and The Virtual Window have become key points of reference in the discussion of the windows that frame images and the viewers in motion who perceive them. Although widely influential beyond her own discipline, Friedberg’s work has never been the subject of an extended study. The Moving Eye gathers together essays by a renowned international group of thinkers in media studies, art history, architecture, and museum studies to consider the rich implications of her work for understanding film and video, new media, visual art, architecture, exhibition design, urban space, and virtual reality. These nine essays advance the lines of inquiry begun by Friedberg.

The conceptualization of the notions of sustainable habitat, integrative design and complexity raises the need to address the questions, how to contribute to the habitat sustainable from transdisciplinary processes? What is the responsibility of design in the current context? Moreover, how to face the complexity of thinking and responding to the urban, architectural and technological phenomena? These approximations are built from three perspectives: cultural and comprehensive management of the territory; technology, environment and sustainability; and integrative design, habitat and project. For this, it begins with a reflection on the meaning of design in relation to way, and how this is understood as a meta-discipline that integrates the voice of experts with that of people who live, enjoy or suffer from design objects. Subsequently, the relation between the notions of integrative design, habitat and complexity, in light of transdisciplinarityFrom this framework, it deepens the link among governance, resilience and urban reconversion, in times of neoliberal and hypercompetitive globalization, based on ecological ethics, civic participation and co- responsibility. On another scale, the connection among technology, environment and sustainability, from a vision of the future based on the use of energy; resource consumption; waste recycling, among others. As closure, addresses the matter of project research from an epistemological reflection that compromises the relationship between processes, maps and territories, to establish strategic notes for research-creation. As a conclusion, the commitment to reflection and the exercise of a responsible and integrative design.

AbstractUrban manufacturing and manufacturers play a vital role in delivering circular economy ambitions through processing materials, providing skills and technology for repair or reconditioning goods and the capacity to deliver innovative technology. The transdisciplinary approach of Cities of Making (CoM) puts forward three ways of addressing manufacturing, and by extension, circularity, within urban areas. Central to triangulate the facilitation of urban manufacturing are the perspectives of (1) material flows and technology, (2) spatial design (3) people and networks. The integration of the three pathways requires convergence while retaining the richness of the three perspectives. The challenge is to find a common language that provides a comparable, operative framework for exploring possible solutions. The CoM framework of integration followed three main principles: (1) reducing the complexity of information, (2) reducing the complexity of combinations of possible solutions, and (3), applying an accessible, applicable instrument for the solutions. The resulting pattern language is co-created in a transdisciplinary setting and is also an instrument for the transdisciplinary application. The low threshold accessible system of solutions allows actors from different disciplines to access patterns developed in the context of another discipline and laypeople who are affected or interested to co-create.

AbstractThis chapter casts light on how cities can facilitate good health through urban planning, design and organisation, and collaboration between multiple sectors. The way we organise cities is one aspect of the social determinants of health and can manifest or balance several aspects of social injustice. This chapter focuses on matters of planning and maintaining infrastructure, including transportation systems, green spaces and walkability, as well as matters of environmental justice across cities. Moreover, it is discussed how a Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach can be implemented at the city level, and in which ways the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) Healthy City Network contributes to this work. The authors take a closer look at the evaluations of HiAP, as well as the Healthy Cities approach, and to what degree they facilitate long-lasting cross-sector collaboration. Last, it is discussed whether and how a salutogenic orientation can link places and environmental resources to health outcomes, and explore the implications of this approach for salutogenic practice and research.

