Academic literature on the topic 'Degree Discipline: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Degree Discipline: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology"
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Li, Jia, Zhu Xianglei, and Xu Guoliang. "Research status and development trend of altruism in the biological field - knowledge graph analysis based on CiteSpace." Journal of Biology and Medicine 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/jbm.000034.
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Based on the visualization analysis of foreign literature on altruistic behavior in recent ten years (2012-2022) by CiteSpace, it is found that the research on altruistic behavior in the field of biology abroad has experienced the initial exploratory stage, the outbreak stage, and now enters the stable and deepening stage. The discipline distribution is mainly behavioral ecology, supplemented by evolutionary biology, biomathematics, and genetics. The author has three main cooperative groups, and a relatively tight cooperative network has been formed locally in related fields. From the perspective of cooperation degree, the cooperation density of major research institutions is high, and relevant research has been relatively mature. Judging from the period calculated in the software, altruism, cooperation, kin Selection, reciprocity, and inclusive fitness emerged earlier. In recent years, constitutive theory, density dependence, and Habitat construction have emerged, which may become a new direction for future research. Therefore, future research can expand the scope of disciplines, strengthen the cooperation between authors and units, and explore other research hotspots.
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Sattler, Rolf, and Rolf Rutishauser. "Fundamentals of Plant Morphology and Plant Evo-Devo (Evolutionary Developmental Morphology)." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010118.
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Morphological concepts are used in plant evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology) and other disciplines of plant biology, and therefore plant morphology is relevant to all of these disciplines. Many plant biologists still rely on classical morphology, according to which there are only three mutually exclusive organ categories in vascular plants such as flowering plants: root, stem (caulome), and leaf (phyllome). Continuum morphology recognizes a continuum between these organ categories. Instead of Aristotelian identity and either/or logic, it is based on fuzzy logic, according to which membership in a category is a matter of degree. Hence, an organ in flowering plants may be a root, stem, or leaf to some degree. Homology then also becomes a matter of degree. Process morphology supersedes structure/process dualism. Hence, structures do not have processes, they are processes, which means they are process combinations. These process combinations may change during ontogeny and phylogeny. Although classical morphology on the one hand and continuum and process morphology on the other use different kinds of logic, they can be considered complementary and thus together they present a more inclusive picture of the diversity of plant form than any one of the three alone. However, continuum and process morphology are more comprehensive than classical morphology. Insights gained from continuum and process morphology can inspire research in plant morphology and plant evo-devo, especially MorphoEvoDevo.
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Bianchi, Thomas S., Madhur Anand, Chris T. Bauch, Donald E. Canfield, Luc De Meester, Katja Fennel, Peter M. Groffman, Michael L. Pace, Mak Saito, and Myrna J. Simpson. "Ideas and perspectives: Biogeochemistry – some key foci for the future." Biogeosciences 18, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 3005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3005-2021.
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Abstract. Biogeochemistry has an important role to play in many environmental issues of current concern related to global change and air, water, and soil quality. However, reliable predictions and tangible implementation of solutions, offered by biogeochemistry, will need further integration of disciplines. Here, we refocus on how further developing and strengthening ties between biology, geology, chemistry, and social sciences will advance biogeochemistry through (1) better incorporation of mechanisms, including contemporary evolutionary adaptation, to predict changing biogeochemical cycles, and (2) implementing new and developing insights from social sciences to better understand how sustainable and equitable responses by society are achieved. The challenges for biogeochemists in the 21st century are formidable and will require both the capacity to respond fast to pressing issues (e.g., catastrophic weather events and pandemics) and intense collaboration with government officials, the public, and internationally funded programs. Keys to success will be the degree to which biogeochemistry can make biogeochemical knowledge more available to policy makers and educators about predicting future changes in the biosphere, on timescales from seasons to centuries, in response to climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. Biogeochemistry also has a place in facilitating sustainable and equitable responses by society.
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Bateman, PW, and NC Bennett. "The biology of human sexuality: evolution, ecology and physiology." Verbum et Ecclesia 27, no. 1 (November 17, 2006): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v27i1.133.
