Journal articles on the topic 'Degree Discipline: Gender and Women's Studies'
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1
Leonard, Carrie, and Victoria Violo. "Gender Equality in Gambling Student Funding: A Brief Report." Critical Gambling Studies 2, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cgs59.
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Acknowledgement of gender disparity in academia has been made in recent years, as have efforts to reduce this inequality. These efforts will be undermined if insufficient numbers of women qualify and are competitive for academic careers. The gender ratio at each graduate degree level has been examined in some studies, with findings suggesting that women’s representation has increased, and in some recent cases, achieved equality. These findings are promising as they could indicate that more women will soon qualify for early-career academic positions. Most of these studies, however, examine a specific—or narrow subset—of academic disciplines. Therefore, it remains unclear if these findings generalize across disciplines. Gambling researchers, and the graduate students they supervise, are a uniquely heterogeneous group representing multiple academic disciplines including health sciences, math, law, psychology, and sociology, among many more. Thus, gambling student researchers are a group who can be examined for gender equality at postgraduate levels, while reducing the impact of discipline specificity evident in previous investigations. The current study examined graduate-level scholarships from one Canadian funding agency (Alberta Gambling Research Institute), awarded from 2009 through 2019, for gender parity independent of academic discipline.
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Kleberg, Madeleine. "Feminism och genus i svensk medieforskning." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 24, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v24i2.4150.
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This artide is an overview of feminist or gender perspectives within Swedish media research during the last ten to fifteen years. Books and contributions to anthologies are described and the research sorted into two categories, populär culture within media and journalism. Although this categorisation is to be questioned due to blurred boundaries of fact and fiction in media, it is useful in an overview in order to avoid the risk of neglecting one orthe otherfield. One can conclude that feministic or gender oriented research about populär culture in the media is mostly dealing with the content and questions of gender constructions, especially representation of women, but there is also an increasing interest for male constructions including representation of relations between women and men. There is a claim for not talking of the existence of one woman voice but instead of a manifold of women's voices. Little is to be found regarding the reception of populär culture and even less regarding conditions of production. The research about journalism is more oriented towards texts by women journalists and often historically oriented. Here questions of gender constructions are not salient and to some degree this can be understood by the unwillingness to let journalistic products be analysed as constructions. Nevertheless one of the most remarkable features of the feminist media research in Sweden during the last decade has been to identify and make visible (and readable) women journalists from the early part of the last century. Media and communication studies as a discipline was established at the Swedish universities around 1990. As a new academic field it should be expected to be free of old traditional bonds, but gender or feministic aspects within media research constitutes less than 10 percent of the total registered media research.
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Krishnan, Kavita. "Gendered Discipline in Globalising India." Feminist Review 119, no. 1 (July 2018): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41305-018-0119-6.
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Discrimination and violence against women in India often tend to be discussed, framed and explained in cultural terms alone. It is a commonplace assumption that Indian cultural norms are responsible for women's oppression in India and that India's moves to open up the economy to globalisation will usher in modernity and empower women. Another similar assumption is that gendered violence and patriarchal oppression are produced and located primarily in the (Indian traditional) family and community, and that women's entry into the globalised workforce will empower and help them confront and overcome such violence and oppression. This paper attempts to challenge this false binary between ‘family/community/tradition/culture’ and ‘modern political economy’. It looks at the methods used across various sites—household/family, college/university and factory—to subject women's labour and sexuality to a regime of surveillance and gendered discipline. It also looks at the ways in which this regime is disrupted and challenged repeatedly by women's protests.
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Graham, Elaine L. "Gender, Personhood and Theology." Scottish Journal of Theology 48, no. 3 (August 1995): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600036796.
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One of the most significant phenomena within the Western Church over the past twenty-five years has been the emergence of feminist theology. Fuelled by the second wave of the modern women's movement, drawing upon the theoretical and critical stances of academic feminism, and inspired by Latin American Liberation Theology, feminist theologians have achieved a remarkable body of work in a relatively short time. They have sought to establish the opportunities and validate the methods by which women, long silenced as theological subjects, may articulate their perspectives and contribute towards the reconstruction of a more ‘inclusive’ theological discipline.
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Irene Zubkova. "PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND GENDER APPROACH." WORLD WOMEN STUDIES JOURNAL 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/wwsj.v3i1.7.
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Over the past 30 years, psychological theory and practice abroad has undergone the most severe criticism and reappraisal than ever before. As an academic discipline, psychology contained distorted facts and pseudoscientific theories about women, supported stereotypical ideas about the abilities and psychological characteristics of women and men. Under the powerful influence of the female movement, feminism, independent areas were identified, which included the psychology of women and men (psychology of women, women's study, men's study, gender studies, feminist psychology) in different volumes and contents.
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Cullen, Pauline. "Irish Female Members of the European Parliament: Critical Actors for Women's Interests?" Politics & Gender 14, no. 3 (June 22, 2018): 483–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x1800020x.
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The European Parliament (EP) is credited as an important actor in improving the rights of women in Ireland. Lacking a power base in national political parties, Irish feminists and European Union (EU) officials, including members of the EP (MEPs), have worked to secure progress on gender equality. This research explores whether, in the contemporary context, Irish female MEPs remain critical actors for women's interests at the EU level. Findings show that although Irish female MEPs have a limited record of involvement with the EP's main site for gender equality, the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, they do act in a variety of ways on women's interests. These include mobilization on gendered occupational roles and traditionally gendered areas such as care work, child poverty, and issues constructed as affecting women outside the EU. Irish female MEPs also facilitate forms of supranational lobbying in their support of EU-level advocacy for domestic gendered civil society and campaign groups. However, ideology and party political discipline, the pull toward local and national interests, and an absence of strong feminist agency work to diminish opportunities for female MEPs to act as critical actors and deliver critical acts on women's interests.
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Farnsworth-Alvear, Ann. "Orthodox Virginity/Heterodox Memories: Understanding Women's Stories of Mill Discipline in Medellín, Colombia." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 23, no. 1 (October 1997): 71–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/495236.
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Chizhova, Ksenia. "Bodies of Texts: Women Calligraphers and the Elite Vernacular Culture in Late Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910)." Journal of Asian Studies 77, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002191181700095x.
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Men's references to women's writing in vernacular Korean script never term this practice “calligraphy,” and yet articles of women's intricate brushwork reveal that in late Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910) this was a highly aestheticized practice with recognized social importance and a meticulous training process. This article captures the moment when vernacular Korean scriptural practices ascended the elite canon, which resulted in the emergence of high vernacular culture. It historicizes the gendered logic of representation in a male-authored historical archive to uncover the contours of a women-centered vernacular aesthetic canon that assumed a status of prestige alongside male culture in literary Chinese. The article unravels the meaning of the term “calligraphy” when it is applied to women's vernacular handwriting and ponders the connection between women's bodily discipline, productive work, and exquisite vernacular brushwork. This opens an alternative perspective not only on the gender politics of the Chosŏn society but also on the culture of the time, which is hitherto seen as dominated by a male-centered literary Chinese canon.
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Crawford, Mary, and Jeanne Marecek. "Psychology Reconstructs The Female: 1968–1988." Psychology of Women Quarterly 13, no. 2 (June 1989): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1989.tb00993.x.
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Recent work on the psychology of gender is pluralistic, stemming from varied specialty areas within psychology, grounded in several intellectual frameworks, and reflecting a spectrum of feminist perspectives. This article is a critical appraisal of diverse approaches to the study of women and gender. It first describes prefeminist or “womanless” psychology, then analyzes four co-existing frameworks that have generated recent research. The four frameworks are: Exceptional Women, in which empirical research focuses on the correlates of high achievement for women, and women's history in the discipline is re-evaluated; Women as Problem (or Anomaly), in which research emphasizes explanations for female “deficiencies” (e.g., fear of success); the Psychology of Gender, in which the focus of inquiry shifts from women to gender, conceived as a principle of social organization that structures relations between women and men; and a (currently relatively undeveloped) Transformation framework that reflexively challenges the values, assumptions, and normative practices of the discipline. Examples of research programs within each approach are described, and the strengths and limitations of each approach are critically examined.
