Journal articles on the topic 'Degree Discipline: Genetics'
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Li, Jia, Zhu Xianglei, and Xu Guoliang. "Research status and development trend of altruism in the biological field - knowledge graph analysis based on CiteSpace." Journal of Biology and Medicine 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/jbm.000034.
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Based on the visualization analysis of foreign literature on altruistic behavior in recent ten years (2012-2022) by CiteSpace, it is found that the research on altruistic behavior in the field of biology abroad has experienced the initial exploratory stage, the outbreak stage, and now enters the stable and deepening stage. The discipline distribution is mainly behavioral ecology, supplemented by evolutionary biology, biomathematics, and genetics. The author has three main cooperative groups, and a relatively tight cooperative network has been formed locally in related fields. From the perspective of cooperation degree, the cooperation density of major research institutions is high, and relevant research has been relatively mature. Judging from the period calculated in the software, altruism, cooperation, kin Selection, reciprocity, and inclusive fitness emerged earlier. In recent years, constitutive theory, density dependence, and Habitat construction have emerged, which may become a new direction for future research. Therefore, future research can expand the scope of disciplines, strengthen the cooperation between authors and units, and explore other research hotspots.
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Córdova-Martínez, Alfredo, Alberto Caballero-García, Hugo J. Bello, Daniel Perez-Valdecantos, and Enrique Roche. "Effects of Eccentric vs. Concentric Sports on Blood Muscular Damage Markers in Male Professional Players." Biology 11, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030343.
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Background: Repetitive eccentric contractions can lead to higher degree of damage compared to repetitive concentric contractions. However, this type of exercise does not reproduce the real situations during the season in competitive sport disciplines. Methods: We analyzed the pattern of muscle damage blood markers in male professionals from three disciplines: cycling (n = 18), mainly concentric, vs. basketball (n = 12) and volleyball (n = 14), both mainly eccentric. Circulating muscle markers were analyzed in two moments of the regular season: after a 20-day training (no competition) period (T1) and after a 20-day period of high demanding competition (T2). Results: Blood levels of creatine kinase and myoglobin (muscle markers) increased in all groups at T2 compared to T1 as a result of competition intensity. The lower increases were noticed in cyclists at the end of both periods. Testosterone levels decreased at T2 compared to T1 in all disciplines, with lower levels found in cyclists. However, cortisol plasma levels decreased in basketball and volleyball players at T2, but increased significantly in cyclists, suggesting a limited adaptation to the effort. Conclusions: The pattern of circulating muscle markers is different depending of the demanding efforts (training vs. competition) of each particular discipline.
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Nerio, Ron, Althea Webber, Effie MacLachlan, David Lopatto, and Avrom J. Caplan. "One-Year Research Experience for Associate’s Degree Students Impacts Graduation, STEM Retention, and Transfer Patterns." CBE—Life Sciences Education 18, no. 2 (June 2019): ar25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.19-02-0042.
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The CUNY Research Scholars Program (CRSP) provides a yearlong faculty-mentored research experience to associate’s degree students. The program takes place at all 10 associate’s degree–granting colleges within the City University of New York system. We report on a mixed-methods study of 500 students who participated in the program during its initial 3 years. Quantitative longitudinal assessments revealed that students who engaged in CRSP were more likely to be retained in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) discipline or to graduate with a STEM degree than their counterparts in a matched comparison group. Furthermore, students who participated in CRSP demonstrated an increased likelihood of transferring to the more research-intensive 4-year schools within the CUNY system and to R1 universities outside the CUNY system. CRSP students reported an increased sense of belonging in college based on survey data, and focus groups with their mentors provided insight into the factors that led to the gains listed above. These combined results—of student data analysis, student surveys, and mentor focus groups—provide evidence that early research experiences for associate’s degree students contribute to their academic success.
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Dyer, Michael G. "Toward Synthesizing Artificial Neural Networks that Exhibit Cooperative Intelligent Behavior: Some Open Issues in Artificial Life." Artificial Life 1, no. 1_2 (October 1993): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1993.1.1_2.111.
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The tasks that animals perform require a high degree of intelligence. Animals forage for food, migrate, navigate, court mates, rear offspring, defend against predators, construct nests, and so on. These tasks commonly require social interaction/cooperation and are accomplished by animal nervous systems, which are the result of billions of years of evolution and complex developmental/learning processes. The Artificial Life (AL) approach to synthesizing intelligent behavior is guided by this biological perspective. In this article we examine some of the numerous open problems in synthesizing intelligent animal behavior (especially cooperative behavior involving communication) that face the field of AL, a discipline still in its infancy.
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Drinkwater, Michael J., Kelly E. Matthews, and Jacob Seiler. "How Is Science Being Taught? Measuring Evidence-Based Teaching Practices across Undergraduate Science Departments." CBE—Life Sciences Education 16, no. 1 (March 2017): ar18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.15-12-0261.
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While there is a wealth of research evidencing the benefits of active-learning approaches, the extent to which these teaching practices are adopted in the sciences is not well known. The aim of this study is to establish an evidential baseline of teaching practices across a bachelor of science degree program at a large research-intensive Australian university. Our purpose is to contribute to knowledge on the adoption levels of evidence-based teaching practices by faculty within a science degree program and inform our science curriculum review in practical terms. We used the Teaching Practices Inventory (TPI) to measure the use of evidence-based teaching approaches in 129 courses (units of study) across 13 departments. We compared the results with those from a Canadian institution to identify areas in need of improvement at our institution. We applied a regression analysis to the data and found that the adoption of evidence-based teaching practices differs by discipline and is higher in first-year classes at our institution. The study demonstrates that the TPI can be used in different institutional contexts and provides data that can inform practice and policy.
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Mercer, Kristin L. "Towards evolutionary agroecology." INTERdisciplina 6, no. 14 (February 12, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2018.14.63380.
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Agroecology derives much of its strength from interactions between disciplines that produce a holistic perspective on agricultural systems and issues. Although ongoing integration of social dynamics into agroecology has strengthened the field, evolution and genetics have not been embraced to the same degree, despite the fact that they have been are discussed in some common agroecology texts. I argue that the field of agroecology could extend its reach and depth by embracing the evolutionary study of agroecosystems. Areas of evolutionary inquiry with relevance to agriculture focus on long or short term processes, encompass a range of scales, incorporate molecular or quantitative genetic analyses, and explore ecological processes to differing degrees.
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Rose, Steven. "Précis of Lifelines: Biology, freedom, determinism." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 5 (October 1999): 871–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99002204.
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There are many ways of describing and explaining the properties of living systems; causal, functional, and reductive accounts are necessary but no one account has primacy. The history of biology as a discipline has given excessive authority to reductionism, which collapses higher level accounts, such as social or behavioural ones, into molecular ones. Such reductionism becomes crudely ideological when applied to the human condition, with its claims for genes “for” everything from sexual orientation to compulsive shopping. The current enthusiasm for genetics and ultra-Darwinist accounts, with their selfish-gene metaphors for living processes, misunderstand both the phenomena of development and the interactive role that DNA and the fluid genome play in the cellular orchestra. DNA is not a blueprint, and the four dimensions of life (three of space, one of time) cannot be read off from its one-dimensional strand. Both developmental and evolutionary processes are more than merely instructive or selective; the organism constructs itself, a process known as autopoiesis, through a lifeline trajectory. Because organisms are thermodynamically open systems, living processes are homeodynamic, not homeostatic. The self-organising membrane-bound and energy-utilising metabolic web of the cell must have evolved prior to so-called naked replicators. Evolution is constrained by physics, chemistry, and structure; not all change is powered by natural selection, and not all phenotypes are adaptive. Finally, therefore, living processes are radically indeterminate; like all other living organisms, but to an even greater degree, we make our own future, though in circumstances not of our own choosing.
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Stone, Robert J. "The (human) science of medical virtual learning environments." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1562 (January 27, 2011): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0209.
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The uptake of virtual simulation technologies in both military and civilian surgical contexts has been both slow and patchy. The failure of the virtual reality community in the 1990s and early 2000s to deliver affordable and accessible training systems stems not only from an obsessive quest to develop the ‘ultimate’ in so-called ‘immersive’ hardware solutions, from head-mounted displays to large-scale projection theatres, but also from a comprehensive lack of attention to the needs of the end users. While many still perceive the science of simulation to be defined by technological advances, such as computing power, specialized graphics hardware, advanced interactive controllers, displays and so on, the true science underpinning simulation—the science that helps to guarantee the transfer of skills from the simulated to the real—is that of human factors, a well-established discipline that focuses on the abilities and limitations of the end user when designing interactive systems, as opposed to the more commercially explicit components of technology. Based on three surgical simulation case studies, the importance of a human factors approach to the design of appropriate simulation content and interactive hardware for medical simulation is illustrated. The studies demonstrate that it is unnecessary to pursue real-world fidelity in all instances in order to achieve psychological fidelity—the degree to which the simulated tasks reproduce and foster knowledge, skills and behaviours that can be reliably transferred to real-world training applications.
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Cascajares, Mila, Alfredo Alcayde, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. "Transfer of Agricultural and Biological Sciences Research to Patents: The Case of EU-27." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020252.
