Academic literature on the topic 'Degree Discipline: Behavioural Pharmacology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Degree Discipline: Behavioural Pharmacology"
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Priti Desai, Anita Wanjari, and Deepali Giri. "Comprehending and Executing Aacharrasayana in the context of COVID 19." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (October 28, 2020): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3543.
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The COVID 19 pandemic had disrupted the lives of all socio-economic groups of the global population. The lockdowns, social distancing, financial adversities, continuous fear of being a victim to the virus had left every individual desperate with a feeling of vulnerability. Irrespective of all possible efforts at the global level, no ultimate solution to get rid of this virus is available till date except for the preventive measures. Various medicines and formulations are into practice, which may boost one’s immunity to fight against the virus. This catastrophic scenario had resulted in an impact on the human being in all aspects, physical, mental, emotional, social and behavioural. Ayurveda, the science of life has encompassed all these aspects through its preventive and curative principles. Aacharrasayana, code of conduct or behavioural discipline is one such modality that entails perfect mental, physical, social and spiritual health of the human being. The execution of Aacharrasayana in this situation can immensely contribute in restoring mental, spiritual and social health. This review aims to interpret the implementation of various aspects of Aacharrasayanain context of COVID 19 and its utility in combatting the dreadful crisis.
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Kariithi, Anne Wanjugu, Newton Mukolwe, and Mwaura Kimani. "Student Peer Counselling Behaviour Management Interventions and Discipline among Public Secondary School Students in Kiambu County, Kenya." African Journal of Empirical Research 3, no. 1 (November 11, 2022): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajernet3.1.16.
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Indiscipline is a major challenge facing schools in Kenya. As a result, the government recommends robust interventions at the school level to rein in on indiscipline. Nevertheless, students continue to exhibit immense behavioural problems. This calls to question the efficacy of the numerous behaviour change interventions put in place. This study assessed the influence of student peer counseling interventions on discipline among public secondary school students in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was founded on the Ecological Systems Theory (EST). Based on the correlational research design, the study targeted the 227 principals 3,479 guidance and counseling teachers and the 89,065 students in Kiambu County. From these, the study sampled 23 principals, 97 teachers and 398 students using the simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview guides, and observation schedules. Piloting was conducted to assist in determining the accuracy, clarity, and suitability of the research instruments. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and percentages) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis at a significance level of 0.05). Data from interviews and secondary data sources were subjected to content analysis procedures. The findings show that there was positive and significant correlation between students discipline and student peer counseling (r=0.476, p<0.05). Based on these findings, it is evident that student peer counseling interventions indeed influence students’ discipline in the study area. Interventions around these areas should thus be strengthened to holistically enhance students discipline in the schools studied. The study recommends peer counselors should be frequently recruited and trained by schools to reach more students.
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Santillo, M., K. Sivyer, A. Krusche, F. Mowbray, N. Jones, T. E. A. Peto, A. S. Walker, et al. "Intervention planning for Antibiotic Review Kit (ARK): a digital and behavioural intervention to safely review and reduce antibiotic prescriptions in acute and general medicine." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 11 (August 20, 2019): 3362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz333.
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Abstract Background Hospital antimicrobial stewardship strategies, such as ‘Start Smart, Then Focus’ in the UK, balance the need for prompt, effective antibiotic treatment with the need to limit antibiotic overuse using ‘review and revise’. However, only a minority of review decisions are to stop antibiotics. Research suggests that this is due to both behavioural and organizational factors. Objectives To develop and optimize the Antibiotic Review Kit (ARK) intervention. ARK is a complex digital, organizational and behavioural intervention that supports implementation of ‘review and revise’ to help healthcare professionals safely stop unnecessary antibiotics. Methods A theory-, evidence- and person-based approach was used to develop and optimize ARK and its implementation. This was done through iterative stakeholder consultation and in-depth qualitative research with doctors, nurses and pharmacists in UK hospitals. Barriers to and facilitators of the intervention and its implementation, and ways to address them, were identified and then used to inform the intervention’s development. Results A key barrier to stopping antibiotics was reportedly a lack of information about the original prescriber’s rationale for and their degree of certainty about the need for antibiotics. An integral component of ARK was the development and optimization of a Decision Aid and its implementation to increase transparency around initial prescribing decisions. Conclusions The key output of this research is a digital and behavioural intervention targeting important barriers to stopping antibiotics at review (see http://bsac-vle.com/ark-the-antibiotic-review-kit/ and http://antibioticreviewkit.org.uk/). ARK will be evaluated in a feasibility study and, if successful, a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial at acute hospitals across the NHS.