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Moenne, María Elena Acuña. "Embodying Memory: Women and the Legacy of the Military Government in Chile." Feminist Review 79, no. 1 (March 2005): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400203.
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The article argues that the prohibition of abortion in Chile, other than when the mother's life is in danger, is a form of human rights violation targeting women specifically. The Pro-Birth Policy was established in Pinochet's Chile as a response to the previous government's attempts, under Allende, to encourage family planning and to educate and inform women about their choices. This had been done to put an end to the increase in back-street abortions with the inevitable toll on women's lives. Pinochet's regime reversed these women-oriented family planning policies, and criminalized abortion, on the basis of costs to the state and, more importantly, the need to increase the birth rate for reasons of national security. Women's bodies were used by the Pinochet regime, both by sexual violence and torture, and by the denial of women's reproductive and sexual rights, as a means to impose discipline and order on society. The fact that this is still not acknowledged in the construction of a collective memory indicates that the issue has not yet been resolved in democratic Chile.
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Smith, Christen A. "Counting Frequency." Social Text 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01642472-8903591.
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Abstract Examining Black women's experiences with policing, this article argues that police terror is not predicated upon gender; rather, it enacts gender by undoing gender. Thus, it requires a new arithmetic of time and space in order to read beyond normative, hypermasculine narratives of police violence. While the dominant discourse of race and policing asserts that police terror disproportionately affects Black men, the frequency of Black women's experiences with police terror attunes to a lingering yet deadly impact beyond the linear, Cartesian dimensions of body counting, a frequency the article terms sequelae. Policing stretches and bends time and space as part of its (un)gendering practice. Through a brief survey of cases in Brazil and the United States, this article considers sequelae as a new arithmetic for calculating the multiple frequencies of police terror against Black women. Specifically, the article examines the case of Luana Barbosa dos Reis, a Black lesbian mother who was beaten to death by police officers in São Paulo in 2016. The article argues that her beating was an act of (un)gendering—a desire to both discipline her as a Black female/mother and erase her potential humanity by denying her desired gender identification (female). In this sense, her death was an act of anti-Black terror “in the wake.” Through a close reading of the police ledger, the police report, and the physical violence she endured, the article argues that her story teaches us the need for a new way of counting the frequency of police terror in relationship to time, space, and the Black female/mother body.
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Makaradze, Emzar. "The Role of Women in the Educational System of Turkey after WWII." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i1.14.
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The study of women's issues, the feminist movement, as an academic discipline, and the first curriculum were established in the University of San Diego in 1970. The women’s problems have been mainly studied in the framework of traditional social and humani-tarian disciplines, mostly in literature, philosophy and psychology.The active dissemination of feminist ideas in Turkey after World War II, espe-cially in the late 1970s, and the creation of various feminist societies and journals provided a solid foundation for the establishment of research centers in universities, that study women's issues.There are two directions in the study of women's issues in Turkish universities and academic circles. The first one includes research centers that bring together rep-resentatives of various disciplines and fields of science. They deal with gender, the economic and social status of women, education and health. The second approach combines all those trends that are associated with the social faculty.The level of female activity in Turkey is much lower than in Europe. The status of a woman here is also characterized by its specific development.In the 1980s and 1990s, the feminist movement in Turkey became more and more active. New women's communities, magazines, newspapers, libraries were creat-ed, and women's conferences with an active participation of Turkish women were held both in Turkey and all around the world.It can be concluded that the women's movement in the higher and academic sys-tem of Turkey after World War II led to a new political process that raised the issue of gender equality. The struggle of women for emancipation played an important role in the formation of Turkish society.Despite some achievements regarding women's issues, there is still gender ine-quality, violation of women's rights in Turkish society, what indicates the fact that the women’s problems are still relevant in republican Turkey.
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O'Connell, Agnes N., and Nancy Felipe Russo. "Women's Heritage in Psychology: Past and Present." Psychology of Women Quarterly 15, no. 4 (December 1991): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00425.x.
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The American Psychological Association's Centennial provides a unique opportunity to celebrate, preserve, and interpret women's heritage in the origins and development of psychology. This special issue documents women's contributions to, and the impact of feminist critiques on, the discipline of psychology and its organizations. The articles in this special issue demonstrate how psychological theories and practice, research methods, and interpretation of data are embedded in social, political, and historical contexts. Moreover, they document how feminist critiques have challenged traditional assumptions about knowledge and served as a catalyst for the transformation of psychological theories, methods, and practice—a transformation that has just begun.
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Rose, Suzanna, and Laurie Roades. "Feminism and Women's Friendships." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 2 (June 1987): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00787.x.
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The ideology of “sisterhood” within the feminist movement suggests that feminists' and nonfeminists' same-sex friendships would differ profoundly. This assumption was tested by examining the friendships of 45 heterosexual nonfeminists, 43 heterosexual feminists, and 38 lesbian feminists from a large midwestern city. Participants ranged in age from 19 to 46. Using objective measures, differences were found between feminists and nonfeminists for some structural dimensions of friendship, including number of cross-generational friendships, degree of equality, and amount of privacy preferred with a best friend. Lesbian feminists preferred more privacy with their friends than nonfeminists, but rated their friends as lower on relationship quality and degree of equality than heterosexual feminists and nonfeminists. The three groups did not differ on the affective content of friendship, including liking, loving, satisfaction and commitment. However, feminists subjectively perceived their feminism as having contributed to both structural and affective changes in their friendships.
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Tsakalerou, Mariza. "Understanding the Factors Influencing Women’s Career Trajectories in STEM Education in Kazakhstan." International Conference on Gender Research 5, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): pp230–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/icgr.5.1.186.
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Although female researchers in Kazakhstan account for 53% of the total, those engaged in science, engineering, and technology fields (STEM) account for less than 45% of the STEM total. A similar pattern is experienced with respect to tertiary education students in Kazakhstan with the percentage of undergraduate women being 58% of the total, but only 32% of the undergraduate students in STEM. Thus, the phenomenon of "leakage" from the STEM educational pipeline starts early and persists, albeit ameliorated with advanced degrees. This study seeks to identify the barriers that deter Kazakhstani women from entering STEM disciplines, from persisting through their studies, and from pursuing successful academic careers. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to identify the extent to which various socioeconomic and institutional factors shape the perception of women towards STEM fields. The major methodological instrument employed is a set of qualitative interviews of female faculty in STEM, designed and calibrated for the local context. The interviewees were randomly selected from one of the largest local universities with a broad spectrum of STEM disciplines. The proportion of indigenous female faculty members in STEM disciplines in this university is less than 25%. The preliminary results reveal that the key barriers are disrupted work-life balance, cultural stereotypes, poor self-assessment, and gender-based discrimination on an institutional level. In addition, factors such as availability of research facilities, job autonomy, involvement in decision-making procedures, and encouragement from the institution emerge as critical facilitators for effective female careers in STEM. The conclusions of this study are expected to inform the development of appropriate questionnaire instruments towards a larger study across a section of tertiary education institutions in Kazakhstan.
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Parks, Jennifer A. "Lifting the Burden of Women's Care Work: Should Robots Replace the “Human Touch”?" Hypatia 25, no. 1 (2010): 100–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01086.x.
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This paper treats the political and ethical issues associated with the new caretaking technologies. Given the number of feminists who have raised serious concerns about the future of care work in the United States, and who have been critical of the degree to which society “free rides” on women's caretaking labor, I consider whether technology may provide a solution to this problem. Certainly, if we can create machines and robots to take on particular tasks, we may lighten the care burden that women currently face, much of which is heavy and repetitious, and which results in injury and care “burnout” for many female caretakers. Yet, in some contexts, I argue that high-tech robotic care may undermine social relationships, cutting individuals off from the possibility of social connectedness with others.
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Walby, Sylvia. "The Impact of Feminism on Sociology." Sociological Research Online 16, no. 3 (August 2011): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2373.
