Books on the topic 'Degree Discipline: Science in Society'

The Living Machines approach, which can be seen as an exemplar methodology for a wider initiative towards “convergent science,” implies and requires a transdisciplinary understanding that bridges from between science and engineering and to the social sciences, arts, and humanities. In addition, it emphasizes a mix of basic and applied approaches whilst also requiring an awareness of the societal context in which modern research and innovation activities are conducted. This chapter explores the education landscape for postgraduate programs related to the concept of Living Machines, highlighting some challenges that should be addressed and providing suggestions for future course development and policy making. The chapter also reviews some of the within-discipline and across-discipline programs that currently exist, particularly within Europe and the US, and outlines an exemplar degree program that could provide the multi-faceted training needed to pursue research and innovation in Living Machines.

This chapter presents science and technology studies (STS) as a new island in a preexisting disciplinary archipelago. As a field, STS combines two strands of work dealing, respectively, with the nature and practices of science and technology (S&T) and the relationships between science, technology, and society. As such, STS research focuses on distinctive objects of inquiry and employs novel discourses and methods. The field confronts three significant barriers to achieving greater intellectual coherence, and institutional recognition. First, it must persuade skeptical scientists and university administrators of the need for a critical perspective on S&T. Second, it must demonstrate that traditional disciplines do not adequately analyze S&T. Third, it has to overcome STS scholars’ reluctance to create intellectual boundaries and membership criteria that appear to exclude innovative work. A generation of scholars with graduate degrees in STS are helping to meet these challenges.

Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Sabah: implications for Society, Culture and Ecology builds on a trend in studies of social change of taking the environment seriously. Coming from the disciplines of sociology, economics and marine science the authors deal with issues of sustainability in economic, social and ecological terms. The overall political ecology approach of the book diversifies into sub themes as the chapters engage with frameworks on the ecological limits of economic development, entitlements and well-being, participatory development, gender and knowledge production, science and citizenship as well as the symbolic and material value of national and international borders. Ecological aquaculture introduces new livelihood opportunities as well as losses. And it has a degree of ecological costs depending on environmental conditions and power relations that affect local production. We argue in this book that social and environmental justice issues are connected so that effective solutions to environmental problems can only be devised if the social justice issues are paid attention to. This general thrust in placing centre stage social and environmental justice issues is not unique to Sabah since these are issues experienced by developing countries similarly positioned in their dependence on natural resources for economic development. Fisheries and Aquaculture Development in Sabah: implications for Society, Culture and Ecology should, therefore, be of interest to development practitioners (those involved in management and policy implementation) and researchers alike. For managers and policy implementers, the book confirms how, implementation at the local level are not smooth but are in fact, unruly practices. For researchers, the book provides an example of viewing social and environmental justice issues together.

Whether one speaks of the study of the history of political philosophy, the history of political theory, or the history of political thought, the reference is typically to one basic scholarly genre. Although this body of scholarship is now the province of a distinctly interdisciplinary academic practice, bridging, and including, fields such as philosophy, history, and literary criticism, it is professionally largely the product of a subdiscipline located primarily in departments of political science, politics, or government. In the United States, the emerging social sciences, during the nineteenth century, were primarily the confluence of three closely related tributaries: elements of academic moral philosophy, often inspired by Scottish Enlightenment thinkers; individuals such as William Graham Sumner, who taught a scientific understanding of society and elicit the secret of social progress; and movements such as those represented in the American Social Science Association, which invoked the cognitive authority of science as they pursued a variety of causes from abolition to civil service reform.

The Grand Challenges for Social Work (GCSW) focuses on big, important and compelling problems for all of American society. Sponsored by the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare, the 12 Grand Challenges address issues of healthy youth development, the health gap, family violence, long and productive lives, social isolation, homelessness, changing climate environments, technology for social good, smart decarceration, economic inequity, financial capacity, and equal opportunity and justice. GCSW is designed to promote scientific and transformative innovation in social work, engage the social work profession in strengthening the ties among social work organizations, foster transdisciplinary research, create greater acknowledgement of social work science within the discipline and by other and related disciplines, and expand the student pipeline into the social work profession.