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Many evolutionary biologists argue that human sexual behaviour can be studied in exactly the same way as that of other species. Many sociologists argue that social influences effectively obscure, and are more important than, a reductionist biological approach to human sexual behaviour. Here,we authors attempt to provide a broad introduction to human sexual behaviour from a biological standpoint and to indicate where the ambiguous areas are. We outline the evolutionary selective pressures that are likely to have influenced human behaviour and mate choice in the past and in the present; ecological features that influence such things as degree of parental care and polygamy; and the associated physiology of human sexuality. Then they end with a discussion of ‘abnormal’ sexuality.
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Dziubenko, Olena. "Professional training of future teachers of biologists in studying the discipline «Evolutionary Teaching»." HUMANITARIUM 44, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2308-5126-2019-44-2-56-63.
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The article analyzes the curriculum for the discipline «Evolutionary Teaching» for future teachers of biologists at the SHEI «Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhoriy Skovoroda State Pedagogical University». The author points out the main tasks that future teachers of biologists are facing – methodological, cognitive and practical. The main themes of the course «Evolutionary Teaching» are described and the detailed description of the key topics of the lecture material is given. Pay attention to the mechanisms of disclosure of the material. The essence of the evolutionary doctrine, which lies in the interdisciplinary scientific field, combines research on molecular biology, genetics, biology of development, botany, zoology, ecology, anthropology, biogeography and paleontology.The author examines in detail the main professional competencies that are formed during the study of the key topics that manifest themselves in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of conservation and implementation of genetic information in organisms, analysis of the results of the interaction of living organisms of different levels of organization, their role in biospheric processes and the possibility of use in various fields of the economy, and environmental protection. It has been established that this course is one of the key ones, as in the process of its study students are significantly exposed to creativity in expressing their own thoughts; they independently predict the possible further development and change of living organisms in anthropogenic transformations, successfully make conclusions and formulate appropriate conclusions. It is noted that during the study of this course, the future teachers of biologists are formed by the professional ability to apply the acquired knowledge of the subject field for the formation of students general and substantive competences and a holistic natural science picture of the world through intersubject connections with physics, biology, geography, in accordance with requirements of the state standard in the educational field «Natural Science».
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Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T., Margrethe H. Serres, Margaret F. Romine, Jorge L. M. Rodrigues, Jennifer Auchtung, Lee-Ann McCue, Mary S. Lipton, et al. "Comparative systems biology across an evolutionary gradient within theShewanellagenus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 37 (September 1, 2009): 15909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902000106.
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To what extent genotypic differences translate to phenotypic variation remains a poorly understood issue of paramount importance for several cornerstone concepts of microbiology including the species definition. Here, we take advantage of the completed genomic sequences, expressed proteomic profiles, and physiological studies of 10 closely relatedShewanellastrains and species to provide quantitative insights into this issue. Our analyses revealed that, despite extensive horizontal gene transfer within these genomes, the genotypic and phenotypic similarities among the organisms were generally predictable from their evolutionary relatedness. The power of the predictions depended on the degree of ecological specialization of the organisms evaluated. Using the gradient of evolutionary relatedness formed by these genomes, we were able to partly isolate the effect of ecology from that of evolutionary divergence and to rank the different cellular functions in terms of their rates of evolution. Our ranking also revealed that whole-cell protein expression differences among these organisms, when the organisms were grown under identical conditions, were relatively larger than differences at the genome level, suggesting that similarity in gene regulation and expression should constitute another important parameter for (new) species description. Collectively, our results provide important new information toward beginning a systems-level understanding of bacterial species and genera.
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Slynko, Yu V. "Evolutionary ecology of water animals: concept, subject, experience for application in the analysis of breeding systems." Marine Biological Journal 3, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2018.03.2.01.