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Agriculture as an economic activity and agronomy as a science must provide food for a constantly growing population. Research in this field is therefore becoming increasingly essential. Much of the research is carried out in academic institutions and then developed in the private sector. Patents do not have to be issued through scientific institutions. Patents from scientific institutions are intended to have a certain economic return on the investment made in research when the patent is transferred to industry. A bibliometric analysis was carried out using the Scopus and SciVal databases. This study analyses all the research carried out in the field of agronomy and related sciences (Agricultural and Biological Sciences category of Scopus database) by EU-27 countries, which has been cited in at least one international patent. The data show that out of about 1 million published works only about 28,000 have been used as a source of patents. This study highlights the main countries and institutions in terms of this transfer. Among these, Germany, France and Spain stand out in absolute terms, but considering the degree of specialization. Regarding their specialization the institution ranking is led by Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (58%), AgroParisTech (52%), Wageningen University & Research (48%), and INRAE (38%). It also analyses which journals used for this transfer are most important. For these publications more than 90% of the articles have had a higher-than-expected citation level for the year of publication, the type of publication and the discipline in which they are categorized. The most-obtained research fields can be distinguished as those related to genetics or mo-lecular biology, those related to specific foods, such as cheeses, milk, breads or oils, and, thirdly, the group covering food-related constituents such as caseins, probiotics, glutens, or starch.
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Barnes, Taylor, Kirstin M. Burnett, W. Shawn Ramsey, and Kathrin Dunlap. "252 Better Preparing Animal Science Students for Education Associated Careers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.343.
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Abstract An Animal Science degree prepares students for a broad range of career opportunities yet the two most discussed in the literature and assumed by society are in animal science industry or veterinary medicine. However, studies indicate that -60% of our students enter into education as a career path, yet animal science departments typically do not emphasize educational careers or provide opportunities for students to develop skills in methods relevant for animal science related teaching. To combat this lack of representation for educational career opportunities, our research university’s animal science department has acted in two ways:-Developed a laboratory teaching methods course that allows undergraduate students to serve as teaching assistants for an animal handling lab with support and supervision from the course and graduate student lab instructors-Performed a content analysis to identify the type, frequency, and way educational career paths are discussed and/or assessed in introductory animal science courses. These are the first steps in ensuring that students are as prepared for pursuit of a possible educational career at a level equal to that for industry or veterinary careers. Sustainability of animal science includes retaining students in educational careers and actively improving our educational practices within the discipline. These changes better prepare our undergraduate students to have more realistic job expectations and competence in teaching when they pursue graduate school or animal science related educational career options. The university animal science program also benefits, as the undergraduate teaching assistants improve the instructor-to-student ratio thus positively impacting safety and logistics of hands-on large animal labs while increasing one-on-one instruction time with students. These practices increase student engagement and learning. Additionally, the field of animal science will prosper from increased competence in pedagogical techniques providing a richer, more complete educational experience for our students both in and out of university settings.
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Galván-Femenía, Iván, Carles Barceló-Vidal, Lauro Sumoy, Victor Moreno, Rafael de Cid, and Jan Graffelman. "A likelihood ratio approach for identifying three-quarter siblings in genetic databases." Heredity 126, no. 3 (January 15, 2021): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-00392-8.
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AbstractThe detection of family relationships in genetic databases is of interest in various scientific disciplines such as genetic epidemiology, population and conservation genetics, forensic science, and genealogical research. Nowadays, screening genetic databases for related individuals forms an important aspect of standard quality control procedures. Relatedness research is usually based on an allele sharing analysis of identity by state (IBS) or identity by descent (IBD) alleles. Existing IBS/IBD methods mainly aim to identify first-degree relationships (parent–offspring or full siblings) and second degree (half-siblings, avuncular, or grandparent–grandchild) pairs. Little attention has been paid to the detection of in-between first and second-degree relationships such as three-quarter siblings (3/4S) who share fewer alleles than first-degree relationships but more alleles than second-degree relationships. With the progressively increasing sample sizes used in genetic research, it becomes more likely that such relationships are present in the database under study. In this paper, we extend existing likelihood ratio (LR) methodology to accurately infer the existence of 3/4S, distinguishing them from full siblings and second-degree relatives. We use bootstrap confidence intervals to express uncertainty in the LRs. Our proposal accounts for linkage disequilibrium (LD) by using marker pruning, and we validate our methodology with a pedigree-based simulation study accounting for both LD and recombination. An empirical genome-wide array data set from the GCAT Genomes for Life cohort project is used to illustrate the method.
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Greco, Karen E., Susan Tinley, and Diane Seibert. "Development of the Essential Genetic and Genomic Competencies for Nurses With Graduate Degrees." Annual Review of Nursing Research 29, no. 1 (December 2011): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.29.173.
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Scientific advances in genetics and genomics are rapidly redefining our understanding of health and illness and creating a significant shift in practice for all health care disciplines. Nurses educated at the graduate level are well-prepared to assume clinical and leadership roles in health care systems and must also be prepared to assume similar roles related to genetic/genomic health care. This chapter describes the processes used to create a consensus document identifying the genetic/genomic competencies essential for nurses prepared at the graduate level. Three groups were involved in the competency development; a steering committee provided leadership and used qualitative methods to review and analyze pertinent source documents and create an initial competency draft; an advisory board evaluated and revised the draft, and a consensus panel refined and validated the final set of competencies. The concensus process resulted in 38 competencies organized under the following categories: Risk Assessment and Interpretation; Genetic Education, Counseling, Testing and Results Interpretation; Clinical Management; Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications; Professional Role; Leadership, and Research. These competencies apply to all individuals functioning at the graduate level in nursing, including but not limited to advanced practice registered nurses, clinical nurse leaders, nurse educators, nurse administrators, and nurse scientists and are intended to inform and guide their practice.
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Shareef, Naushin, and Philip Kuriakose. "A Single Institution Registry of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 5004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.5004.5004.
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Abstract Background: Herediatry Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT), is also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome is an inherited familial disorder of vascular dysplasia with a variety of clinical manifestations including arteriovenous malformations of hepatic, pulmonary, cerebral circulation and with characteristic mucocutaneous telangiectasias. The underlying arteriovenous malformation may lead to recurrent and sometimes severe bleeding, of which epistaxis is the the most common. Excessive bleeding may in turn contribute to the development of severe iron deficiency anemia. Current management of excessive bleeding can be local therapy such as nasal cauterization versus systemic treatment in the form of iron infusions, red blood cell transfusions and angiogenesis inhibitors. Currently, there is no cure for HHT. Despite screening measures, most patients with HHT are unaware of their diagnosis. The incidence of HHT has also been subject to under-reporting. Currently, the United States lacks a formal registry for pateints with HHT. Other countries have initiated a registry to understand HHT in their institution. Given the significant morbidity associated with HHT, the purpose of this single institution, multidisciplinary study is to understand the prevelance and clinical characteristics of HHT and thus facilitate better treatment measures and continuity of care for patients with HHT. Methods: A retrospective study was made of all patients diagnosed with HHT at our institution from 2008 to 2014. Epidemilogical data, presence or absence of first degree relatives with HHT, visceral involvement, severity of epistaxis using a validated epistaxis severity scoring system, genetic testing for ENG or ACVRL1 gene mutation, and current local or systemic treatment were evaluated. Results: 27 patients ranging from age of 11 to 78 years were diagnosed as HHT. Median age was 52. 15 patients were male and 12 patients were female. 6 pateints had ENG gene mutation and 1 patient had ACVRL1 gene mutation. 3 out of 6 patients with ENG gene mutation did not have significant iron deficiency anemia. 11 patients had more than one first degree relative with HHT. All patients had symptoms of epistaxis. 8 patients had more than 1 visceral involvement with gastrointestinal and pulmonary manifestations being the most common. 11 patients had pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, 4 had cerebral arteriovenous malformations, and 8 had gastrointestinal manifestaions. Majority of patients had nasal cauterization to control their nasal bleeding. Of the local treatments, 1 patient used intranasal bevacizumab. Of the systemic treatments, 1 patient used estrogen and 1 used tamoxifen and 1 used thalidomide. 8 patients received intravenous iron therapy with significant improvement in their symptoms. 7 patients has multiple red blood cell transfusions. The most common discipline to evaluate patients with HHT was otolaryngology, hematology and genetics department. Conclusion: This is the first single institution, multidisciplinary registry created to decribe the occurrence of HHT in our institution and to identify and understand the clinical presentation of HHT. This data will help improve better screening measures, diagnosis, treatment options and improve clinical care and outcomes for patients with HHT in our institution and also help facilitate a future multicenter registry. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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BEHERA, U. K., C. M. YATES, E. KEBREAB, and J. FRANCE. "Farming systems methodology for efficient resource management at the farm level: a review from an Indian perspective." Journal of Agricultural Science 146, no. 5 (August 7, 2008): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859608007995.
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SUMMARYFarming systems research is a multi-disciplinary holistic approach to solve the problems of small farms. Small and marginal farmers are the core of the Indian rural economy constituting 0·80 of the total farming community but possessing only 0·36 of the total operational land. The declining trend of per capita land availability poses a serious challenge to the sustainability and profitability of farming. Under such conditions, it is appropriate to integrate land-based enterprises such as dairy, fishery, poultry, duckery, apiary, field and horticultural cropping within the farm, with the objective of generating adequate income and employment for these small and marginal farmers under a set of farm constraints and varying levels of resource availability and opportunity. The integration of different farm enterprises can be achieved with the help of a linear programming model. For the current review, integrated farming systems models were developed, by way of illustration, for the marginal, small, medium and large farms of eastern India using linear programming. Risk analyses were carried out for different levels of income and enterprise combinations. The fishery enterprise was shown to be less risk-prone whereas the crop enterprise involved greater risk. In general, the degree of risk increased with the increasing level of income. With increase in farm income and risk level, the resource use efficiency increased. Medium and large farms proved to be more profitable than small and marginal farms with higher level of resource use efficiency and return per Indian rupee (Rs) invested. Among the different enterprises of integrated farming systems, a chain of interaction and resource flow was observed. In order to make farming profitable and improve resource use efficiency at the farm level, the synergy among interacting components of farming systems should be exploited. In the process of technology generation, transfer and other developmental efforts at the farm level (contrary to the discipline and commodity-based approaches which have a tendency to be piecemeal and in isolation), it is desirable to place a whole-farm scenario before the farmers to enhance their farm income, thereby motivating them towards more efficient and sustainable farming.