In recent years, society has achieved a better quality of life; this has been possible thanks to scientific and technological advances. Among the advances that have allowed us to move forward is, without a doubt, the development of the vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The method used for the synthesis of this vaccine was developed by Ugur Sahin and Öezlem Türeci, founders of BioNTech. Yes, behind the scientific development of greatest impact and relevance in recent years are a man and a woman. This scientific development was possible thanks to both of them, and here it is important to highlight the quality of women in science related to seeing issues from another perspective. Therefore, the union of their strengths and their differences made it possible to have a vaccine that makes it possible to return to life without confinement, without fear of going out, and with the possibility of enjoying it. Thus, the role of women in science is not only valuable, but fundamental to solve the problems that afflict us today. In this context, I can only thank and congratulate the women who today, thanks to their training, discipline and commitment, are giving us this wonderful work of science. I am sure that more challenges will come, but always counting on them, we will come out ahead. My most sincere appreciation and admiration.

In the Laws citizens’ virtue will prominently feature sōphrosunē, which is typically associated with self-control and discipline, but here linked more with moderation in a variety of contexts. Citizens’ virtues will be more focussed on cooperation and less on self-assertion than typical Greek virtues. It is now apparent that life in Magnesia, the city of the Laws, will be much less exciting and adventurous than life in Athens, and tamer than life in the military societies of Sparta and Crete—another way in which a life focussed on virtue as a whole differs from life centred only on military virtue or on individual ambition. All citizens will be virtuous, to a lesser degree than the rulers of the Republic, but to a greater degree than the Republic’s other members. The Laws is not a pessimistic fall-back from the Republic because the level of virtue required in lower, but an optimistic attempt to sketch a society where all citizens can become virtuous.

Speech science has a history of over 120 years. In addition to the self-image of the discipline, this book focuses on everything that makes the subject so attractive: With its vital research and teaching subject, speaking and people talking to each other, it is both application-oriented and up-to-date. This explains the continuing high level of interest among students, research partners, and practical professional fields in education, art, media, counseling, therapy, and prevention. With study locations in Halle, Jena and Marburg, Speech Science is represented throughout Germany. As an interdisciplinary research and working subject with links to linguistics, medicine, pedagogy, psychology, politics and sociology, among others, there are also diverse collaborations in research, teaching and practice. This volume offers surprising insights into the diversity of speech science – from its history to the present to an outlook on what will be possible in the future. Susanne Voigt-Zimmermann holds a degree in speech science. After scientific, speech-educational, and clinical-therapeutic activities at the universities of Jena, Heidelberg, and Magdeburg, she has been a professor of speech science at the Department of Speech Science and Phonetics at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg since 2017.

Abstract During the last two decades, the interrelationship between water and energy has become recognized. Likewise, the couplings to food and agriculture are getting increasingly obvious and alarming. In the last year, a record number of extreme weather events have been reported from most parts of the world. This is a visible demonstration how consequences of climate change must be understood and alleviated. The impacts of economics, lifestyle, and alarming inequalities are becoming increasingly recognisable. If the wealthy part of the world is not willing not make radical changes it does not matter what the less wealthy half of the global population will do to meet the climate and resource crisis. The purpose of the book is to demonstrate and describe how climate change, water, energy, food, and lifestyle are closely depending on each other. It is not sufficient to handle one discipline isolated from the others. This is the traditional “component view”. The book defines and describes a systems view. The communications and relationships between the “components” have to be described and recognized. Consequently, the development of one discipline must be approached from a systems perspective. At the same time, the success of the systems perspective depends on the degree of knowledge of the individual parts or disciplines. The catchphrase of systems thinking has been caught in the phrase, “The whole is more than the sum of its parts”. The idea is not new: the origin of this phrase is to be found already in Aristotle's Metaphysics more than 2300 years ago. The text may serve as an academic text (in engineering, economics, and environmental science) to introduce senior undergraduate and graduate students into systems thinking. Too often education encourages a “silo” thinking. Current global challenges can't be solved in isolation; they depend on each other. For example, water professionals should have a basic understanding of energy issues. Energy professionals ought to understand the dependency on water. Economic students should learn more how economy depends on natural resources like energy and water. Economics must include the environmental impact and ecological ceiling of economic activities. ISBN: 9781789062892 (print) ISBN: 9781789062908 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789062915 (ePUB)