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Kumar, Narendar, Fatima Ahmed, Muhammad Sauban Raza, Pushp Lata Rajpoot, Wajiha Rehman, Shoaib Alam Khatri, Mustapha Mohammed, Shaib Muhammad, and Rabbiya Ahmad. "Monkeypox Cross-Sectional Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Willingness to Vaccinate among University Students in Pakistan." Vaccines 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010097.
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This study aimed to explore knowledge, attitude, perceptions, and willingness regarding vaccination among university students in Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was carried out using an open online self-administered survey via Google Forms. The survey data were collected between the 15 to 30 of October 2022. A total of 946 respondents participated in the study, of which the majority were female (514, 54.3%). Most students belonged to a medical background, specifically pharmaceutical sciences. Most of the respondents did not know about monkeypox before 2022 (646, 68.3%). Regarding overall knowledge of monkeypox, most of the respondents had average knowledge (726, 76.7%), with very few having good knowledge (60, 6.3%). Regarding overall attitudes towards monkeypox, most of the respondents had neutral attitudes (648, 68.5%). There was a significant association between knowledge of Monkeypox with the type of academic degree (p < 0.001), type of discipline (p < 0.001), and region of respondents (p < 0.001). The willingness to vaccinate among the population was (67.7%). The current study pointed out that the overall knowledge of monkeypox was average in most respondents, with considerable knowledge gaps in most aspects. The overall attitude towards monkeypox was neutral. Further, the knowledge about monkeypox was strongly associated with academic degree, study discipline, and region of respondents. Our findings emphasize the need to raise public awareness by educating students on the monkeypox virus. This will improve adherence to preventative recommendations.
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Bushe, Chris, Peter Haddad, Robert Peveler, and John Pendlebury. "The role of lifestyle interventions and weight management in schizophrenia." Journal of Psychopharmacology 19, no. 6_suppl (November 2005): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881105058682.
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The recognition that schizophrenia is associated with metabolic comorbidity and a subsequent greater risk of cardiovascular events compared to the general population has led to attempts to reduce this metabolic burden. Increased weight, and smoking rates combined with less exercise and poor dietary choices, have led to a variety of behavioural programmes and pharmacological agents being evaluated with the aim of improving lifestyle and managing weight. Adjunctive pharmacological strategies for weight management have not been shown to be consistently effective and remain contraindicated in many schizophrenia subjects. However some novel compounds with recent promising data suggest that research should not be abandoned. In contrast a variety of behavioural interventions have shown a consistent degree of success not only with weight management but also in achieving lifestyle changes. Many reported data-sets are naturalistic or open-label indicating that there is a difficulty in performing traditional randomized controlled studies in this area. The long-term naturalistic studies and holistic approaches show that weight management and significant lifestyle changes are attainable goals in schizophrenia patients. Weight management and lifestyle advice should be routinely offered to all schizophrenia subjects.
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MacLeod, Colin. "Cognition in Clinical Psychology: Measures, Methods or Models?" Behaviour Change 10, no. 3 (September 1993): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900005519.
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This paper critically examines the recent impact of cognitivism upon the field of clinical psychology, and concludes that certain criteria of scientific adequacy have been compromised. The argument is developed that the introduction of information processing constructs to theoretical models of psychopathology has made a potentially valuable contribution to the discipline; but that the acceptance of mental events as dependent measures has severely undermined the scientific credibility of experimental attempts to evaluate such models. It is proposed that future progress will require the adoption of a particular methodological constraint. Specifically, it is suggested that cognitive explanations of psychopathology can only be tested adequately by evaluating the validity of the behavioural predictions that they generate. Using examples of recent research that has investigated the cognitive characteristics of vulnerability to anxiety and depression, an attempt is made to demonstrate that adherence to this proposed constraint not only is possible, but actually provides a far greater degree of understanding than could be attained through the use of alternative methodologies. It is postulated that the future scientific status of clinical psychology may depend upon our collective response to the issues that are raised in this paper.