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Khrypunova, Tetiana. "Molecular Biology and Genetics Teaching at Different Levels of Education." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.293.
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This article is focused on mapping out the form and extent of education of genetics and molecular biology in high schools in Czech Republic and impact of liberalization of education compared to education in Slovac Republic, where education is partly liberalized, and Ukraine, where education is centralized. We have evaluated the available literature, subjective satisfaction of students and retrospective evaluation from absolvents of adequacy of education according to further studies on universities or colleges. In this article we concentrated on gymnasiums and lyceums, because genetics and molecular biology is taught (as separate disciplines) in these types of school and relevant part of students continue studying them in colleges and universities. Among the students of universities who answered the questions of our questionnaire were students of the biological, biochemical and medical faculties, because they were the ones who continue to study these subjects in universities. Material and methods. Our research was based on studying the available literature concerning current legislation of the selected countries (mainly the difference between education systems of countries), as well as surveys among middle and high school students, university students and secondary school teachers in the form of a questionnaire. We are aware of the fact that the amount of data we have obtained in the research is not entirely sufficient to create a picture of the overall situation, but we hope that the obtained data will still provide some insight into the situation as a whole. According to collected data we have divided taught topics into several categories: depending on the extent and depth of immersion in the topic of teaching; the degree to which they are understandable to students; and the degree to which the topics are sufficient for further study at universities. We compared the results of the above countries and outlined the relationship between them. Conclusion. We noted several changes that had occurred in education under the influence of the liberalization
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Amiot, Michel. "Le laboratoire entre équipes et réseaux. Poids des techniques et conflits de légitimités." European Journal of Sociology 37, no. 2 (November 1996): 271–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007190.
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This study was conducted through interviews with a sample of researchers from French laboratories. It has brought to light two main themes which are interlinked: (i) all laboratories which reach a certain level of development are laboured by a diversification of their teams which tends to compartmentalise them; (2) this compartmentalisation is offset. The laboratory is thus the level at which one finds and manages the problem of unity posed by the compartmentalisation of teams which are open to the whole scientific field.The nature of networks depends mainly on two variables: the weight of instrumentation and the degree of unification of problematics or thematics. Weakly integrated networks are found in those disciplines which use technologies which are easily disseminated because of their low cost, as well as those disciplines which have low degrees of theoretical unification. Nuclear physics and astrophysics are examples of the most integrated networks. A division of labour has recently developed in molecular genetics which has become de localised between different laboratory teams. We can describe these networks as paradoxical.
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Alfaqih, Mahmoud A., Yousef S. Khader, Nabil Bashir, Zuhair Nusair, Quteiba Nuseir, and Mohamad Nusier. "Attitude of Jordanian Physicians toward Biochemistry and Genetics." BioMed Research International 2019 (November 13, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3176951.
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Background. Several studies found that physicians develop a negative attitude toward biochemistry and genetics disciplines. Many medical schools adopt an integrated system-based curriculum supplemented with clinical correlations. Medical schools in Jordan switched to the integrated curriculum; however, studies that evaluate the attitude of physicians toward biochemistry and genetics are lacking. Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the attitude of physicians toward biochemistry and genetics including the correlation of their curricula with clinical practice. Materials and Methods. A structured questionnaire consisting of 40 statements was distributed to a random sample of 616 physicians practicing in private and governmental hospitals in Jordan. Participants earned their MD or MBBS degree from Jordan or other countries and were interns, residents, or specialists. Results. More than half of the participants admitted that biochemistry and genetics are intellectually challenging and were among their least favourite subjects (59.1%); however, many of them were familiar with some of the contemporary advances in biochemistry and genetics and their translational potential (64.0%). Most of the participants felt that modifying the medical school curriculum by integrating biochemical and genetic concepts with clinical teaching will motivate the medical students (74%). In univariate analysis, residents showed the most positive attitudes and were the most knowledgeable about the biochemical changes associated with diseases and about the contemporary advances in biochemistry or genetics (P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, physicians practicing in the private sector or those with more than five years of experience generally had a more positive attitude toward biochemistry and genetics (P<0.05). Conclusion. Physicians in Jordan showed an overall positive attitude toward biochemistry and genetics. This was more evident among residents, physicians with more than five years of experience, or those practicing in the private sector.
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Drewery, Merritt L., Jade Cooper, and Tryon A. Wickersham. "PSII-12 Change in College Students’ Sense of Belonging as a Result of a Beef Cattle Production Tour." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_4 (October 22, 2022): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac313.046.
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Abstract Sense of belonging is a student’s sense of feeling accepted, valued, encouraged, and included by others in their discipline. Sense of belonging fundamentally influences behavior and is linked to academic and career outcomes. Recent projections indicate there will not be enough qualified college graduates for requisite STEM agriculture careers. Further, there is an ethnic disparity in STEM agriculture degree recipients. As Black and Hispanic students have higher attrition than White students in STEM, there is an opportunity to implement educational interventions to improve their sense of belonging and increase matriculation into the agriculture workforce. The objective of this study was to evaluate if an experiential learning opportunity, a five-day tour of the beef cattle industry, changed students’ sense of belonging with a focus on ethnicity. Procedures involving human subjects were approved by Texas State University IRB (#8309). Students from two universities attended a beef cattle industry tour in the Texas Panhandle in May 2022. Students toured facilities, interacted with industry professionals, and reflected on their experiences through daily entries in journals. Pre- and post-tests were administered via Qualtrics as identical questionnaire-based survey instruments immediately before and after the tour. Questions were adapted from previously validated instruments. Sense of belonging metrics were scored on a 5-point Likert scale where 1=Strongly disagree and 5=Strongly agree. Cronbach’s alpha for the pre-survey was 0.71 and for the post-survey was 0.74. Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS v.26. Independent sample t-tests were used to evaluate the change from pre- to post-survey responses and one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the difference in responses between ethnicities. Students (n = 21) were predominantly female (81%); attended Texas A&M University (67%) or Texas State University (33%); and were White (52%), Hispanic (33%), or Black (14%). We combined “Hispanic” and “Black” into a single independent variable to analyze differences between White (52%) and non-White (48%) students. Before the tour, there was a difference (P = 0.05) in sense of belonging between White (4.33 ± 0.16) and ethnic minority (3.73 ± 0.23) students such that White students had a stronger sense of belonging in agriculture. There was no change (P = 0.55) in White students’ sense of belonging as a result of the tour, from 4.33 ± 0.16 to 4.39 ± 0.44. However, there was a change (P ≤ 0.01) in ethnic minority students’ sense of belonging, from 3.73 ± 0.23 to 4.37 ± 0.27. Ultimately, participating in the tour increased Hispanic and Black, but not White, students’ sense of belonging. One potential benefit of implementing experiential learning opportunities in dynamic social environments is improving students’ sense of belonging, especially in careers/industries where ethnic minorities are underrepresented.
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Feierman, Jay R. "The Biology of Secularization." Studia Humana 8, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2019-0023.
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Abstract For the past 500 years, to varying degrees, the processes of religious secularization have been occurring in what today are the wealthy, highly educated, industrialized nations of the world. They are causing organized religion, as a social institution, to go from being a very important influence on the lives of people and the nations in which they live to being a smaller influence, or almost no influence at all. Various disciplines from theology to psychology to sociology have tried to explain secularization, each discipline contributing something unique. One discipline that has not contributed has been biology. From a biological perspective, based on observation and reasoning, at least one of the ultimate functions of the physical forms associated with religion appear to be that of in-group marker for a breeding population, which, as will be shown, is how all religions start. Religions structure larger human populations into smaller “clusters” that are separate in-group breeding populations. The clustering into smaller in-group breeding populations prevents the spread of contagious diseases and creates inter-group competition and intra-group cooperation, both of which have contributed to human eusociality, a very rare type of social organization that will be explained. As the physical forms of religion are losing this in-group-marker function of clustering populations with modernity, a general biological principle comes into play, which is “form follows function, and as function wanes, so does form.” When applied to religion, “form” means the physical components by which all religions are built. The specific meaning of “physical,” as used here, will be explained in the article. This biological perspective, which is counter-intuitive and can generate testable hypotheses, should complement, not compete, with perspectives from other disciplines. Physical forms in biology can and often do have more than one function, so the same form with a biological function can also have psychological and theological functions. The physical forms of religion are its objects of natural (genetic and cultural) selection. As socio-economic modernity spreads through the world, the evolutionary biological trajectory suggests that religion, as a social institution, will eventually become extinct.
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Schutte, Debra L., Ann Marie McCarthy, Milena Floria-Santos, Kirsten Hanrahan, Jeffrey C. Murray, and Charmaine Kleiber. "Integrating Molecular Genetics Analyses Into Clinical Research." Biological Research For Nursing 8, no. 1 (July 2006): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800406289909.