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The paper investigates the impact of feminism on British sociology over the last 60 years. It focuses on changes in the intellectual content of the discipline, including epistemology, methodology, theory, concepts and the fields of economy, polity, violence and civil society. It situates these changes in the context of changes in gendered organisation of sociology, the rise of women's/gender studies, the ecology of social sciences and societal changes, especially the transformation of the gender regime from domestic to public and the neoliberal turn. It concludes that feminism has had a major impact on sociology, but that the process through which this has taken place is highly mediated through organisational, disciplinary and social processes.
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Gadalla, Tahany M. "Patterns of Women's Enrolment in University Mathematics, Engineering and Computer Science in Canada, 1972-1995." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2001): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v31i1.183377.
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Efforts to ensure equity for women in scientific and technological disciplines must precede, or at least accompany, efforts to persuade them to pursue these studies. To achieve gender equity in these disciplines, factors discouraging women from full participation in them should be removed. Many psychological, sociological and institutional factors have been identified as contributors to the under-representation of women in these fields. For the aim of understanding and appraising these factors, this study offers a factual characterization of women's enrolment levels in mathematics, engineering, and computer science in Canadian universities and the change in these levels over the period 1972 to 1995. Findings indicate that patterns of women's enrolment in these three dis- ciplines are vastly different, a fact which suggests that factors specific to each discipline interact with and modify the effects of the more general sociological and psychological obstacles impeding women's participa- tion in them.
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Shepherd, Laura J. "Gender, Violence and Global Politics: Contemporary Debates in Feminist Security Studies." Political Studies Review 7, no. 2 (May 2009): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2009.00180.x.
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In this essay I develop a critique of the war/peace dichotomy that is foundational to conventional approaches to IR through a review of three recent publications in the field of feminist security studies. These texts are Cynthia Enloe's (2007) Globalization and Militarism, David Roberts' (2008) Human Insecurity, and Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women's Violence in Global Politics by Laura Sjoberg and Caron Gentry (2008). Drawing on the insights of these books, I ask first how violence is understood in global politics, with specific reference to the gendered disciplinary blindnesses that frequently characterise mainstream approaches. Second, I demonstrate how a focus on war and peace can neglect to take into account the politics of everyday violence: the violences of the in-between times that international politics recognises neither as ‘war’ nor ‘peace’ and the violences inherent to times of peace that are overlooked in the study of war. Finally, I argue that feminist security studies offers an important corrective to the foundational assumptions of IR, which themselves can perpetuate the very instances of violence that they seek to redress. If we accept the core insights of feminist security studies – the centrality of the human subject; the importance of particular configurations of masculinity and femininity; and the gendered conceptual framework that underpins the discipline of IR – we are encouraged to envisage a rather different politics of the global.
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Bernard, Jessie. "The Inferiority Curriculum." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 3 (November 1988): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00942.x.
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Bernard looks back at the last decade and notes that although many things have improved, women at all levels in academia still face more subtle forms of discrimination, which comprise what she calls the “Inferiority Curriculum.” Exposure of these subtle discriminatory behaviors is gradually occurring through what Bernard has termed the “Feminist Enlightenment,” a discipline-by-discipline process which began in the mid-1960s. Bernard documents many “down-putting” behaviors that continue to undermine women's achievement and argues the necessity of overcoming the damage by building positive self-images among women.
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Phull, Kiran, Gokhan Ciflikli, and Gustav Meibauer. "Gender and bias in the International Relations curriculum: Insights from reading lists." European Journal of International Relations 25, no. 2 (August 20, 2018): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066118791690.
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Following growing academic interest and activism targeting gender bias in university curricula, we present the first analysis of female exclusion in a complete International Relations curriculum, across degree levels and disciplinary subfields. Previous empirical research on gender bias in the teaching materials of International Relations has been limited in scope, that is, restricted to PhD curricula, non-random sampling, small sample sizes or predominately US-focused. By contrast, this study uses an original data set of 43 recent syllabi comprising the entire International Relations curriculum at the London School of Economics to investigate the gender gap in the discipline’s teaching materials. We find evidence of bias that reproduces patterns of female exclusion: 79.2% of texts on reading lists are authored exclusively by men, reflecting the representation of women neither in the professional discipline nor in the published discipline. We find that level of study, subfield and the gender and seniority of the course convener matter. First, female author inclusion improves as the level of study progresses from undergraduate to PhD. This suggests the rigid persistence of a ‘traditional International Relations canon’ at the earliest disciplinary stage. Second, the International Organisations/Law subfield is more gender-inclusive than Security or Regional Studies, while contributions from Gender/Feminist Studies are dominated by female authorship. These patterns are suggestive of gender stereotyping within subfields. Third, female-authored readings are assigned less frequently by male and/or more senior course conveners. Tackling gender bias in the taught discipline must therefore involve a careful consideration of the linkages between knowledge production and dissemination, institutional hiring and promotion, and pedagogical practices.
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Beckwith, Karen. "A Comparative Politics of Gender Symposium Introduction: Comparative Politics and the Logics of a Comparative Politics of Gender." Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 1 (March 2010): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709992726.
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This symposium is the culmination of work that began in October 2007, when fourteen scholars from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States convened at Case Western Reserve University to participate in the research conference Toward a Comparative Politics of Gender: Advancing the Discipline along Interdisciplinary Boundaries. The conference was funded by a Presidential Initiative Grant from the University and further supported by an ACES grant. Dr. Gregory Eastwood made available the Library of the Inamori Center for Ethnics and Excellence for our conference meetings. Many thanks to Linda Gilmore, Tonae Bolton-Dove, Gail Papay, Shelley White, and Sharon Skowronski for their expert administrative support. Professors Dorothy Miller (Women's Studies), Rosalind Simson (Philosophy, Law and Women's Studies), and Kelly McMann (Political Science and International Studies) served as discussants of the conference papers. To Theda Skocpol, who presented remarks at the opening dinner of the conference, and to the scholars who participated in the CPG conference and whose contributions are included in this symposium, I offer my deepest appreciation and gratitude.What do we mean by a comparative politics of gender? How would a comparative politics of gender advance our understanding of politics generally? What would it take to develop a gendered comparative political analysis? In the essays that follow, Teri Caraway, Louise Chappell, Leslie Schwindt-Bayer, and Aili Mari Tripp elaborate their understandings of a comparative politics of gender. Five additional essays focus specifically on issues of democratization (Lisa Baldez, Georgina Waylen), political institutions and representation (Mili Caul Kittilson, Mona Lena Krook), and comparative sex equality policies (Mala Htun and Laurel Weldon). In this introductory essay, I discuss what I mean by “gender” in the context of comparative politics. Briefly enumerating the advantages of comparative politics as a subfield for a gendered analysis of political phenomena, I discuss how a comparative politics of gender can serve to advance our understanding of politics generally, and I provide an example of subfield research—the study of political violence—where gender as a metaconcept may be particularly useful. I conclude by considering what it would mean to our study of gender and of comparative politics to place gender as a central concept in comparative political research and to move to a comparative politics of gender.
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Tahir, Muhammad Wajid, and Rubina Kauser. "HIGHER EDUCATION REFORMS, EMPLOYABILITY, AND LABOR MARKET PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN GRADUATES: A CASE STUDY ON PUNJAB PROVINCE (PAKISTAN)." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.275.
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It is presumed that access to higher education helps improve the chances of women to participate in the labor market after graduating from Pakistani universities. However, it is not a linear process because several other factors mediate this relationship. One of the other factors is improved ‘employability’ of graduates. To improve the ‘employability’ of students, the government has introduced several reforms in the Higher Education sector since 2002. Particularly, the annual examination system has gradually been converted to a semester system. The new system offers several opportunities to students to improve their ‘employability’ during their studies. Although several factors determine ‘employability’ of university graduates, the current study predicts ‘employability’ of women graduates through eight predictors using logistic regression analysis. Quantitative data is collected through a structured questionnaire. Findings reveal that an improved higher education level (e.g. double degrees, research degrees, PhD), the study of subjects from the disciplines of ‘science & technology’, and outstanding academic grades can increase women’s chances to enter the labor market if a gender-sensitive legal framework also regulates the labor market. Keywords: educational patterns, employability, women graduates, universities, labor market
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Lahay, Srisna J. "Feminism, Philosophy of Science, and Their Influence on Women's Language." An-Nisa': Jurnal Kajian Perempuan dan Keislaman 15, no. 1 (June 26, 2022): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/annisa.v15i1.84.