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Lapsiņa, Inese, Asanta Agne Miesniece, and Ieva Bite. "Childrens’ behaviour problems’ and parents’ parenting behaviour changes after participation in a modified multimodal early intervention program “STOP 4–7”." Baltic Journal of Psychology 23, no. 1/2 (December 20, 2022): 84–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/bjp.23.05.
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The aim of this study was to examine reported changes in children’s behaviour after the children, parents and teachers had participated in the modified early intervention program “STOP 4–7”, which has been developed for children 4 to 7 years old. The aim was also to examine if there are changes in the parents’ parenting behaviour, and if there are differences in the degree of behavioural change ratings between the original and modified “STOP 4–7” groups. For purposes of this study 31 children participated in the first group and 48 children in the second group, as well as at least one of the child’s parents and their teacher. Before and after participation in the program, one of the child’s parents and their teacher completed questionnaires about the child’s behaviour. Parents also completed the Ghent Parental Behaviour Scale. Results show that after participation in the program, in both groups there was a decrease in the child’s externalizing behaviour problems, according to both the parents’ and teachers’ report. After participation in the modified program there was an increase in the parents’ report of discipline strategies and material reward ratings.
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Doliński, Dariusz. "Is Psychology Still a Science of Behaviour?" Social Psychological Bulletin 13, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): e25025. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/spb.v13i2.25025.
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Since the 1970s, social psychology has examined real human behaviour to an increasingly smaller degree. This article is an analysis of the reasons why this is so. The author points out that the otherwise valuable phenomenon of cognitive shift, which occurred in social psychology precisely in the 1970s, naturally boosted the interest of psychologists in such phenomena like stereotypes, attitudes, and values; at the same time, it unfortunately decreased interest in others, like aggression, altruism, and social influence. In recent decades, we have also witnessed a growing conviction among psychologists that explaining why people display certain reactions holds greater importance than demonstrating the conditions under which people display these reactions. This assumption has been accompanied by the spread of statistical analysis applied to empirical data, which has led to researchers today generally preferring to employ survey studies (even if they are a component of experiments being conducted) to the analysis of behavioural variables. The author analyses the contents of the most recent volume of “Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, and argues that it is essentially devoid of presentations of empirical studies in which human behaviours are examined. This gives rise to the question of whether social psychology remains a science of behaviour, and whether such a condition of the discipline is desirable.
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Goërtz, Yvonne M. J., Martijn A. Spruit, Alex J. Van ‘t Hul, Jeannette B. Peters, Maarten Van Herck, Nienke Nakken, Remco S. Djamin, et al. "Fatigue is highly prevalent in patients with COPD and correlates poorly with the degree of airflow limitation." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 13 (January 2019): 175346661987812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753466619878128.
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Background: The objective of this study was to compare fatigue levels between subjects with and without COPD, and to investigate the relationship between fatigue, demographics, clinical features and disease severity. Methods: A total of 1290 patients with COPD [age 65 ± 9 years, 61% male, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 56 ± 19% predicted] and 199 subjects without COPD (age 63 ± 9 years, 51% male, FEV1 112 ± 21% predicted) were assessed for fatigue (Checklist Individual Strength-Fatigue), demographics, clinical features and disease severity. Results: Patients with COPD had a higher mean fatigue score, and a higher proportion of severe fatigue (CIS-Fatigue score 35 ± 12 versus 21 ± 11 points, p < 0.001; 49 versus 10%, p < 0.001). Fatigue was significantly, but poorly, associated with the degree of airflow limitation [FEV1 (% predicted) Spearman correlation coefficient = −0.08, p = 0.006]. Multiple regression indicated that 30% of the variance in fatigue was explained by the predictor variables. Conclusions: Severe fatigue is prevalent in half of the patients with COPD, and correlates poorly with the degree of airflow limitation. Future studies are needed to better understand the physical, psychological, behavioural, and systemic factors that precipitate or perpetuate fatigue in COPD.
