Academic literature on the topic 'Degree Discipline: Law'

We establish a conservation law for G/G/1 queues with any work-conserving service discipline using the equilibrium equations, also called the basic equations. We use this conservation law to prove an extremal property of the first-come firstserved (FCFS) service discipline: among all service disciplines that are work-conserving and independent of remaining service requirements for individual customers, the FCFS service discipline minimizes [maximizes] the mean sojourn time in a G/G/1 queue with independent (but not necessarily identical) service times with a common mean and new better [worse] than used (NBUE[NWUE]) distributions. This extends recent results of Halfin and Whitt (1990), Righter et al. (1990) and Yamazaki and Sakasegawa (1987a,b). In addition we use the conservation law to obtain an approximation for the mean queue length in a GI/GI/1 queue under the processor-sharing service discipline with finite degree of multiplicity, called LiPS discipline. Several numerical examples are presented which support the practical usefulness of the proposed approximation.

We establish a conservation law forG/G/1 queues with any work-conserving service discipline using the equilibrium equations, also called the basic equations. We use this conservation law to prove an extremal property of the first-come firstserved (FCFS) service discipline: among all service disciplines that are work-conserving and independent of remaining service requirements for individual customers, the FCFS service discipline minimizes [maximizes] the mean sojourn time in aG/G/1 queue with independent (but not necessarily identical) service times with a common mean and new better [worse] than used (NBUE[NWUE]) distributions. This extends recent results of Halfin and Whitt (1990), Righter et al. (1990) and Yamazaki and Sakasegawa (1987a,b). In addition we use the conservation law to obtain an approximation for the mean queue length in aGI/GI/1 queue under the processor-sharing service discipline with finite degree of multiplicity, called LiPS discipline. Several numerical examples are presented which support the practical usefulness of the proposed approximation.

The subject of the research is the peculiarities of teaching the discipline “Agricultural Law” in institutions of higher education oriented towards the training of bachelors in the field of agriculture and agro-industrial complex. The author analyzes the Federal Educational Standard in Jurisprudence (bachelor degree course), educational standards of institutions of higher education authorized to develop them, and the curricula of some institutions of higher education for the presence of the discipline “Agricultural Law”. The author also gives attention to the up-to-date scientific literature in this discipline.   The research is based on the methods of analysis, observation, description, the formal-legal method and sociological method. The author arrives at the following conclusions: 1) in specialized agricultural universities, even if they have the faculty of law, the discipline “Agricultural law” is often not taught in bachelor degree courses. The author suggests introducing the compulsory discipline “Agricultural Law” in field-oriented educational institutions (primarily those under the Ministry of Agriculture). 2) the author notes students’ low motivation for studying this discipline. 3) there’s a lack of up-to-date agricultural law textbooks.   

Only a few studies in political science in the past half decade have taken the decline in common law seriously. This paper assesses whether or not those of us in the discipline should take it seriously. This project employs an original index for the common law in order to assess to what degree a state’s definition of the law impacts judicial decision making. The results show that states with a greater commitment to the common law show greater regard for due process rights. This study concludes that a state’s definition of the law matters.

Acknowledgement of gender disparity in academia has been made in recent years, as have efforts to reduce this inequality. These efforts will be undermined if insufficient numbers of women qualify and are competitive for academic careers. The gender ratio at each graduate degree level has been examined in some studies, with findings suggesting that women’s representation has increased, and in some recent cases, achieved equality. These findings are promising as they could indicate that more women will soon qualify for early-career academic positions. Most of these studies, however, examine a specific—or narrow subset—of academic disciplines. Therefore, it remains unclear if these findings generalize across disciplines. Gambling researchers, and the graduate students they supervise, are a uniquely heterogeneous group representing multiple academic disciplines including health sciences, math, law, psychology, and sociology, among many more. Thus, gambling student researchers are a group who can be examined for gender equality at postgraduate levels, while reducing the impact of discipline specificity evident in previous investigations. The current study examined graduate-level scholarships from one Canadian funding agency (Alberta Gambling Research Institute), awarded from 2009 through 2019, for gender parity independent of academic discipline.

AbstractProfessor Graham Virgo, in delivering the 3rd Willi Steiner Memorial Lecture, asks if it is possible to become a legal practitioner in England and Wales without having studied Law as an academic discipline. Is there any point in studying for a Law degree? Students study any academic subject to acquire knowledge and to develop key skills. This is just as true of students studying Law. But is the knowledge acquired by a Law student and the skills which they develop really of benefit to them in legal practice? Crucially, what can the managers of legal information do to support the particular needs of Law students and academic researchers?

In order to find the distribution law of coal fragmentation, mathematic model of size distribution was built according to fractal theory. Based on this, the experiments of impactive crash were carried out under different impact rate and different Protodikonov's hardness. The comparison between Weibull distribution and fractal distribution was done so as to find the relationship between the influence parameters and the coal fragmentation characteristic index, the coal fragmentation degree coefficient and the fractal dimension. The results indicate that both two types of distribution functions are suitable for the distribution discipline of coal fragmentation, but the relationship of the coal fragmentation degree and impact parameter is not reacted correctly by the coal fragmentation characteristic index and coal fragmentation degree coefficient in the Weibull distribution while the coal fragmentation degree could be expressed by the fractal dimension in fractal distribution. The relationships between the fractal dimension and the rate, the Protodikonov's hardness of coal are linear.