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The integration of molecular genetics approaches into the study of complex health phenomena is an increasingly important and available strategy for researchers across the health science disciplines. Pain sensation and response to painful stimuli are examples of complex health phenomena that are particularly amenable to molecular genetics approaches. Both human and animal model research suggests that differences in these responses may be related, in part, to variation in the genes that modulate sensation and behavior. The authors are currently managing a large cross-disciplinary research effort to identify child characteristics, including genotypes, that predict the degree of distress displayed by children following a painful medical procedure (i.e., IV insertion). The purpose of this article is to describe the strategies used to integrate molecular genetics methods into this project. The authors discuss the steps needed to complete this process, including (a) establishing a collaboration with genetics researchers and laboratory facilities, (b) developing and implementing a plan to manage biologic samples, and (c) incorporating genetics into the informed consent process.
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Opalko, A. I., and O. P. Serzhuk. "Lysenkoizm phenomenon in the genomic era." Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 15, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.15.1.715.
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During the round table meetings «Retrospective analysis of the learning efficiency in a genetics (Current Issues and Trends)», devoted to the 80-th anniversary of Yurii Mykolaiovych Mishkurov, a knowledge specialist of didactic problems of genetics at high school, the actual questions about a new round of perigenetics mythicize which are observed in Genomic era were discussed in the form of open discussion. An attempt to reveal the phenomenon of popularity of pseudogenetic and other pseudoscientific theories, which are spread by current television was done, the role of a teacher in forming a scientific picture of the world and in particular manifestation of heredity and variability was appreciated. It is proposed to file a petition for the correction of the curriculum and returning the subject «Applied Genetics and the basics of cytology» to the list of compulsory disciplines of Master’s degree in specialities: 201 — «Agronomy», 202 — «Plants Protection and Quarantine», 203 — «Horticulture and Viticulture», 205 — «Forestry», 206 — «Landscape Gardening» and for restoration in full volume of contact hours (lectures, laboratory and practical classes), term paper, training practice and planning of hours to control self-learning of students. The content of a Bachelor’s degree program on «Genetics» regarding the restoration of training practice and controlling of selflearning of students must be updated.Keywords: Bologna process, teaching of genetics, pseudoscience, heredity and variability, public consciousness.
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Bartolomé, Ester, Mercedes Valera, Jesús Fernández, and Silvia Teresa Rodríguez-Ramilo. "Effects of Selection on Breed Contribution in the Caballo de Deporte Español." Animals 12, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12131635.
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The equine breeding industry for sport’s performance has evolved into a fairly profitable economic activity. In particular, the Caballo de Deporte Español (CDE) is bred for different disciplines with a special focus on Show Jumping. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of 15 years of selection and to find out whether it has been effective and adequate regarding the CDE main breeding objectives. The whole pedigree of 19,045 horses registered as CDE was used, comprising 47,884 animals (18,799 males and 29,085 females). An analysis performed to check for the pedigree completeness level yielded a number of equivalent complete generations (t) equal to 1.95, an average generation interval (GI) of 10.87 years, mean inbreeding coefficient (F) of 0.32%, an average relatedness coefficient (AR) of 0.09% and an effective population size (Ne) of 204. For the analyses, animals were divided into fourteen breed groups. Additionally, in order to study the evolution of these breeds over time and their influence on CDE pedigree, five different periods were considered according to the year of birth of the animals. Performance data used in the analyses were the estimated breeding values (EBV) of the Show Jumping sport discipline of 12,197 horses in the CDE pedigree, available from the 2020 routine genetic evaluations of the CDE breeding program (starting in 2004). Dressage and Eventing EBV values were also assessed. Results showed values of F higher than expected under random mating; this pointed to some degree of inbred matings. With regard to the evolution of breeding values, we found that, in general, EBVs of offspring were higher than the EBVs of parents. Notwithstanding, there is still a need for improvement in population management and the coordination of the breeders to get higher responses but controlling the loss of genetic diversity in the CDE breed.
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Gallego-Fabrega, Cristina, Elena Muiño, Jara Cárcel-Márquez, Laia Llucià-Carol, Miquel Lledós, Jesús M. Martín-Campos, Natalia Cullell, and Israel Fernández-Cadenas. "Genome-Wide Studies in Ischaemic Stroke: Are Genetics Only Useful for Finding Genes?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 6840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126840.
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Ischaemic stroke is a complex disease with some degree of heritability. This means that heritability factors, such as genetics, could be risk factors for ischaemic stroke. The era of genome-wide studies has revealed some of these heritable risk factors, although the data generated by these studies may also be useful in other disciplines. Analysis of these data can be used to understand the biological mechanisms associated with stroke risk and stroke outcome, to determine the causality between stroke and other diseases without the need for expensive clinical trials, or to find potential drug targets with higher success rates than other strategies. In this review we will discuss several of the most relevant studies regarding the genetics of ischaemic stroke and the potential use of the data generated.
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Mead, Chris, K. Supriya, Yi Zheng, Ariel D. Anbar, James P. Collins, Paul LePore, and Sara E. Brownell. "Online biology degree program broadens access for women, first-generation to college, and low-income students, but grade disparities remain." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e0243916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243916.
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Online education has grown rapidly in recent years with many universities now offering fully online degree programs even in STEM disciplines. These programs have the potential to broaden access to STEM degrees for people with social identities currently underrepresented in STEM. Here, we ask to what extent is that potential realized in terms of student enrollment and grades for a fully online degree program. Our analysis of data from more than 10,000 course-enrollments compares student demographics and course grades in a fully online biology degree program to demographics and grades in an equivalent in-person biology degree program at the same university. We find that women, first-generation to college students and students eligible for federal Pell grants constitute a larger proportion of students in the online program compared to the in-person mode. However, the online mode of instruction is associated with lower course grades relative to the in-person mode. Moreover, African American/Black, Hispanic/Latinx, Native American, and Pacific Islander students as well as federal Pell grant eligible students earned lower grades than white students and non-Pell grant eligible students, respectively, but the grade disparities were similar among both in-person and online student groups. Finally, we find that grade disparities between men and women are larger online compared to in-person, but that for first-generation to college women, the online mode of instruction is associated with little to no grade gap compared to continuing generation women. Our findings indicate that although this online degree program broadens access for some student populations, inequities in the experience remain and need to be addressed in order for online education to achieve its inclusive mission.
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Монахос, С. Г., А. В. Вишнякова, and О. Н. Зубко. "Еducational programs on breeding, seed production and biotechnology in the RSAU–MTAA." Kartofel` i ovoshi, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25630/pav.2022.93.41.003.
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Трехуровневая система подготовки кадров по селекции, семеноводству и биотехнологии в ФГБОУ ВО РГАУ – МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева включает базовую и основательную подготовку выпускников бакалавриата к профессиональной деятельности в государственных и частных организациях селекционного профиля, а также к углубленному обучению в магистратуре и аспирантуре по научной специальности «Селекция, семеноводство и биотехнология». В университете по селекционному профилю одновременно обучаются 160–200 студентов бакалавриата по направлению «Селекция, генетика и биотехнология садовых культур», «Генетика и селекция сельскохозяйственных культур», 40–60 студентов магистратуры по программам «Технологии ускоренной селекции растений» и «Селекция и генетика растений» в рамках двух направлений «Садоводство» и «Агрономия». Четырехлетняя образовательная программа бакалавриата представлена общеобразовательными дисциплинами, читаемыми на 1–2 курсах, с 3 курса начинается блок специальных дисциплин, формирующих профессиональные компетенции селекционеров. Общий объем профильных дисциплин и практик (учебной и производственной) в составе образовательной программы бакалавриата (без учета смежных агрономических дисциплин) составляет 70 зачетных единиц, или 30% от всего объема образовательной программы. Теоретические знания и практические навыки, приобретаемые студентами бакалавриата, позволяют выпускникам уверенно представлять себя на рынке труда или продолжить углубленное обучение в магистратуре. Двухлетние магистерские программы включают преимущественно дисциплины, формирующие профессиональные компетенции выпускника, а научно-исследовательская работа в рамках производственной практики, занимающей 40 зач.ед., или 1/3 от общей трудоемкости образовательной программы магистратуры, позволяет магистрантам развивать свои профессиональные навыки в любой из интересующих его областей науки и практики, к примеру, в области молекулярной селекции, культуры клеток и тканей, генетической инженерии или традиционной селекции. В университете реализуется цикл дополнительных образовательных программ для повышения квалификации специалистов разного уровня в области селекции и семеноводства. Реализуют образовательные программы профессионалы-практики на развитой материально-технической базе университета, оснащенной современным оборудованием, и на базе ведущих партнерских Федеральных исследовательских центров. Educational programs in breeding, seed production and biotechnology in the FSBEI of Higher Education Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University includes basic training of bachelor's graduates for professional activities in public and private breeding organizations, as well as for in-depth training in master's and postgraduate studies in the «Breeding, seed production and biotechnology». At the university, 160–200 undergraduate students are studying at the specialization of «Breeding, genetics and biotechnology of horticultural crops», «Genetics and breeding of agricultural crops», 40–60 master's students in the programs «Technologies of accelerated plant breeding» and «Plants Breeding and genetics' within the framework of two directions «Horticulture» and «Agronomy». The four-year educational program of the bachelor's degree is represented by general educational disciplines taught in the 1st–2nd year, the block of special disciplines that form the professional competencies of breeders begins from the 3rd year. The total volume of specialized disciplines and practices (educational and industrial) as part of the undergraduate educational program, excluding related agronomic disciplines, is 70 credits or 30% of the entire volume of the educational program. The theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired by undergraduate students allow graduates to confidently represent themselves in the labor market or continue in-depth studies in the master's program. Two-year master's programs include mainly disciplines that form the professional competencies of the graduate, and research work within the framework of industrial practice, which occupies 40 credits or 1/3 of the total labor intensity of the educational program of the master's program, allows master students to develop their professional skills in any of the areas of science and practice that are of interest to them, for example, in the field of molecular breeding, cell and tissue culture, genetic engineering or traditional breeding and seed technologies. The university is implementing a cycle of additional educational programs to improve the skills of specialists of various levels in the field of breeding and seed production. The implementation of educational programs is carried out by professional practitioners using equipped with modern equipment facilities of University and Federal Research Centers.