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In this paper, the writer aims to delineate the relationship between feminism, philosophy of science, and women’s language. In her description, the writer refers to scientific works about feminism, philosophy, language, and gender as well as her research about gossip, conducted for her Master’s degree at Universitas Katolik Indonesia (Unika) Atma Jaya, Jakarta. In this paper, the writer first discusses sex, gender, and feminism. Next, the writer describes the relationship between feminism and the philosophy of science. The writer later examines the relationship between feminism and language as well as studies about those topics. Later, the writer describes her research about gossip among female participants, conducted on the data from the U.S. TV series, Sex and the City, and based on the model of analysis proposed by Jennifer Coates. In the end, the writer states that feminism, a school of thought as well as a social, political, and cultural movement contesting the inequality of women, has developed from the thoughts of philosophers and later influenced the development of science and research about language and gender and that the use of language by women and the reality of women, formed by their use of the language, can hopefully be better understood and that this understanding can better help in the execution of researches about women’s language.
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English, Ashley. "Where Are All the Single Ladies? Marital Status and Women's Organizations’ Rule-making Campaigns." Politics & Gender 16, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 581–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x1900028x.
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Leading up to the 2016 election, single women were heralded as the “hot” new constituency. With unmarried women posed to comprise approximately half of the population of adult women and 23% of the electorate (Traister 2016), pundits claimed that the rising number of single women could transform American politics. Building on this recent enthusiasm about single women, this study provides one of the first systematic analyses of how contemporary women's organizations represent single women by analyzing 1,021 comments that women's organizations submitted to rule makers between 2007 and 2013. Using automated text analyses and a series of statistical analyses, it shows that despite the rising numbers of American single women, women's organizations only very rarely explicitly refer to single women during their comment writing campaigns, preferring to highlight the experiences of married mothers instead. Moreover, it shows that the political context unexpectedly has little to no effect on the degree to which women's organizations focus on single women, possibly because they so rarely mention them at all. Altogether, the results suggest that for single women to become politically powerful, they will need more than just large numbers; they may also need niche organizations that can help them organize and articulate their broader policy needs.
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Bela Kutibashvili, Bela Kutibashvili, and Tariel Kikvadze Tariel Kikvadze. "Gender Equality and Sustainable Development." Economics 104, no. 10-12 (December 12, 2021): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs104/10-12/2021-28.
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The article discusses gender equality as an integral part of democratic values. It is a democratic state that should be based not only on political and social, but also on the idea of gender equality, which means ensuring equal rights and responsibilities, responsibilities and equal participation in socio-political life. The 5th goal of the United Nations-Sustainable Development is to ensure gender equality in society. Therefore, the Government of Georgia is actively working to ensure economic empowerment of women and equal economic opportunities in the country by 2030 and to protect the gender balance in the decision-making process. According to global studies, female potential is the least used economic resource in the world, and a pandemic exacerbates this problem. According to world studies, globally, the rate of job losses in women due to pandemics is about 1.8 times higher than the same rate in men. The article extensively covers additional risk factors for gender equality, such as poverty, as women often do not have access to adequate nutrition, fresh air, water, doctor visits, and housing. For example, the production of textiles is one of the most important polluting industries in the world. 90% of the employees in this field are women. Similarly, in Georgia, the majority of employees in garment factories are women. Our observations show that women earn an average of 400-500 GEL per month, in return for having to work hard, working overtime, which also increases their health risks. Similar problems exist in other industry conditions. For example, the city of Rustavi, where the degree of air pollution is 3-4 times higher than the allowable norms. That is why most women complain of weak immunity, various allergic and oncological diseases. It should also be noted that in Georgia, the integration of gender issues in the development of legislative policies, laws, strategies and programs does not happen often and, unfortunately, the state puts the interest of business profit ahead of the needs of society. The UN Office in Georgia has set up an Extended Gender Thematic Group (GTG) to achieve the goals and objectives set out in the 2021-2025 Partnership Agreement, which brings together all gender contacts and works to promote gender equality and women's empowerment in the country. Keywords: Gender equality, sustainable development, cooperation agreement, women's empowerment, women's rights.
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Blanton, Robert, Shannon Blanton, and Dursun Peksen. "The Gendered Consequences of Financial Crises: A Cross-National Analysis." Politics & Gender 15, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 941–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18000545.
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What effects do financial crises have on women's well-being? While much research has addressed various socio-economic and political consequences of financial crises, the gendered impact of financial crises are empirically underexplored. Moreover, extant literature has mainly focused on specific crises or countries with little attempt at determining possible common effects and patterns across the world. To provide broader insight into the gendered consequences of financial crises, we examined the degree to which five types of financial crises—banking crises, currency crises, domestic sovereign debt crises, external sovereign debt crises, and inflation crises—affect women's health and educational outcomes as well as their participation in the formal economy and politics. We also examined the persistence of these effects in the postcrisis years. The results from a panel of 68 countries for the years 1980 to 2010 indicate that financial crises undermine women's participation in the formal workforce, their presence in politics, their educational attainment, and their health outcomes. We also found significant lingering effects of financial crises: the deleterious gendered effects of crises persist even seven years after the end of a crisis.
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Lebedeva, M., and S. Stolyarova. "PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES: EXPERIENCE OF CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2020.18.1.60.2.
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After the disintegration of the USSR, the Central Asian countries started to pursue independent development strategies and identified new domestic policy priorities. It is of special scholarly interest to compare the efforts by Central Asian governments to improve female representation in politics. The article is devoted to the consideration of state policies and measures aimed at increasing the participation of women in political institutions in Central Asia. The most and the least effective strategies for women's political empowerment were highlighted based on the analysis of the regulatory framework in the field of women's empowerment, as well as on the degree of application of gender statistics and gender budgeting. In particular, the authors address the matter of electoral gender quotas, which are already introduced by Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. It is stressed that the adoption of this policy tool in the two counties has had its limitations, taking into consideration the existence of legal ways to circumvent the gender-quota requirements. The authors also indicate Kazakhstan’s progress in collecting gender data that is “open, accessible, comparable, free and understandable”. Improving data quality and representativeness facilitates the development of practical steps to achieve gender equality in politics. At the same time, theьauthors point out a negative trend in the region: some countries are gradually moving away from having aьdistinct strategy pertaining to genderьissues. Such approach may shift the focus from closing the gender gap to solving a wider range of social policy issues. The article shows that in general the countries in question implement a conservative gender policy and are not inclined to fully effect such practices as gender budgeting and the collection of relevant and complete gender statistics. It is concluded that Russia has an opportunity to act as a trendsetter, in particular by applying a gender-sensitive approach in providing development assistance to the countries of Central Asia.
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Wiederman, Michael W., and Shannon R. Hurst. "Physical Attractiveness, Body Image, and Women's Sexual Self-Schema." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 4 (December 1997): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00131.x.
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Recently, Andersen and Cyranowski (1994) presented a self-report measure of women's sexual self-schema, or cognitive view of the self regarding sexuality. In the current study, we investigated potential relationships between women's sexual self-schema and physical attractiveness, body size and shape, and body image. Young adult women ( N = 199) completed questionnaires and were weighed, measured, and rated for facial attractiveness. Results revealed that sexual self-schema was unrelated to body size or shape, general body dissatisfaction, history of teasing about weight, and degree of investment in personal appearance. Sexual self-schema scores significantly correlated with experimenter-rated facial attractiveness, self-rated facial and bodily attractiveness, and degree of social avoidance due to concerns over personal appearance, however. In a multiple regression analysis, only self-rated facial attractiveness and social avoidance were unique predictors. Results are discussed with regard to implications for the development of women's sexual self-schema and directions for future research.
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Da, Wei Wei. "Gender Relations in Recent Chinese Migration to Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 12, no. 3 (September 2003): 361–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680301200305.