The new, currently in force, rules for awarding academic degrees and titles as well as in the field of arts are set out in the Act of July 20, 2018, Law on Higher Education and Science. In this study, I would like to analyze in depth one of the prerequisites for awarding the degree of habilitated doctor, as defined in Art. 219 paragraph. 1 point 2 of the Act. In this provision, the legislator indicated that the degree of habilitated doctor is awarded to a person who has scientific or artistic achievements that constitute a significant contribution to the development of a specific discipline, including at least: 1 monograph or 1 cycle or 1 project achievement (...). The use of the phrase ‘scientific or artistic achievements’ (plural) and ‘including at least’ raises numerous doubts as to how much the postdoctoral researcher should have in his / her scientific or artistic achievements that make a significant contribution to the development of a given discipline and thus demonstrate them in the habilitation application, to meet the premise of Art. 219 paragraph. 1 point 2 of the Act.

Abstract Lexical bundles are recurring frequent word combinations. Research has shown that lexical bundles vary in genre and register (Biber 2006; Biber, Conrad and Cortes 2004; Hyland 2008a, 2008b; Scott and Tribble 2006). However, the degree to which they vary by discipline remains inconclusive. The main aim of this paper is to establish whether lexical bundles are discipline specific, i.e., whether each discipline draws on a specialized lexical repertoire or whether there is a core vocabulary shared across various disciplines. For that purpose, maritime texts covering the subdomains marine engineering, navigation, maritime law and shipping have been collected so as to investigate the structure and function of lexical bundles and to find out how they shape meaning in specialized discourse. For the purposes of the study, a 7.4 M corpus consisting of two monolingual subcorpora and one bilingual subcorpus was compiled. This corpus can be used as a basis for further studies in the field. Furthermore, the paper discusses problems encountered while extracting N-grams from a corpus, as well as classification criteria for the identification of lexical bundles. The results show that lexical bundles identified in maritime texts are phrasal rather than clausal. The results also indicate that lexical bundles are discipline specific. Teaching these specialized features that shape discourse can improve students’ language production and should thus be the focus of instruction in ESP.

The subject of this research is the analysis of the forms of implementation of interactive teaching techniques in form of game technologies on the example of a specific discipline within the framework of the Master's Degree program “Law in the Field of Regional International Relations”. The object of this article is the “business game” and “group research” as form of giving a lesson. Special attention is turned to the analysis of characteristics of interactive technologies, developed by the author from the basic definition, as well as to the characteristics of the methodology of implementation of game technologies in the context of the academic discipline “The Peculiarities of Organizational and Legal Cooperation of States in the field of Protection from Disasters within the framework of Regional mechanisms”. The main conclusions are as follows: game technologies is an essential element of teaching and should actively implemented; it is important to think through the goal and tasks of a specific game technology in order to achieve the desired result; a particular type of the implemented game technology depends on different aspects, including the level of training, discipline and topic; the use of game technologies in education allows the students to reinforce the studied material, identify and fill the gaps in knowledge, and learn how to apply the acquired knowledge. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the presented methodological characteristics of the application of specific game technologies in the framework of the considered academic discipline. The novelty of this research consists in refraction of the general theoretical characteristics of interactive methods and their forms in teaching legal disciplines within the framework of Master's Degree Program.

The actual problems of municipal law in Russia are considered taking into account the peculiarities of master's degree training at the university, which provides for both the presence of a system of students with certain knowledge in the field of jurisprudence, including the main institutions of municipal law, and their significant focus on research work. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the main amendments and additions to the current legislation on local self-government, discussions that accompany the improvement of legislation and law enforcement practice. The electronic educational and methodological appendix to the textbook includes an approximate work program and educational and methodological materials for independent work on the study of the discipline, as well as lectures and presentations. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of educational institutions of higher education studying in the field of training 40.04.01 "Jurisprudence", as well as for graduate students, students of the system of additional professional education and teachers, all those who are interested in the problems of the development of municipal law, the theory of local self-government and the practice of state and municipal management.

In the textbook the basic concepts concerning the organization and technology of information work of the student-historian are considered. It includes four sections: the first determines the place of the course's problems in the process of historical knowledge; the second tracks the principal features of facts, sources and research, which can potentially be the sphere of historical research; the third introduces the reader to the principles, conceptual apparatus, laws, methods and judgments as means of knowledge.; the fourth introduces the experience of constructing the text of the study, which sums up a certain result of the work done and allows you to " translate the process of learning a new state of relative knowledge." Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. It is intended for undergraduate students studying the discipline "Information and analytical work". It can be useful to persons preparing for admission to the master's degree in the areas of training "History" and "International relations", as well as all those interested in working with documents and other media.