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Kirk, Chris. "Whither biochemistry?: What can the past tell us about the future of biochemistry and the Biochemical Society?" Biochemist 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02905004.
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As this article began to take shape, I joked with a colleague along the lines of whether the first word in the title should contain the letter “h”. It is true that there are many fewer ‘Departments of Biochemistry’ in UK universities than existed when I was a student in the 1970s. There are also fewer degree courses that primarily identify themselves as biochemical. The same could be said of other traditional disciplines such as physiology and pharmacology, whose existence in separate departments was once assured by the need to teach these subjects in the traditional pre-clinical training of medical students. Many of these departments are now amalgamated into larger units following the adoption of the new medical curriculum and the development of the ability to research the basic processes of life across traditional disciplines.
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Xenophontos, Stavroulla, Margarita Zachariou, Pavlos Polycarpou, Elena Ioannidou, Vera Kazandjian, Maria Lagou, Anna Michaelidou, George M. Spyrou, Marios A. Cariolou, and Leonidas Phylactou. "The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, an emerging paradigm of a gender egalitarian organisation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): e0274356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274356.
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Females are underrepresented in the science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine (STEMM) disciplines globally and although progress has been made, the gender gap persists. Our aim was to explore gender parity in the context of gender representation and internal collaboration at the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics (CING), a leading national biomedical organisation accredited as an equal opportunity employer. Towards this aim we (1) explored trends in gender parity within the different departments, positions and qualifications and in student representation in the CING’s postgraduate school and, (2) investigated the degree of collaboration between male and female researchers within the Institute and the degree of influence within its co-authorship network. We recorded an over-representation of females both in the CING employees and the postgraduate students. The observed female over-representation in pooled CING employees was consistent with a similar over-representation in less senior positions and was contrasted with an observed male over-representation in only one middle rank and culminated in gender equality in the top rank in employee hierarchy. In terms of collaboration, both males and females tended to collaborate with each other without any significant preference to either inter-group or intra-group collaboration. Further comparison of the two groups with respect to their influence in the network in terms of occupying the positions of highest centrality scores, indicated that both gender and seniority level (head vs non-head) were significant in shaping the authors’ influence, with no significant difference in those belonging in the same seniority level with respect to their gender. To conclude, our study has validated the formal recognition of the CING’s policies and procedures pertinent to its egalitarian culture through the majority of the metrics of gender equality assessed in this study and has provided an extendable paradigm for evaluating gender parity in academic organizations.
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Schaefer, James A., and Chris C. Wilson. "The fuzzy structure of populations." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 2235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-184.
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The human perception of biological organization has profound implications for the study, management, and conservation of living things. Traditional methods of classification, which imply all-or-nothing group membership, are inconsistent with the modern synthesis, which stresses variability and unique individuals. We propose that fuzzy classification, which allows fractional membership in multiple clusters, can more realistically denote many forms of biological organization, such as populations. We used fuzzy clustering to depict the ambiguous structure of a migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) herd, based on affinities in space use, and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) stocks, based on genetic dissimilarities among multilocus genotypes. In both cases, fuzzy memberships conveyed the degree of uncertainty of belonging while resolving cluster memberships for unambiguous and problematic individuals. Vagueness implies that borderline group identity cannot be remedied with more resolving power. Fuzzy classification is more in tune with the empirical and philosophical foundations of our discipline and can reconcile our need to classify with an inherently vague biological world.
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Edfors, Inger, Susanne Wikman, Brita Johansson Cederblad, and Cedric Linder. "University Students’ Reflections on Representations in Genetics and Stereochemistry Revealed by a Focus Group Approach." Nordic Studies in Science Education 11, no. 2 (May 26, 2015): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/nordina.2044.
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Genetics and organic chemistry are areas of science that students regard as difficult to learn. Part of this difficulty is derived from the disciplines having representations as part of their discourses. In order to optimally support students’ meaning-making, teachers need to use representations to structure the meaning-making experience in thoughtful ways that consider the variation in students’ prior knowledge. Using a focus group setting, we explored 43 university students’ reasoning on representations in introductory chemistry and genetics courses. Our analysis of eight focus group discussions revealed how students can construct somewhat bewildered relations with disciplinary-specific representations. The students stated that they preferred familiar representations, but without asserting the meaning-making affordances of those representations. Also, the students were highly aware of the affordances of certain representations, but nonetheless chose not to use those representations in their problem solving. We suggest that an effective representation is one that, to some degree, is familiar to the students, but at the same time is challenging and not too closely related to “the usual one”. The focus group discussions led the students to become more aware of their own and others ways of interpreting different representations. Furthermore, feedback from the students’ focus group discussions enhanced the teachers’ awareness of the students’ prior knowledge and limitations in students’ representational literacy. Consequently, we posit that a focus group setting can be used in a university context to promote both student meaning-making and teacher professional development in a fruitful way.
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Zaidman, Alla Mikhailovna, Tatyana Iosifovna Aksenovich, Mikhail Anatolyevich Sadovoy, Irina Leonidovna Tregubova, and Ruslan Niljevich Sharipov. "MECHANISM OF IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS INHERITANCE." Hirurgiâ pozvonočnika, no. 1 (March 14, 2005): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14531/ss2005.1.112-121.
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The etiologic factor of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a subject of discussions for scientists of different disciplines. The great number of theories testifies to an absence of a uniform sight on etiology and pathogenesis of this pathology. Objectives: to investigate the mechanism of genetic determination of IS. Materials and methods: 101 probands with II–IV grade IS and 703 family members of I–III degree of relationship were examined by clinical-genetic, radiological and optical-topographical methods. The pedigrees were processed by a method of segregation analysis. G3 exon of agrecan gene was studied from isolated family DNA by method of PCR reaction. Results: Segregation analysis of pedigrees, in which proband had II–IV grade IS has shown, that IS is inherited according to autosomal-dominant type with incomplete genotype penetrance depending on sex and age. It is revealed that idiopathic scoliosis is controlled by a major gene. Study of connection of agrecan gene to determination of IS development on a small sample of pedigrees has not revealed a reliable association of IC with polymorphism of G3 exon. Investigation of another exons of agrecan gene on expanded pedigrees is continued.
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Garshasbi, Shima, Alireza Iranbakhsh, Yones Asri, and Saeed Bostanabad. "Genetic diversity and population structure analysis in Lonicera L. (Caprifoliaceae) with the use of ISSR molecular markers." Genetika 53, no. 3 (2021): 1273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2103273g.
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Species delimitation is essential since species is regarded as the basic unit of analysis in nearly all biological disciplines, such as ecology, biogeography, conservation biology, and macroevolution. The genus Lonicera, which includes approximately 200 species, is a major component of the family Caprifoliaceae, comprising a large number of horticultural and economically important shrubs and tree species. This genus is represented in Iran by 9 species. In spite vast distribution of many Lonicera species that grow in Iran, there are not any available report on their genetic diversity, mode of divergence and patterns of dispersal. Therefore data molecular (ISSR markers) with four primer pairs generated 77 polymorphic bands and morphological studies of 70 accessions from 7 species of Lonicera, that were collected from different habitats in Iran were performed. The aims of the present study are: 1) to find the diagnostic value of ISSR markers in delimitation of Lonicera species, 2) to find the genetic structure of these taxa in Iran, and 3) to investigate the .species inter-relationship. The present study revealed that combination of morphological and ISSR data can delimit the species. AMOVA and STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the species of Lonicera are genetically differentiated but have some degree of shared common alleles.
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Palumbo, Letizia, Giulia Rampone, and Marco Bertamini. "The role of gender and academic degree on preference for smooth curvature of abstract shapes." PeerJ 9 (March 9, 2021): e10877. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10877.