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The basic concepts in the field of evolutionary ecology are presented. A brief historiography of the question is given, the prerequisites for the emergence of this section of biology are given. The definitions of the subject of the study of the discipline in question, as well as brief characteristics of the objects of study, basic concepts and methodological approaches are given. It is pointed out that evolutionary ecology is a section of evolutionary teaching focused on the study of the adaptation and evolution of communities of species, faunas and biogeocenoses. It is emphasized that the subjects of evolutionary ecology studying are species and their populations as well as communities, cenoses and ecosystems. The main idea of the work is reduced to an attempt to implement the epistemological synthesis of two basic methodological approaches: the ecosystem and population approaches. Two preferential methodological approaches in the field of evolutionary ecology are considered: firstly, it is genetic one, namely, population genetic (based on the dynamics of frequencies of polymorphic genes), molecular genetic (dynamics of pairs of nucleotides) and evolutionary genetic (phylogeography and molecular phylogeny); secondly, it is epigenetic one, in particular, the analysis of the developmental trajectories of morphological structures. The principal characteristics of the evolutionary ecology peculiarities of aquatic animals are postulated. An attempt has been made to justify the fact that the evolutionary ecology of aquatic organisms as a whole is of greater interest for studying the processes of adaptation and evolution than terrestrial. In the aquatic environment, all the factors of abiotics, the type of reproduction and the nature of isolation acquire a somewhat greater significance for evolution. The main items of the subject are provided with research materials, which served as the basis for developing their own ideas about evolutionary ecology. The work is significantly concentrated on the problems of evolutionary and ecological importance of interspecific hybridization, in particular on the effective co-adaptation of the genomes of the crossed species. The combination of heterogeneous genomes among remote hybrids can make the evolution of genomes go along to additional and multipolar orientation, which allows to consider hybrids as a living model for studying the problem of coordinating the work of different genomes in ontogenesis, especially during a critical period of early development. It is assumed that the success of hybridization is provided by the forming of a genetic program of a system response to structural transformations of the genome. The main result of our research in this field has not only been the discovery of a fundamentally new system of vertebrates reproduction, but also the evolutionary-ecological consequences of natural remote hybridization.
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Kamilar, Jason M., and Natalie Cooper. "Phylogenetic signal in primate behaviour, ecology and life history." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1618 (May 19, 2013): 20120341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0341.
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Examining biological diversity in an explicitly evolutionary context has been the subject of research for several decades, yet relatively recent advances in analytical techniques and the increasing availability of species-level phylogenies, have enabled scientists to ask new questions. One such approach is to quantify phylogenetic signal to determine how trait variation is correlated with the phylogenetic relatedness of species. When phylogenetic signal is high, closely related species exhibit similar traits, and this biological similarity decreases as the evolutionary distance between species increases. Here, we first review the concept of phylogenetic signal and suggest how to measure and interpret phylogenetic signal in species traits. Second, we quantified phylogenetic signal in primates for 31 variables, including body mass, brain size, life-history, sexual selection, social organization, diet, activity budget, ranging patterns and climatic variables. We found that phylogenetic signal varies extensively across and even within trait categories. The highest values are exhibited by brain size and body mass, moderate values are found in the degree of territoriality and canine size dimorphism, while low values are displayed by most of the remaining variables. Our results have important implications for the evolution of behaviour and ecology in primates and other vertebrates.
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Lunghi, Enrico, and Raoul Manenti. "Cave Communities: From the Surface Border to the Deep Darkness." Diversity 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050167.
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The discipline of subterranean biology has provided us incredible information on the diversity, ecology and evolution of species living in different typologies of subterranean habitats. However, a general lack of information on the relationships between cave species still exists, leaving uncertainty regarding the dynamics that hold together cave communities and the roles of specific organisms (from the least to the most adapted species) for the community, as well as the entire ecosystem. This Special Issue aims to stimulate and gather studies which are focusing on cave communities belonging to all different typologies of subterranean habitats, with the overarching goal to corroborate the key role of the subterranean biology in ecological and evolutionary studies.
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Graves, Joseph L. "The Myth of the Genetically Sick African." Genealogy 6, no. 1 (February 11, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6010015.
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Western medicine has an unfortunate history where it has been applied to address the health of African Americans. At its origins, it was aligned with the objectives of colonialism and chattel slavery. The degree to which medical “science” concerned itself with persons of African descent was to keep them alive for sale on the auction block, or to keep them healthy as they toiled to generate wealth for their European owners. Medicine in early America relied upon both dead and live African bodies to test its ideas to benefit Europeans. As medicine moved from quackery to a discipline based in science, its understanding of human biological variation was flawed. This was not a problem confined to medicine alone, but to the biological sciences in general. Biology had no solid theoretical basis until after 1859. As medicine further developed in the 20th century, it never doubted the difference between Europeans and Africans, and also asserted the innate inferiority of the latter. The genomic revolution in the latter 20th century produced tools that were deployed in a biomedical culture still mired in “racial” medicine. This lack of theoretical perspective still misdirects research associated with health disparity. In contrast to this is evolutionary medicine, which relies on a sound unification of evolutionary (ultimate) and physiological, cellular, and molecular (proximate) mechanisms. Utilizing the perspectives of evolutionary medicine is a prerequisite for an effective intervention in health disparity and finally dispelling the myth of the genetically sick African.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Degree Discipline: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology"
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Anderson, Michael Gareth. "Evolutionary interactions of brood parasites and their hosts : recognition, communication and breeding biology : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1167.