The textbook contains systematized information about psychological, socio-cultural, historical-ethnographic, psychobiological and other aspects of the development of a person changing over time. The first section is devoted to general theoretical problems of developmental psychology, the second to the analysis of different ages. The comprehensive nature of the manual makes it possible to solve the problems of formation in the professional consciousness of a stable complex of scientific categories and concepts, with the help of which the factual diversity of manifestations of the mental life of a developing person is described in psychology; familiarization with classical and modern interpretations of human development, with different variants of psychological interpretation of its essence, nature, mechanisms, driving forces and contradictions; disclosure of dialectics and phenomenology of the formation of a person as a cultural and historical subject; formation of ideas about the complexity and ambiguity of the evolution of a child as a human being; understanding the basic laws of the formation of personality and individuality of a person at each stage of its development. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for the study of the discipline "Developmental psychology, age psychology" during the professional training of psychologists in universities and is aimed at students of bachelor's and master's degrees in psychology faculties of classical and pedagogical universities, humanities and medical universities, as well as graduate students, psychology teachers and practical psychologists who are improving their qualifications in the field of age psychology.

The chapter provides an overarching perspective on the diverse aspects concerned with social science research (SSR) infrastructure in the Indian universities. The research infrastructure that is relevant for SSR include both physical and academic infrastructure. It covers the number of departments, number of sanctioned posts in the departments, filled posts, vacant posts, books in the department library, computers in the department, etc. The study indicates that highest numbers of departments are in disciplines like economics, education, law, and history. Disciplines like national security, population studies, and strategic studies are least popular disciplines with very few departments and chairs. Discipline-wise distribution of various social science courses shows that economics dominates in offering PhD degrees.

In the Laws citizens’ virtue will prominently feature sōphrosunē, which is typically associated with self-control and discipline, but here linked more with moderation in a variety of contexts. Citizens’ virtues will be more focussed on cooperation and less on self-assertion than typical Greek virtues. It is now apparent that life in Magnesia, the city of the Laws, will be much less exciting and adventurous than life in Athens, and tamer than life in the military societies of Sparta and Crete—another way in which a life focussed on virtue as a whole differs from life centred only on military virtue or on individual ambition. All citizens will be virtuous, to a lesser degree than the rulers of the Republic, but to a greater degree than the Republic’s other members. The Laws is not a pessimistic fall-back from the Republic because the level of virtue required in lower, but an optimistic attempt to sketch a society where all citizens can become virtuous.

Chapter 7 assesses the extent to which carbon units constitute objects subject to the disciplines of international investment law. While carbon units are capable of constituting ‘investments’ where all parties to an international investment agreement define the units as ‘property’ under their domestic legal systems and where an investor has acquired and owns the units with a requisite degree of durability and permanence related to some other economic activity in the host state, they would be less likely to qualify where one or more parties to an IIA confer no proprietary status on carbon units, or where the units are not acquired in the context of a meaningful economic activity in the host state.

Many people are interested in pursuing a career in mental health but may be uncertain about career options. This book helps to identify the best educational path for their interests and prepare for success. Throughout, mental health professionals share inspiring wisdom to build realistic expectations and highlight key decision points. Comprehensive information about the disciplines of counseling, marital/couples and family therapy, psychology, psychiatry, psychiatric nursing, and social work is provided, along with an expansive array of job possibilities. Practical guidance about master’s versus doctoral degrees, graduate admissions success, educational costs, and salary projections is offered. Readers learn about how diversity and inclusion issues as well as laws and ethics impact mental health and how to prevent career burnout. Thought-provoking chapters promote balanced respect for both the healing art and the science of mental health and forecast innovations that will shape the field into the future. Finally, multimedia resources are recommended to boost career preparedness.

AbstractBased on evidence and theory, we state that facilitating and supporting people’s meaning-making processes are health promoting. Hence, meaning-in-life is a salutogenic concept.Authors from various disciplines such as nursing, medicine, psychology, philosophy, religion, and arts argue that the human search for meaning is a primary force in life and one of the most fundamental challenges an individual faces. Research demonstrates that meaning is of great importance for mental as well as physical well-being and crucial for health and quality of life. Studies have shown significant correlations between meaning-in-life and physical health measured by lower mortality for all causes of death; meaning is correlated with less cardiovascular disease, less hypertension, better immune function, less depression, and better coping and recovery from illness. Studies have shown that cancer patients who experience a high degree of meaning have a greater ability to tolerate bodily ailments than those who do not find meaning-in-life. Those who, despite pain and fatigue, experience meaning report better quality-of-life than those with low meaning. Hence, if the individual finds meaning despite illness, ailments, and imminent death, well-being, health, and quality-of-life will increase in the current situation. However, when affected by illness and reduced functionality, finding meaning-in-life might prove more difficult. A will to search for meaning is required, as well as health professionals who help patients and their families not only to cope with illness and suffering but also to find meaning amid these experiences. Accordingly, meaning-in-life is considered a vital salutogenic resource and concept.The psychiatrist Viktor Emil Frankl’s theory of “Will to Meaning” forms the basis for modern health science research on meaning; Frankl’s premise was that man has enough to live by, but too little to live for. According to Frankl, logotherapy ventures into the spiritual dimension of human life. The Greek word “logos” means not only meaning but also spirit. However, Frankl highlighted that in a logotherapeutic context, spirituality is not primarily about religiosity—although religiosity can be a part of it—but refers to a specific human dimension that makes us human. Frankl based his theory on three concepts: meaning, freedom to choose and suffering, stating that the latter has no point. People should not look for an inherent meaning in the negative events happening to them, or in their suffering, because the meaning is not there. The meaning is in the attitude people choose while suffering from illness, crises, etc.