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Background Preference for smooth contours occurs for a variety of visual stimuli. However, there are individual differences. Openness to experience, a trait associated with aesthetic appreciation, emotional sensitivity and abstract thinking, correlates with this preference. The evaluation of meaningless stimuli entails automatic associations influenced by knowledge, intellectual interests and individual experiences which are diverse. However, it is difficult to capture this variability in studies restricted to Undergraduate students in Psychology with a prevalence of female participants. Methods Here we examined preference for curvature with 160 undergraduate students in Psychology, Mathematics, Engineering and Computer Science, balanced for gender. Participants viewed abstract shapes varying for contour (angular vs. curved). The shapes presented variations in Vertices (10, 20, 30) and Concavity (30%, 40%, 50%) to increase complexity. Participants rated how much they liked each shape on a 0 (dislike) to 100 (like) scale. Furthermore, because students in pure Science disciplines present autistic-like traits as measured with the Autism Quotient (AQ), and there is evidence that individuals with autism respond positively to edgy abstract shapes, participants also completed the AQ. Results Overall participants preferred curved shapes to angular shapes. We confirmed past research showing that complexity played a key role, with simple shapes with less vertices (10 vertices) being preferred over shapes with larger number of vertices (20 and 30 vertices). Furthermore, simple shapes (10 vertices) were preferred more with more concavities (50%). Importantly, an interaction between academic degree and gender revealed that preference for smooth curvature was stronger for Psychology female participants. Science students scored higher than Psychology students on the AQ. Interestingly, multilevel analyses showed that the variability of AQ traits in the sample did not contribute to this interaction. The results are discussed in relation to theories of preference formation and individual differences.
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Elwahsh, Haitham, Mona Gamal, A. A. Salama, and I. M. El-Henawy. "A Novel Approach for Classifying MANETs Attacks with a Neutrosophic Intelligent System based on Genetic Algorithm." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (September 23, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5828517.
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Recently designing an effective intrusion detection systems (IDS) within Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Security (MANETs) becomes a requirement because of the amount of indeterminacy and doubt exist in that environment. Neutrosophic system is a discipline that makes a mathematical formulation for the indeterminacy found in such complex situations. Neutrosophic rules compute with symbols instead of numeric values making a good base for symbolic reasoning. These symbols should be carefully designed as they form the propositions base for the neutrosophic rules (NR) in the IDS. Each attack is determined by membership, nonmembership, and indeterminacy degrees in neutrosophic system. This research proposes a MANETs attack inference by a hybrid framework of Self-Organized Features Maps (SOFM) and the genetic algorithms (GA). The hybrid utilizes the unsupervised learning capabilities of the SOFM to define the MANETs neutrosophic conditional variables. The neutrosophic variables along with the training data set are fed into the genetic algorithm to find the most fit neutrosophic rule set from a number of initial subattacks according to the fitness function. This method is designed to detect unknown attacks in MANETs. The simulation and experimental results are conducted on the KDD-99 network attacks data available in the UCI machine-learning repository for further processing in knowledge discovery. The experiments cleared the feasibility of the proposed hybrid by an average accuracy of 99.3608 % which is more accurate than other IDS found in literature.
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Dupras, Charles, Katie Michelle Saulnier, and Yann Joly. "Epigenetics, ethics, law and society: A multidisciplinary review of descriptive, instrumental, dialectical and reflexive analyses." Social Studies of Science 49, no. 5 (August 1, 2019): 785–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312719866007.
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Epigenetics, defined as ‘the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence’, has emerged as a promissory yet controversial field of scientific inquiry over the past decade. Scholars from many disciplines have formulated both optimistic and cautionary claims regarding its potential normative implications. This article provides a comprehensive review of the nascent literature at the crossroads of epigenetics, ethics, law and society. It describes nine emerging areas of discussion, relating to (1) the impact of epigenetics on the nature versus nurture dualism, (2) the potential resulting biologization of the social, (3) the meaning of epigenetics for public health, its potential influence on (4) reproduction and parenting, (5) political theory and (6) legal proceedings, and concerns regarding (7) stigmatization and discrimination, (8) privacy protection and (9) knowledge translation. While there is some degree of similarity between the nature and content of these areas and the abundant literature on ethical, legal and social issues in genetics, the potential implications of epigenetics ought not be conflated with the latter. Critical studies on epigenetics are emerging within a separate space of bioethical and biopolitical investigations and claims, with scholars from various epistemological standpoints utilizing distinct yet complementary analytical approaches.
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Chavarría, Stephanie, Tania Bermúdez, Narcy Villalobos, and Bernal Morera. "El modelo Bandler-Grinder de aprendizaje y la enseñanza de genética mendeliana en estudiantes costarricenses de décimo año." UNED Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v4i2.10.
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En Costa Rica existen muy pocas investigaciones en el área de la enseñanza de la genética en secundaria, a pesar de la importancia que tiene esta disciplina actualmente, siendo base fundamental para otras áreas de las ciencias como las de la salud, las agrarias o ambientales. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las técnicas utilizadas por dos profesoras para desarrollar los temas de genética mendeliana e identificar los diferentes estilos de aprendizaje que poseen los estudiantes de décimo año de dos colegios diurnos de Costa Rica. La investigación se desarrolló en un enfoque mixto, utilizando tres tipos de instrumentos. Entre los resultados más destacables se observó poco conocimiento del tema de estilos de aprendizaje por parte de las docentes; las clases que se desarrollan son del tipo magistral, además, los temas con mayor y menor dificultad en los tópicos de genética mendeliana no concuerdan entre profesoras y estudiantes. Existe diversidad de estilos de aprendizaje en los estudiantes, siendo el auditivo el de mayor predominancia a nivel general. Así mismo, se identificaron estudiantes que pueden desarrollar una alta o baja predominancia simultáneamente en los tres estilos de aprendizaje (visual, auditivo, kinestésico), indicando que por lo general las personas durante su proceso de aprendizaje presentan varios estilos, cuya predominancia es posiblemente multifactorial.ABSTRACTThe Bandler-Grinder Learning Model and teaching techniques forMendelian genetics in Costa Rican tenth grade students. Educationin genetics is basic for learning in other areas such as health, agricultureand environmental sciences. In Costa Rica, little is known about geneticseducation in high school, despite the importance of this disciplineto society. Here we analyze the techniques used in two Costa Ricaninstitutions to teach Mendelian genetics, and identify the learningstyles based on the NLP Bandler & Grinder Learning Model. The researchwas conducted under a mixed approach in ten-grade students fromtwo daytime high schools. We used three kinds of instruments: semi-structured interview, observation by recording critical incidents inclass and a learning styles test. We found that the teachers had littleknowledge of learning styles, and that lessons are developed mainlyas master classes. Teachers and students do not agree on the degree ofdifficulty of several subtopics of Mendelian genetics. Even though theauditory style was predominat, we found that the prevalence is probablymultifactorial.
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Steele, James, Peter Jordan, and Ethan Cochrane. "Evolutionary approaches to cultural and linguistic diversity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1559 (December 12, 2010): 3781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0202.
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Evolutionary approaches to cultural change are increasingly influential, and many scientists believe that a ‘grand synthesis’ is now in sight. The papers in this Theme Issue, which derives from a symposium held by the AHRC Centre for the Evolution of Cultural Diversity (University College London) in December 2008, focus on how the phylogenetic tree-building and network-based techniques used to estimate descent relationships in biology can be adapted to reconstruct cultural histories, where some degree of inter-societal diffusion will almost inevitably be superimposed on any deeper signal of a historical branching process. The disciplines represented include the three most purely ‘cultural’ fields from the four-field model of anthropology (cultural anthropology, archaeology and linguistic anthropology). In this short introduction, some context is provided from the history of anthropology, and key issues raised by the papers are highlighted.
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Winkel, Shana, Thomas E. Burkey, Dennis Brink, and Lisa Karr. "PSVI-4 Assessment of undergraduate student learning in an animal science major." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.416.
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Abstract With changing demographics of undergraduate students in the animal science major, it is important to evaluate the curriculum and student learning. The objective of this study was to assess perceived knowledge gained by students in the animal science major. Students took a survey during a senior seminar course that was required for all majors to be taken in their last year of their degree program. Results of this evaluation have been compiled from years 2015–2017 with 253 students responding. There were no significant differences over time in the categories of: understanding, skills, attitudes, integration and knowledge based questions. A majority (62.3%) of the students reported a 3.01 GPA or above across all semesters. Results from all students surveyed indicate that enrolling in the animal science major improved the areas of their understanding, skills, attitudes, integration of learning and knowledge. Students noted a higher rate of understanding when applying biology and chemistry to life sciences and their animal sciences courses than in their biology and chemistry courses alone. The highest percentage (82 to 96.9%) of students noted a great deal of to a lot of improvement in understanding of specific animal science disciplines and terms. Students’ ability to recall what was previously taught has stayed steady through the years based on completion of posttest. While students are confident in how the animal science department has prepared them in certain aspects, a focus on bringing other science backgrounds into use during animal science class is not as strong. At the completion of their degree program, students were enthusiastic about animal science and confident in their future success in an animal science career (greater than 80% agreed). Addressing the strengths of the department will help students in understanding the benefits of the program as they progress through their degree.
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Seiling, Jonathan R. "Canadian Contributions to Anabaptist Studies since the 1960s." Renaissance and Reformation 37, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 19–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v37i4.22638.
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Anabaptist studies in Canada have been marked by an exceptional degree of productive, inter-confessional (or non-confessional) engagement, most notably between Mennonites, Baptists, and Lutherans. The institutions making the greatest contributions have been at the University of Waterloo (including, but not exclusively, Conrad Grebel University College), Queen’s University, and Acadia Divinity College. The geographic expansion of Anabaptist studies beyond the traditional Germanic centres into eastern Europe and Italy, and the re-orientation of analysis away from primarily theological or intellectual history toward a greater focus on socio-political factors and networking, have been particular areas in which Canadian scholars have impacted Anabaptist studies. The relationship of Spiritualism (and later Pietism) to Anabaptist traditions and the nature of Biblicism within Anabaptism, including the greater attention to biblical hermeneutics with the “Marpeck renaissance,” have also been studied extensively by Canadians. International debates concerning “normative” Anabaptism and its genetic origins have also been driven by the past generations of Canadian scholars (monogenesis, polygenesis, post-polygenesis).