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The study frames its exploration of gender relations among recent migrants from the People's Republic of China to Australia from theory in two fields: migration studies and gender roles. Based on interviews of recent Chinese migrants to Australia, findings suggest that gender role performances are strategic and flexible. Women actively engage in international migration. The mobility of women is contingent on their education, occupation, language skill and networks. Neither do conventional migration models or gender role theories render clear explanations of the gender roles exhibited by women migrants in the sample. Rather, the impact of migration on gender relations is multifaceted, individualized and cultural. Women's expectations of men involved elements of tradition, modernity and some degree of ambivalence. The findings suggest the importance of considering the social context, culture and social class of migrants in the home country when discussing the gender relations of migrants in the process of settlement in the host country. The study calls for country/culture-specific approach and suggests a fresh way of studying gender relations among the Chinese in a globalizing era.
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Moyer, Valerie. "Leaky Bodies and the Stickiness of Testosterone in Women's Athletics." Somatechnics 11, no. 2 (August 2021): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2021.0352.
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This article argues for a critical re-evaluation of anti-doping testing practices in international athletics, performed by The International Olympic Committee and World Athletics, as overseen by the World Anti-Doping Agency. By carefully analysing anti-doping testing procedures and data taking, the conceptions of the body, with its multiplicity and sticky properties of testosterone become evident, revealing obscured connections between anti-doping and sex testing practices. Using a biopolitical framework, I trace the ways anxieties over gender, athletic ability, and race shape molecular level testing mechanisms, constructing and de-constructing the body in the process. This article draws on New Materialist theories and Feminist Science and Technology Studies scholarship, including: Anne Fausto-Sterling’s history of hormones; Sara Ahmed’s concept of ‘sticking’; Annemarie Mol’s ‘the body multiple’; Rebecca Jordan-Young and Katrina Karkazis’s work on testosterone; and Margrit Shildrick’s theory of ‘leaky bodies’ to argue that the racialised and gendered history of testosterone continue to linger on in the ways this hormone is tested and regulated in women’s athletics. This biopolitical system of surveillance in international sports is founded on an ideal of the body as autonomous, whole, and classifiable within a sexed binary. Yet, there is a distinct tension between this understanding of the body and the ways testing is executed, which relies on leaks, extractions, dissections, and manipulations of the athlete’s bodily substances to in order to discipline it into normalising categories of sex.
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Goff, Phillip Atiba, and Kimberly Barsamian Kahn. "HOW PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IMPEDES INTERSECTIONAL THINKING." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 10, no. 2 (2013): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x13000313.
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AbstractPsychological science that examines racial and gender bias, primarily located within social psychology, has tended to discount the ways in which race and gender mutually construct each other. Lay conceptions of racial and gender discrimination tend to see racism as primarily afflicting men and sexism primarily afflicting White women, when in fact race and gender are interrelated and work together intersectionally. Ignoring women's experiences of racial discrimination produces androcentric conceptions of racisms—in other words, many definitions of racial discrimination are to some degree sexist (Goff et al., 2008). Similarly, privileging the experiences of White women produces narrow definitions of gender discrimination—in other words, many definitions of gender discrimination are to some degree racist, such that they serve to reinforce the current societal hierarchies. Psychological science sometimes appears to reflect such conceptions. The result is that the social science principally responsible for explaining individual-level biases has developed a body of research that can undervalue the experiences of non-White women (Goff et al., 2008). This article examines features of social psychological science and its research processes to answer a question suggested by this framing: is the current psychological understanding of racism, to some extent, sexist and the understanding of sexism, to some extent, racist? We argue here that the instruments that much of social psychological science uses to measure racial and gender discrimination may play a role in producing inaccurate understandings of racial and gender discrimination. We also present original experimental data to suggest that lay conceptions parallel social psychology's biases: with lay persons also assuming that racism is about Black men and sexism is about White women.2 Finally, we provide some suggestions to increase the inclusivity of psychology's study of discrimination as well as reasons for optimism in this area.
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Tohidi, Nayereh. "Women's Rights in the Muslim World: the Universal-Particular Interplay." Hawwa 1, no. 2 (2003): 152–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920803100420324.
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AbstractAn ironic ramification of the tragedy of September 11 and the subsequent demise of the Taliban government in Afghanistan seems to be an unprecedented rise in the international prominence of issues concerning the rights and status of women in the Islamic world. This increased international attention to women's quest for equal civil and human rights and a better appreciation of women's agency in the modernization and democratization of the Islamic world can be a welcome development. The significance of this potentially positive turn is better appreciated when we bear in mind that if it were not for the outrage and protest widely expressed by international feminist groups, especially Afghan women activists and American feminists, the US government, prompted by some oil companies, would probably have recognized the Taliban government. Perhaps it would have taken no less than the September 11 wake up call for many officials to speak out against the blatant violations of women's rights in Afghanistan. The worldwide outcry against the Taliban's destruction of a few historic statues in Bamiyan was indeed much louder and wider than those raised against their daily abuse of women and blatant violations of women's/human rights in Afghanistan. The increased attention of Western leaders towards the rights of Muslim women will probably be short-lived, but advocates of women's rights can work to turn this development into long-lasting progress. This problem must be approached on two fronts. On the one hand, how can we transform interest in Muslim women's rights into an effective and long-term foreign policy (including foreign aid) on the part of Western governments? On the other, how can we mobilize new resources in support of Muslim women's grassroots activism, which can exert effective pressure on the governments and ruling elites of Muslim societies and force concrete legal reforms and policy change? First, we need to turn this increased and at times "otherizing" attention into a deeper awareness of the complexity of the "Muslim women question," its commonalities as well as its differences with the "women question" in non-Muslim countries, its historical roots and present interconnectedness to broader national and international socio-economic and political problems in the global context. Starting with a brief review of the global state of women's rights in general and a comparative historical background of Muslim women's rights in particular, this paper will attempt to make the following arguments and policy recommendations: 1. Historically speaking, sexism has not been peculiar to the Islamic world or to the Islamic religion; 2. What is peculiar is that a visible gap has emerged in modern times between the Islamic world and the Christian West with regard to the degree of egalitarian improvement in women's rights; 3. This gap has been due to the legacy of colonialism, underdevelopment, defective modernization, the weakness of a modern middle class, democratic deficit, the persistence of cultural and religious patriarchal constructs such as sharia due to failure of reform and secularization within Islam, and weakness of civil society organizations - especially women's organizations - in the Muslim world; 4. The recent surge in identity politics, Islamism and religio-nationalist movements is in part due to socio-economic and cultural dislocation, polarization and alienation caused by modernization, Westernization and globalization, and in part is a "patriarchal protest movement" in reaction to the challenges that the emergence of modern middle class women poses to traditional patriarchal gender relations; 5. Processes of democratization, civil society building, consolidation of civil rights and universal human/women's rights are intertwined with reformation in Islam, feminist discourse and women's movements. Gender has become the blind spot of democratization in the Islamic world; 6. In terms of national and international policy implications, it should be recognized that women and youth have become the main forces of modernization and democratization in the Islamic world. Democracy cannot be consolidated without a new generation of Muslim leaders and state-elites who are more aware of the new realities of a globalized world and more committed to universal women's/human rights; 7. To win the war against terrorism and patriarchal Islamism, we need more than military might. In the short- and medium-term, a just resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict can alter the present social psychological milieu that has allowed the growth of extremism and male-biased identity politics; and 8. In the long-term, democratization and comprehensive gender-sensitive development seems to be the only effective strategy. A significant component of this strategy has to be Islamic reformation, which requires international dialogue with and support for egalitarian and democratic voices in the Muslim world.
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Carlson, Sharon Larson. "An Exploration of Complexity and Generativity as Explanations of Midlife Women's Graduate School Experiences and Reasons for Pursuit of a Graduate Degree." Journal of Women & Aging 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j074v11n01_04.
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Puente, Sonia Núñez, and Antonio García Jiménez. "Inhabiting Or Occupying the Web?: Virtual Communities and Feminist Cyberactivism in Online Spanish Feminist Theory and Praxis." Feminist Review 99, no. 1 (November 2011): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.2011.36.