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Solans-Domènech, Maite, Joan MV Pons, Paula Adam, Josep Grau, and Marta Aymerich. "Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure research impact." Research Evaluation 28, no. 3 (April 16, 2019): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvz007.
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Abstract Although questionnaires are widely used in research impact assessment, their metric properties are not well known. Our aim is to test the internal consistency and content validity of an instrument designed to measure the perceived impacts of a wide range of research projects. To do so, we designed a questionnaire to be completed by principal investigators in a variety of disciplines (arts and humanities, social sciences, health sciences, and information and communication technologies). The impacts perceived and their associated characteristics were also assessed. This easy-to-use questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency and acceptable content validity. However, its metric properties were more powerful in areas such as knowledge production, capacity building and informing policy and practice, in which the researchers had a degree of control and influence. In general, the research projects represented an stimulus for the production of knowledge and the development of research skills. Behavioural aspects such as engagement with potential users or mission-oriented projects (targeted to practical applications) were associated with higher social benefits. Considering the difficulties in assessing a wide array of research topics, and potential differences in the understanding of the concept of ‘research impact’, an analysis of the context can help to focus on research needs. Analyzing the metric properties of questionnaires can open up new possibilities for validating instruments used to measure research impact. Further to the methodological utility of the current exercise, we see a practical applicability to specific contexts where multiple discipline research impact is requires.
Book chapters on the topic "Degree Discipline: Behavioural Pharmacology"
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Redenius-Hövermann, Julia. "Behavioural Economics, Neuroeconomics, and Corporate Law." In Advances in Corporate Governance, 269–91. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866367.003.0012.
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Behavioural economics is an established field. Still it carries the premises that the actions of corporate players are only to a minor degree led by self-interest, rationality, and self-discipline. Bias portrayed throughout behavioural economics offers an alternative to rational-theoretical standard theory as it allows predictions about the systematic deviation from the prognosis of the homo economicus’ actions. The reception of the findings of systematic research on the basis of human behaviour in modern psychology, neurology, or behavioural economics in corporate and capital market law enables its continuing development. The intention is to assume that non-legal arguments, complying with the standard of their respective scientific field, can be adopted for the development of corporate law. Therefore, the core of the chapter addresses the question of how the development of corporate law will occur under the consideration of findings from adjacent research fields such as behavioural economics.
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Weinman, John, and Keith J. Petrie. "Health psychology." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1135–43. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0147.
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Health psychology is concerned with understanding human behaviour in the context of health, illness, and health care. It is the study of the psychological factors, which determine how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond to illness and health care. Health psychology has emerged as a separate discipline in the past 30 years and there are many reasons for its rapid development. An important background factor is the major change in the nature of health problems in industrialized societies during the twentieth century. Chronic illnesses such as heart disease and cancer have become the leading causes of death, and behavioural factors such as smoking, diet, and stress are now recognized as playing a major role in the aetiology and progression of these diseases. The provision of health care has grown enormously and there is an increased awareness of good communication as a central ingredient of medical care and of the importance of such factors as patient satisfaction and quality of life as key outcomes in evaluating the efficacy of medical interventions. Although health psychology has developed over a similar time period to general hospital/liaison psychiatry and shares some common areas of interest, there are some clear differences between these two fields. Liaison psychiatry has a primary focus on hospital patients, particularly those experiencing psychological difficulties in the face of a physical health problem. In contrast, health psychology has a much broader focus on both healthy and ill populations and on the psychological processes that influence their level of health or their degree of adaptation to disease. Whereas health psychology has been mainly concerned with developing explanations based on theory, for health-related and illness-related behaviour, liaison psychiatry has concentrated on the diagnosis and treatment of either unexplained symptoms or psychiatric disorders occurring in people with medical conditions (see the other chapters in Part 5 of this volume). In this chapter we provide an overview of the main themes and areas in health psychology. Four broad areas of behaviour will be reviewed, namely behavioural factors influencing health, symptom and illness behaviour, health care behaviour, and treatment behaviour. Inevitably such an overview is selective and the interested reader should seek out a more comprehensive introductory text or more in-depth accounts of specific areas.