AbstractThis chapter recognises that current food consumption patterns, often characterised by higher levels of food waste and a transition in diets towards higher energy, more resource-intensive foods, need to be transformed. Food systems in both developed and developing countries are changing rapidly. Increasingly characterised by a high degree of vertical integration, evolutions in food systems are being driven by new technologies that are changing production processes, distribution systems, marketing strategies, and the food products that people eat. These changes offer the opportunity for system-wide change in the way in which production interacts with the environment, giving greater attention to the ecosystem services offered by the food sector. However, developments in food systems also pose new challenges and controversies. Food system changes have responded to shifts in consumer preferences towards larger shares of more animal-sourced and processed foods in diets, raising concerns regarding the calorific and nutritional content of many food items. By increasing food availability, lowering prices and increasing quality standards, they have also induced greater food waste at the consumer end. In addition, the potential fast transmission of food-borne disease, antimicrobial resistance and food-related health risks throughout the food chain has increased, and the ecological footprint of the global food system continues to grow in terms of energy, resource use, and impact on climate change. The negative consequences of food systems from a nutritional, environmental and livelihood perspective are increasingly being recognised by consumers in some regions. With growing consumer awareness, driven by concerns about the environmental and health impacts of investments and current supply chain technologies and practices, as well as by a desire among new generations of city dwellers to reconnect with their rural heritage and use their own behaviour to drive positive change, opportunities exist to define and establish added-value products that are capable of internalising social or environmental delivery within their price. These forces can be used to fundamentally reshape food systems by stimulating coordinated government action in changing the regulatory environment that, in turn, incentivises improved private sector investment decisions. Achieving healthy diets from sustainable food systems is complex and requires a multi-pronged approach. Actions necessary include awareness-raising, behaviour change interventions in food environments, food education, strengthened urban-rural linkages, improved product design, investments in food system innovations, public-private partnerships, public procurement, and separate collection that enables alternative uses of food waste, all of which can contribute to this transition. Local and national policy-makers and small- and large-scale private sector actors have a key role in both responding to and shaping the market opportunities created by changing consumer demands.

This chapter addresses “new methods” to display research problems which are strongly linked with the issue of urban emotions. It focuses on how to use these methods in urban design, based on the dominant science and new analytical approaches, such as “virtual world design,” “spatial planning,” “geoinformatics,” “urban sensing,” and “a three-dimensional model of the city.” This chapter reveals the methods that help the designer to measure people's sensation in cities. These methods try to balance between two fundamental issues. The first is collecting data about city places from each survey about people's behaviour. The second is exploring the reliability and validity of these methods and measures by pragmatically applying them to the analysis of real-world problems.

Urban ecology is a multi-discipline, multi-expert area of study and practice that requires specialized knowledge from experts and local knowledge from citizens. Areas of professional expertise needed in cities include planning, design and construction; ecology and natural systems; and politics, law and economics. Citizen science is considered a non-professional applied science where collaboration between scientists and lay people takes advantage of the local knowledge of citizens. This culture-based knowledge comes from experience of indigenous people who have the best knowledge of a place. As people and ecosystems evolve together in cities, local and global adaptive management strategies are needed to deal with new problems such as climate change, pollution, and rapid growth.

This chapter focuses on the theory of knowledge-based urban design as a tool for intellectual literacy in architecture schools. It explores the extent of the current knowledge effects in the educational process by knowing the experience gained by the students during the current learning plans, as opposed to what the urban designer should know. The dilemma is what could happen if the experts in the relevant disciplines of urban design do not accept such a paradigm shift or even recognize that there is intellectual illiteracy in a particular discipline and closely relevant fields by discussing some features of intellectual illiteracy in the academe of some developing countries. These features could provide a ground for accepting this theory. Furthermore, the chapter helps to present what can reduce the alleged intellectual illiteracy. In conclusion, this chapter provides an experimental attempt to explore the relationship between illiteracy of thought and mental ability among professionals in the field of urban design to raise their intellectual and cognitive competence.

The question of the inhabitation of cities is becoming one of the key issues of the 21st century as the number of people living in cities exceeds those in rural areas for the first time in history. This chapter addresses the conjunction of urban and interior in relation to the potential of interior design as a discipline that is no longer adequately defined by an architectural context but rather as a practice that is relational and attends to the relationships between people and environments. Emerging trajectories of interior design practice will be presented with the aim of positioning the criticality of contemporary interior design practice as a laboratory for the production of new urban interiors and interiorities.