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This article examines the relationships between gender and technology in Spanish feminist praxis online and argues that different perspectives on online feminist community-building offer distinct responses to cyberactivism, which is considered central to sustaining efforts for social change. To ascertain whether Spanish virtual communities and cyberactivism have the potential to address the challenges posed by the relations between gender and technology, we analyse feminist scholar Remedios Zafra's theoretical proposals, and the different ways in which this theory intersects with the cyberactivism put forth by two feminist web portals, Ciudad de Mujeres and Mujeres en Red. We will discuss to what degree particular Spanish feminist theory and practice online adapts to or challenges utopianism regarding the liberating potential of technology. We will also examine how, in the face of critical arguments about such liberatory possibilities, two options present themselves for women's effective use of technology: inhabiting or occupying the web through the construction of feminist communities online.
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Davidovitch, Nitza, Michael Byalsky, Dan Soen, and Zilla Sinuani-Stern. "The Cost Of More Accessible Higher Education: What Is The Monetary Value Of The Various Academic Degrees?" Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2013): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/cier.v6i1.7602.
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One of the main reasons for acquiring a Bachelor's Degree is the perception of higher education as a means of improving graduates' financial status. In light of the increased accessibility of higher education, a growing number of students hope to use their studies as a financial springboard. In the current study we sought to examine this perception and to check whether and to what degree baccalaureate degrees indeed improve graduates' financial situation. In cooperation with Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics we gathered data on 6,091 graduates who completed their studies at the Ariel University Center during 2000-2008. Data analysis included exploring graduates' rate of employment and monthly salary from the day they began their academic studies until eight years later. We divided and distinguished between graduates by discipline and gender. The findings show that graduates earn almost three times the national average salary (and five times the median salary) and indicate employment rates of nearly 100%. Analysis of findings by discipline indicates that the most profitable fields are computer sciences and mathematics, engineering, and architecture. Salaries in the natural and social sciences and in the humanities are significantly lower both compared to the former fields and to the national average salary, at least for this eight year span. Analysis of the data by sex showed that the rate of employment among men is 12% higher than among women and that there is a disparity in employment within each discipline as well. Research conclusions show that academic degrees per se are not a guarantee of financial or occupational security. Employees with degrees in the social sciences and the humanities may find that their pay is no higher than those with no degree. One of the implications of this issue, already evident at this stage is that students are attempting to attain higher degrees in the hope of improving their financial status. The equation of a higher education with a higher income seems to involve other components as well, such as graduates' field of study, seniority on the job, and field of occupation.
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Nurjamilah, Cucu. "Gender Equality in Mosque Management: Women's Involvement in Masjid Raya Mujahidin Pontianak." Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 25, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ws.25.1.1336.
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<p class="ABSTRACT"><span lang="IN">In the context of da</span><span lang="EN">’</span><span lang="IN">wah management, the functions of the </span>mosque <span lang="IN">are not optimal yet. The activities of the masjid are only focused on the center of worship, religious activities, but have not touched the equality yet. In order to answer the problems above, the researcher used fieldwork with the method of case studies. Through an in-depth interview technique, participant observation and study of documentation found that Masjid Mujahidin Pontianak has involved women in the management of masjid, and succeeded in increasing the functions of a mosque. Involving women in the management of mosque will strengthen one dimension that is important in Islam that is Islam seriously upholds the equality of degree in various aspect, including Islam is a religion that highly responsive gender. When the management of </span>mosque <span lang="IN">is filled with a variety of different groups, including giving places to women, then frictions and clashes caused by differences in the understanding in the society will be minimized, and then the role and function of masjid will be able to touch various aspects such as economics, health, and education.</span> </p><p><span>Dalam konteks pengelolaan dakwah, fungsi masjid sebagai media dakwah belum diberdayakan secara optimal. Kegiatan masjid yang ada hanya digunakan sebagai pusat ibadah dan aktivitas keagamaan, selebihnya belum menyentuh pada persoalan gender. Guna menjawab permasalahan di atas, dilakukan studi lapangan dengan metode studi kasus. Melalui teknik wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipan dan dokumentasi, ditemukan bahwa Masjid Raya Mujahidin Pontianak telah melibatkan perempuan dalam kepengurusan masjidnya, dan berhasil dalam peningkatan fungsi masjid. Melibatkan perempuan dalam pengelolaan masjid, akan menguatkan satu dimensi penting dalam Islam yaitu Islam menjunjung tinggi persamaan derajat dalam berbagai segi, termasuk Islam adalah agama yang responsif gender. Ketika kepengurusan masjid diisi dari berbagai golongan, termasuk mengapresiasi kaum perempuan, maka gesekan-gesekan yang disebabkan perbedaan pemahaman di masyarakat akan dapat diminimalisir, serta fungsi dan peran masjid akan mampu menyentuh berbagai aspek seperti bidang ekonomi, kesehatan, dan pendidikan.</span></p>
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Upadhyay, Bhawana. "Water, poverty and gender: review of evidences from Nepal, India and South Africa." Water Policy 5, no. 5-6 (October 1, 2003): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0032.
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Access to water in equitable manner and the improved management of water are imperative to sustainable development, poverty alleviation and biodiversity preservation. Despite much research on gender and natural resources management, there have been only a handful of studies on gender and water, especially those trying to link the two with poverty issues. This paper seeks to fill this gap specifically by looking at the linkages among gender, water and poverty in terms of gender participation in irrigated agriculture and irrigation institutions. The main objective of the study is to examine gender participation in irrigated agriculture and irrigation institutions and to analyze the impact of irrigation projects on men and women. The study approach has been a qualitative and quantitative analysis of primary and secondary data. Key findings reveal a considerable degree of gender inequalities, especially in terms of participation in irrigation institutions. Despite a high level of female involvement in irrigated agriculture, their participation in irrigation institutions is much lower. Furthermore, water projects with gender equality interventions have enhanced women's status in particular by raising their abilities to participate. The results suggest that the incorporation of gendersensitive policies and programs in irrigation schemes could have significant positive impacts both on gender equality and poverty.
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Reid, Pamela Trotman. "Poor Women in Psychological Research." Psychology of Women Quarterly 17, no. 2 (June 1993): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00440.x.
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For the most part, theory and empirical study in the psychology of women have failed to recognize many distinctions among women. Indeed, the focus of feminist theory and research has been directed to the explication of women's essential experience of gender, as if this could be separated from the confounds of class and race. This presentation raises the issue of the diversity among poor women, the need to disentangle ethnicity and class, and the limitation of adopting a middle-class White perspective. In addition to racism, other possible causes of exclusion are explored. Silencing of poor women is also discussed in terms of causes and impact on the discipline of psychology. We have not provided sufficient mechanisms to allow diverse groups of women to tell their own stories; instead, we have felt comfortable in making assumptions and drawing parallels that may be inappropriate and incorrect. Suggestions for achieving feminist goals are provided.
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Sudbury, Julia. "Celling Black Bodies: Black Women in the Global Prison Industrial Complex." Feminist Review 80, no. 1 (July 2005): 162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400215.
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The past two decades have witnessed an explosion in the population of women prisoners in Europe, North America and Australasia, accompanied by a boom in prison construction. This article argues that this new pattern of women's incarceration has been forged by three overlapping phenomena. The first is the fundamental shift in the role of the state that has occurred as a result of the neo-liberal globalization. The second and related phenomenon is the emergence and subsequent global expansion of what has been labeled a ‘prison industrial complex’ made up of a intricate web of relations between state penal institutions, politicians and profit-driven prison corporations. The third is the emergence of a US-led global war on drugs which is symbiotically related and mutually constituted by the transnational trade in criminalized drugs. These new regimes of accumulation and discipline, I argue, build on older systems of racist and patriarchal exploitation to ensure the super-exploitation of black women within the global prison industrial complex. The article calls for a new anti-racist feminist analysis that explores how the complex matrix of race, class, gender and nationality meshes with contemporary globalized geo-political and economic realities. The prison industrial complex plays a critical role in sustaining the viability of the new global economy and black women are increasingly becoming the raw material that fuels its expansion and profitability. The article seeks to reveal the profitable synergies between drug enforcement, the prison industry, international financial institutions, media and politicians that are sending women to prison in ever increasing numbers.