In our society, corruption occurs in various forms and in different areas. When addressing the question of what corruption is, one will find many answers in scientific research. This book provides an overview of the most important answers in a comprehensible fashion and is ordered according to the disciplines which deal with this topic: economics, business studies/management science, criminal law, civil law, historical science, administrative science, sports science, political science, sociology, psychology and criminology. However, a discipline-specific definition of corruption is not sufficient. A transdisciplinary analysis is imperative, in particular when it comes to preventing and curbing corruption, establishing societal structures and relationships that are free of corruption, and meeting new challenges that arise in the context of digitalisation. This book shows relationships between the discipline-specific approaches. It links the variety of discipline-specific analyses of corruption issues with the multifaceted and complex phenomenon of corruption and thereby fosters a more nuanced and detailed understanding of it. With contributions by Lotte Beck, Rainer Dombois, Claudia Ehrhardt, Eike Emrich, Sabine Fütterer, Freya Gassmann, Peter Graeff, Olaf Meyer, Volker Nagel, Holger Niehaus, Alexander Nützenadel, Karl-Dieter Opp, Jonathan Pinto, Tanja Rabl, Christoph Reichard, Stephanie Thiel and Sebastian Wolf

Prekladaný vysokoškolský učebný text „Bioenergetika“ by mal slúžiť ako úvod do problematiky štúdia v oblasti bioenergetiky. Táto vedná oblast je v súčasnosti vysoko aktuálna, pretože výsledky získané bioenergetickým výskumom v uplynulých rokoch zreteľne ukazujú, že bioenergetické procesy prebiehajúce v živých systémoch neslúžia “len” na transformáciu energie, ale ovplyvňujú aj priebeh procesov ako sú apoptóza, starnutie, vznik a rozvoj mnohých ochorení (predovšetkým neurodegeneratívnych). Tieto skutočnosti jednoznačne naznačujú potrebu existencie kvalitných učebných textov, ktoré by prijateľným spôsobom umožnili študentom získať potrebné informácie a vedomosti v tejto vednej discipline. Z vyššie uvedených dôvodov sme sa rozhodli vytvoriť tieto učebné texty, ktoré sú vo forme desiatich samostatných kapitol, ktoré však na seba prirodzene a logicky nadväzujú. Jedna kapitola predstavuje v podstate jednu prednášku v rámci kurzu Bioenergetiky, ktorý je realizovaný na Prírodovedeckej fakulte Univerzity Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach na magisterskom a doktorandskom stupni študijného programu „Biofyzika“. Zároveň tieto texty môžu poslúžiť aj pri výučbe v študijnom predmete Biochémia, ktorý je prednášaný v bakalárskych a magisterských stupňoch študijných programov “Biochémia” resp. “Biofyzika”. Dovoľujeme si vyjadriť presvedčenie, že tieto učebné texty by mohli byť istým spôsobom nápomocné aj vedeckým pracovníkom pracujúcim v oblasti výskumu týkajúcho sa problematiky transformáci energie v biologických organizmoch a fenoménoch spojených s touto transformáciou. V týchto učebných textoch sú postupne uvádzané poznatky týkajúce sa základných konceptov bioenergetiky, mechanizmov procesov ako sú glykolýza a Krebsov cyklus (okrem podrobného a uceleného popis týchto procesov je tu uvedený aj všeobecný náhľad o prepojenosti týchto procesov ako aj ich začlenenie do kompaktného pohľadu na celkový proces transformácie energie v biologických organizmoch), zloženia štruktúry a funkčnosti biologických membrán (táto oblast je nevyhnutná pre lepšie pochopenie poznatkov, ktoré sú uvedené v nasledujúcich kapitolách). V nasledujúcich kapitolách sa učebný text zaoberá popisom štruktúry a funkcie mitochondrií, pričom veľký dôraz je dávaný na popis vlastností a mechanizmov fungovania štyroch komplexov dýchacieho reťazca a ATP-syntázy. Tieto komplexy vytvárajú podmienky pre existenciu “najdôležitejšieho” bioenergetického procesu, oxidatívnej fosforylácie. V záverečných dvoch kapitolách sú uvedené mechanizmy procesov vytvárajúcich fotosyntézu, jej svetlej aj tmavej fázy. Sú tu relevantné informácie o tomto “druhom” najdôležitejšom bioenergetickom procese prebiehajúcom v mnohých biologických organizmoch a poskytujúcom možnosť transformácie enrgie elektromagnetického žiarenia na energiu “ukrytú” v chemických väzbách určitých chemických molekúl. Chceme vyjadriť naše presvedčenie, že predložené učebné texty “Bioenergetika” budú dobrým “pomocníkom a inšpirátorom” pre mnohých študentov, ktorí sa budú chcieť dozvedieť čo najviac o fascinujúcich štruktúrach a mechanizmoch umožňujúcich transformáciu energie v živých systémoch, bez ktorej by nebola možná existencia života ako ho poznáme. Želáme príjemné a podnetné čítanie a štúdium. URL: www.unibook.upjs.sk The textbook "Bioenergetics" should serve as an introduction to the study of bioenergetics. This field of science is currently highly actual, as the results of the bioenergetics research in recent years clearly show that bioenergetics processes in living systems can "serve" not only to transformation of energy, but also affect the course of processes such as apoptosis, aging, origin and development of many diseases (especially neurodegenerative). These facts clearly indicate the need for the existence of quality teaching texts that would allow students to acquire the necessary information and knowledge in this scientific discipline in an acceptable way. For the above mentioned reasons, we decided to create these textbooks, which are in the form of ten chapters, which naturally and logically follow each other. One chapter basically presents one lecture within the course of Bioenergetics, which is realized at the Faculty of Science of the Pavel Jozef Šafárik University in Košice at the master's and doctoral degree of the study program "Biophysics". At the same time, these texts can also be used for teaching in the study subject Biochemistry, which is taught in the bachelor's and master's degree programs of the study programs "Biochemistry" resp. “Biophysics”. We would like to express our conviction that these textbooks could in some way also help researchers working in the field of the energy transformation in biological organisms and the phenomena associated with this transformation. These textbooks present knowledge about the basic concepts of bioenergetics, the mechanisms of processes such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (in addition to a detailed and comprehensive description of these processes, there is also a general view of the interconnectedness of these processes and their incorporation into a compact view of the overall energy transformation in biological organisms), the structure and functionality of biological membranes (this area is necessary for a better understanding of the knowledge presented in the following chapters). In the following chapters, the textbook deals with the description of the structure and function of mitochondria, with great emphasis on the properties and mechanisms of functioning of the four complexes of the respiratory chain and ATP-synthase. These complexes create the basis for the existence of the "most important" process in bioenergetics, oxidative phosphorylation. In the final two chapters, the mechanisms of the processes that produce photosynthesis, its light and dark phases, are presented. There is relevant information about this "second" most important bioenergetics process taking place in many biological organisms and providing the possibility of transforming the energy of electromagnetic radiation into energy "hidden" in the chemical bonds of certain chemical molecules. We want to express our conviction that the textbooks "Bioenergetics" will be a good "helper and inspirer" for many students who want to learn as much as possible about the fascinating structures and mechanisms for energy transformation in living systems, without which it would not be possible existence of life as we know it.