Abstract America again re-engaged in foreign legal reform after 1945 in Germany, Japan, and Korea, dependent upon the social, political, economic, and military situation. During the 1950s, the communist Cold War ideological threat to capitalism and liberal democracy pushed the United States to demonstrate its ability to foster economic and social progress among its allies and non-aligned nations. Comparatists in the ABA and the newly formed American Association for the Comparative Study of Law devoted substantial effort to international unification of commercial and trade law and later law projects to promote modernization among developing countries, such as agrarian reform, judicial independence, and active instruction in legal education. By the 1970s, unsatisfactory results for most of these action programs shifted concern to scholarly inquiry about the relationship between law and social change. Furthermore, comparative lawyers began to take a greater interest in the amorphous concepts of rule of law and human rights. The postwar period marked a steady rise in comparative law academic quality, stimulated by the AACSL, its meetings, journal, and participation in international congresses. Comparatists developed expertise in subfields, namely, unification of law, private international law, and comparative legal sociology. Law schools saw more comparative law courses and coursebooks; some specialized in Soviet, Japanese, or Latin American law, or in fields such as comparative constitutional law or European Community law. Comparative law journals proliferated, as did degree programs for foreign students. By 1990, the AACSL had instituted a democratic system of election, which put it on a path toward further growth.

This chapter suggests the need to rethink, on both doctrinal and political grounds, the distinction between core and transnational criminal law with a view to recovering a sense of the discipline of international criminal law’s lost unity. It identifies a tendency towards fragmentation and rarefication that has led both core crimes and the operation of international criminal tribunals to monopolize attention and increasingly be identified with ‘international criminal law’ (ICL). This chapter argues that, in addition to having a weak doctrinal basis, that distinction is theoretically and criminologically dubious. It suggests that the time may have come to recover at least a unified research agenda when it comes to ICL—one that rediscovers the extent to which supranational and transnational criminal law are at the very least joined at the hip. This involves better conceptualizing how the defining phenomenon of ICL is not only the criminalization of certain international law prohibitions, but also the ascendancy of certain ideas about crime control globally, as well as the degree to which both core crimes and transnational crimes rely on a common criminal corpus and conceptual baggage. The chapter ends with a call for renewed engagement with a sort of meta-theory of ICL, one that would make more sense of the relations between its diverse constituent parts.

This chapter examines the connection between the torture inflicted by law enforcement officials in the South during the 1930s and 1940s and the decline in the number of lynching of African Americans during this period. The Scottsboro case displays the racist structure of the justice system and outlines the tradition of violence and pattern of African Americans accused of rape and sexual assault. The illustration of violence further examines black history involving the Reconstruction era in which African American challenged for equality against white supremacy. Emphasized in this chapter is the process of torture by lynching against African American. Lynching aimed to discipline landless blacks and serve as a fear and embed a stereotype of racial difference. The decrease of lynching occurred in the early 1900s as the South questioned their reputation, and the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL) promoted anti-lynching campaigns. The case of Ed Brown, Arthur Ellington, and Henry Shields documents the violent dynamics that tended to emerge as state authorities increasingly asserted their monopoly on the use of force in the South.

Behavioural economics is an established field. Still it carries the premises that the actions of corporate players are only to a minor degree led by self-interest, rationality, and self-discipline. Bias portrayed throughout behavioural economics offers an alternative to rational-theoretical standard theory as it allows predictions about the systematic deviation from the prognosis of the homo economicus’ actions. The reception of the findings of systematic research on the basis of human behaviour in modern psychology, neurology, or behavioural economics in corporate and capital market law enables its continuing development. The intention is to assume that non-legal arguments, complying with the standard of their respective scientific field, can be adopted for the development of corporate law. Therefore, the core of the chapter addresses the question of how the development of corporate law will occur under the consideration of findings from adjacent research fields such as behavioural economics.

The formation of cadets' legal competencies during their studies at a maritime university is determined by pedagogical conditions, which are developed by teachers in stages, depending on the content of legal disciplines. During the period of study at the university, cadets first get acquainted with the discipline "Jurisprudence" in the first year. The objective of the course is to develop universal and general professional competencies in the field of legal regulation among cadets, which determine the content of the norms of Russian and international law, taking into account conditions, resources and restrictions. The degree of quality of maritime specialist training depends on the level of professional competence development, which includes legal competencies in the field of Russian and international law. However, the course of the discipline "Jurisprudence" includes general rules of law and does not determine the specifics of the training of cadets in maritime law. Thus, the author proposes in the study the pedagogical conditions for the formation of legal competencies in the study of the discipline "Jurisprudence" and an assessment of their effectiveness. The purpose of the study is to develop criteria and indicators for assessing the levels of formation of legal competencies of cadets in the first year. The object of research is the process of developing diagnostics of pedagogical conditions for the formation of legal competencies. The subject of the study is the assessment of the levels of formation of legal competencies of cadets. The author proposes a system for diagnosing legal competencies, which collectively form a part of the professional competence of a maritime university graduate.