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Obligate brood parasites lay their eggs in nests of other species, relying on these host parents to care for their offspring. This phenomenon has been a curiosity amongst researchers since its first description and has become a model study system for testing such ideas as coevolution and species recognition. This thesis examines a few of the many questions that arise from this breeding system. The New Zealand Grey Warbler (Gerygone igata) and its brood parasite, the Shining Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx lucidus) are used as the main study species, although research on the eviction behaviour of Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) has also been conducted. First, the current state of knowledge and recent discoveries regarding nestling rejection abilities of hosts is reviewed in chapter one. Second, a comparative study of New Zealand passerine begging calls has been conducted to test for begging call similarity between a brood parasite and its host, as well as developing a new technique for detecting the mode of coevolution that may be occurring in the parasite – host relationship. Parent-offspring communication in Grey Warblers is also examined to test for both parental and nestlings Parents use both alarm calls to warn offspring of potential danger, and also parental feeding calls to elicit a begging response from nestlings. By contrast, nestlings are able to signal both age and short term levels of need to parents through the acoustic structure of the begging call. The evolutionary costs and benefits of egg eviction behaviour in the Common Cuckoo are also tested. An experimental approach showed that egg eviction had a growth cost, but this cost was temporary and restricted to during and immediately after the egg eviction phase. A pattern of compensatory growth was observed after the eviction period, so that during the later nestling stages there was no difference in mass, and no difference in fledging age. Finally, variation in the Grey Warbler breeding biology and Shining Cuckoo parasitism rates are examined through both time and across latitudes. This research has shown a counterintuitive pattern of breeding phenology across latitudes. These patterns have implications for Shining Cuckoos both in terms of timing of available nests and host selection. Keywords: Begging call, breeding phenology, brood parasitism, coevolution, Common Cuckoo, eviction, Grey Warbler, parent-offspring communication, Shining Cuckoo.
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Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. "Faculty Senate Minutes May 6, 2013." University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301423.
Full textBooks on the topic "Degree Discipline: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology"
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Ågren, J. Arvid. The Gene's-Eye View of Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862260.001.0001.
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To many evolutionary biologists, the central challenge of their discipline is to explain adaptation, the appearance of design in the living world. With the theory of evolution by natural selection, Charles Darwin elegantly showed how a purely mechanistic process can achieve this striking feature of nature. Since Darwin, the way many biologists think about evolution and natural selection is as a theory about individual organisms. Over a century later, a subtle but radical shift in perspective emerged with the gene’s-eye view of evolution in which natural selection was conceptualized as a struggle between genes for replication and transmission to the next generation. This viewpoint culminated with the publication of The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins (Oxford University Press, 1976) and is now commonly referred to as selfish gene thinking. The gene’s-eye view has subsequently played a central role in evolutionary biology, although it continues to attract controversy. The central aim of this accessible book is to show how the gene’s-eye view differs from the traditional organismal account of evolution, trace its historical origins, clarify typical misunderstandings and, by using examples from contemporary experimental work, show why so many evolutionary biologists still consider it an indispensable heuristic. The book concludes by discussing how selfish gene thinking fits into ongoing debates in evolutionary biology, and what they tell us about the future of the gene’s-eye view of evolution. The Gene’s-Eye View of Evolution is suitable for graduate-level students taking courses in evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary genetics, as well as professional researchers in these fields. It will also appeal to a broader, interdisciplinary audience from the social sciences and humanities including philosophers and historians of science
Book chapters on the topic "Degree Discipline: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology"
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Hedrick, Philip W. "Evolutionary Conservation Biology." In Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0036.