This chapter details how Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's attitudes and policies were to be shaped to an extraordinary degree by the ideas he encountered and the experiences he underwent as an activist in the Young Turk movement. The core group that led the movement was made up of cadets, students, and graduates of the major royal colleges. An overwhelming number of these young men were disciples of a peculiar mid-nineteenth-century German philosophy known as Vulgärmaterialismus. This was a vulgarized version of the doctrine of materialism, fusing popular notions of materialism, scientism, and Darwinism into a simplistic creed that upheld the role of science in society. The Late Ottoman version of this materialism was a further simplification of the German original and a medley of highly disparate ideas, the common denominator of which was the rejection of religion.

The question concerning the possibility of a Mexican or Spanish-American philosophy, an important issue for Gaos, sounds metaphilosophical, but in this debate, Larroyo dismisses the idea of metaphilosophy as an absurdity, which is either a contradiction in terms or leads to an infinite regress. For Larroyo, the task of defining philosophy is as old as philosophy itself and does not require the “new” discipline of metaphilosophy. This selection illustrates how questions about the definition and scope of philosophy were increasingly becoming a subject of public debate, thus contributing to the normalization of philosophy. Questions regarding whether philosophy is a science, as Larroyo thought, or a personal confession, as Gaos thought, or whether the essence of the psychology of the philosopher is arrogance or humility are relevant not only to the possibility of Mexican philosophy, but also to determinations of the value or relevance of philosophy in Mexican society at large.