This chapter focuses on a key actor whose centrality has gone largely unnoticed: the new professional elite within and around the international criminal courts. This elite is composed of individuals who have accumulated high degrees of professional and symbolic capital within international criminal law (ICL) that allow them to shape the discipline itself. This chapter carefully traces the genesis and development of the new professional elite that emerged from four different starting points: legal practice; diplomacy; human rights (in particular NGOs recalibrated towards international criminal justice); and academia. On the basis of this mixed expertise, the ICL elite was characterized by holding management positions in the international criminal courts or building positions in diplomacy, advocacy or academia from where they helped construct (and criticize) the symbolism of this field. While they had crucial impact on the fight against impunity, the analysis also shows that this new elite, in particular those working in the international criminal courts, did not necessarily have high professional value on a broader market of international law and governance, unless they limited investment in ICL to a short period. As such, the elite of ICL is caught between having influence in a field of law that has remained politically controversial and subject to changes, and investing their expertise in other walks of life where it is prone to suffer depreciation.

So often reactive and responsive in its own self-understanding, the discipline of international law appears in this book as agentive, creative, and pivotal. Scholars and practitioners of international law turn out, in its pages, to be makers and purveyors of objects that the discipline can, in varying ways and degrees, call its own. The world and its objects have been, and might yet otherwise be, of international law’s making. This chapter reflects on what kind of making this might entail and what it might mean, in this context, to write of an object juridically. It tackles these questions by exploring six modes of making and doing ongoing in the book, including modes of grappling with object loss (drawing from Freud), and how these variably elucidate the role of objects, and subject–object relations, in sustaining international law as a discipline.

The field of creative writing studies includes commonly regarded forms of distance education such as online courses, but there is an impressive diversity regarding the opportunities available to creative writers. To illustrate this, the chapter discusses the two tracks available to writers. The first features the university environment, where students enroll in undergraduate and graduate creative writing degree programs. These programs could be full-residency, low-residency, or online. However, not all writers are able or willing to enroll in such programs. For these writers, there are non-academic options that are driven not by colleges and universities but by the publishing community. Non-degree writers might enroll in online workshops or communities. Finally, non-degree seeking writers might work independently through MOOCs, extension classes, iTunesU courses, and how-to texts. This chapter discusses the history of distance education as it is evolving and the potentially overwhelming number of options available to aspiring writers.

Bentham’s analysis of the probative force of evidence appears to be skeptical and relativist. Bentham was convinced that in all aspects of the judicial assessment of evidence, there was no place for formal, rule-bound reasoning, and it is tempting to trace this rule-skepticism to a deeper epistemological skepticism. Yet his monumental Rationale of Judicial Evidence shows few signs of this epistemologically skeptical foundation. Rather, seen in light of his theory of language and fictitious entities, the empiricist, quasi-pragmatist elements of his theory become clear. Bentham was no skeptic or radical subjectivist regarding the evaluation of evidence. Statements of probability, or of the persuasive force of some piece of evidence, on Bentham’s view, are subject to rational assessment. Judgments of the probative value of evidence, like moral judgments, are expressions of the speaker’s state of mind; they express degrees of conviction of the speaker, which are subject to the discipline of rational method.

This article seeks to investigate the new paradigms of digital form and their application to the design process as a way to integrate service design from the very beginning of the process. It addresses a review of the generation of design in the key of "activity of conformation of open strategies". The aim is to open a deep reflection that allows an evolution of the understanding of the discipline of design linked to the outdated definition of "task of formalization of finished objects", which is widespread and still widely assumed. It is undeniable that engineering, urban planning, architecture, graphic design, product design, experience design and fashion design all share a common objective: all of them, in the end, can be considered as "service design".Indeed, each of the modalities of contemporary design and creation involves providing conceptual and oper-ational responses to needs (functional, aesthetic, symbolic, structural, social, individual). In short, creative activity consists of interpreting requirements and constraints in the most creative and efficient way possible. Design is not so much concerned with the need to produce "finished" objects, whether tangible or intangible. Contemporary design aims to create "formal laws", flexible and open, that can be applied according to the changing scenarios posed by today's users. To design digitally today is to create logical structures of data, algorithms and open results. This article rais-es the possibility of designing -from the genesis of the design- by integrating data referring to users and their algo-rithms as the basis of the formal, diagrammatic or structural law of the design solution. From clear mathematical rules and their parameterization, we propose the generation of the base structure of the "digital contemporary design"; from the exposition of data to the generation of “empty form”. In order to that, a preliminary reflection on the Technical drawing / CAD / BIM is proposed as well as describing the languages of the contemporary Design project (data and algorithms necessary for the construction of the form by topological transformations on simple forms). This is a con-temporary way of understanding the generation of the “empty form”. A "prepared" and "structured" format for the subsequent acquisition of successive layers of information (user data) that would trigger the "virtual twin" of the de-sign. Designing by means of topological transformations is an essential exercise in the foundations of digital culture: working with this type of algorithm is the main work of CAD programs. The conception of contemporary design must increasingly take into account the digital era, which constitutes the paradigm of our culture. The ideation and formalization of the actions that define design, architecture, urbanism and the physical environment, go through the management of formal operations within information systems that com-bine identity, visuality, materiality, measurement, financing, parameterization, industrialization, construction mainte-nance and, of course, interaction with users and systems. This phenomenon once again highlights the importance of geometry and drawing as fundamental disciplines that sustain the solid foundations of design education in the Univer-sity.Finally, the article addresses the urgency of defining new methodologies for the design process to ensure that design does not remain a mere "cultural response" to the technical advances produced by science, nor is it a purely intuitive process that proposes images but dispenses with the technical language of its time. We defend the activity of design as a purely contemporary task, which must be generated with the languages and methodologies of our current (and future) time, and for which it must have the possibility of integrating data and adapting to them with flexibility. In this way, any kind of design can be considered "service design" because it will "serve" effectively, avoiding the unnecessary iterations pursued by the LEAN system, which make human actions on reality inefficient and unsustaina-ble. Such a design would prevent the industry from having to generate an overabundance of designs and then discard the inadequate ones (by natural selection, through trial and error, dictated by the market and by user needs).Keywords: Design Training · Design Methodologies · Human-centered Design · Alumni experience · Designer experience ·User Experience · Service Design · Form · Contemporary Design process