Les études anabaptistes ont été marquées au Canada par un degré exceptionnel de collaboration productive, interconfessionnelle et non-confessionnelle, en particulier entre les mennonites, les baptistes, et les luthériens. Les institutions qui ont le plus contribué à cette collaboration sont les établissements de Waterloo (y compris, entre autres, le Conrad Grebel University College), la Queen’s University et l’Acadia Divinity College. Les études anabaptistes ont déployé leurs intérêts au-delà des centres germaniques traditionnels vers l’Europe de l’Est et l’Italie. Les chercheurs canadiens en études anabaptistes ont contribué de façon importante aux transformations de leur discipline, qui ont amené cette dernière à s’éloigner de l’histoire théologique et intellectuelle fondamentale pour se concentrer davantage sur les facteurs et les réseaux socio-politiques du mouvement anabaptiste. Les chercheurs canadiens ont aussi approfondi les thèmes de la relation du spiritisme (et plus tard, du piétisme) avec les traditions anabaptistes, et du biblicisme propre à l’anabaptisme, incluant l’intérêt croissant pour l’herméneutique biblique dans le cadre de la Renaissance de Marpeck. Des générations de chercheurs canadiens ont également fait leur marque dans les débats internationaux au sujet de l’anabaptiste « normatif » et de sa généalogie (monogenèse, polygenèse, post-polygenèse).
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Otálora, Fermin, A. Mazurier, J. M. Garcia-Ruiz, M. J. Van Kranendonk, E. Kotopoulou, A. El Albani, and C. J. Garrido. "A crystallographic study of crystalline casts and pseudomorphs from the 3.5 Ga Dresser Formation, Pilbara Craton (Australia)." Journal of Applied Crystallography 51, no. 4 (July 5, 2018): 1050–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576718007343.
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Crystallography has a long history of providing knowledge and methods for applications in other disciplines. The identification of minerals using X-ray diffraction is one of the most important contributions of crystallography to earth sciences. However, when the crystal itself has been dissolved, replaced or deeply modified during the geological history of the rocks, diffraction information is not available. Instead, the morphology of the crystal cast provides the only crystallographic information on the original mineral phase and the environment of crystal growth. This article reports an investigation of crystal pseudomorphs and crystal casts found in a carbonate-chert facies from the 3.48 Ga-old Dresser Formation (Pilbara Craton, Australia), considered to host some of the oldest remnants of life. A combination of X-ray microtomography, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and crystallographic methods has been used to reveal the original phases of these Archean pseudomorphs. It is found with a high degree of confidence that the original crystals forming in Archean times were hollow aragonite, the high-temperature polymorphs of calcium carbonate, rather than other possible alternatives such as gypsum (CaSO4·2H20) and nahcolite (NaHCO3). The methodology used is described in detail.
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Riaz, Asra, Sajida Kousar, Nasreen Kausar, Dragan Pamucar, and Gezahagne Mulat Addis. "An Analysis of Algebraic Codes over Lattice Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Type-3 R -Submodules." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (June 23, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8148284.
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In the last few decades, the algebraic coding theory found widespread applications in various disciplines due to its rich fascinating mathematical structure. Linear codes, the basic codes in coding theory, are significant in data transmission. In this article, the authors’ aim is to enlighten the reader about the role of linear codes in a fuzzy environment. Thus, the reader will be aware of linear codes over lattice valued intuitionistic fuzzy type-3 (LIF-3) R-submodule and α -intuitionistic fuzzy ( α -IF) submodule. The proof that the level set of LIF-3 is contained in the level set of α -IF is given, and it is exclusively employed to define linear codes over α -IF submodule. Further, α -IF cyclic codes are presented along with their fundamental properties. Finally, an application based on genetic code is presented, and it is found that the technique of defining codes over α -IF submodule is entirely applicable in this scenario. More specifically, a mapping from the ℤ 64 module to a lattice L (comprising 64 codons) is considered, and α -IF codes are defined along with the respective degrees.
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Davies, Alan, Frances Hooley, Peter Causey-Freeman, Iliada Eleftheriou, and Georgina Moulton. "Using interactive digital notebooks for bioscience and informatics education." PLOS Computational Biology 16, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e1008326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008326.
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Interactive digital notebooks provide an opportunity for researchers and educators to carry out data analysis and report the results in a single digital format. Further to just being digital, the format allows for rich content to be created in order to interact with the code and data contained in such a notebook to form an educational narrative. This primer introduces some of the fundamental aspects involved in using Jupyter notebooks in an educational setting for teaching in the bio/health informatics disciplines. We also provide 2 case studies that detail how we used Jupyter notebooks to teach non-coders programming skills on a blended Master’s degree module for a Health Informatics programme and a fully online distance learning unit on Programming for a postgraduate certificate (PG Cert) in Clinical Bioinformatics with a more technical audience.
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Rundle, Simon, and John Spicer. "Out of place and out of time – towards a more integrated approach to heterochrony." Animal Biology 56, no. 4 (2006): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075606778967810.
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AbstractHeterochrony (changes in the relative timing of development between species) has been studied almost exclusively using morphological characters, with a focus on changes in size and shape (as a surrogate for time) between ancestral species and their descendents. Such an approach is restrictive in that it precludes the investigation of heterochronies in other, non-morphological traits and, therefore, hampers a more integrated approach to heterochrony. Such an integrated approach, where cellular, molecular and genetic approaches are used within a comparative phylogenetic framework to investigate developmental sequences, has been advocated by workers such as Smith and Raff. Here we suggest that equal emphasis should be given to the importance of physiological and ecological mechanisms that relate to changes in developmental sequence. Reviews of the history and status of physiological and ecological heterochrony reveal several examples for each, although progress has been hampered to some degree by a lack of recognition of physiological heterochrony and a lack of mechanistic understanding (heterochronies in evolutionary ecology). What emerges is that each discipline potentially brings something quite different, and complementary, to the study of heterochrony. The emergence of physiological heterochrony has arguably put the emphasis back on the object of selection and how the developing organism works: studies relating ecology and heterochrony have sought to establish whether or not there is an adaptive basis to altered sequences. We propose that any future studies of heterochrony should seek to exploit these different strengths rather than see them as merely complementary approaches.
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Thompson, Christopher, Joseph Sanchez, Michael Smith, Judy Costello, Amrita Madabushi, Natasha Schuh-Nuhfer, Rommel Miranda, et al. "Improving Undergraduate Life Science Education for the Biosciences Workforce: Overcoming the Disconnect between Educators and Industry." CBE—Life Sciences Education 17, no. 3 (September 2018): es12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-03-0047.
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The BioHealth Capital Region (Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, DC; BHCR) is flush with colleges and universities training students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines and has one of the most highly educated workforces in the United States. However, current educational approaches and business recruitment tactics are not drawing sufficient talent to sustain the bioscience workforce pipeline. Surveys conducted by the Mid-Atlantic Biology Research and Career Network identified a disconnect between stakeholders who are key to educating, training, and hiring college and university graduates, resulting in several impediments to workforce development in the BHCR: 1) students are underinformed or unaware of bioscience opportunities before entering college and remain so at graduation; 2) students are not job ready at the time of graduation; 3) students are mentored to pursue education beyond what is needed and are therefore overqualified (by degree) for most of the available jobs in the region; 4) undergraduate programs generally lack any focus on workforce development; and 5) few industry–academic partnerships with undergraduate institutions exist in the region. The reality is that these issues are neither surprising nor restricted to the BHCR. Recommendations are presented to facilitate improvement in the preparation of graduates for today’s bioscience industries throughout the United States.
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Jiang, Bing, Qian Liu, Junda Gai, Jingqian Guan, and Qingchang Li. "Analysis of Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Pathological Remission of Breast Cancer." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (November 15, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5440154.
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With the continuous development of the concept of diagnosis and treatment, the current industry’s treatment model has developed into a multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment. That is, in view of the pathological characteristics and clinical stages of breast cancer, corresponding methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, radiotherapy, and biological targeted therapy are adopted to provide comprehensive treatment of patients with multiple disciplines. This paper combines experimental research to research and analyze the degree of pathological remission of breast cancer by adjuvant chemotherapy and combines investigation and analysis and group trials to study and explore the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy. Moreover, this paper fully considers the patient’s response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and compares the changes in tumor cell abundance before and after chemotherapy to observe the response of the patient’s primary tumor to chemotherapy at a microscopic level. Therefore, this study has made a relatively objective and accurate evaluation of the chemotherapy efficacy of tumor tissues, which can provide a reference for subsequent related research.
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Marchuk, Liudmyla. "General Tendencies in Creating Terms with Greek and Latin Elements in the Forestry Field." Terminological Bulletin, no. 4 (2017): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2017-4-155-161.