A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Early Modern Age covers the period from 1500 to 1700, tracing chemical debates and practices within their cultural, social, and political contexts. This era in the history of chemistry was notable for natural philosophy, scientific discovery, and experimental method, and also as the high point of European alchemy – exemplified by the immensely popular writings of Paracelsus. Developments in the chemistry of metallurgy, medicine, distillation, and the applied arts encouraged attention to materials and techniques, linking theoretical speculation with practical know-how. Chemistry emerged as an academic discipline – supported by educational texts and based in classroom and laboratory instruction – and claimed a public place. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Chemistry presents the first comprehensive history from the Bronze Age to today, covering all forms and aspects of chemistry and its ever-changing social context. The themes covered in each volume are theory and concepts; practice and experiment; laboratories and technology; culture and science; society and environment; trade and industry; learning and institutions; art and representation.

A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century covers the period from 1700 to 1815. Setting the progress of science and technology in its cultural context, the volume re-examines the changes that many have considered to constitute a “chemical revolution”. Already boasting a laboratory culture open to both manufacturing and commerce, the discipline of chemistry now extended into academies and universities. Chemists studied myriad materials – derived from minerals, plants, and animals – and produced an increasing number of chemical substances such as acids, alkalis, and gases. New textbooks offered opportunities for classifying substances, rethinking old theories and elaborating new ones. By the end of the period – in Europe and across the globe – chemistry now embodied the promise of unifying practice and theory. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Chemistry presents the first comprehensive history from the Bronze Age to today, covering all forms and aspects of chemistry and its ever-changing social context. The themes covered in each volume are theory and concepts; practice and experiment; laboratories and technology; culture and science; society and environment; trade and industry; learning and institutions; art and representation.

This book examines the influence of statistics on Victorian society and culture, from the methods of natural science and the struggle against disease, to the development of social administration and conflicts between social classes. A defining feature of nineteenth-century Britain was its fascination with numbers. The processes that made Victorian society, including the growth of population and industry and the increasing competence of the state, generated profuse numerical data. Numbers were gathered in the 1830s by newly-created statistical societies in response to this ‘data revolution’. Their collection and analysis became a regular feature of government, and inspired new ways of interrogating both the natural and social worlds. William Farr used them to study cholera: Florence Nightingale deployed them in campaigns for sanitary improvement; Charles Babbage was inspired to design and build his famous calculating engines to process them; the statistics of living standards inspired working-class protest. The mid-Victorians employed statistics consistently to make the case for liberal reform. In later decades, however, the emergence of the academic discipline of mathematical statistics—statistics as we use them today—became associated with eugenics and a contrary social philosophy. Where earlier statisticians subscribed to the unity of mankind, later practitioners, following Francis Galton, emphasised variation and difference within and between groups. In chapters on learned societies, government departments, international statistical collaborations, natural scientists and intellectuals, as well as statisticians, this book traces the impact of numbers on the era, and the relationship of Victorian statistics to ‘Big Data’ in our own age.

Alan Turing was one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. In 1935, aged 22, he developed the mathematical theory upon which all subsequent stored-program digital computers are modeled. At the outbreak of hostilities with Germany in September 1939, he joined the Government Codebreaking team at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire and played a crucial role in deciphering Engima, the code used by the German armed forces to protect their radio communications. Turing's work on the version of Enigma used by the German navy was vital to the battle for supremacy in the North Atlantic. He also contributed to the attack on the cyphers known as "Fish," which were used by the German High Command for the encryption of signals during the latter part of the war. His contribution helped to shorten the war in Europe by an estimated two years. After the war, his theoretical work led to the development of Britain's first computers at the National Physical Laboratory and the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester University. Turing was also a founding father of modern cognitive science, theorizing that the cortex at birth is an "unorganized machine" which through "training" becomes organized "into a universal machine or something like it." He went on to develop the use of computers to model biological growth, launching the discipline now referred to as Artificial Life. The papers in this book are the key works for understanding Turing's phenomenal contribution across all these fields. The collection includes Turing's declassified wartime "Treatise on the Enigma"; letters from Turing to Churchill and to codebreakers; lectures, papers, and broadcasts which opened up the concept of AI and its implications; and the paper which formed the genesis of the investigation of Artifical Life.