This article seeks to investigate the new paradigms of digital form and their application to the design process as a way to integrate service design from the very beginning of the process. It addresses a review of the generation of design in the key of "activity of conformation of open strategies". The aim is to open a deep reflection that allows an evolution of the understanding of the discipline of design linked to the outdated definition of "task of formalization of finished objects", which is widespread and still widely assumed. It is undeniable that engineering, urban planning, architecture, graphic design, product design, experience design and fashion design all share a common objective: all of them, in the end, can be considered as "service design".Indeed, each of the modalities of contemporary design and creation involves providing conceptual and oper-ational responses to needs (functional, aesthetic, symbolic, structural, social, individual). In short, creative activity consists of interpreting requirements and constraints in the most creative and efficient way possible. Design is not so much concerned with the need to produce "finished" objects, whether tangible or intangible. Contemporary design aims to create "formal laws", flexible and open, that can be applied according to the changing scenarios posed by today's users. To design digitally today is to create logical structures of data, algorithms and open results. This article rais-es the possibility of designing -from the genesis of the design- by integrating data referring to users and their algo-rithms as the basis of the formal, diagrammatic or structural law of the design solution. From clear mathematical rules and their parameterization, we propose the generation of the base structure of the "digital contemporary design"; from the exposition of data to the generation of “empty form”. In order to that, a preliminary reflection on the Technical drawing / CAD / BIM is proposed as well as describing the languages of the contemporary Design project (data and algorithms necessary for the construction of the form by topological transformations on simple forms). This is a con-temporary way of understanding the generation of the “empty form”. A "prepared" and "structured" format for the subsequent acquisition of successive layers of information (user data) that would trigger the "virtual twin" of the de-sign. Designing by means of topological transformations is an essential exercise in the foundations of digital culture: working with this type of algorithm is the main work of CAD programs. The conception of contemporary design must increasingly take into account the digital era, which constitutes the paradigm of our culture. The ideation and formalization of the actions that define design, architecture, urbanism and the physical environment, go through the management of formal operations within information systems that com-bine identity, visuality, materiality, measurement, financing, parameterization, industrialization, construction mainte-nance and, of course, interaction with users and systems. This phenomenon once again highlights the importance of geometry and drawing as fundamental disciplines that sustain the solid foundations of design education in the Univer-sity.Finally, the article addresses the urgency of defining new methodologies for the design process to ensure that design does not remain a mere "cultural response" to the technical advances produced by science, nor is it a purely intuitive process that proposes images but dispenses with the technical language of its time. We defend the activity of design as a purely contemporary task, which must be generated with the languages and methodologies of our current (and future) time, and for which it must have the possibility of integrating data and adapting to them with flexibility. In this way, any kind of design can be considered "service design" because it will "serve" effectively, avoiding the unnecessary iterations pursued by the LEAN system, which make human actions on reality inefficient and unsustaina-ble. Such a design would prevent the industry from having to generate an overabundance of designs and then discard the inadequate ones (by natural selection, through trial and error, dictated by the market and by user needs).Keywords: Design Training · Design Methodologies · Human-centered Design · Alumni experience · Designer experience ·User Experience · Service Design · Form · Contemporary Design process

<p>The new City Bridge of Drammen, or Bybrua in Norwegian, is a 258.9m long urban bridge that will cross the railway station and the river. This new structure, that replaces the existing bridge, will connect the main areas of the city, Strømsø to the south and Bragernes to the north. The final design is a collaboration between Degree of Freedom, Norconsult, SAAHA and Knight Architects, outstanding for its symbolism as major landmark of the city.</p><p>The long structural design process of this bridge has overcome significant challenges such as the poor ground conditions in the riverbed, finding and adequate erection sequence, large ice loads and the coordination between different owners and multiple interdisciplinary teams.</p><p>Also highlight the fact that this bridge has been completely modelled using BIM technologies for all the disciplines, emphasizing the steel parts and reinforced concrete elements.</p>

Due to increase in population density in cities, unplanned urbanization, where built areas proliferate and concrete and impermeable surfaces are predominant, have started to capture cities. While this causes the natural environments and green areas in cities to decrease day by day, it also directly affects the formation of heat islands in the cities, air pollution and the decrease in the quality of life of people. Since landscape architecture is a discipline that deals with the planning, development, protection and design of rural and urban open spaces that can make the future better, teaching students the importance of the ecological city and the criteria of designs for this should be the primary goal in universities. The area, which was determined as an Urban Transformation area by Trabzon Municipality and planned to be designed as Karagöz Square, was studied within the scope of Karadeniz Technical University Landscape Architecture Environmental Design Project 4 in the fall semester of 2019-2020. The lecturer of the course aimed to teach the students the awareness of green design-oriented city square solution in line with ecological city criteria. Within the scope of this study, course data were examined with ecological city criteria.