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According to the genetic classification of borrowings, one of the largest groups of foreign language vocabulary in European languages is formed by lexemes of Latin origin. They are the result of interaction between languages, which are often characterized by a significant degree of genetic and temporal distances. In the article the terminology of Forest industry with the most common terminological elements of Latin and Greek origin is analyzed. Element – is not a word, but a part of the word (prefix, suffix, root), which is being in grammatical relationship with the other elements, forms independent words-terms. Thus, the element “micro” has no complete meaning of the words but it has the specific semantic loading, which is transferred by the concept “small, not big one”. In words-terms, it indicates the correlation of those words and constant objects, phenomena. And the precise scientific definition is received by term in the process of studying the specific scientific discipline. Knowledge of the structure of term’s elements explains the meaning of foreign language term, it helps in better understanding. It is well-known that the terms reflects either one dominant or secondary, or occasional feature, underlying the phenomenon, which reflects, such as color, shape etc. Terminology concept with elements of Greek and Latin origin in the Forest field, can be grouped into major thematic sections. The initial point for placing elements is a substantive concept, followed by an element that expresses this concept, the indicator of the origin of element, its importance in translation. Elements are usually placed according to antonymous meaning (micro – macro). Due to the polysemy some elements get into different sections. The group of terms, in which ancient Greek and Latin term elements are distinguishes is very numerous. Terms, formed with the help of classical elements, reflect the process of adaptation (in bigger or less degree) by modern languages. Thus, the group of terms with the initial parts, the etymons of which are Greek and Latin languages, get into synonymous relations, varying, intersecting or overlapping each other . The doublet terms – are the words or phrases that are combined by special terminological correlation with the same scientific concepts and object of reality. Thus, a large part of Greek and Latin elements in the terms and terminological combinations function as units of scientific style (root words, derivation and other elements) have the ability to influence the linguistic and cultural nature of language, and, thanks to aesthetically complete words, they intellectualize both speech and a speaker, the a specialist of the field.
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Olaya-Cuartero, Javier, José Fernández-Sáez, Ove Østerlie, and Alberto Ferriz-Valero. "Concordance Analysis between the Segments and the Overall Performance in Olympic Triathlon in Elite Triathletes." Biology 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2022): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11060902.
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To date, the performance in triathlon has been measured through time or position. Although this is what defines the medals and the goal of the competition, it can have some limitations. As an alternative, the purpose of this study is to assess the degree of concordance of performance between each of the triathlon disciplines with overall performance through the triathlon performance indicator for the Olympic distance event. The official results from the World Triathlon Series for Olympic distance events from 2000 to 2019 were examined. A total of 11,263 entries were analysed, 6273 corresponding to elite men and 4990 to elite women. Moderate agreement was found between the running performance and overall performance in both elite men ICCa = 0.538 and elite women ICCa = 0.581. Moreover, moderate agreement was found between swimming performance and overall performance in both elite men ICCa = 0.640 and elite women ICCa = 0.613. Finally, good agreement was found between cycling performance and overall performance also in both elite men ICCa = 0.777 and elite women ICCa = 0.816. The main results of the present study show that the cycling performance indicator could be an alternative to anticipate the overall performance in the competition for the Olympic distance event.
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Lim, Shen Jean, and Seth R. Bordenstein. "An introduction to phylosymbiosis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1922 (March 4, 2020): 20192900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2900.
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Phylosymbiosis was recently formulated to support a hypothesis-driven framework for the characterization of a new, cross-system trend in host-associated microbiomes. Defining phylosymbiosis as ‘microbial community relationships that recapitulate the phylogeny of their host’, we review the relevant literature and data in the last decade, emphasizing frequently used methods and regular patterns observed in analyses. Quantitative support for phylosymbiosis is provided by statistical methods evaluating higher microbiome variation between host species than within host species, topological similarities between the host phylogeny and microbiome dendrogram, and a positive association between host genetic relationships and microbiome beta diversity. Significant degrees of phylosymbiosis are prevalent, but not universal, in microbiomes of plants and animals from terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Consistent with natural selection shaping phylosymbiosis, microbiome transplant experiments demonstrate reduced host performance and/or fitness upon host–microbiome mismatches. Hybridization can also disrupt phylosymbiotic microbiomes and cause hybrid pathologies. The pervasiveness of phylosymbiosis carries several important implications for advancing knowledge of eco-evolutionary processes that impact host–microbiome interactions and future applications of precision microbiology. Important future steps will be to examine phylosymbiosis beyond bacterial communities, apply evolutionary modelling for an increasingly sophisticated understanding of phylosymbiosis, and unravel the host and microbial mechanisms that contribute to the pattern. This review serves as a gateway to experimental, conceptual and quantitative themes of phylosymbiosis and outlines opportunities ripe for investigation from a diversity of disciplines.
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Lee, Vanessa K., John M. David, and Michael J. Huerkamp. "Micro- and Macroenvironmental Conditions and Stability of Terrestrial Models." ILAR Journal 60, no. 2 (2019): 120–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilaa013.
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Abstract Environmental variables can have profound effects on the biological responses of research animals and the outcomes of experiments dependent on them. Some of these influences are both predictable and unpredictable in effect, many are challenging to standardize, and all are influenced by the planning and conduct of experiments and the design and operation of the vivarium. Others are not yet known. Within the immediate environment where the research animal resides, in the vivarium and in transit, the most notable of these factors are ambient temperature, relative humidity, gaseous pollutant by-products of animal metabolism and physiology, dust and particulates, barometric pressure, electromagnetic fields, and illumination. Ambient temperatures in the animal housing environment, in particular those experienced by rodents below the thermoneutral zone, may introduce degrees of stress and thermoregulatory compensative responses that may complicate or invalidate study measurements across a broad array of disciplines. Other factors may have more subtle and specific effects. It is incumbent on scientists designing and executing experiments and staff responsible for animal husbandry to be aware of, understand, measure, systematically record, control, and account for the impact of these factors on sensitive animal model systems to ensure the quality and reproducibility of scientific studies.
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Bazhanov, Valentin A. "Political Ideologies through the Lens of Modern Neuroscience." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 59, no. 1 (2022): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202259110.
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The article presents the standpoint that naturalistic tendencies in modern science, which are especially expressed in neuroscience, push up social knowledge toward the need to revise its attitudes and norms, which consist in consistent sociocentrism and biophobia, and, hence, a simplified understanding of the phenomenon of “genetic reductionism”. We show that the application of the methods of natural science to social disciplines often marked visible progress and even conceptual breakthroughs in their development. Achievements of modern neuroscience affect a traditional area of social and humanitarian knowledge as political science, which leads to the formation of an independent area of research – political neuroscience. Through the optics of this research, cognitive styles characteristic of individuals and social groups with different value orientations imply the dominance of certain ideological sympathies and antipathies, which attributed to the opposite poles of the ideological scale – liberalism and conservatism. Considerable empirical material allows us to conclude that these ideological positions are exist due to differences in their ontogenetic “foundations”, which allows us to develop I. Kant's ideas about a priorism and transcendentalism in the context of the Kantian research program in contemporary neuroscience. The result of the implementation of this program to the political sphere was the discovery of the genesis of political views, and the demonstration of the peculiarities of their dynamics. They are based on the difference in the activity of certain neural sets, which in their turn are influenced by culture and society, forming an integral system “brain – culture – society”, where each component of which affects other components. Features and changes in the socio-cultural context of the development of an individual or a group of people may have an effect upon the architectonics of the brain and shift, due to its plasticity, of the political views along the scale of ideologies “liberalism – conservatism”. At the same time, carriers of different cognitive styles and, therefore, with a sufficient degree of probability of ideological views, percept the world in which they live in differently, and evaluate its past and possible future in diverse ways.
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Fisher, Michael T., Dovydas Jurkenas, Amina Jambajantsan, Bayarsaikhan Jamsranjav, Eredene-Ochir Nasan-Ochir, Eregzen Gelegdorj, Munkhbayar Chuluunbat, Michael Petraglia, and Nicole Boivin. "Multidisciplinary digital methodologies for documentation and preservation of immovable Archaeological heritage in the Khovd River Valley, Western Mongolia." F1000Research 11 (November 3, 2022): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126740.1.
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Background: The archaeological and ethnographic heritages of Mongolia reflect a multi-millennial continuity of typically mobile-pastoral occupations across sparsely populated, environmentally diverse landscapes, but the threats of modernisation and industrialisation to those heritages are nevertheless present and substantial. The construction of the Erdeneburen Hydroelectric Dam on the Khovd River in western Mongolia is planned to submerge hundreds of archaeological features and jeopardise at least another thousand. Methods: The Mongolian Archaeology Project: Surveying the Steppes, in collaboration with the Mongolian Institute of Archaeology, integrates a variety of digital techniques including GIS (geographic information systems), Machine Learning automated site detection, drone mapping, and Structure-from-Motion LiDAR scanning to document the endangered archaeology. This paper presents the resulting dataset of archaeological features across three different impact zones associated with the dam construction and evaluates the degree of efficacy of the initial data integration strategy through informal partner feedback and self-assessment. Results: While only approximately 20% of the documented sites fall within the planned flood zone, the remaining sites will be subjected to collateral threats such as industrial and infrastructural development that will necessitate extended monitoring, both temporally and spatially. In consideration of these results, this paper argues that a ‘responsive’ mode of heritage disaster intervention can bridge the gap between ‘reactive’ and ‘proactive’ modes, but requires development of an integrated (digital) methodology. Conclusions: The paper concludes by offering a new, more interconnected ‘transmethodology’ that addresses spatiality, sub-sampling, data reuse, and community input across multiple disciplines such as cultural heritage preservation, salvage archaeology, computer vision, and community archaeology. The authors developed this ‘transmethodology’ and the resulting workflows out of a theoretical framework that considers principles of Symmetrical Archaeology, Resilience Humanitarianism, and the CARE standard for inclusive data management (Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility, and Ethics).