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Balsam, Kimberly F., and Dawn M. Szymanski. "Relationship Quality and Domestic Violence in Women's Same-Sex Relationships: The Role of Minority Stress." Psychology of Women Quarterly 29, no. 3 (September 2005): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00220.x.
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Despite a large body of literature addressing relationship quality and domestic violence in women's same-sex relationships, few studies have empirically examined how stress specific to living as a lesbian or bisexual woman might correlate with these relationship variables. Degree of outness, internalized homophobia, lifetime and recent experiences of discrimination, butch/femme identity, relationship quality, and lifetime and recent experiences of domestic violence were assessed in a sample of 272 predominantly European American lesbian and bisexual women. Lesbian and bisexual women were found to be comparable on most relationship variables. In bivariate analyses, minority stress variables (internalized homophobia and discrimination) were associated with lower relationship quality and both domestic violence perpetration and victimization. Outness and butch/femme identity were largely unrelated to relationship variables. Path analysis revealed that relationship quality fully mediated the relationship between internalized homophobia and recent domestic violence.
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Jack, Dana Crowley, and Diana Dill. "The Silencing the Self Scale: Schemas of Intimacy Associated With Depression in Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 16, no. 1 (March 1992): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1992.tb00242.x.
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The Silencing the Self Scale (STSS), derived from a longitudinal study of clinically depressed women, measures specific schemas about how to make and maintain intimacy hypothesized to be associated with depression in women. To assess its psychometric properties, the STSS was administered with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to three samples of women: college students ( n = 63), residents in battered women's shelters ( n = 140), and mothers ( n = 270) (of 4-month-old infants) who abused cocaine during pregnancy. The STSS had a high degree of internal consistency and test–retest reliability and was significantly correlated with the BDI in all three samples.
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O'Sullivan, Lucia F., E. Sandra Byers, and Larry Finkelman. "A Comparison of Male and Female College Students' Experiences of Sexual Coercion." Psychology of Women Quarterly 22, no. 2 (June 1998): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00149.x.
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Research comparing men's and women's experiences of sexual coercion has typically assessed differences in prevalence rates and risk. We extended this line of research by comparing the contexts of sexual coercion and reactions to sexually coercive experiences in an attempt to understand the meanings that men and women attribute to these events. Participants were 433 randomly selected college students who responded to an anonymous survey. In line with past research, more men than women reported being sexually coercive, and more women than men reported being sexually coerced in the preceding year. There was a great degree of correspondence between men's and women's reports of the contexts within which sexual coercion occurred. According to their reports, sexual coercion occurred primarily within the heterosexual dating context. Compared to men, however, women reported more negative reactions and stronger resistance to the use of sexual coercion. These findings emphasize how comparisons of prevalence rates alone may obscure important differences in the phenomenology of sexually coercive incidents for men and women. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for the development of education and prevention programs and the need to reevaluate current approaches to interpreting prevalence reports.
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Moafi, Samaneh. "A Gift of Compassion: Welfare, Housing, and Domesticity in Contemporary Iran." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00019_1.
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Abstract This article examines the largest welfare housing project in the history of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1979‐2020). It sets out to present a particular method of research that, borrowing from the discipline of anthropology, takes planning documents as a point of departure. I will inquire into the ways state-initiated architectural projects intersect with the demands and realities of domesticity and residents' everyday habits of living, giving particular attention to the gender roles and class identities in welfare housing projects and the position of female beneficiaries in relation to their family as well as the larger society. Using the example of the Mehr project in Iran, I demonstrate how housing operated for government officials as a means for re-organizing society along the axes of patronage and patriarchy. Moving to the field of everyday life, however, and building on the discourses of domesticity and women's struggle, I unpack how, starting from the intimate scale of the domestic, welfare can serve as the basis for a newly empowered beneficiary to conceive her rights and exercise them. The research that is presented in this paper challenges the negative conception of welfare housing as mere charitable aid devoid of any potential for supporting the social rights of a people.
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Bratton, Jacky. "Working in the Margin: Women in Theatre History." New Theatre Quarterly 10, no. 38 (May 1994): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00000294.
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This is the text – appropriately, a ‘performance text’ – of the inaugural lecture delivered at Royal Holloway College, University of London, on 9 March 1993, by Jacky Bratton, following her appointment as Professor of Theatre and Cultural History. Although she holds her chair at a former women's college, Jacky Bratton reflects that the introduction of co-education in such institutions has in practice left them as male-dominated as the rest. Ironically, this continued marginalizing of women in academic life reflects the common view of theatre studies as itself a marginal discipline – almost as suspect as Jacky Bratton's own specialist concern with its more popular aspects. Looking at the ways in which women have been marginalized within theatre history, she challenges in particular the received wisdom that the alleged ‘decline of the drama’ in the nineteenth century was reversed by a striving for respectability usually traced to the rattle of cups-and-saucers on box sets, and apotheosized in Irving's knighthood: instead, she reflects upon the radical impulses of earlier nineteenth-century theatre, and at the ways in which the gender of three women who worked within it influenced their theatrical careers, their social standing, and their own attitudes towards both.
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Pettersson, Lena. "Genus och arbete: vad berättar forskningen från 1990-talet?" Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 23, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v23i1.4246.
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In this article I discuss parts of tny book Gender in and as Organization. An Overview of Swedish Research on Work & Gender. The overall aim of the book is to describe and analyze research on gender and work in organizations in Sweden during the 1990s and it focuses in particular on six domains of research. This article builds on three of these: 1) Structural Transformation, 2) Leadership and 3) Technology and Organization. Studies of structural transformation usually focus on more encompassing changes in the organization of production, such as the transformation of the public sector in the 1990s, as well as on more minor themes such as the closing down of local industries. On a general level, the studies show that men become unemployed less frequently and furthermore that they have greater opportunities to get new permanent jobs in times of structural change. The opportunities for women to get new jobs seem dependent on the local labour märket and to what degree it can offer traditional women's jobs in the public sector. In the research on leadership, studies show that women seldom become leaders/ managers in the private sector. Only 17 percent of the leaders in the private sector were women in 1999. Studies of the development in the public sector show a change from 29 percent of women leaders in 1990 to 51 percent in 1999. Qualitatively oriented studies provide explanations for these figures. The equal opportunity strategies and the law against sex discrimination in employment seem to have had a more profound impact in the public organizations - a state of affairs which most probably has its roots in the close connection between these organizations and "the state". The overall results from research on technology and organization show that in most organizations, when new technology and/or new ways of organizing work are introduced, gender regimes are resistant to change. Initially some changes due to the gender division of labour can be seen, but after only a short period of time most organizations go back to "normal", i.e. an organization with a traditional and stereotypical gendered division of labour.
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Benton, Sarah. "Women Disarmed: The Militarization of Politics in Ireland 1913-23." Feminist Review 50, no. 1 (July 1995): 148–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1995.28.
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The movement for ‘military preparedness’ in America and Britain gained tremendous momentum at the turn of the century. It assimilated the cult of manliness — the key public virtue, which allowed a person to claim possession of himself and a nation to reclaim possession of itself. An army was the means of marshalling a mass of people for regeneration. The symbol of a nation's preparedness to take control of its own soul was the readiness to bear arms. Although this movement originated in the middle-class, Protestant cultures of the USA and England, its core ideas were adopted by many political movements. Affected by these ideas, as well as the formation of the Protestant Ulster Volunteers in 1913, a movement to reclaim Irish independence through the mass bearing of arms began in South and West Ireland in autumn 1914. Women were excluded from these Volunteer companies, but set up their own organization, Cumann na mBan, as an auxiliary to the men's. The Easter Rising in 1916 owed as much to older ideas of the coup d'état as new ideas of mass mobilization, but subsequent history recreated that Rising as the ‘founding’ moment of the Irish republic. It was not until mass conscription was threatened two years later that the mass of people were absorbed into the idea of an armed campaign against British rule. From 1919 to 1923, the reality of guerrilla-style war pressed people into a frame demanding discipline, secrecy, loyalty and a readiness to act as the prime nationalist virtues. The ideal form of relationship in war is the brotherhood, both as actuality and potent myth. The mythology of brotherhood creates its own myths of women (as not being there, and men not needing them) as well as creating the fear and the myth that rape is the inevitable expression of brotherhoods in action. Despite explicit anxiety at the time about the rape of Irish women by British soldiers, no evidence was found of mass rape, and that fear has disappeared into oblivion, throwing up important questions as to when rape is a weapon of war. The decade of war worsened the relationship of women to the political realm. Despite active involvement as ‘auxiliaries’ women's political status was permanently damaged by their exclusion as warriors and brothers, so much so that they disappear into the status of wives and mothers in the 1937 Irish Constitution.