The main provisions of the methodology for calculating and designing a "green drainage system" of surface runoff from the road network of settlements that are not equipped with an underground drainage and treatment system are given. Requirements for the "green drainage system" of surface runoff from urban streets that are not equipped with an underground drainage system are formulated. The requirements include the treatment degree of surface runoff, filtration rate, comfort of the visual environment, safety and convenience for pedestrians and bicyclists, technologies of winter maintenance. The main pollutants of surface runoff for different categories of Russian streets are identified. The composition and depth of filtration media, its operating life, types of green plants are determined depending on the composition of pollutants, their typical concentrations, the collection area of surface runoff and the composition of native soils. Examples of the most effective design solutions for the "green drainage system" and treatment of surface runoff from the road network are given.

Since the declining phase of the Modem Movement, the geography of disciplinary power has considerably changed and there has been an increasing loss of social significance for architecture. However, urban design, seen as a “mode” of architecture, rather than as a discipline in itself, has still a primary role to play against this trend, for there are instances and places where urban form, more than feasibility studies, or planning programmes, calls for attention. Such a new role for the discipline can be found in a new approach by which architecture is foremost seen as the art of environmental relations. An interesting case-study in this regard can be the city of Venice, and particularly the areas of its latest (industrial) development, which are presently the focus of major rehabilitation projects. Some academic projects are used to show how voids and spaces are as important as buildings and volumes and that environmental relations among them, as well with the existing set-up, are founding elements of a new “urban form”. What these designs try to demonstrate is the existence of an urban demand of form by the city which only architecture, through its “mode” of urban design, can properly address. A demand for a new, though fragmented and partial, “architecture of the city”.

This presentation argues that a Sustainable Urban Renaissance implies a new urban planning approach toward the city and the territory. New instruments to better inform on the environmental urban consequences generated by planning decisions and urban design options, as new virtual lens, are therefore need. Therefore, two main tasks are requested for the urban discipline. First, to identify and acknowledge the impacts generated by the city over the environment, informed by methodologies such as Material Flow Analysis (MFA). Second, to search for new simulative tools, as the virtual lens, provided by the virtual architecture science, to simulate and evaluate the effects of urban planning decisions and urban design options over the environmental impacts accessed by MFA.

Design of haptic devices requires trade-off between many conflicting requirements, such as high stiffness, large workspace, small inertia, low actuator force/torque, and a small size of the device. With the traditional design and optimization process, it is difficult to effectively fulfill the system requirements by separately treating the different discipline domains. To solve this problem and to avoid sub-optimization, this work proposes a design methodology, based on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) methods and tools, for design optimization of six degree-of-freedom (DOF) haptic devices for medical applications, e.g. simulators for surgeon and dentist training or for remote surgery. The proposed model-based and simulation-driven methodology aims to enable different disciplines and subsystems to be included in the haptic device optimization process by using a robust model architecture that integrates discipline-specific models in an optimization framework and thus enables automation of design activities in the concept and detail design phase. Because of the multi-criteria character of the performance requirements, multi-objective optimization is included as part of the proposed methodology. Because of the high-level requirements on haptic devices for medical applications in combination with a complex structure, models such as CAD (Computer Aided Design), CAE (Computer Aided Engineering), and kinematic models are considered to be integrated in the optimization process and presenting a systems view to the design engineers. An integration tool for MDO is used as framework to manage, integrate, and execute the optimization process. A case study of a 6-DOF haptic device based on a TAU structure is used to illustrate the proposed methodology. With this specific case, a Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) with an initial population based on a pseudo random SOBOL sequence and Monte Carlo samplings is used for the optimization.

When smart city data and technology are now primarily used to manage public safety, energy, health, and education, the city's identity is becoming increasingly important. Cultural innovation and diversity as sustainable resources appear to be an urgency for smart cities. The advancement of virtual/digital technologies has fundamentally altered the narrative scenario of the city, and the design discipline can contribute to the development of new narrative forms through the mediation of physic systems and virtual systems. This paper analyzes which are the new ways of people interact with space in contemporary urban environments through case studies. The aim is to solve the question of how cyberspace specifically interferes with physical space in today's urban space, and what new spatial perception people have when they are moving in urban space. These cases include flash mob, hybrid games, IoTs projects. The authors attempt to understand new characteristics and trends associated with human interaction in urban spaces through the examination of these cases.