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Conservation biology as a discipline focused on endangered species is young and dates only from the late 1970s. Although conservation of endangered species encompasses many different biological disciplines, including behavior, ecology, and genetics, evolutionary considerations always have been emphasized (e.g., Frankel and Soule 1981). Many of the applications of evolutionary concepts to conservation are ones related to genetic variation in small or subdivided populations. However, the critical status of many endangered species makes both more precision and more caution necessary than the general findings for evolutionary considerations. On the other hand, the dire situations of many endangered species often require recommendations to be made on less than adequate data. Overall, one can think of the evolutionary aspects of conservation biology as an applied aspect of the evolution of small populations with the important constraint that any conclusions or recommendations may influence the actual extinction of the populations or species under consideration. From this perspective, all of the factors that influence continuing evolution (i.e., selection, inbreeding, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation; e.g., Hedrick 2000) are potentially important in conservation. The evolutionary issues of widest concern in conservation biology—inbreeding depression and maintenance of genetic variation— can be seen in their simplest form as the joint effects of inbreeding and selection, and of genetic drift and mutation, respectively. However, even in model organisms such as Drosophila, the basis of inbreeding depression and the maintenance of genetic variation are not clearly understood. In addition, findings from model laboratory organisms may not provide good insight into problems in many endangered species, the most visible of which are generally slowly reproducing, large vertebrates with small populations. Here we will first focus on introductions to two important evolutionary aspects of conservation biology: the units of conservation and inbreeding depression. Then, we will discuss studies in two organisms as illustrations of these and related principles—an endangered fish species, the Gila topminnow, and desert bighorn sheep—to illustrate some evolutionary aspects of conservation. In the discussion, we will mention some of the other evolutionary topics that are relevant to conservation biology.
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Zampieri, Fabio. "Darwin’s Impact on the Medical Sciences." In Integrating Evolutionary Biology into Medical Education, 171–86. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814153.003.0010.
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In early nineteenth century medicine, the concepts of organic evolution and natural selection emerged in different contexts, partly anticipating Darwinian revolution. In particular, the anatomical concept of disease favored the perception that men and animals were very similar from a morphological, physiological and pathological point of view, and that this could indicate a certain degree of kinship between them. The debate around human races and human pathological heredity saw first formulations of the principle of natural selection, even if without a full appraisal of its evolutionary implications. Charles Darwin took many inspirations from these medical theories. The impact of the theory of evolution formulated by him in 1859 was only apparently slight in medicine. It is even possible to support that evolutionary concepts contributed in a significant way to the most important medical issues, debates and new discipline in the period between 1880 and 1940.
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Scholtz, Gerhard. "Duplicated, Twisted, and in the Wrong Place." In Developmental Biology and Larval Ecology, 113–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648954.003.0004.
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The study of malformations is an important tool to understand mechanisms and causes of development and regeneration. Moreover, malformations indicate the morphological potential of living beings. Hence, a deeper understanding of how, to what degree, and why organismal structures can deviate from their normal expression is interesting in an evolutionary and ecological context. Like other arthropods, and animals in general, crustaceans show a certain variety of naturally occurring malformations of different body parts. This review is restricted to those that affect the axes of appendages and the trunk. Hence, the various patterns of axis distortion are described and classified. At the general level, malformations concerning limbs are discriminated from those that alter other body outgrowths and those that affect the pattern of the trunk. Among malformation of limbs and other body appendages, misplaced structures, fissions, and fusions are classified. Conjoined twins and distorted body segments are the main features of trunk malformations. The putative causes of malformations are discussed with respect to comparative and experimental approaches. Furthermore, gene expression studies, theories, and models, such as Hans Meinhardt’s Boundary Model, are applied to explain malformations at the level of pattern formation. Apparently, many malformations are not genetic mutations and thus not inheritable, but are instead the result of distortions during early development and regeneration artifacts based on injuries, high temperature, and toxic substances. Compared with other arthropod groups, there are very few experimental studies addressing malformations in crustaceans. Hence, the causes for specific patterns of deformities remain largely obscure.
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"Barbara Kingsolver." In Writing Appalachia, edited by Katherine Ledford and Theresa Lloyd, 675–85. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178790.003.0098.
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Barbara Kingsolver grew up in Carlisle, Kentucky, on the border between the Bluegrass and the mountains. She earned her undergraduate degree in biology at DePauw University in Indiana before settling in Arizona, where she lived for two decades and earned an MA in ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Arizona. Kingsolver’s writing and life are inextricably linked. Her work has typically focused on the various landscapes where she has lived: the Southwest (...