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Pearce Churchill, Meryl, Daniel Lindsay, Diana H Mendez, Melissa Crowe, Nicholas Emtage, and Rhondda Jones. "Does Publishing During the Doctorate Influence Completion Time? A Quantitative Study of Doctoral Candidates in Australia." International Journal of Doctoral Studies 16 (2021): 689–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4875.
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Aim/Purpose: This paper investigates the association between publishing during doctoral candidature and completion time. The effects of discipline and of gaining additional support through a doctoral cohort program are also explored. Background: Candidates recognize the value of building a publication track record to improve their career prospects yet are cognizant of the time it takes to publish peer-reviewed articles. In some institutions or disciplines, there is a policy or the expectation that doctoral students will publish during their candidature. However, doctoral candidates are also under increasing pressure to complete their studies within a designated timeframe. Thus, some candidates and faculty perceive the two requirements – to publish and to complete on time – as mutually exclusive. Furthermore, where candidates have a choice in the format that the PhD submission will take, be it by monograph, PhD-by-publication, or a hybrid thesis, there is little empirical evidence available to guide the decision. This paper provides a quantitative analysis of the association between publishing during candidature and time-to-degree and investigates other variables associated with doctoral candidate research productivity and efficiency. Methodology: Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the predictors (discipline [field of research], gender, age group, domestic or international student status, and belonging to a cohort program) of doctoral candidate research productivity and efficacy. Research productivity was quantified by the number of peer-reviewed journal articles that a candidate published as a primary author during and up to 24 months after thesis submission. Efficacy (time-to-degree) was quantified by the number of Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) years of candidature. Data on 1,143 doctoral graduates were obtained from a single Australian university for the period extending from 2000 to 2020. Complete publication data were available on 707 graduates, and time-to-degree data on 664 graduates. Data were drawn from eight fields of research, which were grouped into the disciplines of health, biological sciences, agricultural and environmental sciences, and chemical, earth, and physical sciences. Contribution: This paper addresses a gap in empirical literature by providing evidence of the association between publishing during doctoral candidature and time-to-degree in the disciplines of health, biological sciences, agricultural and environmental sciences, and chemical, earth, and physical sciences. The paper also adds to the body of evidence that demonstrates the value of belonging to a cohort program for doctoral student outcomes. Findings: There is a significant association between the number of articles published and median time-to-degree. Graduates with the highest research productivity (four or more articles) exhibited the shortest time-to-degree. There was also a significant association between discipline and the number of publications published during candidature. Gaining additional peer and research-focused support and training through a cohort program was also associated with higher research productivity and efficiency compared to candidates in the same discipline but not in receipt of the additional support. Recommendations for Practitioners: While the encouragement of candidates to both publish and complete within the recommended doctorate timeframe is recommended, even within disciplines characterized by high levels of research productivity, i.e., where publishing during candidature is the “norm,” the desired levels of student research productivity and efficiency are only likely to be achieved where candidates are provided with consistent writing and publication-focused training, together with peer or mentor support. Recommendation for Researchers: Publishing peer-reviewed articles during doctoral candidature is shown not to adversely affect candidates’ completion time. Researchers should seek writing and publication-focused support to enhance their research productivity and efficiency. Impact on Society: Researchers have an obligation to disseminate their findings for the benefit of society, industry, or practice. Thus, doctoral candidates need to be encouraged and supported to publish as they progress through their candidature. Future Research: The quantitative findings need to be followed up with a mixed-methods study aimed at identifying which elements of publication and research-focused support are most effective in raising doctoral candidate productivity and efficacy.
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Dahlerup, Drude. "Ambivalenser och strategiska val. Om problem kring begreppen särart och jämlikhet i kvinnorörelsen och i feministisk teori." Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 22, no. 1 (June 16, 2022): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v22i1.4318.
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Although previous research about the old feminist movement has deconstructed the equality versus difference dichotomy as false, recent Swedish research applies the same dichotomy, arguing that the demise of second wave feminism in Sweden was due to a swing from "equality feminism" "difference feminism". Based on her own extensive research on feminism in the 1960-80's, Dahlerup argues that cultural feminism of that period, including such phenomena as all women bands, films and women's literature, rather should be interpreted as a gigantic search for new feminist identities. Studies of old as well as newer feminist movements show that it has been possible for feminists to argue for equality (the political dimension) without agreeing or even clarifying for themselves the troublesome question of sameness or difference between the sexes (the onthological dimension). This article rejects the new dichotomy of biological essentialism versus constructivism, partly as a consequence of feminist theory's own rejection of the distinction between sex and gender. The article states that all feminisms see women's position as socially constructed, although in varying degrees; and that even "difference feminism" includes some protest against patriarchal biologism. In general, feminism is full of ambivalence and strategic choices rather than dichotomous thinking. The author also modifies the pendulumtheory of historical swings between feminism of sameness and feminism of difference. The article ends with recommendations for feminist movement research: A synchronous perspective is necessary, even in diachronous analyses. Further, dichotomous analytical concepts should be replaced by idealtypes which allow for differences in degree. Finally, it should be considered an empirical question, whether, when and on what issues women in history have constituted a group.
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Löfström, Jan. "The Birth of the Queen/the Modern Homosexual: Historical Explanations Revisited." Sociological Review 45, no. 1 (February 1997): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.00052.
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In this paper I review a number of explanations for the emergence of the modern homosexual category in Western (mainly Northwest European) cultures. I suggest there are four different emphases in respect of the social and cultural factors given priority in interpretations of the formation of the homosexual category. Of course, individual studies have often taken into consideration more than one single factor (most notably, Greenberg, 1988; Chauncey, 1994), and the grouping of previous studies that I here suggest only indicates where the focus of a given study is. The social and cultural factors emphasized in these four approaches are: 1) the effects of competitive capitalism on the bourgeois/middle class political economy of sexuality and sexual morals; 2) the rise of expert knowledges, controlling systems, and modern bureaucracies; 3) tensions within gender order and the struggle over new definitions of gender roles; 4) the rise of free wage labour, the proliferation of urban anonymity, and the unfolding of new modes of existence in the life-world of modern pluralist urban society. Finally, the article briefly considers the potential erosion of the homosexual vs. heterosexual divide in the light of the historical background. Almost thirty years have passed since ‘The Homosexual Role’, by Mary McIntosh (1968), the first notable contribution to the historical sociology of homosexuality operating within a social constructionist view of homosexuality. Since then, there have been numerous studies of the formation of the conceptual category and social aggregate of ‘modern homosexual’. Researchers have differed about whether the pedigree of ‘homosexual’ and homosexual identities and subcultures in Western societies can be traced back to the late nineteenth century or to the early eighteenth century, and whether or not some notion of ‘homosexual’ was established in the cultural imagery before the last fifty years or so. It might be fruitful to distinguish between the historically older categories of ‘molly’, ‘queen’, and ‘fairy’ on the one hand, and the more recent ‘homosexual’ on the other hand. It can be argued that the decisive feature of the first-mentioned ‘deviant men’ was their status as gender-crossers (which as a side-effect entailed an interest in homosexual conduct), whereas the modern term homosexual does not necessarily suggest gender-crossing or more generic ‘sexual inversion’ (cf. Chauncey, 1994). However, allusions to gay men's purported effeminacy and lesbian women's purported masculinity continue to surface frequently also in contemporary culture. Hence, for the sake of brevity, I here use the term modern homosexual, by which I refer to a notion that there is in some people an inherent sexual desire exclusively for persons of the same sex, and that this so-called sexual orientation is to some degree intertwined with a tendency to gender-crossing conduct.