Education nowadays often still lacks in seeing the big picture. While becoming an expert in a certain, narrow field is naturally desirable, switching disciplinary perspectives is mandatory for an overall understanding. Next to benefiting from the knowledge of other disciplines itself, the merging of two disciplines and their actors leads to a synergy effect through the exchange of their knowledge and experience. Therefore a mixed course structure consisting of theoretical and practical parts seems most feasible to guarantee varying degrees of didactic approaches including co-operative course designs. In this paper our already well established advanced lab on medical device development (part of the Bachelor's degree in Computer Science) and its enhancement towards an interdisciplinary lab and lecture with medical students is presented. Based on the existing lab, we analyze the prior knowledge of physicians and computer scientists and derive contents, structure and necessary competence goals for a four-week block course. The main objective of the lab is to enable the students of both disciplines to share a common language and a common understanding of the procedures, approaches and tools.

Recent advances in web technology have transformed the World-Wide-Web from delivering static text to providing an easily accessible multimedia channel for dynamic, interactive communication. By using such technologies, academic teaching may evolve toward the next-generation way to transfer knowledge. At present time, there are two approaches that can be found: the Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) approach that delivers video interactive classes to the vast audience with an open-access philosophy and Restrict-Access Courses (RAC) that deliver classes and, more important, standard degrees to limited audience [1]. While the two approaches are comparable when dealing with most academic disciplines, teaching engineering has some peculiarities that let the restricted–access course a more viable solution. First of all, engineering schools must prepare the student for the profession. In most countries, after the degree there is a professional practice period, thus a closer relation between teacher and students allows bringing the professional knowledge embedded in the academy. Being also a scientific discipline, engineering takes advantage from a close contact between teaching and research, especially for cutting-edge technologies. Finally, student projects are one of the most important steps of the educational path of the young engineers. Good student projects need one to one supervision, an adequate environment in particular for lab practice, and campuses that only restricted-access academies may provide.

Abstract Defined by SPE as the application of basic and engineering sciences to the finding, development, and recovery of oil, gas and other resources from wells, petroleum engineering (PE) has been throughout the years falsely thought of as an amalgamation of other disciplines applied to the exploration and recovery of hydrocarbons. Integrating all PE subdisciplines in a manner efficient for teaching and learning is essential for securing the abundance of well-rounded market-attractive professionals. This paper discusses advantages individuals with PE background experience should exhibit in their employment in the oil and gas industry and academia. There is no point for students in going to school for a degree that will not hand them a competitive edge within their discipline. For graduate PEs, the job market is dependent on the quality of their respective academic programs and by extension to the quality of the teaching faculty. A steady oil and gas job market may not necessarily warrant robust employment opportunities, particularly straight after graduation. In a discipline like PE, where almost everything that matters takes place thousands of feet underground, apportioning credit for successes or responsibility for failures is itself a challenge. Decreases in student enrollments in PE programs reported by various universities during times of low oil and gas prices poses questions about the future of the PEs discipline, despite the steady demand for oil and gas in the world's energy mix. Academic programs interested in facilitating a smooth transition of their graduates into the industry should work in conjunction with practitioners to provide the correct balance between theory and practice in their coursework ensuring that once employment opportunities are created, they get filled with candidates of relevant education and training. PE degree-holding candidates should be the natural first choice for PE positions. This means that their educational and professional backgrounds should be providing them with an undisputed advantage which places them a leg above candidates from other disciplines. For instance, for a well completions job opening, there should not be a better alternative than a good PE specialized in well completions. If every PE graduate comes out of his or her program with a skillset which is superior to that of his or her competition, he or she will be the preferred choice for an oil and gas job.

Fruits are a relevant source of phenols and ascorbate, biomolecules which scavenge reactive oxygen species. For this reason, they are considered as healthy for the human being. Fruits quality depends on their levels of antioxidants and enzyme activities that ensure their conservation. The aim of this work was to plan and execute a laboratory class of Enzymology, a discipline of Biochemistry degree of University of Évora, Portugal, for determining the functional and conservation value of three different fruits types, sold in the market of Évora, Portugal. The development of this activity allowed that students of a pilot class participate in a laboratory activity which intended to compare the content of phenols, ascorbate, and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity present in apple, peach and blueberries pulp. At Lab activity, the students successfully determined markers of functional and conservation value of selected fruits. The skills acquired by the students, in terms of obtaining fruit pulp and their composition in antioxidants, stimulated their commitment degree on the application of biochemistry in the everyday, acquiring thereby significant learning, with a high degree of satisfaction.

Design of haptic devices requires trade-off between many conflicting requirements, such as high stiffness, large workspace, small inertia, low actuator force/torque, and a small size of the device. With the traditional design and optimization process, it is difficult to effectively fulfill the system requirements by separately treating the different discipline domains. To solve this problem and to avoid sub-optimization, this work proposes a design methodology, based on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) methods and tools, for design optimization of six degree-of-freedom (DOF) haptic devices for medical applications, e.g. simulators for surgeon and dentist training or for remote surgery. The proposed model-based and simulation-driven methodology aims to enable different disciplines and subsystems to be included in the haptic device optimization process by using a robust model architecture that integrates discipline-specific models in an optimization framework and thus enables automation of design activities in the concept and detail design phase. Because of the multi-criteria character of the performance requirements, multi-objective optimization is included as part of the proposed methodology. Because of the high-level requirements on haptic devices for medical applications in combination with a complex structure, models such as CAD (Computer Aided Design), CAE (Computer Aided Engineering), and kinematic models are considered to be integrated in the optimization process and presenting a systems view to the design engineers. An integration tool for MDO is used as framework to manage, integrate, and execute the optimization process. A case study of a 6-DOF haptic device based on a TAU structure is used to illustrate the proposed methodology. With this specific case, a Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) with an initial population based on a pseudo random SOBOL sequence and Monte Carlo samplings is used for the optimization.

The welding of superalloys has been regarded, generally, as an art requiring the highest degree of welder skill and discipline. These highly alloyed materials are prone to micro-cracking and, in some cases, even the best welders cannot achieve satisfactory results. Now, however, advances in automation technology have made it possible to program precisely the complex airfoil shapes and the welding parameters. Consequently, turbine blades can be welded in a repeatable manner, with a minimum of heat input resulting in better metallurgical quality both in the base metal and the weld deposit. The application of this technology to the automated welding of high-pressure compressor turbine blade tips, and the refurbishment of low-pressure turbine blade shrouds are presented in this paper.

Pedagogy of student engagement embodies creativity, student autonomy, engagement, and metacognition. We have been working on developing a framework for transformed pedagogies by designing and creating virtual reality experiences for learners. These transformative learning experiences enable learners to learn creatively by exploring and experimenting; as active citizen by making choices, taking decisions, and solving problems; engaging intellectually by generating ideas; reflecting on their own learning, and by learning how to learn through metacognition. We created virtual immersive experiences for the students using real-world content (360-degree media), synthetic content (computer-generated), or a mix of these two. Our work involved creating virtual reality content for places of historical interest in New Delhi and other parts of India. Our work is a type of high-end virtual reality low-end extended reality. We are exploring the usability of this framework in different discipline areas within the framework of theory of cognitive fit and situated learning theory, which allow a greater degree of student engagement for life-enriching experiences. We shall discuss our work we created as virtual reality-based content and its impact on enhancing learning.

ResumenEl Ciclo Formativo de Grado Superior en Fotografía pertenece a la familia profesional artística de Comunicación Gráfica y Audiovisual y forma parte del sistema educativo español público.Esta comunicación presenta un panorama de la evolución de los estudios sobre fotografía en las Escuelas de Artes Plásticas y Diseño, exponiendo, a través del ejemplo de la Escuela de Arte de Huesca, el caso de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón.La implantación del grado superior de fotografía en Huesca se incardinó en la estructura propicia que aportaba una ciudad acostumbrada a valorar este modo de expresión icónica: el Festival Huesca Imagen en su día, una Fototeca pionera en medios y procedimientos, o actualmente el programa Visiona demuestran un interés particular por la imagen fotográfica.Nuestra sólida trayectoria ha pasado necesariamente por cambios tecnológicos y legislativos que han marcado la adaptación de la docencia a continuos retos. Aspectos como la aplicación de metodologías activas; el aprendizaje basado en proyectos; las constantes referencias a cuestiones teóricas e históricas, así como a los debates contemporáneos en torno a la fotografía; la innovación en los procesos de evaluación y el seguimiento individualizado basado en tutorías se incorporan a nuestra didáctica cotidiana y facilitan la adquisición de competencias de acuerdo a las nuevas exigencias curriculares, profesionales y artísticas.La formación que impartimos insiste en la reflexión sobre el proceso fotográfico como un hecho consustancial a la sociedad actual. A través de la acreditación en el Programa Erasmus+, nuestros estudiantes tienen además la posibilidad de relacionarse con el espacio formativo europeo y ven favorecida su futura inserción en el mercado laboral.A lo largo de estos años hemos logrado contar con la presencia de figuras de reconocido prestigio en diversos campos de la fotografía, personalidades que han aportado su visión y su saber a la Escuela. Desde nuestra perspectiva, la fotografía no sólo es una disciplina artística o una ocupación profesional, sino que constituye globalmente un modo de vida. Eso es lo que intentamos transmitir año tras año en nuestras aulas.AbstractThe Professional studies of Higher Degree in Photography belongs to the artistic professional family of Graphic and Audiovisual Communication and it is part of the Spanish state educational system. This paper presents an overview of the evolution of these studies on photography in the Arts and Design Schools and explains the example of Aragón, through the case of the School of Art of Huesca.The implementation of the higher degree in Photography in Huesca took place in a suitable background provided by a city used to value this iconic mode of expression: The former Festival “Huesca Imagen”, an innovative Fototeca in procedures and resources; or nowadays, the program “Visiona”, all of them show a particular interest on the photographic image.Our well stablished professional career has necessarily come across technological and legislative changes that have marked the adaptation of teaching to continuous challenges. Aspects such as the application of active methodologies; Project-based learning; Constant references to theoretical and historical issues as well as to contemporary debates on photography; Innovation in evaluation processes and individualized monitoring based on personal tutoring are incorporated into our everyday teaching and facilitate the acquisition of competences according to upcoming curricular, professional and artistic requirements.The training we provide stresses thinking about photography as a process consubstantial to our current society. Through the accreditation in the Erasmus + Program, our students have also the possibility to take part of the European training space and facilitate their future insertion in the labor market.Throughout these years we have had the opportunity to count on the presence of personalities of recognized prestige in various fields of photography, who have cast their vision and their knowledge to the School. From our own perspective, photography is not only an artistic discipline or a professional occupation, but conforms a whole way of life. That is what we try pass on in our classrooms year after year. Palabras clave: metodologías, evaluación, evolución, proyectos, experiencia docente, competencias, pública, Erasmus+, arte, tecnología.Keywords: methodology, assessment, progress, projects, teaching experience, skills, state school, Erasmus+, arts, technology.

Resumen: La obra de Le Corbusier no puede ser entendida sin la influencia directa que han tenido los colaboradores durante toda su vida. Pensadores, ingenieros y arquitectos, especialistas en todas las disciplinas relacionadas con la arquitectura. Esta visión, ayuda a entender tanto su pensamiento como su obra. Todos ellos, personajes de extraordinarias cualidades, ocultos en mayor o menor medida tras la figura del maestro, aunque muchos pasarían a la historia como parte de los mejores arquitectos del siglo XX. Uno de estos colaboradores y quizá el más olvidado, fue André Missenard, colaborador aparentemente menor según las clásicas visiones de la historiografía de la arquitectura, siendo recogido en escasa bibliografía. Sin embargo, es el más importante a la hora de abordar la visión medioambiental propugnada por Le Corbusier en los años 50 y 60. Desde la documentación original de los proyectos, donde son continuas las alusiones a Missenard hasta sus aportaciones sobre ventilación natural, humedad, temperatura ambiental, superficies radiantes, calefacción, etc. Parte importante en los estudios climáticos realizados para el plan de Chandigarh, como la importante Grille Climatique. Abstract: Le Corbusier's work can not be understood without the direct influence that all employees had throughout his life. Thinkers, engineers and architects, specialists in all disciplines related to architecture. This view helps to understand his thinking and his work. All of them, had extraordinary qualities, hidden in varying degrees after the figure of Le Corbusier, though many would go down in history as some of the best architects of the twentieth century. One of these partners and perhaps the most forgotten, was André Missenard, seemingly minor contributor by conventional visions of historiography of architecture, being collected in scant literature. However, it is the most important in addressing environmental vision espoused by Le Corbusier in the years 50 and 60. Since the original project documentation, which are continuous allusions to Missenard up their contributions on natural ventilation, humidity, environmental temperature, radiant surfaces, heating, etc. Important part in climate studies for the plan of Chandigarh, as the important Grille Climatique. Palabras clave: sostenibilidad; clima; arquitectura; Chandigarh; Missenard; ventilación. Keywords: sustainability; weather; architecture; Chandigarh; Missenard; Ventilation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1067

The starting point of the research project was the hypothesis that the "principle of proportionality", which is fundamental to law, is related to the "economic principle". The resulting methodological similarities were intended to enable a cross-disciplinary bridge to be built, which would allow the findings of economic analysis to be made fruitful for legal issues. This was practically tested in three study areas in order to be able to better classify the performance of the analytical tools. The foundations for interdisciplinary bridge building are found in the rational-choice paradigm. In both disciplines, this paradigm calls for an examination of the relationship between the purpose-means-relations: among the design options under consideration, the one must be selected that is expected to be as (freedom- or resource-) sparing as possible, in other words, the most "waste-free" solution to the control problem.The results of the economic analysis can thus be "translated" in such a way that, within the framework of "necessity", they support the search for control instruments that are equivalent to the objective but less disruptive. supports. The core of the positive economic analysis is the motivational situation of those actors whose behavior is to be influenced by a changed legal framework. In this context, the classical behavioral model of economics proved to be too limited. It therefore had to be developed further in line with the findings of research in institutional economics into homo oeconomicus institutionalis. This behavioral model takes into account not only the consequentialist, strictly situational utility orientation of the model person, but also other factors influencing behavior, including above all those that are institutionally mediated. If one takes the motivational situation of the actors as the starting point for policy-advising design recommendations, it becomes apparent that an understanding of governance dominated by imperative behavioral specifications leads to less favorable results, both in terms of the degree to which goals are achieved and in terms of the freedom-impairing effects, than a mixed-instrument approach oriented toward the model of "responsive regulation." According to this model, the law can no longer simply assume that those subject to the law will "obediently" execute the legal commands. It must ask itself what other factors determine behavior and under what boundary conditions changes can be expected in the direction of the desired behavior. For this reason, too, it must engage with the cognitive program of the behavioral sciences. This linkage opens up new perspectives for interdisciplinary research on the consequences of laws.

This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.